Content

1.1:Introduction ,Objective
1.2: Material and Apparatus
With pressure unit conversion
1.3: Procedure
1.4:calculation and Result
1.5: Discussion
1.6 : conclusion and Reference
1.7: Worksheet.
1.1Introduction &Objective
Pressure measurement
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and
Instruments used to measure pressure are called Bourdon tube pressure gauges
and Manometers . A manometer could also be referring to a pressure measuring
instrument, usually limited to measuring pressures near to atmospheric. The term
manometer is often used to refer specifically to liquid column hydrostatic
instruments .also the manometer with two different type ( U-tube manometer and
,Inclined tube manometers ). The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a
flattened tube tends to straighten or regain its circular form in cross-section when
pressurized. This change in cross-section may be hardly noticeable.

Pressure is an operating parameter that is relevant in many applications. But before

you can effectively sense and measure this property, you need to understand the
fundamentals. First of all, pressure is defined as force per unit area. It's a type of
stress (also defined as force per unit area, but usually applied to solids) exhibited in a
fluid medium. This article covers the measurement of fluid pressure in both gaseous
and liquid media.

Objective:
-Construction is simple and cost is low .

-It has excellent sensitivity.

-It has high accuracy .

-For higher pressure bourdon tube provide high accuracy .

- It use to measure vaccum pressure .

Its available for variable range .

-Determine systematic error.

 1.2:Material and Apparatus.

Fig.(1.1) U-tube manometer and inclined manometer and bourdon tube.

1-U-tube manometer

2-inclined manometer

3-bourdon tube pressure gage .

4-pressure gage for positive pressure

5- pressure gage for negative pressure.

Pressure unit conversion :

 1.3 :Procedure
-In the bourdon tube gauge pressure we have some equipment
like hydraulic pump with storage tank and transparent dial and
also piston in this experiment we must use all equipment and also
we will increase and decrease the mass of piston .
-Also in bourdon we have the liquid in storage like mercury and
water and oil …..ets .in the first we must determine the diameters
of piston for all test because we have one shape in piston that is
circle or pipe .
- then calculate the mass of piton .
- From the mass calculate the weight of piston by this equation
,W=mg.
- From the diameter calculate the area also for all test because we
have one device .
- when you calculated the weight and area calculate the force
from weight by this equation ,F=ma the calculate the true
pressure by P=F/A.
- when you calculate the (M1) you must calculate the increasing
pressure one .the mass of piston in origin is 385g.
-calculate the M2 take the mass over piton and simulated
M1+M2.the mass take from the lab from calculate the weight the
from weight calculate the true pressure, increasing pressure from
the lab also from the bourdon device .
-The M3 .M4.M5.M6 it’s the same just repeated step .
- then calculate decreasing pressure from mass reduce the mass
from piston from bourdon will give you it mean from lab also it
must the same increasing pressure.
-in the last calculate the error%.
1.5: Discussion
The meaning of this experiment how we can measure the
pressure by manometer and bourdon tube gauge pressure in the
manometer we have two different method (u-tube manometer
and inclined manometer ) the u-tube manometer the pressure
that cause the liquid column to move its very simple to measure
but in inclined manometer is for very small number and its very
accurate . and the most important thing that’s measuring pressure
in the engineering industry for example in plant and
turbomachine and aircraft construction and also for process
engineering .and the most important thing when pressure in the
same level from the top and bottom of the tank we must have this
condition for the same level (it must the same liquid ,it must the
same level, and also it must have conductivity between them ).

Comment on possible experimental error :

There could be error when reading the measurement on the
meter rulers with a least count of 1mm, and they can vary the
environmental condition and from person to person as well.
And also temperature can vary resulting in changing the densities
,which can cause error in calculation .1000kg/m3 . the density can
change with temperature ,at 25c the density of pure water is
997.047 kg/m3 ,therefore using.1000kg/m3 in calculation may not
give the most accurate pressure result .
1.6: Conclusion & Reference .

It can be conclude the pressure measurement using manometer is

very widely technique and give accurate result . one thing that we
had keep in the mind using the bourdon gauge manometer that
the scale reading has an initial calibration error of 0.3 bar .

References
1. Jump up^ IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary
Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units), IEEE Std 260.1™-2004 (Revision of IEEE
Std 260.1-1993)
2. Jump up^ "Glossary of Industrial Air Cleaning Technology". United Air Specialists, Inc.
Archived from the original on August 1, 2011.
3. Jump up^ "Gage v. Sealed v. Absolute pressure" (PDF). Dynisco.
4. Jump up^ "Tensile Strength of Steel and Other Metals". All Metals & Forge Group.
Retrieved 2016-07-26. A metal’s yield strength and ultimate tensile strength values are
expressed in tons per square inch, pounds per square inch or thousand pounds (KSI) per
square inch. For example, a tensile strength of a steel that can withstand 40,000 pounds
of force per square inch may be expressed as 40,000 PSI or 40 KSI (with K being the
[multiplier] for thousands of pounds). The tensile strength of steel may also be shown in
MPa, or megapascal.
5. Jump up^ An example of the use of Mpsi in mechanics for the elastic moduli of several
materials