A Review of Different DC/DC Converters for Power

Quality Improvement in LED Lighting Load

Amit Agrawal, Research Scholar
Department of Electrical Engineering
India School of Mines Dhanbad
Jharkhand, India
amit.stm@gmail.com
K. C. Jana, Asst. Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
India School of Mines Dhanbad
Jharkhand, India
kartickjana@gmail.com
Ashish Shrivastava, Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
JRE Group of Institutions G.Noida
Uttar Pradesh, India
rewa.ashish@gmail.com

Abstract— AC-DC converters have reached a full-fledged level
for improving power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic
distortion at input ac mains, power factor correction (PFC) and
precisely regulated dc output using different topologies like buck,
boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic, Zeta, Luo, flyback, push-pull,
half-bridge etc. It is targeted to provide a wide area on the status
of improved power quality converters (IPQC) technology to
designers, researchers, and application engineers working on
DC-DC converters. A classified list of more than 45 research
publications on the state of IPQC is also given for a reference.
Keywords— DC-DC Converter, Power Factor Correction (PFC),
Harmonic Reduction, Power Quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
An electric light is a device that produces light by the
flow of electric current. It is the most common form
of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society,
providing interior lighting for buildings and exterior light for
the evening. Across the world approximately 25% of the total
electrical energy is consumed by artificial light sources. The
energy efficiency of electric lighting has increased radically
since the state-of-art technological development in the lighting
loads from an incandescent light bulb to LED lamp. With the
advancement of lighting technology in the past few years,
high luminance light emitting diodes are investigated as a
source of artificial light because of their many advantages like
high luminous efficiency, long life, environmentally friendly
due to less mercury content, easily dimmable, low
maintenance, flicker less start, robust in structure and least
affected by vibrations [1, 2].
The default method for driving light source is controlling
the DC forward current through the resistor, but this kind of
approach is considered as less efficient to glow the lighting
source due to excessive power loss in the resistor. Moreover,
such circuits introduce power quality issues like poor power
factor and higher harmonic contents in the AC mains current
as well as poor efficiency. If the primary source of energy is
the AC mains, then some kind of AC-DC converter must be
placed between the line and the high brightness (HB) lighting
system. But as per international standard IEC 61000-3-2 for
Class C equipments (International Electro technical
Commission standards for lighting) harmonic contents of the
line current must be within the specified limits. Therefore, the
best method is to use power factor corrected (PFC) AC-DC
converters, which are known as power factor pre-regulators
(PFP). The commonly used PFP are buck, buck-boost, Cuk,
Sepic and Zeta in non-isolated and flyback, push-pull, half
bridge converter families in isolated mode. These can operate
in continuous conduction mode (CCM) or discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) or boundary conduction mode
(BCM) to achieve better power quality at input AC mains [1].
Many researchers are working to develop single-stage
PFC converter based topologies with improved power quality.
An exhaustive review of PFC converter topologies has been
discussed by Singh et. al. [2, 3]. Moreover, high brightness
LEDs (HBLEDs) are solid state devices, hence they can
withstand impact and vibration which allows their utility in
automotive and aircraft lightings, traffic lightings, railway
signals, indoor and outdoor lightings etc. [4]. The advantages
of LEDs over CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) are that
they do not emit harmful ultraviolet rays, turn on instantly to
full brightness, their life span is not shortened due to frequent
use and also there is no requirement of high ignition voltage
[4, 5].
II. CONFIGURATION
Improved power quality converters (IPQCs) are classified
on the basis of topology and type of converter used. The
topology-based classification is categorized on the basis of
boost, buck, buck-boost, multilevel, unidirectional and
bidirectional voltage, current, and power flow. The converter
type can be step-up and step-down choppers, voltage source
and current-source inverters, bridge structure, etc. Topology-
Based Classification is based on the topology used in the
converters. Mainly topologies are of two types.
A. Isolated Topology[6]
It is classified in many topologies like Cuk, Sepic, Zeta,
Flyback buck, full bridge buck, half bridge buck, push pull
buck etc. The electrical connection between the input and the
output is a basic disadvantage of the DC-DC converters. An
efficient method may provide for electrical isolation between
input and output of a DC-DC converter by using a transformer
in the switching scheme. The switching frequency is much
greater than the ac power-source frequency, enabling the
transformer to be small. The transformer turn ratio provides
higher design flexibility in the relationship between the input
and the output of the converter.
The flyback converter is similar to that of the buck-boost
converter with additional term for the transformer ratio. Push-
pull converter is another DC-DC converter that has
transformer isolation. The transformer magnetizing inductance

978-1-4673-7492-7/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

is not a design parameter with the forward converter. The brightness LEDs using new idea of electrolytic capacitor less
transformer is assumed to be ideal for analysis. The full- LED driver. Huang-Jen Chiu et.al showed better lifetime of
bridge and half-bridge converters are similar in operation to LEDs without electrolytic capacitor and reduced the peak to
the push-pull converter. average output current ratio to 1.34 theoretically by injecting
fifth and third harmonics into input AC mains current. Also
B. Non-Isolated Topology[6] researchers claimed power factor of more than 0.9 to meet
It is classified in many topologies like boost with two stage, global standard using electrolytic capacitor less flyback
buck, buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic, Zeta, Luo etc. Buck converters topology with DCM mode in LED drive and derived duty
are designed mostly for continuous-current operation. Both, cycle function in half line cycle. Finally A prototype was built
the minimum size of the inductor to generate continuous with output rating 25V, 0.35A and showed a better control
current and the minimum size of the capacitor to bound output method. Only 100Hz ripple in the LED current and AM
ripple decrease as the switching frequency increases. dimming scheme was adoptable in their proposed model as
Therefore, high switching frequencies are required to shrink limit [7]. In place of traditional PFC controller a new strategy
the size of the capacitor and the inductor but high frequencies to control PFCs belonging to flyback converters came into
increases power loss. Because of high power loss in the existence which is based on peak current mode integrated
switches, heat produces and it decreases the converter’s controller. Diego G. Lamar et.al used exponential
efficiency and may offsetting the cut in size of the capacitor compensation ramp in place of linear one to draw a sinusoidal
and inductor or require a large heat sink. input current and justified their circuit for less THD, less cost,
Some designers prefer about 500 kHz to be the best less complexity. A single stage PFC was applied by this
negotiation between efficiency and small component size. simple control to achieve low cost HB LED driver for wide
Other designers consider low switching frequencies of about range of input voltage and low power application [8]. An off
50 kHz to keep switching losses small, while others prefer line integrated ballast which has dimming capability and
frequencies larger than 1MHz. The value of inductor also regulation was presented for 35W power LEDs. Proposed
affects the power efficiency of converters. The efficiency of model gives constant current which is independent from DC
the boost converter decreases as the duty ratio increases. voltage and claims for robustness and simplicity in control
According to duty ratio output voltage of the buck-boost scheme [9].
converter can be greater than that of the source or less than the Proposal to eliminate the electrolytic capacitor came
source. Thus, this circuit combines the capabilities of the in existence for improving lifetime of LED driver. Xinbo
boost and buck converters. For some applications, polarity Ruan et.al claimed the reduction of ratio between peak driving
reversal may be a disadvantage on the output. In the buck- current to average driving current to 1.34 theoretically for
boost converter the source is never connected directly to the benefit of LEDs reliable operation with output rating of 25V,
load. Energy is stored in the inductor when the switch is 0.35A by injecting fifth and third harmonics into input current
closed and transferred to the connected load when the switch with power factor more than 0.9 [10]. A flicker free AC-DC
is open. Hence, the buck-boost converter is also known to as driver with replacement of electrolytic capacitor was proposed
an indirect converter. and claimed for long lifetime where Shu Wang et.al used bi
In Cuk converter Output voltage magnitude can be either directional buck/boost converter and increased the ripple
smaller or larger than that of the input, and a polarity reversal voltage at filter capacitor to get lesser capacitance. To get
exists on the output. The inductor on the input acts as a filter experimental result, a prototype of 48V, 0.7A was built also
for the DC input to prevent huge harmonic content. Energy [11]. A model was proposed for triac compatible LED driver
transfer in the Cuk converter depends on the capacitor unlike where Lianghui Xu et.al used primary side control scheme and
the other converters where energy transfer is associated with phase angle feed forward with single stage flyback PFC
the inductor. The SEPIC, Zeta and Luo converters produce an converter and eliminated the conventional dummy load
output that can be either greater or lesser than the input needed for triac dimmer. This model claimed high reliability,
without any polarity reversal which makes this converter high power factor and high efficiency without use of any
suitable for many applications. current feedback at secondary side [12].
A modified SEPIC converter was built with the help
III. LATEST TRENDS AND STATUS IN IMPROVED POWER of film capacitor in place of electrolytic capacitor which had
QUALITY CONVERTERS (IPQCS) TECHNOLOGY bulky size, short lifespan for entire LED lighting system by
A brief detail is give below regarding research work which Hongbo Mai et.al. 50W prototype containing twin bus output
has been done in the field of converters for LED lighting load. stage to match high efficiency of 91.5% and PF of 0.98 was
It is bifurcated on the basis of output power and topology used. built and tested also [13]. An optocouplerless isolated
converter was combined with non isolated DC/DC LED driver.
A. Low Power (less than 50W) LED Lighting using Isolated Output capacitance was reduced because at first stage low
Topology output ripple voltage was required. A model of LED driver for
12W LED was built and claimed for higher PF and less
The commercial AC voltage may be converted into complexity [14]. A buck boost power factor corrected circuit
pulsating current with double the line frequency to drive high was implemented with a flyback converter to gain authentic
feature of inductive leakage energy recycling and obtained a
single stage LED lamp driver of 8W. They claimed power
factor of 0.95, efficiency of 90% with low switching voltage
spikes and low total harmonics distortion to 16% [15].
Two stage solution of LED driver containing PFC
boost converter as well as asymmetrical half bridge was
proposed same time for LED based street lighting application.
Conduction loss due to magnetizing current was reduced by
proposed transformer and switching loss in diodes and
MOSFETs was minimized by converter. Manuel Arias et.al
built a circuit prototype of 40W and showed high reliability
and high efficiency of 94.5% for second stage only [16]. A
modified single ended primary inductance converter [SEPIC]
was built by inserting the valley fill circuit for reducing the
voltage stress on storage capacitor. For eliminating the
electrolytic capacitor and reducing the capacitance of the
storage capacitor to half, Hongbo Ma et.al operated the design
in DCM mode with large voltage ripple. In second stage
current regulator they introduced twin bus buck converter with
PWM dimming function for better efficiency, high power
factor and low THD of AC mains current [17]. Recently a
composition of output current estimation circuit and negative
feedback network in single ended flyback topology of
340mA/25V was presented and claimed for high PF in DCM
and BCM mode. Theoretical reason for high PF is half sine
wave from output of estimated and regulated circuit [18].
B. Low Power (less than 50W) LED Lighting using Non-
Isolated Topology
To drive high brightness LEDs, a power factor corrected
quasi active model was proposed. This model was able to
work on two mode power balance and power factor correction
and also it was claimed higher efficiency, reliability, low size,
low cost and THD less than 10% without increasing stress on
switch which is used for power factor correction [19]. A series
resonant half bridge with minimized DC link capacitor in
place of electrolytic capacitor was claimed for high power
factor due to increase the conduction angle of the bridge
rectifier, long life application and low cost due to simplified
controller design and less number of components. This
operates with zero voltage switching clamped voltage and
without current sensor for current stabilization [20].
Offline LED driver controlled by digital modular
architecture was proposed. To reduce current ripples to 15%
in the LED and to achieve high efficiency, Qingcong Hu et.al
used bidirectional buck second stage and to get power factor
of 0.9, they used low profile component with low voltage high
frequency circuit [21]. A buck boost topology in DCM mode
was proposed as an off line LED driver and claimed high PF
and a low cost application because of minimum number of
parts in the circuit but this topology showed a high stress level
on component also [22]. A non isolated buck converter was
analysed for higher PF and constant current at output with
help of simulation on PSPICE software and practical circuit.
Tzuen-Lih et.al used voltage follower control for DCM mode
and used nonlinear carrier control which doesn’t require
multiplier for CCM mode [23].
A theoretical analysis of inductor optimal design was
proposed in boundary conduction mode for buck PFC LED
driver circuit with high frequency. Simulation and experiment
result analysed frequency performance and electromagnetic
interference for proposed driver [24]. A customized boost
converter with hysteresis current control scheme was
proposed and showed power factor of 0.96 and efficiency of
84.5%. For better lifetime and lesser size of model, Eunchul
Kang et.al used a customized low cost integrated circuit (IC)
which was fabricated with help of 1ȝm 650V trench isolated
BCDMOS process. Practical circuit was made to deliver 18W,
360V LED string also [25]. A multi channel LEDs driving
method was designed in buck-boost PFC converter with rating
45W and claimed for better power factor, low cost, simplicity
and high efficiency in boundary conduction mode. Myunghyo
Ryu et.al tested the prototype to drive 2 channel LED arrays
with polyester film capacitor of 2.2ȝF in place of electrolytic
capacitor [26].
C. Medium Power (50W to 200W) LED Lighting using
Isolated Topology
A power LED driver circuit with capability of 80V/1.37A
output was design with help of green SMPS controller
TEA1750 IC from Philips for LED street lamp of 110W
power. Ge Tao J. et.al claimed benefit of valley detection,
quasi resonant, over voltage protection, low voltage protection,
over current protection, over temperature protection, 85%
efficiency and PF of 0.94 within the standards of ENERGY
STAR [27]. Again a model of Synchronously Rectified (SR)
flyback with boost converter circuit was presented to
minimize switching loss due to detection of zero crossing
current and claimed for higher efficiency and higher power
factor. It was proposed mainly for application of streetlight
LEDs. In the model main power transformer was integrated
with resonant inductor and inductor capacitor (LC) snubber
circuit [28]. For high power LEDs application, a single stage
dimmable driver was proposed and combined buck boost
converter with flyback converter to decrease the requirement
of large number of circuit component. A prototype was built
for 100W LEDs and claimed for high efficiency, low cost,
constant output with less ripple and high power factor [29].
Single stage power supply was proposed with help of
integration of half bridge PFC operating in a discontinuous
conduction mode and half bridge post regulator. Sheng Yuan
et.al build LED driver with specification of 120W, 48V and
claimed lesser cost as well as size with 88% efficiency and
power factor of 0.97 [30]. An active PFC converter and a half
bridge LLC resonant converter was combined and presented
with better feature like low cost, low input ripple current, low
switching loss, low leakage current, less number of
component, high power factor. Further to reduce switching
losses Chun-An Cheng et.al designed LLC resonant converter
and to achieve input current shaping, two boost converted cell
in active PFC converter was used. A prototype was built to
supply 110V for 140W LEDs to show the practicability of the
proposed circuit also [31].
A variable on time control buck PFC converter was
presented for HB-LED application. 150W prototype was built
with LLC bus converter as second stage and claimed the
efficiency of 92.5% with AC input range of 250V to 530V and
harmonics content under IEC-61000-3-2 class C limit [32].
Two year back a model came for HB LED application without
post-regulators, which used flyback PFC circuit and variable
boost inductance together. Proposed prototype of 24V/91W
satisfies both Japanese standards JIS C 61000-3-2 class C and
IEC 61000-3-2 class C. Yuequan Hu et.al maintained constant
high boost inductance at high line and proportionally to load
current value at low line and achieved 88% to 91% of
efficiency, 0.98 to 0.94 of power factor and 15% to 10.39% of
Total harmonics distortion. Bulk capacitance voltage was
maintained also up to 400V in this model [33]. MOSFETs in
series connection have been used in single stage flyback PFC
AC-DC converter to increase total blocking voltage by
analysing switching principle in transistor. Li Wang et.al built
75W prototype which showed less voltage stress and losses
with high reliability and efficiency for 480V AC input [34].
D. Medium Power (50W to 200W) LED Lighting using Non--
Isolated Topology
Few years back researchers claimed for better storage
capacitance in designing power supplies for LED system. In
that time electrolytic capacitor was in trends but Linlin Gu
et.al explained use of film capacitor for getting better lifetime
of power supplies and maintained power factor for whole
input range of international standards and achieved lesser
capacitance by increasing ripple voltage of capacitor
intentionally. For more change of storage capacitance another
method of injection of third harmonic current was proposed
and finally claimed 65.6% reduction of storage capacitance
with power factor of 0.9 and regulation standards of ENERGY
STAR. For verification of proposed model, L. Gu et.al build a
prototype for two-stage PFC converter where the input
pulsating power and output constant power is balanced with
help of storage capacitance and maintain high voltage stress
for switches also. Finally the effect of voltage ripple on
storage capacitance is proved and claimed a new way for
selecting optimized value of capacitance with less pulsation
for input voltage [35].
This model combined PFC front end circuit and DC/DC
stage into single stage flyback for HB LED applications. 78W
(24V, 3.25A) prototype circuit showed efficiency of 87.5%,
THD of AC mains current as 14% and power factor of 0.98 at
input AC mains of 110V [36]. A proposal came for LED
ballast which contains dual non-cascading model of current-
fed power factor correction pre-regulator. To get better life
time, in the model Xiaohui Qu et.al used low voltage capacitor
in place of high voltage capacitor, programmed controller to
improve power factor and exploited the leakage inductance of
transformer to reduce the stress on switch. Design proposed
higher lifetime and efficiency due to its non-cascading
structure which is form by LED driver and secondary winding
in transformer [37].
Huang Jen proposed dimmable LED driver within
adaptive feedback system to control devices. Coupled inductor
single-ended inductance PFC converter may be used with
commercial transition controller to achieve higher efficiency
and high power factor [38]. A combine model of boost
converter and a half bridge series resonant inverter was
proposed at efficiency of 90.7%. Current sensing circuit was
simplified and LED chromatic shift was minimized with help
of digital dimming control. For practical implementation
Chao-Lung Kuo et.al built high frequency AC LED drive of
80W for input voltage range from 90V to 264V rms [39].
Flyback LED driver used a new feedback control strategy and
achieved precision control of output current and improved the
conversion efficiency of source current, load capacity and
output current by SSL2101 Integrated Circuit. They claimed
better control of close loop and optimization of proportional
integrated derivative PID parameter by using genetic
algorithm in software for social and economic benefits [40].
A streetlight application was covered by a proposed model
which used integrated form of buck flyback converter. To test
the practicability of enabling PWM dimming mode, a control
loop has been implemented by using LM3524 integrated
circuit. They build 70W LED load with Close loop operation
which used proportional integrated (PI) controller. Switching
produced high frequency noise which was rejected by using
third order low pass filter. This filter also deliberate averaged
current at output and claimed better harmonic reduction for
low frequency with IEC 61000-3-2:2005 Class C and
efficiency up to 80% [41]. A boost converter at critical
conduction mode and synchronous boost converter at 400
KHz switching frequency were combined and achieved
efficiency of 94% for 100W offline LED system. Here
Qingcong Hu et.al used film capacitor in place of electrolytic
capacitor for long lifetime with low cost and reduced the
energy storage capacitance [42]. A two stage digital control
driver with 112W was proposed for high brightness LEDs by
auto identifying open circuit string in LED ring. PFC circuit
was used as front stage and controlled by MC33262, and half
bridge circuit was used as DC/DC stage and controlled by
micro-controller [43].
E. High Power (more than 200W) LED Lighting using
Isolated Topology
A profile light fixture for high LED output 6000lm was
made with the help of power supply, optical system and LED
driver. Lajos Torok et.al used interleaved boost converter for
power factor correction, a phase shifted full bridge converter
for isolation from grid and dual interleaved buck converter for
LED driver. Without help of subtractive color filters it
provides high output of saturated colors by connecting CBT90
light emitting diodes (LEDs) in 4 Red, 4 Green and 4 Blue
(4X RGB) configuration [44].
F. High Power (more than 200W) LED Lighting using Non--
Isolated Topology
A SEPIC PFC based topology was recommended in CCM
mode to get low THD, unity power factor, low cost and high
efficiency. Mokhtar Ali et.al built a laboratory prototype of
single stage LED driver after simulating this circuit and
claimed for street lighting application [45].
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The discussed converters provide improved power quality
not only at the input AC mains but also regulated DC output
for the better overall design of LED driver. These converters
can have input voltage either from AC mains of varying
voltage of 90 to 300V with a varying frequency from 40 to
70Hz or DC input. The new developments in device
technology, processors, magnetic, and control algorithms will
give a real boost to these IPQCs in the near future. The
summary of literature review shows that a healthy research
has been done to improve power quality in the area of LED
lighting using isolated and non-isolated topology. The non-
isolated topologies are not safe for medium and high power
LED lighting system, hence isolated topologies are preferred.
Thus to improve power quality in medium and high power
LED lighting such as street lighting and industrial lighting
applications isolated topologies are considered as better option.
Selection and implementation of specific topology to improve
power quality for LED lighting system is a milestone in the
near future for off-line purpose.
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