Swat Valley Physiography and Climate by Mohammad Alam

SWAT VALLEY Past, Future and Prospects 1
A realm of beauty An ideal destination

SWAT VALLEY
(Past, Future and Prospects)
A realm of beauty
An ideal destination
by
MOHAMMAD ALAM

COPYRIGHT © MOHAHHAD ALAM
Title: SWAT VALLEY Past, Future and Prospects

(a realm beauty an ideal destination)
1st edition; March 2005

Revised Edition 2005
Copies: 1000
Thanks to all Friends and Swat lovers for their supports and suggestions.
The presented material in this book do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
part of the department or departments.
This publication is Computed, deigned, layout, and cartographic work by Mohammad Alam
Price @PKR: 150/-
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying. Recording or
by any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the
author.

FAREWORD
SAIDU SHARIF
SWAT
22 Dec 2004
Mr. Mohammad Alam has made a good attempt, in producing “Swat valley”. This book
gives a tourist a good general knowledge of Swat valley, its past and present, places to visit
and many other details. He has spent much time and efforts in collecting details and then
compiles them in to this book.
People like Mohammad Alam should be encouraged by both Government and private
people in producing such documentary books in Pakistan.
Best Wishes
MIANGUL AURANGZEB
Wali Ahad of former Swat State

PREFACE
The book titled “Swat valley; a realm of beauty an ideal destination” written by
Mohammad Alam provides a very useful information and recent data for its readers regarding
the varied aspects of Swat valley. Swat valley has remained an area of major interest for
travellers, archaeologist as well as earth, natural and social scientists. As a result, a number
of studies have been carried out generating considerable published materials as travel
accounts, books, thesis, articles, government reports etc which can be used for future
professional research works.
This book on Swat valley is a very valuable contribution towards knowledge. The author
has very successfully attempted the physical, social and economic aspects of the study area.
The book will prove an asset for travellers, planners, researchers, decision makers and
general media in the forthcoming developmental and research studies.
The present volume need addition and subtraction of some contents, which I hope, the
author will rectify in the next volume. On the whole, the book is the outcome of a very hard
work of the author and is very informative, explorative and descriptive in nature. It is one of
the best publications written on Swat valley.
PROFESSOR DR.. USMAN ALI
Ph.D. Geography
Charmin Department of Geography
Govt; Post Graduate Jehanzeb College
Saidu Sharif, Swat. NWFP Pakistan.

ABOUT SWAT VALLEY

A few general aspects of Swat Valley are organized in this book. This does
not mean that the remaining aspects are ignored. I shortened the information,
the basic idea was to provide short and general aspects of Swat Valley. I
formatted the region “SWAT VALLEY” consisting of district Swat a part of Swat
Ranizai (Malakand Protected Area) and a very small portion of Adenzai (district
Lower Dir) where the river Swat flows and forms a continuous plain between the
mountains, eventually leaves the region and enters in to a new zone when coupled with
Panjkora river near a small village known as kulangai. This is not the only similarity but in
fact this is a uniformal region where more similar features are persistent.
I could not arrange the detail data for the part of Swat Ranizai and then I supported that
from estimated conclusion. The data that I have collected although covers 96% of the total
area of swat valley, even then I believe it to be enough to describe swat valley
comprehensively by and at the same time in a shortest possible way.The valley of Swat is a
treasure land of natural gifts, varied climatic conditions, landscapes, fauna & flora and
excellent man made historical development. The lofty mountains, the gushing meandering
river, gorgeous alpine lakes, the fruit laden orchard, the adventurous water of river swat and
its tributaries, a good site of mountain sports, the traditional Pathan hospitality are all
unmatched attractions of Swat valley.
The valley of Swat is unique in natural landscape and ancient archaeological sites make it
distant from any well-known and widely visited health resorts. Swat is rightly been named as
the Switzerland of the East.
It is imperative that the Government of Pakistan pays attention to the neglected part of
the valley, to preserve the heritage of the valley, to explore the potential of the valley in

preplanned process and Provides more facilities by maintaining the existing deteriorated and
dilapidated roads. More roads should be constructed in order to make access to all the scenic
areas easy, maintain the archaeological site and provide the necessary facilities so that
tourism can be promoted which will prove a source of great strength for the valley as well for
the fragile economy of the country.
MOHAMMED ALAM
M.Sc Geography, DTH, TGS,
alampices@yahoo.com

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This book is an introduction to a part of the country, which is most diverse, frequently
visited and attractive in the sense of natural beauty and historical significance. These
distinctive attractions is the two in one combination are the realm of beauty of the Swat
valley gradually it is becoming an ideal destination for the domestic and international tourism.
In this book the attractions of past history and the present developments are discussed for
the future prospects.
The book is written for the tourists and students who are concerned analytically in Swat
valley. In this book I tried to present some basic knowledge about the Geography, sociology,
archaeology, economy and tourism of the valley supported by statistical data to project the
in-depth of valley. This book covers the surface view of the valley to provide some basic
knowledge about Swat, when a tourist arrives in swat what he observes here generally while
for students the aspects of tourism in Swat valley. In this revised edition I tried to correct the
mistakes categorically happeneds due to different reasons, but the revised edition will also
gives you some other additional information about swat valley.
I again say thanks and appreciate the contribution, cooperation suggestions of all people,
colleagues and friends in the successful printing of the frist edition and would like to
gratefully acknowledge all forms of assistance / support for book. I hope that the reader of
this edition will find the book more attractive and informative. I would like to share your
comments and send me the suggestions, information about swat to rectify my short coming.
(MOHAMMED ALAM)

CONTENTS
1. FAREWORD................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
2. PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3. ABOUT SWAT VALLEY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
5. SWAT VALLEY ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6. GEOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................ 17

2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................. 18
2.3 RIVER SWAT ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4 STREAMS/ TRIBUTRIES ....................................................................................................................................... 27
2.5 PASSES ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
2.6 ALPINE LAKES .................................................................................................................................................... 29
7. CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.1 PRECIPITATION .................................................................................................................................................. 32

3.2 CLIMATIC REGIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 35
8. TREKKING ROUTES ................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.1 TO NORTHERN AREAS ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

4.2 SWAT KOHISTAN & UPPER SWAT TRAILS .................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
9. PLACES OF INTERESTS ........................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.1 SWAT RANIZAI .......................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5.2 LOWER SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5.3 UPPER SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5.4 SWAT KOHISTAN ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10. ACCOMMODATION ..................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.1 HOTEL ACCOMMODATION ........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.2 WEDDING HALL FACILITIES ........................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.3 REST HOUSES ........................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.4 PAITHOM, THE TRAINING INSTITUTE ........................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11. ASPECT OF TOURISM ............................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.1 BENEFITS FROM TOURISM .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.3 FEATURE OF DOMESTIC TOURISM ............................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.4 NEW ASPECTS OF ATTRACTION ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.5 MARKET SOURCE FOR THE TOURISM PRODUCT ............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.6 SWAT HOTEL ASSOCIATION ........................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.7 ROLE OF THE MINISTRIES .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.8 ROLE OF DONORS & NGO’S IN SWAT ............................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.9 ECOTOURISM IN SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.10 PROS AND CONS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY ................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
12. TIPS FOR THE VISITORS .......................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
13. HISTORY ........................................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

9.1 PERIOD FROM PRE-HISTORIC PROTO-HISTORIC TO 10TH CENTURY AD. ........................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
9.2 AFTER 11TH CENTURY AD. ........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14. HISTORIC TREASURE ............................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TREASURE ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.2 WHO WAS BUDDHA (563-483 BC) .............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.3 GANDHARA CIVILIZATION AND ART & UDDIYAN (2ND BC- 10TH AD) ................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.4 PADMASAMBHAVA (730AD - 804 AD).......................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.5 ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.6 ROCK CARVING ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.7 WOODEN MOSQUE ................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.8 WOOD WORK IN SWAT VALLEY .................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

15. POPULATION ................................................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

11.1 STRUCTURE OF POPULATION .................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.2 EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
16. SOCIAL SETUP .............................................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
17. HEALTH & HEALTH CARE .................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
IMPORTANT TO TOURIST ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
18. NATURAL VEGETATION.......................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14.1 TYPE OF FOREST ...................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14.2 MUSHROOMS / MORELS............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14.3 MEDICINAL PLANTS ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
19. AGRICULTURE.............................................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.1 CEREAL CROPS ........................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.2 PULSES .................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.3 VEGETABLE............................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.4 FRUITS ................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.5 HORTICULTURE ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.6 CASH CROPS ........................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.7 MUSHROOM ............................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
20. LIVESTOCK...................................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
21. WILD LIFE AND FISH CULTURE........................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
17.1 SPECIES OF WILD LIFE ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
17.2 FISH & FISH CULTURE .............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
22. MINERALS WEALTH .................................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
18.1 MINERALS AVAILABLE ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
23. INDUSTRIES ................................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
19.1 COTTAGE INDUSTRIES ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

19.2 MILL, FACTORIES & INDUSTRIES ............................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
24. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS .............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
20.1 ROAD TRANSPORT ................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

20.2 AIR TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
20.3 COMMUNICATIONS AND OTHERS ............................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
PROMINENT INSTITUTIONS OF SWAT VALLEY ..................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
VALLEY VISIT ITINERARY ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TOUR COMPANIES .......................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
25. BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

(A)
THE REGION
AND
ITS OUTLOOK

CHAPTER 1
SWAT VALLEY
S wat valley is the ancient Uddiyana (Royal Garden) of the river Suas
(fair dwelling). The Historians of Alexander, the great wrote down and
linked this land with river SWADISTU means pure, white water. Later
on the word changed in to SWAD and then SWAT. Some writers link this
land with the SWATI PATHAN when they were accompanied with the
MOHMOOD ARMY in 11th century AD and settled on this land, accordingly
the swat was named after them.
Some of the tourists found Swat like paradise on earth and they
considered it the Switzerland of the East. The patriots pronounce it as
Swat Zar Land (the land which sprinkles gold). The word Swat can be
summarized as the land of Snow, Water, Air (pleasant weather), and
Fig:1 Glimpse of
Trees (forest). Swat is definitely one of the most fertile regions of Pakistan Bahrain
producing seasonable crops of Rice, Wheat, Maize, vegetables and Fruits.
Cultivation is carried out on every possible bit of land, even on the top of the enclosing hills is
done through specialized terrace farming.
The valley is sprawled on 5937 sq. kms with the average elevation of 2800 feet above the
sea level. Malakand is the southern boundary of swat valley located at a distance of 91 Km

from Peshawar, 211 km from Islamabad. The Physiology of the valley changes from south to
north as elevation increases. River swat is flowing in the axis of the valley. Swat is known
historical and scenic tourist destination all over the world. It is one of the most beautiful,
green and fertile than other valleys further north. Lower Swat valley including Swat Ranizai is
wide and the fields are on the either side of the river, the villages are prosperous and
surrounded by fruits laden orchards. In the upper swat valley, the river flows through
respectively narrow valley while Swat Kohistan is the northern mountainous part of the valley
where alpine forests are in abundance in snow capped mountains. The highest peaks in these
mountains are Mt Falaksir, Mt Chokial and Mt Mankial. Swat offers some of the outstanding
walking and hiking in Pakistan, as well as excellent ground for skiing, fishing, trekking,
rafting, gliding, and climbing.
In short description Swat is nature gifted land of fascinating landscapes, clear healthy
climate, gushing crystal white water torrents, beautiful flora and fauna, welcoming people,
historical sites, mesmerizing alpine lakes, modern resorts and attractive tourist destination in
Pakistan. The valley is of great historical significance as it includes the remains of the
Buddhist Gandhara civilization and Uddiyana. Gandhara was a geographical region extended
from south of Sind to Swat in north, where Buddhism was at its peak. The type of art
developed in Gandhara is known as Gandhara Art. This area was specialized in settlement
architecture, stone cutting and stone carving while Uddiyana was a kingdom within Gandhara
consisting of the present day Malakand division. This geographical region remained like a
sandwich between the great powers of the past throughout the history from one period to
another; this part lies in the corridor from west to east. Among the foreign intruders central
Asia in the west, china and Tibet in the north, Iran from the south and India in the east were
chief exponents. The region was not only located ion the main route but also a very beautiful,
wealthy region and home to prosperous peoples in flourishing towns. In this motive the

region was invaded from time to time and different ethnic groups arrived here using different
routes by subduing the invaded population.

CHAPTER 2
GEOGRAPHY
The physical features and location of a particular region are generally known as geography of
the region avoiding the technical definition. Swat valley is located in the mountainous north of
the country from where the mountain ridge of above 18000 feet begins. The region is encircle
by high mountains of Hindukush. This is the most green and fertile and accessible valley in
the north where water, mountains and dissected plains are the main physical features.
2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES

Swat valley consists of 5937Km2 (estimated). Politically it is the part of Malakand division in
NWFP, comprises of district Swat (Swat subdivision having 7 Tehsil including, Barikot,
Babozai, Kabal, Charbagh, khwazakhela, Bahrain and Kalam and Matta subdivision having
two Tahsil of Matta and Sabognai Matta), a part of Swat Ranizai (a sub division of Malakand
protected area) and small portion of Adanzai (district lower Dir). The valley gradient is from
northeast and northwest to south like a basin surrounded from all side by mountains.
The elevation of the valley is 2000 to 20000 feet while the average elevation is 2800 feet.
The valley is located on map having 34˚32΄-35˚55΄N latitude & 71˚38΄-72˚05΄E longitudes.
Gilgit Agency and Chitral bound the valley in the north, upper and Lower Dir lies in west. Sam
Ranizai (Malakand protected area) touches to the South. In the South East district Buner and

in the East district Shangla is located. The maximum length of the valley from north to south
is 150 km and the maximum width is 50 Km while the minimum width is 13 km.
2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
Physiography means the physical features of that particular area it includes the
mountains, plains, rivers etc. Some 50 million years ago when Indian landmass collided with
the Eurasian continent forming the mountains of Himalayas and Hindu kush, the geologist
term this area the Kohistan arc. The physiographic region of Swat valley entirely consists of
the great Hindu Kush mountains system running north to south-eastwards. The northern
ridges reach the altitudes of 18000 feet while in south diminish in Peshawar Plain. The
mountains of Swat are the offshoots of Hindu Kush branch called Hindu Raj Mountains also
known as Shandur OR Mashabar Ranges produced by mountain building movement occurred
in tertiary era.
The valley of Swat can be classified in to the following physical regions, (you can read the
Maps prepared by Survey of Pakistan and Survey of India, The Map Series U502 sheet NI43-
1& 43-5 edition 1-AMS is available on web and the division and figures used here is based on
Maps published in Pakistan)
1. High Altitude Mountains

i. Swat Kohistan Mountains
ii. Shangla Mountains
iii. Dir-Swat Mountains
2. Low Altitude Mountains
i. Malakand Hills
ii. Buner Hills
3. Swat Plain

Map: 1
The Map shows

general territorial
division of Swat
valley.

High Altitude Mountains

The high altitudes mountains spread in the northern part of the valley in the vicinity of
Swat Kohistan. The average altitude touches 4500 meters. The mountains of this region are
plutonic including Gabbroitic, sedimentary, and volcanic.
i. Swat Kohistan Mountains
These mountains lie in the north of Mankial valley. Mankial Tsukai, Chukial kandao is the
separating knot lies in Swat Kohistan. These high altitude mountains form bow on the north-
northeast of swat valley and serve as a physical barrier separate district Chitral and Gilgit
Agency from swat in the north. They also act as a border between Swat Kohistan and Indus
Kohistan. These mountains receive the highest snowfall and give birth to the main tributaries
of Swat River. The Ushu Gol and river Gabral gain considerable part of water from these
mountains. The highest peaks are Mt Falaksir 20450' north of Kalam in Ushu sub-valley and
Mt Mankial 19250' lies in Kolali sub valley between Madyan and Kalam are the highest peaks.
The region bless with the highest peaks in the valley having more than a dozens unnamed
peaks of above 15000 feet. Most of the alpine lakes are located in these ranges. The average
altitudes of these ranges are above 4500 meters. The 25.5 km long Karanbar glacier lies in
the vicinity of these mountains. snout of the glacier lies at height of 10,237 feet. These mountains are source
of valuable coniferous forests and medicinal plants.
i. Shangla Mountains
The Shangla mountains are extended south of Mankial, forming the eastern boundary
between swat valley and Shangla. The average elevation is 3000 meter. These Mountains run
north to south with decreasing the altitude and ultimately joining the Buner Mountains in
south. The summer resort of Madyan, Miandam and Malam Jabba are located in these
mountains. The forests in these mountains is most accessible so it has been ruthlessly cut off
by timber mafia. The charming lake of Bishigram located in these mountains.

Map: 2
The Map shows

Physical division
of Swat valley by
altitude from sea
level.

ii. Dir-Swat Mountains

These mountains stretches from the
crest of Shandur range in a south-
easterly direction and submerge in to
Mohmand Mountains. They separate
western border of Swat valley from
district upper Dir and district lower Dir.
These mountains spread in the upper
and lower Swat valley denudated and
dissected by river swat. They are
subsequently named after the location
where they lie and most of these
mountains are named according to the locality of hills. Like Kundal, Daral, Lalko, Manrai,
Chaprai, Adenzai and Shamozi ranges. A number of beautiful alpine lakes are present in
these mountains like Saidgai lake, Kandolo Lake, Daral lake etc both regions are connected
through passes mostly used by the local people.
 Low altitude Mountains

These mountains spread in the less mountainous part of the valley forming the south-
eastern and southern boundaries separated by river swat and dissected by torrents and
streams. The Mountains of lower swat are geologically consisting of Schist, Siliceous,
Limestone, Marble, and Dolomites.
i. Malakand Hills
Malakand hills farming the southern limit of the valley with average altitude of 1200
meter. These mountains run from east to southwest and merged with the mohmand hills,
forming the southern boundary of the Swat valley. These mountains once covered with forest

now look barren but small shribs can be seen on the mountains. In the west Dir-Swat
mountains are separated from Malakand Mountains by river Swat.
ii. Buner Hills
Buner hills lay in the front of lower Swat in the vicinity of Mingora. These hills penetrated
in to Shangla mountains located on the south east of the valley. The average altitude is 1800
meter while Mount Elum 9222' is the highest and sacred mountain in Buddhism, Hinduism
and also in the local muslim population as a place used by sofia for adoration. The hill faces
towards Swat are green and forested during winter season snow accumulated on the high
peaks but welts quickly in the early summers.
 Swat Plain
The gradient of the plain is from northeast and northwest to southwest, in which the river
crossing it the middle splitting the valley in to two east and west halves. The whole plain of
Swat valley is sprinkled by the running water, and is made up of fine alluvial soil with gravel,
boulders are embedded. River swat and other tributaries, streams and torrents bring the
alluvial soil. This alluvium is spread on the valley floor during seasonal flooding from May to
August when the river swells. The other type of soil is residual soil of the piedmont.
The valley is gorge like above Madyan while the real plain started south of Baghderi a
town where river swat pass through a slender gorge, the valley broadens down stream with
average from 3-7 Km. The widest view is offered at, khwazakhela Gulibagh, Thana, and
Barikot villages. This part constitutes the richest and most populous part of the valley. The
rainfall is 32" to 35 inches spread over the twelve months, vast majority of people live by
agricultural activities. Most of them are in the richly fertile soil in small or large villages in
clusters surrounded by fields. The two-thirds of the arable land are irrigated. The uses of
modern methods of agriculture are increasing so per hector production is also increasing. The
main crops of the valley are Wheat, Maize, and Rice (Bigami) while other crops, fruits and

vegetables grow in abundance. The main valley of Swat can be divided in to the following
sub-valleys, which are farmed between the mountains, are also locally called as dara. These
sub valleys are important for its climatic variations.
Sub-valley Amluk dara; Lies on Barikot route via karakar
pass.
Sub-Valley Murghazar; south east of Mingora located on a
distance of 3 Km.
Sub-valley Jambil; Located east of Mingora.
Sub-Valley Manglawar; lies on Kalam road deep in to
Malam and Jabba.
Sub-Valley Khwazakhela; from khwazakhela to Shangla
pass. Fig: 2 River Swat in open valley near
Khwazakhela.
Sub-Valley Miandam; starting from Fatehe pur on east.
Sub-Valley Chail; Located east of Madyan.
Sub-valley Mankial; lies to ward east
Sub-Valley Ushu; North east of Kalam.
Sub-Valley Gabral; North west of kalam.
Sub-Valley Sakhra; located west of Fatehe pur on the right Bank of river Swat.
Sub-valley Harunai ;North west of Matta.
Sub-Valley Shahderi; Lies North of Kabal
Sub-valley Shamuzai; the area in front of Barikot
Sub-Valley Tutakan; Most southern part of Swat valley.
2.3 RIVER SWAT
River Swat is the third important river of the province, the
most important tributary of Kabul River and the backbone of
Swat valley. Swat river watershed consists of 13491 Km2
comprising of district Swat, lower Dir, Sam Ranizai and

adjacent Tribal areas up to the point where it becomes a tributary of river Kabal. The main
tributaries of the River Swat rises from the Shandur or Mashabar range of northern
mountains. The River Swat rises in Kalam where it’s two arms river Ushu and river Gabral
unite at approximately 6600 feet. The river and its tributary network comprising of Gabral,
Batal khwar, Ushu river, Kedam river, Daral river, Bishigram river, Harnuai river etc. River
Gabral (43%) is the chief tributary in water and sediments having the catchments area of 715
Km2. These jointly flow in the southern in the narrow valley (Gorge) of Swat kohistan or
northern Swat. At Bahrain river Daral combines with river Swat while about 24 miles journey
to Madyan lies at 4300 feet dropping in to 100 feet / mile. Down stream from Madyan the
valley broadens considerably. The river again enters in to a very narrow Gorge at Baghderi
and let mountainous journey comes to an end. From here on wards the area covered by the
river widens from 1-2 Km flowing in the network of ever changing, branching and reuniting
forming braided stream. Both monsoon rain and the ever-melting snow influence the water in
the river. The river carries a tremendous amount of sediment during summer flooding. A
seasonal discharge at Kalam is 4488 cusec (cubic feet per second) that reduced to 932 cusec
in winters. After passing Charbagh the river turns towards southwest during this journey the
river engulfs other seasonal streams Or Khwars and Nallas. Further South crossing the district
swat the river enters in to Tuta Kan sub valley at kulangi (right at BOSAQ a small village near
the newly constructed bridge) immediately from west the river is joined by river Panjkora.
Here it turns abruptly southwards and again enters in to a narrow gorge in to the tribal areas
of Arang Barang and Mohmand Agency. The river moves southwards travelling in the Hills of
Mohmand enters in to Charsadda district. After covering some distance, bifurcates in to River
khiali and Jundi. Both rivers fall in to river Kabal near Jungle and Chak Nisatta respectively.
The total distance from Kalam to Madyan is 35 Km while 80-Km further south ward up to the
junction where Panjkora and river swat meet. Where the course is steeper, there the erosion
is frequent particularly in the summer season when all the tributaries are over flooded. The

boulders and stones are rolled, dragged along the riverbed that ultimately causes valley
deepening, widening and disintegrating of rocks. The upper riverbed is rocky consisting of
boulder up to Madyan. The course below consists of relatively scattered boulders, gravel,
pebbles, and debris, sand and fine clay. The river is active every year the river erodes the
riverbanks, engulfs large patches of agricultural land to become the part of the riverbed, in
every season 2-3 tourists become the victims of powerful, swift and chilling water of the
river. Upper Swat canal is taken out of the left bank passing through Benton tunnel and newly
parallel constructed 3 Km long auxiliary tunnel at Dargai where two hydel power stations
were established in 1935 and 1953 the third power station is under construction on the same
canal. This canal irrigates 121,400-hector land in Peshawar valley while the whole of Sam
Ranizai is bless with this water other wise it was deserted land of Acacia, thrones bearing
shrubs and cactus.
In the River swat about 1544 billion cubic meter water is present around the year, in
winter it is reduced to 1288 cusec while in summer 5632-cusec water is flowing at Amandara
Head works, mean annual discharge of river swat at Chakdara is 172 m3s-1. About 70% of the
arable land in the valley is irrigated through civil canal taken out of the river swat. River swat
playing the role of blood artery, it irrigates, nourishes the soil, providing scenic beauty,
opportunity of fishing ground and opportunities for water
sports.
The river Swat plays an important role in the economy of
the valley. The river provides aesthetic value to the valley,
water for irrigation and domestic use, recharging water for
wells and springs, as a habitat for various fish and bird
species and important source of construction materials for
the new developments in the valley. But from last decade
river Swat face threats of contamination due to rapid

population growth, encroachments and construction activities (residential and commercial)

along the riverbank e.g., Kalam, Bahrain, Madyan and Mingora City. Sewerage from
commercial and villages, residential buildings along the river is directly drained into the river,
resulting in the contamination and degradation of its water quality and threatening its
biodiversity. There is no proper dumping / treatment of Municipal solid waste, some time
waste are dumped on the riverbanks (near Ayub Bridge, Charbagh etc), which ultimately
finds its way into the River.
2.4 STREAMS/ TRIBUTRIES

There are many streams and hill torrents, which increase the volume of river swat as the
river continues the journey towards south. They exerted considerable efforts on the
hydrology of the valley. These streams or khwars which ultimately giving shape, size and
volume to river Swat are generally perennial but most of Khwar are dry or may carry small
amount of water during dry season but after heavy rainfall, they are usually flooded.
Right bank tributaries: River Ushu (Ushu gol+ Paloga gol) is the important right bank
tributary forming river Swat at Kalam. The Seri and Jabba streams join at kolali as kolali river
(Lubu khwar). Bishigram bella and Bishigram streams as Bishigram river join it in Madyan,
Miandam stream (Musa Khwar) near Fatehe pur, Khwazakhela khwar, Manglawar Khwar
(Ugad khwar), Jambil khwar, Saidu khwar and Barikot Khwar are other right bank tributaries.
Left Bank tributaries: The streams of Battal, Utror combine with river Gabral and jointly
pure their water as Gabral river in kalam to shape river swat. Kedam river near Kedam and
River Daral pure the water in Bahrain is important left bank tributaries. Harunai khwar,
shawar khwar share the water with river swat at Matta. Deoli khwar, Hashpanr khwar etc are
important right bank tributaries.
2.5 PASSES

Pass is the narrow passage, road, pedestrian trek between the hill and
mountains. These physical barriers are cutted in modern
techniques to construct the modern day’s road to facilitate
communications between the regions. These are the check
points are strategically important all times. Except the three
main passes other passes are usually use as pedestrian trek
mostly in the use of Ajar. Swat valley is connected with
other valleys with a number of Passes few of them,
1. Malakand Pass; (2705’) connects swat valley with
Peshawar valley via Dargai.
2. Kulangai pass; connects Swat valley with Peshawar Fig:5 Majestic view of Kundol Lake
valley via Charsadda or Dargai via Kot.
3. Gabral pass/Badwai Pass; Connects Swat valley with Kumrat valley of District upper Dir
via Gabral (Jamra).
4. Shangla Pass; (7000') connects Swat Valley with
Bisham via Alpuri.
5. Kalail Pass; connects swat through Jambil with District
Buner via Pir Baba.
6. Karakar Pass; (4384') connects Swat valley with dust
Buner via Jawar.
7. Dadarili Pass; connects Gilgit with swat via Mahodand
(Trekking route).
8. Kachikani Pass; (15637') connected to Chitral valley
in northwest from Mahodand. (Trekking route).
Shahkot pass, Charhat pass, Jawari pass, and Kamraney Fig: 6 Mt Speen sar houses Saidgai
pass are some of the other passes. lake.

2.6 ALPINE LAKES

Lakes are the inland water bodies, which comes to be formed in rock basin of
various shape and size by different agents. Swat valley is located in the mountain region
of Hindu Kush, which remains under the ice sheet during glacial periods and by the time these
lakes are shaped due to various geological and weathering consequence, We can see amore
than a dozens of Alpine lakes /Glacial lakes in spread in these mountains. These lakes are not
only a source of water reservoir for the river Swat but also can become very important site of
attraction to boost tourism in the valley while they are located faraway from the main tourist
route that is why remains hidden and virgin but provide best site for camping in wilderness of
mountain landscape. This only can be expedited by trekking with average distance of three to
seven hours from the last village on the road. The blue green water, attractive environment
and fascinating landscape give one unmatchable memories for adventure tourist. The best
seasons for trekking in to these lakes are from June to August.
Some of the well-known alpine Lakes are Kandolo Lake is located in upper Swat in Dir
Swat Mountains. You can reach there via Matta, Rodingar to Sulatanr and on trekking to
Kandolo. The name is given for its circular shape. Saidgai Lake is another lake located
further high on the same vicinity about one hour from Kandolo on the Mt Shago sar and
Speen sar. This lake is on the top of the mountain. The attractive and majestic view is long
lasting memories. Daral lake lies northeast and about two and half-hours from Saidgai. This
is the reservoir of Daral River. You can come down to Bahrain. Kandol Lake is located in ladu
banda, Swat kohistan on Utror road with the two hours trekking. This Lake is one and half Km
long and a Km wide and 100 feet deep. The beauty lies in its location at a very high altitude
and surrounded by mountains. One distant feature of this lake is that its water doesn’t flow
directly from lake it self while flows from the toe of the hill. Peri (Khapiro) Lake is located in
the area of Utror in Ismiss banda. Kharkhari lake in Gujaro Gabral. Gudar lake and Speen
Khwar lake in Dassan Banda. Gidar Baik lake in Anakar. Mahodand lake is located in

Ushu sub-valley. Mahodand is the only accessible lake and a unmetalled road is extended
from Matiltan. This excursion takes your full day travelling in 4x4 vehicle available from
kalam. Kandal Shai lake and Massgal lake further north of Mahodand. Bishigram Lake
located in the sub-valley of Chail, you can access to via 4x4 vehicle up to Chail then at least 3
hours hiking to the lake or you can also trek via Miandam.
All these charming Lakes of various sizes in swat valley are waiting for their turn to be
fully explored and provide additional site of visits for tourists and hikers.

CHAPTER 3
CLIMATE
Climate is the over all condition of weather for long duration of a particular region.
The Climate of swat valley is influenced by various factors, i.e. altitude, direction of wind,
vegetation covers are the main contributors.
MAX/MINI TEPRATURE SAIDU
Climate of Swat valley is dominated by mountain
SHARIF 1997
intertwined by narrow sub-valley. The valley 40
Bottom is 600 meter while the surrounded 35
30
mountains are 4000 to 4500 meters in elevation. 25
Swat valley having five seasons, having its own
CELSUS
20
charm and splendour. The climate varies from sub- 15
tropical to alpine type. The summer season is short 10
5
and moderate, Mountain and Valley breeze are the 0
frequent contributor to adjust to weather. It is -5
warm in the Swat ranizai and lower Swat valley but J F M A M J J A S O N D
cool and refreshing in the Upper Swat and Swat MONTHS
Kohistan. The valley may be experiencing mild

summer and cool winter while the mountains top experiences the temperature below Freezing

point. January is the coolest month with the mean monthly Temp at Saidu sharif is as lower
as -1ºC to the maximum to 19ºC is at the hottest part of the Valley. July is the hottest
month, when the temperature rises above 35ºC while June, July and August are the sister
hottest months.
The precipitation comes during summer by eastern depression as well as in winter mainly
from western depression. i.e. in winter (December to March) but this part of the country also
receives tail of the monsoon in July and August some time prolonged in to the middle of
September. The rainfall from local depression in April-June is more than October-November.
TABLE: 1 MAX/MIN TEMPERATURE 1997

Tem J F M A M J J A S O N D
Max 19 25.5 26 29 35 38 39.5 37 34.5 32 25 18
Min -1 0.5 4 5 9 16 18 16 14 8 4 1
Source: Metrological Station Saidu Sharif.

TABLE: 2 MAX/MIN TEMPERATURE AT DIR STATION 1961-1990
Tem J F M A M J J A S O N D
MAX 11.2 17 16.2 22.4 27.6 32.5 31.4 30.2 29 25.1 19.9 13.8
MIN -2.4 -1.3 3.09 7.67 11.6 15.7 19.3 18.5 13.6 7.62 2.55 -0.9
Source: Data Processing Centre Pakistan Metrological Dep’t Karachi
3.1 PRECIPITATION MAX/MINI TEMPRATURE DIR

Precipitation is any form of water vapours including rainfall, 1961-1997
snow fall, hailstorms etc. Swat valley lies in north western zone of 35
the country and has been influvenced by the monsoon wind and also 30
by the western wind. We can say that the perception in Swat valley is 25
distributed from three sources:
CELSUS
20
1) Western depression (Winter Rain) 15

2) Local depression (Local rain) 10
3) Eastern Depression (Monsoon Rain)
5
0
1). Western depression (Winter Rain)
-5
J F M A M J J A S O N D
MONTHS

Western depression is the influence of weather changes from west.i.e. when temperature
fall in Mediterranean and Siberia region. This rainy season starts from the end of December
to February or March. In this season a continuous rainfall occurs some time continue for
weeks locally this is known as Jarai. In this type of rain usually small raindrops with slow
showers for longer duration. The first rain brings snowfall on the mountains while the plain
area (up to Mingora) receives snowfall once or more after January. The snowfall on mountains
between December to mid February are long lasting locally called Speena salie and the snow
after mid February melt quickly and known as Tora salie.
TABLE: 3 MEAN MONTHLY PRECEPETATION 1997

86.36 116.7 217.7 151.9 78.72 78 84 144 29 58 50 15

Source: Metrological Station Saidu Sharif.
When this is associated with mountain and valley

breeze, it brings chill in the valley and the
mountains summits looking like white painted. The
rainfall in winter months of February and March is
more than summer season. The average rainfall for
the months of December, January, February and
March is 108.94mm.
2). Local depression

Due to local depressions the weather changes
cause rain fall. This rainy season intervened by
monsoon or winter rain and occurred in April-May
after winter and in October-November after

monsoon. The rainfall in April-May (115.3mm average) is more than October-November

(54mm average). This rain is associated with lightning and thunderstorms which causes
demages. The hailstorm is other phenomenon with local depression some time cause heavy
damages to the crops and fruit tress.
3). Eastern Depression (Monsoon Rain)
Summer rainfall also known as pashakal occurred

following a short dry period after spring rain. The
summer torrential rains begin in June and July and
end in September when the tail of monsoon winds
enters in to Himalayan and western Hindu Kush
region of northern Pakistan. In Swat valley, in the
month of August recives maximum rainfall during
this season which starts raining from July in upper
and lower swat while Swat Kohistan receives rain in
August, average rainfall for these months is 102mm.
The monsoon rain in Mahodand prevails after the
mid August. This is an Orographic rain with quick
showers. In this type of rain a quick showers associated with large drops of rainfall on the
ground cause flooding in the streams and rivers.
TABLE: 4 MEAN MONTHLY PECEPETATION 1961-1990
111 172 242 168 88 51 146 160 82 54 51 91
Source: Data Processing Centre Pakistan Metrological Dep’t Karachi.

3.2 CLIMATIC REGIONS

When combine the data, overlap with the country classification and the condition prevails
in the area. The area can be divided in to the following three simple climatic regions on the
basis of the conditions exist.
1. Humid mesothermal with hot summer (Cfa)
2. Humid mesothermal with cool summer (Cfb)
3. High land climate (H)
1). Humid mesothermal with hot summer.

This type of climate prevails over the southern part of the valley including the lower Swat
valley and swat Ranizai from Malakand Mountains to khwazakhela. The summer season is
short and hot. It is warm in the swat Ranizai and lower Swat valley but cool and refreshing in
the Upper swat valley. The Hottest month is June with mean maximum and minimum
Temperatures 38 ºC and 18 ºC respectively.
2). Humid Mesothermal with cool summer.

This type of climate is found in upper swat north of khwazakhela, and sub-valleys.
Winter is long and cool in the north extends from November to March. In winter the
temperature falls bellow freezing point. The summer temperature does not increase more
than 32ºC. Miandam, Madyan, Bahrain, Baghderi, Sakhra are the stations included in this
type of climate.
3). High land type of climate.
The northern Swat valley i.e. Swat kohistan and a part upper swat dominated by high
mountains. These mountains have sub valleys up to 2000 meter high while the Surroundings
Mountains are 4500 meter high. Therefore the climate changes vertically. These valleys
enjoying the mild summer and cool winter, Kalam, Gabral, Matiltan, Mahodand, Chail, Malam

Jabba while the mountain’s tops experience lowest temperature. The daily range of
temperature is high.

THIS PART IS AVILIABLE IN THE

PRINTED EDITION

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INDEX
ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, 96
ARYAN, 81
ARYAN PERIOD, 89
ASSAKENOI, 81
A
A. STEIN, 99
ABDUL GHAFOOR, 83
ACTINOLITE, 137
ADANZAI, 15 AUXILIARY TUNNEL, 21
AHABARATA, 81 AYOUB BRIDGE, 134
AJJAR, 110, 129
AJJAR, 128
B
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 81
ALIGRAMA, 80 BACTRAIN, 81
ALPINE FORESTS, 118 BADSHAH SAHIB, 84
ALPINE LAKES, 23 BAGHDERI, 21
ALPINE PASTURES, 117, 129 BARIKOT, 94
AMANDARA, 22 BATKHELA, 37, 38
ANGLING, 44, 45, 64 BAZIRA, 81, 94
APICULTURE, 141 BENTON TUNNEL, 21

BIHA VALLEY, 41 DARGAI, 93

BISHEGRAM LAKE, 24 DEHQAN, 110
BRAKAKUR, 110 DISTRICT SWAT, 15
BROWN BEAR, 132
DOMESTIC TOURISM, 62, 63
BROWN TROUT, 45, 133
BUDDHIST PERIOD, 89
BUNER, 15 E
BUNER HILLS, 19 ECOTOURISM, 69
BUTKARA, 61, 89, 95, 96, 145 EDUCATION, 107
ELUM MOUNTAIN, 97
C
EMBROIDERY, 141
CHAIR LIFT, 40 EMERALD MINE, 136
CHAKDARA MUSEUM, 93 ENDANGERED MAMMALS, 131
CHANDRA GUPTA MAURYAIN, 81
CHEAL, 20, 24, 28, 43, 65
CHINA CLAY, 136 F
CHROMDRAVITE, 137 FACTORIES, 142
CHURCHILL PICKET, 93 FAE-HIEN, 88
CLIMATE, 25
FAQIR, 111
CLIMATIC REGIONS, 28
COMMUNICATION, 40, 147, 149 FAUNA, 65, 131, 132
CONIFEROUS FORESTS, 118 FELDSPAR, 136
COTTAGE INDUSTRY, 140 FIZA GHAT PARK, 132
CROPS, 122 FLORA, 6, 14, 56, 119, 141
FOREST, 118
D FRESH WATER FISH, 133
DADARILI PASS, 23 FRUITS, 123
DARAL LAKE, 19, 24 FUCHSITE, 137

G HINDU SHAHI PERIOD, 89

HISTORIC SITES, 88
G. TUCCI, 99 HOTEL ACCOMMODATION, 46,67
GABINA JABBA, 41, 42, 65, 73 HOTEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, 47
GABRAL, 17, 20, 23, 28, 32, 45, 53, 63, 77, 110, 159 HSUEN TSANG, 88
GAHAZNAVIED, 82
GARNET GROUP, 138
GERSDORFFITE, 137
I
GHALEGAI, 94 IJARAGAR, 110
GANDHARA, 14, 38, 70, 80, 81, 97 INDUS KOHISTAN, 17
GANDHARA ART, 14, 80 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM, 60
GILGIT AGENCY, 15 IRRIGATION, 122
GIRA MONARCH, 95
GLIDING, 65, 76 J
GOGDARA ROCK, 99
GORGE, 20 JAHAN ABAD, 99
GRANITE, 138 JARAI, 26
GREAT STUPA, 95 JEHANZEB COLLEGE, 107
GREEK PERIOD, 89 JIRJA, 110
GUJAR, 109, 110,128
GULIBAGH, 54 K
GULKADA, 95, 158
KABAL, 39
GURIED, 82
KACHIKANI PASS, 23
KALAM, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32, 40, 44, 48, 51,
H 52, 53, 60, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 77, 100, 117,
HANG-GLIDING, 65 118, 141, 147, 153, 154, 159
HIMALAYAN IBEX, 65, 132 KANDOLO LAKE, 19, 23, 33
HINDU KUSH, 17, 23, 27, 40, 141 KANJU TOWNSHIP, 39
HINDU RAJ, 17 KAOLIN, 136

KARAKAR PASS, 23 MALAKAND FORT, 93

KARAKORAM HIGHWAY, 33,41 MALAKAND HILLS, 19
KHWAZAKHELA, 20, 28, 41, 119, 144 MALAM JABBA, 17, 28, 31, 33, 40, 48, 51, 53, 54, 58,
KHWAZAKHELA, 40 62, 63, 64, 69, 89, 97, 99, 118, 136, 153, 159
KING DARIS, 81 MALIK AHMAD, 82
KOLALAI, 31,,32 43 MANKIAL TRACK, 32
KULANGI, 21 MARBLE, 136
KUSHAN, 81 MARGHAZAR, 39
MARKOR, 132
L MASHABAR RANGE, 21
MASHROOM, 119
LAKES TRAIL, 64
MENANDER, 81
LIME STONE, 136
MENGCHILI, 38
LIVESTOCK, 127
MIANDAM, 20, 24, 28, 33, 42, 51, 58, 69, 141, 159
LOWER SWAT VALLEY, 13
MIANGUL JEHANZEB, 84
MIANGUL SHAHZADA ABDUL WADOOD, 83
M MICA, 138
MAD MULLAH, 83 MILLS, 142
MADAYAN, 17 MINERAL, 135, 139, 146
MADRASA, 107 MINGORA, 38
MADYAN HATCHERY, 133 MINGORA CITY, 22, 142, 150
MAGNESITE, 137, 138 MINISTRY OF TOURISM, 67
MAHODAND, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 44, 52, 62, 63, 65, 73, MOHMAND AGENCY, 21
147, 153, 159 MOHMAND MOUNTAINS, 19
MAHODAND LAKE, 62 MORAL, 119
MAHSEER, 133 MOSQUE, 100
MAIN TREKKING, 31 MOUNT ELUM, 19, 61, 88, 97
MAINDAM, 17, 42, 48, 49, 51, 53, 62, 118, 154, 159 MOUNTAINEERING, 64
MALAKAND, 13, 93 MT FALKSIR, 17

MT MANKIAL, 14, 17, 32 Q

MULLAH, 112
MUSHROOMS, 125 QOUM, 109
MUSLIM PERIOD, 89 QUARTZ, 137, 139
MUSLIM SHRINES, 102
MUSTARD, 124 R
RAFTING, 65
O RAMACHANDRA, 97
ORA, 81, 95 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTE, 107
REST HOUSE, 53
P RIVER DARAL, 21
RIVER KABAL, 21
PAITHOM, 6, 31, 47, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70, 158 RIVER PANJKORA, 21
PAKHTUN, 109 RIVER SUAS, 13
PANJKORA RIVER, 6 RIVER SWAT,20 21, 22, 57, 64, 78
PANR SITE, 96 RIVER USHU, 21
PARTHIAN, 81 ROAD TRANSPORT, 147
PASSES, 23 ROCK CARVING, 89, 98
PATHAN, 109
PATHAN UPRISING, 83
S
PHYSIOGRAPHY, 15
PIR KHUSHAL BABA, 82 S.W .A. STEIN, 89
POPULATION, 105 SAIDGAI LAKE, 19,23
POULTRY, 129 SAIDU BABA, 39, 61, 76, 83
PRECIPITATION, 26 SAIDU SHARIF, 38
PTDC, 68 SAM RANIZAI, 15, 129
PULSES, 122 SANDAKI MULLAH, 83
PYROXINE GROUP, 139 SARHAD TOURISM CORPORATION, 68
PYRRHOTITE, 137 SAYED AKHBAR SHAH, 83

SAYYED ABDUL JABBAR SHAH, 83 SYED MUBARIK SHAH, 83

SEYTHIAN, 81
SHAHDERI, 136 T
SHANGLA MOUNTAINS, 17
SHEIKH MALI, 82 TAL LAMUTAI, 45
SHEIKH MALI, 109 TEA PLANTATION, 124
SHINGARDAR STUPA, 94 TOURISM, 56
SKI RESORT, 40 TRAINING INSTITUTE, 54
SKIING, 64 TRANSPORTATION, 60, 147
SNOW LEOPARD, 132 TREKKING, 23, 29, 30, 41, 64, 75, 78, 160
STUPAS, 57, 67, 81, 88, 89, 95, 96, 97
TROUT FISH, 133
SUB-VALLEY, 17, 25
TUTA KAN, 21
SUB-VALLEYS, 20
SULTAN MAHMOOD GHAZNAVI, 82
SULTAN OWAS, 82 U
SUMMER RAINFALL, 27 UDIGRAM, 95
SUNGYUN, 88 UDYANA, 13,101
SWADISTU, 13, 82
UPPER SWAT, 21, 31
SWAT KOHISTAN, 14,17, 21, 24,25,27, 28, 29, 31, 57,
60,63, 64, 65, 68,,76, 100, 107, 110, 117, 118, 119, UPPER SWAT CANAL, 21
121, 123, 127, 129, 132, 133, 141, 151 UPPER SWAT TRAILS, 30
SWAT MUSEUM, 38,95, 96, 97, 99 UPPER SWAT VALLEY, 14
SWAT RANIZAI, 6, 15, 106 URGYAN-PA, 88
SWAT RIVER, 17, 20, 65, 95, 133 USHU, 17, 20, 24, 32, 44, 52, 53, 65, 77, 133
SWAT SERENA HOTEL, 50
SWAT VALLEY, 0, 6, 15, 48, 64, 69, 100, 101, 105,107, V
118, 137, 146, 157, 163
SWATI PATHAN, 13 VEGETABLES, 123
SWAT-KOHISTAN MOUNTAINS, 17 VERMICULITE, 137, 138

W WOODEN MOSQUE, 100
WESH SYSTEM, 109 Y

WHITE HUNS, 81
WHITE PALACE, 39 YOUSAFZAI PAKHTUNS, 82
WILD LIFE, 132
WINTER RAIN, 26 Z
WOOD CARVING, 100
ZAMINDAR, 109

PERSONAL NOTES


Swat Valley Physiography and Climate by Mohammad Alam

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SWAT VALLEY Past, Future and Prospects 1

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

COPYRIGHT © MOHAHHAD ALAM

Title: SWAT VALLEY Past, Future and Prospects

1st edition; March 2005

Price @PKR: 150/-

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

ABOUT SWAT VALLEY

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

3. ABOUT SWAT VALLEY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

5. SWAT VALLEY ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................ 17

3.1 PRECIPITATION .................................................................................................................................................. 32

4.1 TO NORTHERN AREAS ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5.1 SWAT RANIZAI .......................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

5.3 UPPER SWAT VALLEY ................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

13. HISTORY ........................................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

15. POPULATION ................................................................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

24. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS .............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

20.1 ROAD TRANSPORT ................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

1. High Altitude Mountains

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

The Map shows

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

High Altitude Mountains

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

The Map shows

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

ii. Dir-Swat Mountains

 Low altitude Mountains

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

population growth, encroachments and construction activities (residential and commercial)

2.4 STREAMS/ TRIBUTRIES

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

2.6 ALPINE LAKES

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

cool and refreshing in the Upper Swat and Swat MONTHS

Kohistan. The valley may be experiencing mild

A realm of beauty An ideal destination

TABLE: 1 MAX/MIN TEMPERATURE 1997

Source: Metrological Station Saidu Sharif.