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IAS 2018
GEOGRAPHY
TEST SERIES
By: ROHIT LODHA
TEST: 8
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Test - 08
Geography Test Series 2018
MOCK-1 PAPER-II
Time Allowed: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 250
SECTION - A
1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:
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(a) Locate these map entries on the map and write about 50 words:
(i) Singrauli
(ii)
(iii)
Udhagmandalam
Mahi River
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(iv) Zaskar Range
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(v) Gandhamardan Mines

(vi) Tso Moriri Lake
(vii) Lio safari in UP
(viii) Jodhpur
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(ix) Keibul Lamjao

(x) Biodiversity Hotspot in South india
(b) Planning and development of nomads in the India
(c) Changing pattern of rural landscape over last 60 years.
(d) Write a short note on Inner Line Permit.
2. (a) Analyze how land has become a major reason for agrarian and industrial unrest. Also
highlight the issue of land alienation.
(b) Providing urban facilities in rural areas has a huge potential in overcoming the disadvantages
of urbanization. Examine this statement from an areal perspective.
(c) Evaluate the problem of deforestation in the country and major steps taken to and their
effectiveness in overcome this problem.
3. (a) Elaborate multilevel planning in the Indian context and opportunities it presents for holistic
national development.
(b) Discuss the possibility of the role that improved socio economic relations can play in
overcoming India's border issues with our neighbouring countries.
(c) Explore the possible linkages between water security and food security.
Geography [1]
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4. (a) Analyze the role of cooperatives in holistic development of rural areas of the country.
(b) Discuss the various types of rural settlements in the country and also briefly discuss the
factors responsible for the same.
(c) Give an account of demand for formation of different states in various parts of the country
and do a brief analysis of factors responsible for such demands.
SECTION - B
5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) Earthquakes and associated natural disasters in India
(b) Enumerate the measures taken and challenges faced in regional planning in different parts
of the country.
(c) Elaborate on desert development planning in India
(d) Major sources of groundwater pollution in the country.
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(e) Discuss the urban sprawls in India
6. (a) Discuss the importance of soil forming factors in determining the soil types in different
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parts of India. Elaborate with suitable examples.
(b) Based on developments in different fields discuss the role India can play in world affairs.
(c) Discuss the importance of unorganized sector in Indian economy. Examine the measures
taken by the government to overcome the challenges faced by the unorganized sector in the
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country.
7. (a) Discuss the origin and the physiographic features of the Himalaya.
(b) Despite being an efficient and cheap means of transport, railway has consistently lost its
share of freight to road transport. Enumerate the reasons for the same. How far can the high
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speed freight corridor help in addressing this issue?
(c) Establish the inter relationship between the monsoon and the level of pollution in various
metro cities of India.
8. (a) What is the intensity and level of domestic tourism in rural and urban India? What are the
key reasons for households' domestic tourism trips? What can we understand from domestic
tourism patterns in India? Examine.
(b) Agro forestry has immense potential in contributing to sustainable development and increasing
farm income. Yet, it has failed to take off in a big way in India. In this context discuss the
problems and challenges of agro forestry in India.
(c) Despite one of the longest coastlines in the world, India's port facilities and shipping industry
are beset by numerous problems. Explain. Discuss some of the corrective measures taken by
the government to overcome these problems.

[ 2 ] Geography
Geography Test Series 2018
www.iasscore.in
MOCK-1 PAPER-II
Answer Hints: Test No.8
SECTION - A
1. Comment in about 150 words:

1. (a) Locate these map entries on the map and write about 50 words:
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TO BE DISCUSSED IN THE CLASS.
1. (b) lanning and development of nomads in the India
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According to the census 2011, India has 10.4 cr tribal population. This is 8% of the total population
of India.
Nomadic tribes are hunters, gatherers, and some are agriculturalist including practices like jhum
cultivation.
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Areas:
1. Hilly areas of north east
2. Himalayan foothills in the west
3. Central India
4. Islands of Andaman Nicobar and Lakshdweep
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Planning and development

• Socio economic development to improve literacy, health standards, maintain land rights,
allow them to practice their culture (Panchasheel)
• Integrating PVTGs, Nomads etc. into mainstream.
• Geographic perspective in planning include targeted area approach, conservation of sacred
groves (Niyamgiri), ecosystem management, integrated watershed approach including welfare
geography, TRIFED (MSP for MFP), etc.
• Planning and development of nomads in the country hence should focus at their assimilation
and not at their acculturation so that their identity is preserved ans the development is
participative.
1. (c) Changing pattern of rural landscape over last 60 years.
Rural India accounts for about 70% of India, according to census 2011. The rural landscape or the
rural settlement morphology basically includes (according to Doxiadis) :-
• Farm land, roads and houses
Hints: Geography [1]
• Open areas in vicinity of farms (purva, tola etc.)

Changing pattern:-
• Development of the rural-urban fringe areas near transition of rural to urban areas. This
changed rural landscape as.
i) It led to urban sprawl
ii) Private squatters
iii) Land use change from subsistence agriculture to cash crop based
iv) Urban infrastructure in rural areas like strip malls, shopping complexes etc.
• Industrial corridors (DFCs, Golden Quadtrilaterals) etc. pass through rural landscapes
• Creation of growth poles (Bhilai, Durgapur etc.) in rural areas led to development of propulsive
industries.
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• Changing transportation and connectivity modes leading to creation of better infrastructure
including pakka houses
•
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Open spaces (Purva, Tola etc) have decreased even in rural areas due to sub urbanization
etc
• Hence rural landscape has evolved in last 60 years due to population explosion, government's
policies etc.
1. (d) Write a short note on Inner Line Permit.
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Recently the Manipur government is planning to bring Inner Line Permit in the next assembly
meeting.
The Inner Line Permit (ILP) is an official travel document issued by the Government of India to
grant inward travel of an Indian citizen into a protected area for a limited period. It is obligatory for
Indians residing outside those states to obtain permission prior to entering the protected areas.
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• Currently, the Inner Line Permit is operational in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland.
• The document has been issued under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 and the
conditions and restrictions vary from state to state.
• It can be issued for travel purposes solely. Visitors are not allowed to purchase property in
these regions. However, there might be a different set of rules for long term visitors, though
they are not valid for central government employees and security forces.
2. Answer the following questions:
2. (a) Analyze how land has become a major reason for agrarian and industrial unrest. Also
highlight the issue of land alienation.
India owns 2.4% of world's land and 17.5% of the world's population, 16% of the world's livestock
and huge number of industries and growing food security challenge. These factors made land all
very important.
Agrarian unrest due to land
• Decreasing land quality as per National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Utilisation Planning
(NBSS & LUP) and ICAR
[ 2 ] Hints: Geography
• Increasing livestock pressure (north India)

• Irrigation potential near about reached already. Hence how more land will be cultivated
(M.P., Rajasthan)
• Land alienation (poor land reforms, low tenure security, land records not maintained) (across
the country)
• Land acquisition for industries.
Hence land has become reason for agrarian distress.
Land and industrial unrest:
• Industries complain lack of land availability and acquisition clearances (Niyamgiri)
• It has led to urban sprawl and increased pressure over land (Delhi)
• Lack of land availability near already made growth pole and growth centres (West Bengal)
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• Problem in harnessing principles like agglomeration, economies of scale etc.
Hence land has led to industrial unrest too
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Issues of land alienation
• Poor production and productivity of agrarian land
• Poor backward and forward linkages development
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• Alienation of tribals from forests

• Leads to change in land as means of livelihood to an economic entity.
Hence land alienation has various aspects attached to it.
2. (b) Providing urban facilities in rural areas has a huge potential in overcoming the
disadvantages of urbanization. Examine this statement from an areal perspective.
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Urbanization is defined as process of increase in "urban character" of a region and its population. It
has advantages but also some disadvantages like,
• Urban Sprawl which results into crime, theft etc.
• Slums creation
• Decreased social security for migrants
• Migration
• Increased pressure on urban resources
• Xenophobia
• Increased pressure on urban land
Providing urban facilities in rural areas has potential to overcome these as follows
• Growth poles/ centres/ propulsive industries in rural areas: This will create local employment,
use local resources and hence reduce distress migration and their side effects like urban
sprawl etc.
E.g. in Durg, Bhilai, Raurkela in 2nd FYP. This lead to increase in rural employment
• Prepare rural areas for sub urbanization: It is when urban population migrates to rural areas
as city becomes Megalopolis/ Bloating city. PURA would prepare rural areas in advance to
handle such rush. E.g. Noida, Gurgaon developed from rural areas into suburbs of Delhi.
• Targetted area approach where urbanization can lead to similar problems can mitigate
effects. E.g. development of industrial corridors by employing local population of area only
for DFCs, Smart Cities etc. so that new migration is not needed.
• Other areal approaches are, more jobs in north east region, increased job security which
leads to decreased xenophobia, government policies against squatters and unauthorized
colonies, creating retaining factors in rural areas such as schools, healthcare centres etc.,
improving agriculture in Punjab, Haryana etc.
2. (c) Evaluate the problem of deforestation in the country and major steps taken to and their
effectiveness in overcome this problem.
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Deforestation is large scale felling down of trees for industrial purposes, creation of roads, residential
etc.
Scale of deforestation and effects:
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• Tree cover is only 24.01% while forest policy envisages 33%
• Dense forested area less than 8% now
• Leads to land degradation and desertification (60% area is drought and desert prone)
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• Affects micro climate as seen in Sukhomanjari after revival of agro forestry

• Tropical rainforest of western ghats, evergreen etc. used for timber, paper industry (bamboo),
practice of unsustainable development, cultural determinism etc.
Steps of prevention and their evaluation
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• Social forestry, agro forestry: largely a failure as local species were not grown, farm lands
used by the community lands E.g. Gujarat, Karnataka etc.
• Compensatory afforestation for industries if they fell trees. This rule has largely been overlooked
• Green corridor policy recently announced by MoRTH envisages to grow trees on highways.
Results remain to be seen.
• Promoting horticulture under horticulture mission with ecosystem management principles
(ESM) is a success in J&K and north east.
• Principle of neo determinism, ESM, participatory approach, watershed approach etc. shall
be followed.
3 (a) Elaborate multilevel planning in the Indian context and opportunities it presents for
holistic national development.
In India despite a long history of planning & development initiatives, planning has not been as
fruitful as was expected of it. The failures in planning manifests in ever increasing disparities,
problems of rural poverty, declining & stagnating agri and problems related to unemployment.
One of the major limitations of planning has been its centralized character where most of the
national objectives don't reflect the concerns of local areas and also because of which most resource
rich regions of India continue to underuse their resources and depend on 'central transfers' to
sustain their economy and address their problems.
As a consequence decentralization, autonomy now have become major policy objectives & multilevel
planning has its relevance in this context.
Multi level planning opposed to centralized planning is an exercise where local institutions are
actively involved not only at the implementation level but MLP is a more integrative effort that
seeks to involve all hierarchies of administrative, geographical, political and regional levels in planning
process. It seeks to involve active participation of the lower hierarchical levels in information
generation, data collection, policy suggestion, plan implementation & monitoring of all
developmental activities.
MLP therefore is a bottom up approach and includes grassroots participation, not just for effective
implementation but also for efficient implementation.
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MLP therefore is synonymous to balanced regional planning because all regions have a scope to be
accounted for in the larger planning exercise and because it reflects local conditions, such planning
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preserves the local identity and tries to develop the region according to it's strength & potential. It
discourages uniform generalised solutions to all regions irrespective of their relevance.
Advantages of Multi Level Planning:
• Financial integration because of responsibility sharing.
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• Productivity improvement because of appropriate resource allocation, equitable sharing of

resources & benefits, grassroots involvement that ensures less leakages and corruption.
• Better efficiency because of transparency and accountability.
• It takes care of regional disparities.
• Popular participation increases a sense of mainstream and thus act as bulwark against anti-
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nationalist forces.
• Indian physiography has varying soil topography and agroclimatic conditions even within
a region. MLP grants flexibility to take care of such variations.
Limitations:
• The main limitation is financial autonomy. Without effective financial autonomy successful
MPL is not possible.
• Some of the prerequisites for effective MLP are:
i) PRIs themselves must be mature and should be functional in spirit i.e. local institutions
must be democratic.
ii) Local levels must have access to resources, technology & expertise to plan effectively
and to implement the plan. In India, rural poverty, agri backwardness, low literacy
levels and the continuance of informal feudal practices severely compromise the working
& effectiveness of local institutions.
• It makes the planning process very cumbersome, time taking and leads to duplication of
work.
• Sometimes planning at local level is hijacked by dominating class, hence vulnerable section
remain continue to be vulnerable.
3. (b) Discuss the possibility of the role that improved socio economic relations can play in
overcoming India's border issues with our neighbouring countries.
India has border with 7 countries viz. China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Afganistan
and Pakistan.
Various border issues are:
China: LAC demarcation
Pakistan: LOC, Cross border terrorism
Myanmar: Migration, insurgency
Bangladesh: Infiltration, trafficking
Nepal: Migration, Security
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Afganistan: Drugs, terror
Hence, illegal migration, human/cattle trafficking and cross border terrorism are the main issues.
OR
Socio-economic relations can overcome some of these as follows:
1. Bangladesh and Myanmar:
• Would reduce push factors
• Would lead to better health, education, work profile etc. leading to job creation
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• Would increase India's goodwill and force their government to adopt pro india measures
• Would solve issues like Teesta water share and create energy partnership
2. Pakistan and Afganistan
• Socio-economic relations in this case needs to be pragmatic
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• LOC issues, Kashmir issue, cross border terrorism etc. need strategic relations more than
socio economic
• Still socio economic developments can create ground for other developments by creating
jobs, improving agriculture, harness resources, transportation and industrial links
3. China
• Socio-economic relations can lead to better understanding of cultures, language, people to
people and civilizational links. Hence socio-economic relations can help, to some extend to
improve border situation.
3. (c) Explore the possible linkages between water security and food security.
Water is required for different purposes like industrial, domestic and agricultural. Hence it plays
important role in food security.
Role:
1. Water for irrigation (60% area in India is rainfed)
• Used by canals, pumps, tube wells
• Overexploitation led to poor ground water quality and has hence affected productivity and
yield in Green Revolution areas. Thus it establishes link between water security and the food
security
2. Water for HYV seeds
More water is required than for traditional seeds, hence water security here is important for increased
production
3. For on farm development works
Under CADP like land tilling, maintaining soil fertility
4. Agro processing industries are manifestation of link between the two as water is required
in processing the crops for value addition in them.
5. Diversification and animal rearing
This has reduced dependence of food security on water security and prevents food security from
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vagaries of monsoon in India. E.g. poultry (Plateau interiors Hyderabad), Dairy (Gujarat), meat
and fisheries processing etc.
6.
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Development of drought resistant crops by ICAR for dryland farming also decreases
dependency helps millets, pulses etc.
4. (a) Analyze the role of cooperatives in holistic development of rural areas of the country.
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Co operative sector in India has evolved from times of British rule to present day. It plays important
role across various sectors of rural development.
1. Agricultural Development
• AMUL cooperative led white revolution and increased production of milk, consumption,
women empowerment and hence led to holistic rural development
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• Maharashtra sugar cooperatives: These have led to diversification of rural agriculture,

decreased farmers distress, increased employment, income and income diversification.
2. Credit Disbursal
Cooperative banks have led to increased credit disbursal, institutionalized credit sources, decreased
farmer dependence on moneylenders. Hence these have socio-economic impact leading to holistic
development.
3. Cooperative farming has led to collaborative farming, land consolidation, agglomeration and
economies of scale, increased holding power and decreased farmers distress.
This has led to creation of forward and backward linkages in rural areas and hence led to holistic
development across agriculture, agro based industries, transportation, marketing etc.
4. Agro based industries developed under cooperatives like silk board, coir board etc. in
Karnataka, Kerala etc. This has increased employment, agricultural diversification, income
diversification for rural holistic development.
Need is to diversify the functions of the cooperative sector to other areas like marketing, policy
implementation etc. so that wider sectors are covered for holistic rural development.
4. (b) Discuss the various types of rural settlements in the country and also briefly discuss the
factors responsible for the same.
The spatial organization of houses in a village defines its pattern. Here site attributes along with the
layout of the land, configuration of roads and streets play decisive role. Rectangular or square
pattern is very popular in the areas of level topography. It confirms well with the systems of house
design, plugging pattern, field sizes and land measurement (bigha system).
Circular or semi-circular patterns develop around a fort, temple, pond, lake, meander bank and
bend of a stream. Linear pattern grows along the road-side or water front dry point due to the
effects of linio-fugal or linio-petal forces. Settlements along the river levees, roads and along the
coasts sometimes assume such forms. Triangular pattern is developed under special conditions of
topographical barriers characterized by negative land features on three sides. 'L' and 'T' patterns
emerge when roads intersect at right angle. While chessboard pattern is formed by the convergence
of many transport routes at a focal point. Similarly a village acquires a radial-star pattern when
streets radiate from a common centre.
(1) Rural Settlements in the Himalayas
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Three types of settlements are found in the Himalayan region: (i) helmeted or semi-sprinkled, (ii)
dispersed or sprinkled, and (iii) isolated homesteads. The first type mainly occupies low lying valleys
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with regular stretch of fairly level land. Similarly the second type is found in patches while the last
type occurs on high elevations. Such settlements are generally found in Himachal Pradesh and
Jammu and Kashmir.
In Jammu and Kashmir the smaller villages are generally nucleated, while the larger ones are
dispersed. A special feature of Kashmir valley is the spring settlements. In the Kumain Himalayas
of Uttaranchal undulating relief, cold climate, paucity of agricultural land, subsistence farming,
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horticulture and cattle grazing have favoured the growth of small dispersed settlements. These are
divided into permanent, seasonal and mobile settlements. With terraced fields above and below
spurs provide the most common sites for village settlements. Others are located in valley bottoms
near the perennial springs and water bodies. Some localities like the valleys of Mana, Niti and
Janhavi rivers have developed twin village settlements: (i) summer settlements (Malla gram) at a
height of 2700-5000 meters, and (ii) winter settlements (Talla gram) at low altitudes (below 1800
meters).
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In the eastern Himalayas the settlements are small and widely dispersed due to steep slope, undulating
topography, heavy rain fall, dense forest cover and multiplicity of tribes with different dialects and
rituals. Here compact and well organized villages are found in the northern zone of Indo-Tibetan
culture; the lower stone exhibiting Assamese impact; and the middle zone characterized by dispersed
settlements.
In Meghalaya, Khasi villages are located along the hill slopes near the water bodies which range
from isolated homestead to dispersed and composite settlements. In Nagaland villages generally
occupy flat tops of the hills, spurs and gentle hill slopes between 1200-2100 m of height and consist
of 20-100 houses. In Manipur Kukis practicing shifting farming build their temporary houses on
flat topped ridges. Lushai tribes of Mizoram build their linear settlements in valleys and on the flat-
topped hills.
(2) Rural Settlements in the Northern Great Plains
Northern Great Plains of India presents a mixture of settlement types and pattern. Rural settlements
in the Rajasthan plain are small, compact and sparsely distributed owing to the limited water
supply and cultivable land and problem of security. In excessive arid areas of Barmer, Jaisalmer
and Bikaner, where there is predominance of sand dunes, helmeted settlements are noticed near
the water-points. But in the eastern and north-western parts of Rajasthan large compact villages
are common sight.
Indira canal is encouraging compact and permanent villages similar to the Punjab plains. In the
canal irrigated areas of Punjab plains the villages are uniformly spaced, compact and generally
circular in form. But in the areas of chose and the flood prone areas of the Ravi River we find widely
spaced small sized rural settlements.
Over the Upper Ganga Plain almost 55 per cent of the population lives in medium-sized villages. In
the Rohilkhand Tarai areas settlements are unevenly distributed due to high percentage of forests,
marshy lands and seasonal floods. Here villages are mostly helmeted located at river bluffs and
river embankments. In the 'Ghar' region settlement sites follow the drainage lines and the nature of
slope. In the areas of older alluvium (Bhangar) the settlements are compact and closely packed.
On the Middle Ganga Plain the distribution and pattern of rural settlements are largely influenced
by alluvial morphology. Areas of east Uttar Pradesh and west Bihar are marked by small sized but
closely spaced villages. Hamleted settlements are typical of the Ganga-Ghaghara doab. The Mithila
plain exhibits wide variation in settlement pattern and types: linear in the lower Gandak valley,
dispersed in the sub-monstrance tract of Champaran, relatively dispersed in the Ganga-Burhi
Gandak doab, and irregularly scattered or linearly oriented along the levees of dead channels or ox-
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bow lakes in Purnea. The south Bihar plain has more compact settlements than its northern
counterpart.
In the Lower Ganga plains hydrological characteristics have dominant role in determining their
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types and patterns. Here scattered villages are very common in the Rahr plain, Duars and
Sundarbans; compact settlements abound in the Ajay-Damodar- Brahmani interfluves and helmeted
ones dominate in the Bhagirathi-Dwarka interfluves. Linear pattern is apparent along the coast.
In the Brahmaputra valley villages are generally agglomerated, aligned along the river levees and
transport arteries. Here villages are smaller in size in which houses are separated by bamboo fences.
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Machan types of houses on wooden pillars are constructed in low-lying and flood-prone areas
where boat is the only means of transport during rainy season.
(3) Rural Settlements in the Peninsular India
Rural settlements in the Peninsular part of the country exhibit mixed types depending upon the
nature of relief, soil fertility, water-supply and socioeconomic development. Throughout the hilly
tract of the Aravalli region huts are widely dispersed within the revenue village lands. In the dissected
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hills of Mewar, Marwar and Alwar isolated farm-steads are dotted in the long narrow valleys.
Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Jaipur districts and the Banas valley region are characterised by
compact to semi-compact settlements. Sirohi district and plateau area around Udaipur are abound
with isolated, dispersed and widely apart settlements.
In the highly dissected and ravine tracts of Bundelkhand large compact villages occupy the favourable
and protected sites, while badlands are marked with semi-compact and dispersed settlements. Malwa
region, owing to its fertile soils, has helped in the growth of large clustered settlements. But rough
terrain around Sagar has favoured the growth of semi-dispersed and dispersed settlements.
The Chotanagpur plateau region shows great variation in the types and patterns of rural settlements.
Here Rajmahal highland, Panch Pargana and Dal bhumi are characterised with clustered type;
Ranchi plateau, Hazaribagh plateau, south-eastern Damodar basin and Panch Pargana with semi-
clustered type; the Kolhan highland, outer eastern part of the Ranchi plateau, Pat area, northern
Koel basin, southern part of Hazaribagh plateau and south-eastern part of Rajmahal highlands
with hamleted type; the Porhat-Dalma highland and Sigdega with semi- dispersed; and the Kolhan
highland area by dispersed type of settlements
Compact and clustered settlements have been developed in the fertile and level areas of the
Baghelkhand plateau and Chhattisgarh plain which have yielded place to semi-compact type in
the undulating plateau areas. The Lava plateau region of Maharashtra owing to its rich soils, good
water supply and developed agriculture has favoured the growth of clustered settlements. But
semi-dispersed and dispersed settlements are also seen in the plateau region south-west of Solapur
and near Pune because of its rough and undulating terrain.
In south India, large compact and widely spaced villages are the characteristic feature of the northern
Maidan of Karnataka and Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh. The tract between the Kaveri and
the Tungabhadra, studded with numerous tanks, exhibits close relationship with compact settlements.
In Malnad area semi-dispersed to scattered hamlets are common features. The same features are
replicated in the Tamil Nadu Uplands also. The forested areas along the Sahyadris have the
predominance of isolated dwellings.
(4) Rural Settlements in the Coastal Plains
The eastern and western coasts are dotted with several fishing villages of different shape and size.
In the Mahanadi delta area high escarpments provide ideal location for settlement to safeguard
against floods. In the Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri deltas organised farming activity has promoted
the tendency of nucleation among settlements which are generally located along the canals and on
high ground or levees.
The Malabar Coast is dominated by large compact villages but coconut and cashew plantations
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have encouraged the growth of isolated dwellings. Coastal plains of Gujarat are marked by nucleated
settlements of medium to large size. Saurashtra is a region of small villages with long inter-village
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spacing. The isolated farm steads in the plantation gardens of coconut and banana along the coast
from Dwarka to Bhavnagar add to the scenic beauty of the land. The semi-arid lands of the Kachchh
and the Ranns have a few hamlets at long intervals hardly containing a room or two.
4. (c) Give an account of demand for formation of different states in various parts of the
country and do a brief analysis of factors responsible for such demands.
The advent of new millennium saw the creation of three new states -- Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand
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(originally named Uttarakhand) and Jharkhand, carved out from the parent states of Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and the recent statehood of Telangana. More recently, India has
witnessed a renewed assertion from historically constituted regions for the creation of smaller states.
The regions include Gorkhaland and Kamtapur in West Bengal; Coorg in Karnataka; Mithilanchal
in Bihar; Saurashtra in Gujarat; Vidarbha in Maharashtra; Harit Pradesh, Purvanchal, Braj Pradesh
and Awadh Pradesh in Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand comprising areas of Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
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The demand for smaller states has arisen due to the unequal development of the nation.
At the time of independence, only a few enclaves or areas around Calcutta. Bombay and Madras
had undergone modern industrial development rest were backward. The central government adopted
a whole range of policies to influence the rates of growth in poorer states and regions so as to
reduce their economic distance from the richer states and regions. The government adopted the
trickle-down effect but it failed to bring result.
Due to low rate of economic growth regional inequality did not dissipiated even after steps taken by
the government.
This unequal access to resources and competition for that raises the concept of the sons of the soil'
movements.
The friction has been more intense in states and cities where 'outsiders' had greater access to higher
education and occupied more middle-class positions in government service, professions and industry
and were engaged in small businesses, such as small-scale industry and shop keeping.
Some of the demands for the states are
1. UP and Harit Pradesh
Main reason is administrative ease
[10] Hints: Geography
2. Greater Nagalim demand by Naga tribals for separate autonomous state due to perceived
sense of deprivation and historical reasons.
Apart from these naga population is present in adjoining states and hence idea to integrate
them to greater nagalim
3. Marathwada-Vidarbha
Due to lack of development, agriculture distress, poor soico-economic development etc.
4. Telangana separated from Andhra Pradesh (separated itself from Tamil Nadu in 1953 on
linguistic basis) due to poor developmental reasons.
SECTION - B
5. Comment in about 150 words:
E
5. (a) Earthquakes and associated natural disasters in India
TO BE DISCUSSED IN THE CLASS. OR
5. (b) Enumerate the measures taken and challenges faced in regional planning in different
parts of the country.
Regional planning is broad concept and it involves
1. Hill area development
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2. Desert area development

3. Drought area development
4. Tribal area development
5. Rural area development
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Measures and Challenges

1. Hill area development
• Watershed approach followed
• Hill zones classified by planning commission into water, snow, forest and industrial and
habitable zones E.g. Western Ghats
• Challenges: Toursim management, waste management, involving a hill perspective for
development
• Lack of connectivity
2. Desert/ drought/ watershed
• These are integrated in 2009 under IWDP
• Watershed approach followed
• Dryland farming, forward/backward linkages, sand dune stabilization etc.
• Challenges: Holistic Development, agricultural distress, push migration etc.
3. Tribal Area development

• It includes TRIFED, TDBs, integrated plan, Panchsheel etc.
• Challenges: Land alienation, trust levels between government and tribes.
5. (c) Elaborate on desert development planning in India
The DDP was launched in 1977 to reduce the adverse effects of the natural conditions prevailing in
the desert areas. The programme has benefitted around seven states which are Rajasthan, Haryana,
Gujarat, HP, J&K, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. These states have hot sandy or cold deserts.
The primary aim of this project is to encourage proper use of natural resources, increase employment
opportunities, remove poverty and illiteracy and raise the standard of living of a common man.
Problems of Desert Areas
1) Most of the desert areas receive scanty rainfall and enough water is not available for crops.
Vast areas of Rajasthan and the adjoining parts of Haryana and Gujarat receive less than
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40cm annual rainfall. The amount of annual rainfall is less than 20cm in Barmer and
Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan. Leh Ladakh region of J&K also receive less than 20 cm
annual rainfall. Most parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka are located in the
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rain shadow areas of the Western Ghats where the amount of annual rainfall is less than
60cm.
2) Lesser amount of rainfall is not the only problem rainfall variability is also very high which
is as high as 50% in Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas and 40% in Leh Ladakh. Under
such conditions, it is not an easy task to depend on natural amount of rainfall and people
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have to face famine conditions whenever the actual rainfall is below average.
3) In most parts of Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas, the soils are sandy which are easily
blown away by winds. This leads to soil erosion and low agricultural productivity.
4) Only those crops can be grown which need lesser amount of water for their proper growth.
These include coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, barley and pulses. They have lesser market
value and their yields are also very low. With the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal
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in the Western part of Rajasthan, the cropping pattern has changed and wheat and at
certain places rice has become possible.
5) Most of the farmers in the desert areas are poor and cannot afford modern inputs like high
yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and new implements.
6) In the event of drought conditions, there is acute shortage of food and fodder and people
are forced to migrate to other places in search of food, fodder and livelihood.
7) The infrastructural facilities like market, storage, transport etc. are badly lacking.
Main Objectives
1) To check the spread of deserts and increase productivity
2) To promote dry farming and increase productivity
3) To make optimum use of natural resources of the desert areas and raise the living standards
of the common man
4) To generate more employment and enhance per capita income so that people can lead a
comfortable life
;’
Strategies and Development

1) The most important strategy is to check the spatial growth of desert through shelter belt and
to stabilize sand dunes by intense plantations
2) The DDP has been made an integral part of the 20 point programme of the government so
that maximum benefits reaches the maximum people
3) Under the dry farming programme, crops needing lesser amount of water such as coarse
grains (jowar, bajara, barley etc) have been promoted.
4) New technologies are promoted to increase the production of fodder
5) Proper use of resources has been encouraged to maintain ecological balance
6) Much emphasis has been laid on the use of eco-friendly pesticides and weedicides.
7) Irrigated agriculture and animal husbandry has been given priority in cold deserts of Ladakh
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and Spiti.
8) Various devices for water harvesting have been used to meet the water shortages
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9) In addition to growing crops, allied activities like milk production, poultry, horticulture,
silviculture, sheep rearing, bee keeping etc have been suggested to help farmers especially
small and marginal farmers.
10) Emphasis has been laid on agro forestry, social forestry etc. to check soil erosion and to
maintain ecological balance.
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11) Plan has been prepared to reclaim water logged areas in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command
Area
12) Programme to involve NGOs in desert development programmes.
5. (d) Major sources of groundwater pollution in the country.
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Groundwater board estimates groundwater resource of India at 399BCM and developed resources
at about 56%
Major groundwater basins include porous- semi consolidated- sedimentary basins of alluvial plains,
coastal regions, Gondwana rift acquifers etc.
Sources of GW pollution
• Industrial waste and domestic waste seepage into ground. This is seen in the northern plains
due to high porosity of the land. (E.g. Delhi)
• Agricultural Runoff: Excessive fertilizer usage, seepage under fields, soil salinity to deeper
layers etc. (E.g. in Punjab)
• Newer technologies like fracking to harness shale oil and CBM in Gondawana basins (though
this is at a regional and limited scale as per now)
• Excessive groundwater exploitation for industrial and agricultural usage leads to poor
groundwater quality and hence pollution.
• Chemicals like arsenic, mercury, radioactive wastes, e-waste etc. leads to groundwater
pollution in metro cities.
5. (e) Discuss the urban sprawls in India

Urban sprawls is a phenomenon of unplanned and haphazard growth of slums in urban rural
fringes or in urban areas leading to associated problems like crime, human trafficking, drug
trafficking, dysfunctional urbanization, increased pressure on land.
Examples in India
1. Noida-Delhi Region
Due to pull factors of these regions like industries, construction sector, demand of labour,
domestic work etc. lead to creation of slums like pushta region, naraina near gazipur, Kondli
(Delhi-96) etc.
2. Dharavi of Mumbai is well known example
3. Bangalore's urban sprawl near airport region of devanhalli due to sudden demand of the
labour for construction sector.
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4. Unauthorized colonies build in Uttarpara and Budge-budge/ dum-dum, industrial regions
in West Bengal.
OR
6. (a) Discuss the importance of soil forming factors in determining the soil types in different
parts of India. Elaborate with suitable examples.
Soil is the thin surface layer on the earth and is very important natural resource of India because
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agricultural production is basically on the fertility of soils. The rich, deep fertile soils of the ganga
plain, especially its delta and coastal plains of Kerala support high density of population through
agricultural prosperity on the other hand, the shallow and the coarse-grained soils of Telangana
and Rajasthan support only a small population because these soils do not provide a base for
prosperous agriculture.
Importance of soil forming factors in determining the soil types in different parts of India In Indian
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conditions, there is wide diversity with respect to geographical conditions such as Physiography,
climate and Vegetation. Consequently, sols display a wide variety of physical and chemical
characteristics. In India, soil formation is mainly related to the parent rock material, surface relief,
climate and natural vegetation, Animals, insects and man also play an important role in soil
formations. Some of the important factors of soil formation are mentioned as follows:
1) Parent Material: The material for soil formation is mainly derived from the rocks and is
termed as the parent material by the scientists. The parent material determines the coloration
of the soil, its mineral composition and texture. India possess a great variety of parent
material which is generally categorized into some of the following classes
a. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks: The surface rocks are exposed to the process
of weathering and suffer decay and decomposition. In this process, the rocks are
converted into fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation the ancient, crystalline
and metamorphic rocks constitute greater part of the peninsular regions. These rocks
are basically granites, gneisses and schists which are rich in ferromagnetism materials.
such rocks give is largely due to the presence of Iron oxide,
b. Cuddapah the vindhyan rocks: These rocks have weathered to give calcareous and
argillaceous soils. These soils are native.
c. Deccan traps: These rocks are composed of basalt, Basalt are quite rich in titanium,
magnetite, aluminum and magnesium consequently the weathering of these rocks has
given to soils of darker colour. The soils of the northern plain of India have been largely
derived from the depositional work of the Himalayan rivers. This depositional work has
been continuing for thousands of years. These are alluvial fertile soils consisting of fine
silts and clay. These soils have little relation with original rocks on the other hand, the
soils of peninsular plateau are generally coarse grained and are closely related to the
parent rock. The peninsular soils are generally less fertile.
2) Relief: Relief influences the process of soil formation in many ways, the most being the slope
of the land. Steep Slope encourages the swift flow of water and Hindus the process of soil
formation the areas of low relief or gentle slope generally experience deposition and have
deep soils because of this reason there are thick layers of fertile alluvial soils in the northern
plains of India. Whereas soils are generally shallow is the plateau area.
3) Climate: Climate is the single most important factor is soil formation most important climate
factors affecting soil formation are the amount of temperature and rainfall. For example, in
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the areas of the heavy rainfall and high temperature, the soils are red or lateritic. Torrential
rainfall during the rainy season washes the upper soil and leaches the material into deeper
horizon. During the dry summer season, the evaporation exceeds precipitation and through
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capillary action iron and aluminum oxides are transported to the surface making the soil
red. In the areas of alternate wet & dry climate, the leached material which goes deep down
in the horizon in the broughup and the blazing sun bakes the top soil so that it resembles
a brick. Therefore, this soil is called lateritic which literally means brick. In arid and semi-
arid regions evaporation always exceeds precipitation which makes soils are widely spread
in the extreme western part of the country. In the cold climates of the Himalayan region,
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the process of vegetation decay is very slow and the soils formed under such circumstances
are acidic in nature. Hot summer and low rainfall develop black soil as is found in some
parts of Tamilnadu irrespective of the parent rock in Rajasthan, both granite and sandstone
give birth to sandy soil under arid climate. This soil is poor in organic matter.
4) Natural vegetation: Natural vegetation reflects the combined effects of relief and climate.
The type of vegetation, the decayed leaf material adds much needed humus to soil thereby
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increasing its fertility. The densely forested areas contain some of the best soils in India.
There is a close relationship between the vegetation types and soil types in India.
6. (b) Based on developments in different fields discuss the role India can play in world affairs.
India is an emerging superpower and has a wide role in global affairs in different fields:
1. Climate change talks /action
Demand of common but differentiated responsibilities is just and can help like minded countries
and global world in countering climate change (UN)
2. Agricultural Development
By knowledge sharing and export diversification (in products and among nations). This will increase
food security of the world and eradiate malnutrition (842mn in the world and 295mn in South
Asia)
3. Industrial Development and Transportation connectivities
India can leverage knowledge of agro based industries and hence play important role in creating
new propulsive growth poles and growth centres in the world. (Africa and East Asia)
4. Economic Geography
India can play role in boosting economic integration and decrease global disparities, energy security
of the world, help reducing famines and their effects African Nations.
India can also play major role in eradicating diseases like measles, polio, space cooperation, tele-
education etc
6. (c) Discuss the importance of unorganized sector in Indian economy. Examine the measures
taken by the government to overcome the challenges faced by the unorganized sector in
the country.
The unorganized sector is defined as the one which has less than 10 workers.
Importance:
1. About 93% of Indian workforce in unorganized sector as per economic survey.
2. Accounts for more than 45% of the production and more than 50% of the total export
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3. Largely involves women and serves as a gender inclusion sector
4. Focus on low skill jobs hence increases employment
OR
Challenges:
1. Lack of social security
2. Poor working conditions
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3. Gender discrimination in wages

4. Lack of collective bargain voice
5. Poor economy of scale
6. Credit disbursal is low
7. Not integrated part of financial inclusion group.
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Government Schemes:
1. Unorganized workers social security act is not implemented in letter and spirit
2. Make in India has poor focus on unorganized sector
3. National commission on enterprises in unorganized sector's report and recommendations for
sector's development have been in cold storage
4. Factories act, labour reforms etc. are stringent which leads to easy lay off of workers (<300)
Hence various schemes have largely failed but Skill India, Make in India, MSME entrepreneurship,
skill loan scheme, MUDRA banks etc have reignited hopes for the sector.
7. (a) Discuss the origin and the physiographic features of the Himalaya.
According to Plate Tectonics theory, the Himalayas are the product of the convergence of the Asiatic
plate in the north and the Indian plate in the south. Some 70 million years ago, the Indian plate
started moving towards the Asian plate and the Tethys Sea in between these two plates began to
contract due to the movement of Indian and Asian plates towards each other. Since the Indian
plate was made up of denser material than the Asian plate, the former began to subduct under the
latter causing lateral compression of the marine sediments in the bed of the Tethys which led to the
formation of Himalayas.
E
This upheaval is believed to have occurred in three successive phases giving rise to three important
ranges of the Himalayas as follows: OR
1. The Himalayas
2. The Trans Himalayas
3. The Purvanchal hills
The Himalayan Mountains:
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Himalayas are the young fold mountains. This is the highest mountain range of the world. They
run from west-east direction from Indus to Brahmaputra along the northern boundary of India
covering a distance of 2500km. Their width varies from 400km in the west and 150km in the
East. These mountains are tectonic in origin, dissected by fast flowing rivers which are in their
youthful stage. Various landforms like gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids, waterfalls, etc. are
indicative of this stage. The Himalayas may be divided into three parallel ranges:
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• Greater Himalayas or Inner Himalayas or Himadri or Bahirgiri

• Middle Himalayas or Lesser Himalayas or Himachal
• Outer Himalayas or Shiwaliks.
The Trans-Himalayan ranges:

• These are the initially uplifted mountains that have predominance of volcanic rocks.
• These ranges have a typical hogback structure that means gentle sloping northern face and
steep southern face.
• The Zaskar, the Ladakh, the Kailash and the Karakoram are the main ranges of the trans-
Himalayan system.
• It stretches for a distance of 1000km east-west direction and its average elevation is 3000m
above the sea level.
• The Nanga Parbat (8126 m) is an important range which is in The Zaskar Range.
• The average width of this region is 40 km at the extremities and about 225 km in the
central part.
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OR
SC
The Greater Himalayas or Himadri:

• The Greater Himalayas comprises of the northern most ranges and peaks. It has an average
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height of 6000 m and width lies between 25 km.

• It is the most continuous range. It is snow bound and many glaciers descend from this
range.
• The folds in this range are asymmetrical with steep south slope and gentle north slope giving
‘hog back’ topography.
• Terminates abruptly at the syntaxial bends. One in the Nanga Parbat in north-west and the
other in the Namcha Barwa in the north-east.
• It has high peaks like Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri etc. having a height
of more than 8000 metres. Mt. Everest (8848 m) is the highest peak of the world and K2 is
the highest peak of Himalaya in India.
• High Mountain passes also exist in this range, namely, Bara Lacha-La, Shipki-La, Nathu-La,
Zoji-La, Bomdi-La etc. The Ganga and Yamuna rivers originate from this Himalayas.
The lesser or middle Himalayas or Himachal:
• The altitude of this range lies between 3500 and 4500 metres and the average width is
50km.
• The Prominent ranges in this are Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharata ranges. Other
ranges are Nagtiba, Mussouries and Kumaon. It comprises of many famous hill stations like
Shimla, Dalhousie, Darjeeling, Chakrata, Mussoorie, Nainital etc.
• It also comprises of famous valleys like Kashmir, Kullu, Kangra etc.
• The Kashmir valley which is about 150km long and 80km wide lies between the Pir Panjal
& the Zaskar ranges & are also famous for Karewa formations, which are useful for the
cultivation of Zafran, a local variety of saffron. (Karewas are thick deposits of glacial clay
and other material embedded with moraine.)
• Pir Panjal are mostly made up of volcanic rocks and are the longest ranges of lesser Himalayas
extend from the Jhelum river in the north to upper Beas river.
• The best known passes of Pir Panjal are Pir Panjal Pass, Bidil Pass, Banihal Pass.
• The Banihal Pass is used for Jammu- Srinagar Highway & Jammu- Baramulla highway.
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• The majestic Kashmir Valley lies between the Zaskar ranges & the Pir Panjal ranges.
• In Himachal Pradesh, there is Kangra Valley which is a strike valley. It runs from Dhaula
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Dhar range to south of Beas river while Kullu valley in the upper course of Ravi is transverse
valley. Further east of these the middle Himalayas are marked by Mussourie and Nag tibba
ranges.
The Outer Himalayas or the Shiwaliks:
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• It is the outer most range of the Himalayas and also known as Manak Parbat in ancient
times.
• The altitude varies between 600-1500 meters and the width lies between 15 km to 50 km.
• Runs for a distance of 2,400 km from the Potwar Plateau to the Brahmaputra valley.
• They are almost unbroken chain of low hills except for a gap of 80-90 km which is occupied
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by the valley of the Teesta River and Raidak River.
• Shiwalik range from North-East India up to Nepal are covered with thick forests but the
forest cover decreases towards west from Nepal (The quantum of rainfall decreases from
east to west in Shiwaliks and Ganga Plains).
• The southern slopes are steep while the northern slopes are gentle thus it forms the hogback
structure.
• They have low hills like Jammu Hills, etc. The valleys lying between Shiwalik and Lesser
Himalayas (Himachal) are called ‘Duns’ like Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun.
Formation of Shiwaliks
• Shiwaliks were formed last of all the ranges (2-20 million years ago).
• The Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels and conglomerate deposits [Alluvial fans]
which were brought by the rivers flowing from the higher ranges.
• These deposits were folded and hardened due to compression offered by the northward

movement of Indian plate.
The Purvanchal hills:

• Eastern Hills or The Purvanchal is the southward extension of Himalayas running along the
north-eastern edge of India.
• At the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas take a sudden southward bend and form a series of
comparatively low hills which are collectively called as the Purvanchal.
• It comprises Mishmi, Patkai, Naga, Mizo hills which are located in eastern side.
7. (b) Despite being an efficient and cheap means of transport, railway has consistently lost its
share of freight to road transport. Enumerate the reasons for the same. How far can the
high speed freight corridor help in addressing this issue?
Freight transport is for transportation of goods, vegetables, machineries, minerals etc.
Railway had benefits like
1. least affected by weather
E
2. better organized than any other form of transport
3. service is more certain, uniform and regular
OR
4. Its speed over long distances is more
5. Railway transport is economical, quicker
6. cheaper mode of transport
SC
Still it is losing its share to road transport because

1. It requires large investment capital and cost of maintenance is also very high.
2. Routes and timings are inflexible and thus can’t be adjusted to the individual requirement.
3. Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied to a particular track.
4. As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give rise to monopolies and work
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against public interest at large. Even if controlled and managed by the government, lack of
competition may breed inefficiency and high costs.
5. It is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distance and small traffic of goods.
6. Because of huge capital requirements and traffic, railways cannot be operated economically
in rural areas.
7. Cross subsidization in railways by increasing freight fares for lower passenger fares, has
made it unviable.
8. Railways are restricted in the hilly areas of north east and Ladakh
9. Poor hinterland linkages in Chhotanagpur plateau
10. Poor linkages with ports leads to poor evacuation efficiency
11. Road highways have been six laned, creation of expressways etc has acted as pull factors
12. Lack of seamless connectivity across various rail gauges
13. Other railway issues like railway accidents, need of larger land acquisition, labour union
strikes etc has also hampered (increased operational cost)
High Speed Freight corridors

1. Western freight corridor from Nehru port to Dadri
2. Eastern corridor from Dunkuni to Amritsar
3. Span 1800km and 1500km respectively
4. Will increase evacuation efficiencies
5. Connect major cities, smart cities leading to hinterland connectivities
6. Decrease travel time
7. Will save perishable products etc.
8. Would make railway freight cost effective, efficient and hence help to increase its share but
other challenges also need to be countered.
7 (c) Establish the inter relationship between the monsoon and the level of pollution in various
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metro cities of India.
Pollution level in metros of northern plains like Delhi, Kanpur, Patna have reached hazardous
OR
levels.
The situation worsens especially on the onset of winter season and is linked to monsoons
1. After retreat of monsoon, winds are minimal hence unable to carry dust particles, particulate
matters etc.
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2. Presence of particulate matters and dust particles in atmosphere shield normal water cycle
process causing less rains
3. Moisture present in the air condense along dust particles and form smog E.g. New Delhi
Along with monsoons, the burning of stubble of crops in neighbouring states and high construction
activities also contribute significantly to the pollution
Way forward
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Supreme Court has placed ban on stubble burning, but enforcement is minimal. Schemes like odd
even formula worked to reduce pollution . A strong regulation of construction activities is needed
to curb this problem.
8. (a) What is the intensity and level of domestic tourism in rural and urban India? What are
the key reasons for households' domestic tourism trips? What can we understand from
domestic tourism patterns in India? Examine.
The domestic tourism is important industry for economic development of states and generate
employment. It also reduces interregional inequalities through spending pattern and multifier effect
generated by states.
Intensity of Domestic Tourism
• It is providing 6% income to GDP of India and 8% employment of total employment.
• There is increase in both rural and urban tourism domestic household.
• Muslim have lower level in domestic tourism.
• In rural areas household having major source of income from non agriculture have higher
incidence of tourism where it is lowest in casual labour n other household.
• In urban areas self employed household have higher incidence of tourism then salaried one
• High skilled workers have higher tourism trip then lower skilled worker.
• JK, HP, Rajasthan n odisha top list while Gujrat, Assam n chattisgarh remains at bottom.
• North eastern states have lower medical trip
Reason for domestic tourism
• Health n related activity
• Holidays
• Religious purpose
• Social purpose
E
• Business purpose OR
• Education
Learning
• Health related trips dominate the trips followed by holidays.
• High medical trips shows concern about health delivery in country, regional disparity and
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out of pocket cost for medical purpose.

• Holidays trips provide positive development of tourism industry in increasing employment
n local economies.
Schemes like National health mission to eradicate regionalism in health sector, Sawdesh Darshan,
Prasad etc to boost domestic tourism.
8. (b) Agro forestry has immense potential in contributing to sustainable development and
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increasing farm income. Yet, it has failed to take off in a big way in India. In this context
discuss the problems and challenges of agro forestry in India.
Agro forestry include plantation of trees along with agriculture and takes place in forms like social
forestry, farm forestry and community forestry.
Potential for sustainable development and farm income:
1. Increased tree cover
2. Act as carbon sink
3. Act against climate change
4. Produce can be used for timber, non timber, rubber etc. leading to diversification of farming
and income
5. Increase farmer's holding capacity
6. Prevention against vagaries of monsoon
Agro forestry failed to take off except in few states like Karnataka, Gujarat etc due to reasons,
problems and challenges like
1. In the fields along which trees have been planted, the productivity per unit area decreases,
as in at least about two meters from the trees the moisture content in the soil is significantly
reduced.
2. Mixtures of trees and crops make a more diverse environment for even undesirable pests
than monocropping.
3. Unscientific planning can also negatively impact the agricultural productivity of the land.
E.g. growing trees with photophilic i.e. light-loving plants.
4. Absence of price discovery mechanism and lack of post harvest processing technologies.
5. Excess focus on tree plantations resulted in plantation agriculture leaving behind crops
8. (c) Despite one of the longest coastlines in the world, India's port facilities and shipping
industry are beset by numerous problems. Explain. Discuss some of the corrective measures
taken by the government to overcome these problems.
E
India has 6100km long coastline in peninsula and in all 7516.6km including islands but ports and
shipping industry have problems like
1. Lack of port evacuation OR
2. Poor efficiency of ports
3. Less modernization at ports
4. Failure of PPP model
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5. Artificial distinction between major and minor ports

6. Too many authorities like TAMPS, various ministry departments etc
7. Poor hinterland linkages
8. Lack of railway connectivity
Shipping industry problem
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1. Poor level of indigenization

2. Old fleet
3. Lack of research and development
4. Poor budget funding
5. Poor utilization of potential
6. Challenges of maritime security, piracy, climate change etc.
Corrective measures
1. Increase in indigenization
2. Lowering dwelling time of cargo at ports
3. Technology transfers from west
4. Make in India
5. Skill development etc.
Measures for ports

1. Sagarmala project to connect major cities, rail routes to ports
2. Port development and port led development focused
3. Increasing evacuation efficiency
4. Countering challenges of PPP via including measures like PPPP, FPTP etc.
5. Ports those were lying unused will now be regulated
E

OR
SC
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Geography Test Series 2018

(v) Gandhamardan Mines

(ix) Keibul Lamjao

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

speed freight corridor help in addressing this issue?

Geography Test Series 2018

1. Comment in about 150 words:

Planning and development

Hints: Geography [1]

• Open areas in vicinity of farms (purva, tola etc.)

• Increasing livestock pressure (north India)

• Alienation of tribals from forests

Hints: Geography [3]

• Affects micro climate as seen in Sukhomanjari after revival of agro forestry

• Productivity improvement because of appropriate resource allocation, equitable sharing of

• Maharashtra sugar cooperatives: These have led to diversification of rural agriculture,

Hints: Geography [7]

5. Comment in about 150 words:

2. Desert area development

Measures and Challenges

Hints: Geography [11]

3. Tribal Area development

Strategies and Development

5) Proper use of resources has been encouraged to maintain ecological balance

5. (e) Discuss the urban sprawls in India

2. Dharavi of Mumbai is well known example

Hints: Geography [15]

3. Gender discrimination in wages

• Greater Himalayas or Inner Himalayas or Himadri or Bahirgiri

Hints: Geography [17]

The Trans-Himalayan ranges:

The Greater Himalayas or Himadri:

height of 6000 m and width lies between 25 km.

by the valley of the Teesta River and Raidak River.

• These deposits were folded and hardened due to compression offered by the northward

Hints: Geography [19]

The Purvanchal hills:

Still it is losing its share to road transport because

High Speed Freight corridors

Hints: Geography [21]

out of pocket cost for medical purpose.

5. Artificial distinction between major and minor ports

1. Poor level of indigenization

Measures for ports

[24] Hints: Geography

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