The Art of Designing Languages

Joannes Richter

Abstract
In all languages the simplest one-vowel words may have been designed to symbolize water, eternity
and matrimony. This may be considered as the initial phase for languages.
In Europe the purest form of language may be found in the least populated regions of the Cévennes
mountains, where the words, their declination and conjugations resisted most efficiently against
deterioration.
For Mediterranean languages the nominative singular (such as “iéu”) of the personal pronouns of
the first person usually correlates to the corresponding sky-god's name (such as “Diéu”), which in
Provencal language corresponds to the verbal expression “I say”.
The Mediterranean correlation however does not exist for Germanic languages. For Germanic
languages the nominative dual (such as “wit”) of the personal pronouns of the first person usually
correlates to the corresponding keywords (such as “to wit”, “Wotan” and “Tiw”). Germanic
philosophy has been based on the “wit”-cores, which may be correlated to the Greek “Nous”-
concept.
The Latin word videō (“I see” → “I understand”) may be considered as a shared foundation of
European philosophy if it really correlates to the Germanic “wit”-concept. The “wit”-concept did
not spread 1:1 into the neighboring Uralic, Baltic or Slavic languages, for which similar concepts
may have developed such as the “Jumala”-core.
The absence of dual forms seems to be restricted to the Mediterranean regions. Genuine dual forms
have been identified in Old-Greek, Germanic, Slavic, most Baltic and Sami languages. Traces of
dual forms may be found in the noi-variants of the Mediterranean personal pronouns and in the
Savoyard dialects.
This paper concentrates on the role of the nominative singular and dual forms for the personal
pronouns of the first person, which may have played a mayor role in the evolution of European
philosophy. Both northern and southern philosophical European concepts may have been linked by
the “videō” - “wit” (“I know”) - relation.
Introduction to the Art of Designing words
Simple vowel words like Aa, Ae, Die, Ee, Ie, IJ
Most languages consist of fundamental words, which may be formed by singular vowels or short
series of vowels. Often these simple words refer to small creeks or lakes.
Samples of these creeks and small rivers are found in the Netherlands and the documentations such
as the websites Aa (44), Kleine Aa (5), Ae (14), Die (6), Ee (11), Ie (1), IJ (7) add up to 83 rivers
and lakes, which clearly demonstrates how many of these rivers may have existed from the very
beginning of naming these waters.
A similar pattern is found the List of waters named Aa in Europe, which also includes all names Aa,
Aha or Ach.

Simple vowel words like â, ê, á, æ, ἀιών (eternity), Ee, Ehe (Matrimony)

Global European vowel-words for the category Eternity, Law and Matrimony seem to have been
shared by the Germanic and Mediterranean peoples. Some of these words consist of various vowel-
combinations for essentials, such as:
• â, ê, á, æ → aha → ahwa → aqua (water)
• æ, æw, eu (in Old English: law, scripture, ceremony, custom, marriage);
• æ (in Icelandic: always, forever)
• ἀιών (aiōn), aevum, aiws (in Gothic: a lifetime, eternity )
• æ, Ehe, ee (English, German, resp. Dutch: Matrimony)
• æ: (dialectal, Fjolde) I (first-person singular pronoun)
• æ: I (first-person singular personal pronoun) (dialectal, mostly found in Trøndelag, northern
Norway, and parts of western and southern Norway).
• IAΩ (God)
• Εὔα (ʾÉva)
These words may also be identified as vowel words or words, which consists of series of different
vowels with up to 7 vowels iau, ieu, iou, Iaoue, iaoue, … Most of these words refer to fundamental
elements such as: (1) a personal pronoun of the first person singular or (2) water.
iaoue has been derived from Old French iaue, ewe, euwe, egua (“water”), from Latin aqua
(“water”) and may be spelled as follows1:
• iâo (continental Normandy)
• iaoue f (Guernsey) water; (plural iaoux)
• ieau (Jersey)
• yo (Sark)
• iaoue douce (“fresh water”)
Yah, Yaho, Iaô (Ιαω), Aïa, IAUE, Iaoue (Ἰαουέ), Iehovah (Ιεηωοuα2) may also be interpreted as a
divine name, which also may be arranged in other combinations: IOA (ΙΩΑ)3

1 Source: Iaoue (f) (plural iaoux)

2 The Hermetic Codex: From „I Am that I Am“ and “I am not what I am”
3 For example, Severi of Antioch (465-538) wrote in his comments on John chapter eight that the Hebrew name of
God is IOA (ΙΩΑ). Furthermore, this name IOA (ΙΩΑ) is found in the sixth-century Codex Coislinianus. (source:
The Name Of God Yehowah. Its Story, by Gérard Gertoux)
The purest Indo-European language
Provencal language (Dieu = „I say“)
In the contest of „Designing a Language“ I would vote for the Provencal language as the most
perfect dialect I ever saw.
The concept starts with the most important word, which according to Morris Swadesh must be the
ego-pronoun4 “I”. I know too much attention for the ego must be considered as impolite, but a
primordial Man is a lonesome traveler and cannot feel any remorse in being impolite.
Provencal preserves the most perfect of all ego-pronouns, which is iéu. I also found longer ego-
pronouns such as Yiou5, but they did not really lead to a transparent architecture.
The most perfect ego-pronoun clearly emphasizes the threefold segmented corpse of different, long
vowels I, E, U, which had been chosen to define the fundamentals of the Provencal language. In this
pronoun iéu the I, E, U must be long, isolated vowels and are not allowed to be contracted to
diphthongs6. Most languages are using deteriorated vowels, but Provencal is a unique sample,
which is preserving an undamaged precious piece of art.
Anyway the locations to find preserved precious words are to be found in the Alpine regions, where
people talk slowly and think before they utter their thoughts. A slowly speaking people will not
deteriorate its language as much as a quickly speaking trader.
A considerable part of the Provence belongs to the central part of France, which is located far away
from the seashore and at the slopes of the Alps. This is the region in which the people probably
must have deigned their own language.
The blueprint of a language existed as a set of rules, which may have been conserved in legends. In
the case of Provencal the legend must have included a rule, which says Creation started by a Creator
who says an initial word. The simplest formula to define the Creator's Name is to take a consonant
“D” and form a word “Diéu” (“I say”) by adding the ego-pronoun “iéu”.
This formula may now be applied to form other words. The roots of these words consist of singular
letters and the “iéu”-conjugation. A few samples of these words may illustrate the mechanism7:
• “d” & “iéu” → “diéu” (“I say”)
• “s” & “iéu” → “siéu” (“I am”)
• “r” & “iéu” → “riéu” (“I am laughing”)
• “v” & “iéu” → “viéu” (“I see”)
Of course the clumsy isolated pronunciation of the consonants and vowels will lead to deterioration.
Even the most protected Alpine region cannot prevent the language to decay, which may be
observed from other words such as “aller” (“to go”), avoir (“to have”) and “faire” (“to make”).

4 In this paper the ego-pronoun is defied as the nominative personal pronoun (in English “I”) of the first person
5 “Yiou” & “Dïou” in the dialect of Nimes
6 Diaeresis (linguistics), or hiatus, is the separation of adjacent vowels into adjacent syllables,
7 Source: Excelsheet Conjugation Provencal Verbs ; Quoted in The Symbolism of Long Vowels (Scribd)
In Provencal the perfect conjugation of verbs has been preserved in the conditional conjugation and
for a majority in the imperfect conjugations, which probably have not been used too much and
remained intact. This effect is illustrated in the following table:

English Français Verbe Marsiho Present Imparfait Conditionnel

to go Aller Ana vau anàvi anariéu
to have Avoir Ave ai aviéu auriéu
to say Dire Dire diéu disiéu diriéu
to be Etre Estre siéu èri sariéu
to make Faire Faire fau fasiéu fariéu
to laugh Rire Rire riéu risiéu ririéu
to see Voir Veire viéu vesiéu veiriéu
1: First Person Singular Conjugations for Some Provencal Verbs
selected from Excelsheet Conjugation Provencal Verbs (approximately 90 verbs)

The name of the Provencal God clearly explains itself as “I say”.

The definition of “s” & “iéu” → “siéu” (“I am”) is quite similar, which illustrates the insight in the
creation of the words. “To say” is followed by the next stage of Creation: “To be”.
At the Provencal language conjugation switches from integrated pronouns “iéu” in the conjugated
verbs diéu, siéu , viéu , riéu.
At the south-side the conjugated verbs usually include their personal pronouns in Italian sono, vedo,
rido, dico, in Spanish soy, veo, río, digo, etc. This mechanism had been inherited from Latin: sum,
videō, rideo, dico.
The word videō (“I see” → I understand) may be considered as a shared foundation of European
philosophy if it really correlates to the Germanic “wit”-concept.
At the north-side of the Provencal region the conjugated verbs usually will be accompanied by an
isolated personal pronoun such as in French “je dis” (“I say”).
North of the borderline French language used a personal pronoun “je”, which compared to
Provencal gradually may have lost its symbolic correlation to Dieu.
English I I I I
am see laugh say
French je je je je
soy vois ris dis
Provencal (iéu) (iéu) (iéu) (iéu)
siéu viéu riéu diéu
Italian (io) (io) (io) (io)
sono vedo rido dico
Latin sum videō rideo dico
Spanish (yo) (yo) (yo) (yo)
soy veo río digo

Table 1 Equivalents of the Provencal keywords siéu, viéu, riéu, diéu

The transitions between included and isolated personal pronouns
This borderline between included and isolated personal pronouns at the Provencal language also
seems to be located near the most depopulated mountainous region of Europe. The name of these
mountains is Cévennes, located south-central France.
This borderline has not been influenced by the Roman Empire as Caesar had conquered France
within 5 or 6 years. The linguistic borderline between integrated and isolated ego-pronouns must
have existed before Caesar's military expeditions.
Lozère (near Colonia Nemausus → Nîmes) was formed with part of the old province of Languedoc.
The population density at the department Lozère is the lowest of the continental regions in the
European Union (15 Inh./km²)8. There is barely any agricultural farming in Lozère due to poor soil
quality. The region has one of the lowest rates of unemployment in France, which may be attributed
to the enforced long-standing tradition whereby young people emigrate to cities such as Lyon,
Marseille, Montpellier when they reach working age.

Avoir and Savior

The verbs “Avoir” (“to have”) and “Savoir” (“to know”) may be special variants of “voir” (“to see”)
and in English we may say “I see” to confirm our understanding as an “insight” in the matter.
Therefore “Savoir” (“To know”) is a view to the inner side of a problem and the insight is
knowledge.
This introduction to the Art of Designing a Language is just a short illustration of the design phase
for a Mediterranean language. Several variants of the ego-pronouns have been identified in the
Alpine regions.

The Romansh dialects

The Jauer dialect (Romansh)9 is named after the ego-pronoun “jau”, which has lost the diaeresis and
should be spelled “iáu” to prevent the contraction of the vowels to diphthongs.
The name of the dialect is derived from a nickname based on the personal pronoun jau
[ˈjaw] 'I', and can be translated as 'the jau-sayers',[2] as this contrasts with Vallader eu,
pronounced [ˈɛː], [ˈɛw], [ˈjɛ], [ˈjɐ], or [ˈjow] in the Lower Engadine.
The overview of the variants of the Romansch dialects is illustrative:
Dialect ego-pronouns
Rumantsch Grischun jau
Sursilvan jeu
Sutsilvan jou
Surmiran ia
Puter eau
Vallader eu
Table 2: Romansch dialects

8 Demographics Lozère
9 Jauer is a dialect of Romansh that is spoken in the Val Müstair.
Dïou = „I say“
Not all of these variants such as jau did lead to a separate Creator God, which theoretically should
have been “Djau”. The Church probably harmonized the variety of the relevant religious
definitions.
Antoine Hippolyte Bigot (1825 - 1897) wrote an interesting and beautiful poem “Fraternita 10” in
Provencal, or to be more precise: the dialect of the city of Nîmes. In this poem he describes the
divine Name Dïou in the form “D” & “Yiou”11.
In the dialect in the city of Nîmes seems to have defined their own divine Name Dïou in the form
“D” & “Yiou”. The “Dïou”-spelling directly seems to refer to *Diou-piter, the PIE-root for Jupiter.
Diou has also been found in the dialect of Villar-St-Pancrace where the ego-pronouns are iòu më,
respectively m’ iòu12. This region marks the transition between the names Dieu and Dïou.
The poem however also revealed a few interesting spelling variants for the following French words:
dialect of the city of Nîmes French standard English

“Jouïne” “jeune” young

“Li tïou” “les tiens” yours
“dou mïou” “du mien” of mine
“yiou” “moi” the ego-pronoun “moi” (“me”) or “je”
(“I”)13
“Dïou” “Dieu” God
“Bon-Dïou” “Bon-Dieu” Good God
Table 3 spelling variants in Fraternita (Li bourgadieiro, Antoine Hippolyte Bigot, 1881)

I noticed the hiatus (diaeresis) in the word Dïou, which also took care of the separation of adjacent
vowels, but the vowels “o” and “u” are to be joined to a single vowel sound “u”. Compared to the
Provencal standard Diéu the spelling in Bigot's Dïou is as imperfect as the name Jupiter.
If we follow the perfect Provencal spelling in Diéu we would have spelled:
Provencal French English
Dióu Diéu “I say”
Ióupiter, (Ióu-piter) Iéupiter (Iéu-piter) “Father Ióu”
“Father I”
Table 4 Perfect Provencal spelling

Also in the word “Jouïne” (French: “jeune”, young), “tïou” and “mïou” the “ïou”-core could be
identified. These cores seemed to be rather important.
However the number of cores was to be expanded by other languages, which used different core-
systems.

10 At page 188 in Li bourgadieiro : poésies patoises (dialecte de Nimes) : Bigot, Antoine … (dated: 1881)
11 “Yiou” & “Dïou” in the dialect of Nimes
12 Patois of Villar-St-Pancrace: Personal pronouns: (Cas sujet Cas régime atone tonique direct indirect)
Sg. 1°p a (l’) iòu më, m’ iòu 2°p tü, t’ të, t’ tü 3°p M u(l), al ei(l) së lu ei F eilo la eilo N o, ul, la - lu - Pl. 1°p nû*
nû* 2°p òû* vû* vû* 3°p M î(z) së lû* iè F eilâ (eilaz) lâ* eilâ
13 In Provencal: “ieu” (the ego-pronoun “I”), related to “Dieu” (God)
The Transit regions Savoy, Sardinia and Wallonia
The personal pronoun “iéu” seemed to be generated by removing the “D” from the divine
name “Diéu” (“I say”). Some languages such as Savoy14, Sardinia15, Walloon16 also used
ego-pronouns with a “D”, which were quite similar to the divine name.17
From the ego-pronouns at border areas the typical „D“- respectively „Z“-derivatives such as:
• the Walloon „dji“,
• the Savoyan „de“, „d'“, „zheu“,
• the Sardinian Ego-variants „dego“, „ego“, „zeu“ and „dèu“
indicate the preservation of less deteriorated versions of the ego-pronouns.

The dual form in the French dialect Savoyard

Savoy-French is the name for a French dialect, which has been spoken in the landlocked duchy
Savoy. It has been independent between 1416 - 1714, then belonged to the kingdom of Sicily and
from 1720 to the kingdom of Sardinia. From 1792 Savoy has been occupied by and from 1805 it
belongs to France. These relations probably had some impact on the dialects.
In Savoyard the personal pronouns “NOUS” is varying between nos, nô, nôz, nou, ne, nez, nzeu,
NO, n', NZ, z’, de, deu, d(e), d'.
Even a dual form is found in the Savoyard dialect:
• B2)) nous deux : no dou mpl., no dwè fpl. (001), nourô dòy mpl., nourê djeûé fpl. (203).
In the central area of Savoy the ego-pronoun is “DE”, whereas God is named DYU or dejeû,
dezyeû in which the ego-pronoun seems to be a sort of preposition for the divine name.

14 The Ego-pronouns and Divine Names in Savoy French Dialects - Published: 11/16/2012
15 An I, Which had been Copied from the Word - Uploaded 11/19/2014
16 Notes to the Walloon Dictionary - Uploaded 2.1.2015
17 In the transitory dialects (such as Savoyard, Sardinian and Walloon) the ego-pronoun (singular) often reveals
similarity to the sky-god's name. The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
The philosophical cores in Germanic language
Wit = “we two”
Apart from the Mediterranean vowel-cores such as “iéu”- and “ïou” I noticed the previous concepts
did not work for any pronoun for the first person of the Germanic languages. The Germanic ego-
pronouns such as “ic”, “ik” and “ich” did not really match to any of the Germanic sky-gods (the
Sun, the Moon, Wodan, Thor, Tiw and Saturn18).
Instead the dual forms of the pronouns for the first person turned out to be the relevant core-
elements for Ancient Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Baltic and Sami languages:
Linguistic Language Ego-pro- Dual form pro- Plural pro
family noun (“I”) noun (“we two”) -noun (“wē”)
1 Greek Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ) νώ (nṓ), νῶϊ- (nôï) μεις (meis); εμείς
2 Latin Latin egō --- nōs
3 Mediterranean French je --- nous, nous autres
3 Mediterranean Spanish yo --- nos, nosotros
3 Mediterranean Italian io --- noi, noialtri
4 Germanic North Frisian ik wat we
4 Germanic Old Dutch ik *wit wī, we, wij
4 Germanic Old English iċ, y, i ƿit (wit) wē
4 Germanic Old Frisian ik wit wy
4 Germanic Old Saxon ik wit wir
4 Germanic – Sc. Faroese eg vit vit
4 Germanic – Sc. Gothic  (ik)  (wit)  (weis)
4 Germanic – Sc. Icelandic ég við vér, við
4 Germanic – Sc. Old Norse ek vit vi
4 Germanic – Sc. Old Swedish jag vit vi (“we”)
5 Uralic Inari Sami mun(nâ) muoi mij
19
5 Uralic North Saami mun moai mii
6 Slavic Old Czech já vě my
6 Slavic Old Slavic азъ (azŭ) на (“na”)
7 Baltic Lithuanian aš mudu/mudvi mes
7 Baltic Latvian es mēs
Table 5 Personal pronouns for European languages (singular, dual, plural)

18 The divine names (the Sun, the Moon, Wodan, Thor, Tiw and Saturn) have been encoded in Names of the days of
the week)
19 The Uralic Languages von Daniel Abondolo ; quoted in The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns -
The borderlines for the “wit”-concept
At the east-side the borderlines for the “wit”-concept seem to be formed by the Uralic, the Baltic
and Slavic languages, which all have deviating dual forms for their personal pronouns of the first
person. I did some investigations in the database NorthEuraLex, but found no relevant correlations.

Wit as a core-element
The Germanic languages may be considered as a homogeneous group with a keyword “wit” as a
core, from which a great number of keywords has been derived like:
• wit (n.): "mental capacity," Old English wit, witt, more commonly gewit "understanding,
intellect, sense; knowledge, consciousness, conscience."
• wit (v.): "to know" (archaic), Old English witan "to know, beware of or conscious of,
understand, observe, ascertain, learn”.
• witness (n. & v.) : "(bear) testimony", etc.
• know (v.) from *gno- (cognate with gnosis; gnostic; Gnostic)20.
• Woden and Tiw21 may also be derived from vit (“we two) or vid (seer) and/or wit (mind, wit,
soul, sense22). The idea of a “raging” old wise man seems to be a product of fantasy.
Linguistic Language Ego-pro- Dual form pro- Plural pro god
family noun (“I”) noun (“we two”) -noun (“wē”)
2 Germ North Frisian ik wat we
3 Germ Old Dutch ik *wit wī, we, wij god
4 Germ Old English iċ, y, i ƿit (wit) wē god
5 Germ Old Frisian ik wit wy
6 Germ Old Saxon ik wit wir
7 Ger–Sc. Faroese eg vit vit
8 Ger–Sc. Gothic  (ik)  (wit)  (weis)
9 Ger–Sc. Icelandic ég við vér, við guð
10 Ger–Sc Älvdalen wið
11 Ger–Sc. Old Norse ek vit vi gud
12 Ger–Sc. Old Swedish jag vit vi (“we”) gud
Table 6 Germanic languages with variants of the “wit”-keyword

The discipline of keeping 11 Germanic languages synchronized in a large territory can only be
managed with the help of an alphabet in which the divine names could be documented.
The Germanic dual form pronouns (“we two”) are relatively stable.
Three regions (Icelandic, Faroese and a small region Älvdalen between Norway and Sweden did not
abandon their dual form pronoun “we two” and chose to replace their plural form by the obsolete

20 Once widespread in Germanic, the verb is now retained there only in English
21 In backward reading the runic word “wit”may be spelled “Tiw'”
22 The masculine noun *wōđanaz developed from the Proto-Germanic adjective *wōđaz, related to Latin vātēs and Old
Irish fáith, both meaning 'seer, prophet'. The adjective *wōđaz (or *wōđō) was further substantivised, leading to Old
Norse óðr 'mind, wit, soul, sense').
dual pronouns: við, “vit”, respectively wið23.
The Icelandic, Faroese entries (with a trailing consonant “t” as the dual marker 24) have been marked
blue.
In the western district Lima, some people in villages speak a traditional dialect,
Dalecarlian, while in Älvdalen, they speak a dialect as foreign as Norwegian and
Danish, Elfdalian.[4] Historically, the people of Dalecarlia – called Dalecarlians, or
Dalesmen (dalkarlar, masar) and Daleswomen (kullor) – have been famous for their
independent nature toward authority.[5] 25

23 See the map in The personal pronoun "We" in Scandinavian dialects. [2134x2937] [x-post from r/mapporn]
24 Jacob Grimm claims that the letter “T” in “ƿit” (“Wit” → “We two”) marks the dual for the personal pronoun for the
first person): Neben der pluralform steht im älteren germ. der dual wit (t ist angehängte zweizahl) 'wir beide'. -
Source: The entry in Grimm's vocabulary is wir
25 Source: Dalarna
The borderlines of Uralic languages
Sami languages
At the northern borderlines of the Germanic regions the Sami people live in the Sápmi region and
used their own language, which is categorized in ca. 9 subfamilies.
The Sami people (also known as the Sámi or the Saami) are a Finno-Ugric people
inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses large parts of Norway and Sweden,
northern parts of Finland, and the Murmansk Oblast of Russia. Their traditional
languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language
family. 26

For me the main database for analysis of the Sami languages is NorthEuraLex, which is described
as a large-scale lexicostatistical database, being compiled within the EVOLAEMP project. Seven
Sami languages have been analyzed. The Language Inari Sami27 contains 1,158 entries.
The Sami languages apply the dual form for their pronouns, but these entries have not yet been
documented in the database:
Linguistic Language Ego-pro- Dual form pro- Plural pro god
subfamily noun (“I”) noun (“we two”) -noun (“wē”)
1 Uralic South. Sami28 manne månnoeh mijjieh jupmele
2 Uralic Ume Sami
3 Uralic Pite Sami mån∼månnå måj∼måjå mij∼mija
4 Uralic Lule Sami mån måj mij jubmel
5 Uralic North Saami29 mun moai mii ipmil
6 Uralic Skolt Sami mon muäna mij e´mmel
7 Uralic Inari Sami mun(nâ) muoi mij immeel
8 Uralic Kildin Sami мунн мыйй иммель
(mun(n))
9 Uralic Ter Sami

• Dual forms for Inari Sami are: (1) muoi, (2) duoi, (3) suoi, in which the person-marker is
(1) m, (2) d, (3) s, and the dual-core is “uoi”.
• Dual forms for North Saami are: (1) moai, (2) doai, (3) soai, in which the person-marker is
(1) m, (2) d, (3) s, and the dual-core is “oai”.

26 Sami people
27 Based on Sammallahti and Morottaja 1993 - NorthEuraLex is edited by Johannes Dellert and Gerhard Jäger and is
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
28 Personlige pronomen
29 The Uralic Languages von Daniel Abondolo ; quoted in The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
The root of the Sami sky-god Jumala
The name of the South. Sami sky-god jupmele may be cognate to the German word “Himmel”
(“sky”) but also to a root “ju” (jupmele, jubmel). Jumala is considered to derive from a common
Finno-Permic root *juma.[4]
I identified one of the roots of the Uralic sky-god Jumala as “Juri” (“root”). Jumala is the Uralic
sky-god for both the Christian god and any other deity of any religion.
Jumala replaced the original Finno-Ugric word for "heaven" (*ilma), which is preserved
in the Sámi and Permic languages but whose meaning was shifted to "air" in Finnic. The
older sense remains in the Finnish divine name Ilmarinen. 30

Later on, the sky itself was called taivas and the sky-god Ukko Ylijumala, literally
Grandfather or Old Man Overgod. [8] However, when Christianity came to dominate
Finnish religious life in the Middle Ages and the old gods were ousted or consolidated
away from the pantheon, Jumala became the Finnish name for the Christian God31.

Several Sami languages have based their word for “root” on “root” itself: roehtse, ruohttsa, ruohtas.
Linguistic Language Dual form pro- god “Root”
subfamily noun (“we two”)
1 Uralic South. Sami32 månnoeh jupmele roehtse
2 Uralic Ume Sami
3 Uralic Pite Sami måj∼måjå
4 Uralic Lule Sami måj jubmel ruohttsa
5 Uralic North Saami33 moai ipmil ruohtas
6 Uralic Skolt Sami muäna e´mmel vue´ddes
7 Uralic Inari Sami muoi immeel veedis
8 Uralic Kildin Sami иммель вуэнҍтэсь
9 Uralic Ter Sami
Uralic Estonian jumal juur
Uralic Finnish jumala juuri
Uralic North Karelian jumala juuri
Uralic Olonets Karelian jumal juuri
Uralic Veps jumal jur'
Uralic Hill Mari йымы (jəmə) важ (vɑʒ)
Uralic Meadow Mari ююмо (juˑmo) вож (voʒ)
Uralic Moksha шкай (ʃkaj) юр (jur)
ункс (unks)
Uralic Hungarian isten gyökér

Table 7 The dual form, God and the “Root” in the Uralic dialects

30 Jumala
31 Jumal
32 Personlige pronomen
33 The Uralic Languages von Daniel Abondolo ; quoted in The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
The Sami Keywords
Jacob Grimm considers Jumala as Zeus34, but in the Teutonic Mythology he does not really
investigate Jumala's origins. In Jacob Grimm's Sammelte Schriften Jumala is a standard name for
any god.
The following table illustrates an overview of the relevant cross-correlating entries for the
highlighted “uoi”-cores, which may be found in the keywords for spirit, brain, liver, breathe, correct
(right) and ahead.
The dual-cores labeled (1) månnoeh, (3) måj∼måjå, (4) måj, (5) moai, (6) muäna, (7) muoi for the Sami-
languages are long enough to search for the corresponding keywords.
I scanned the Language Inari Sami for the uoi-core of the dual form “muoi” and also registered some
relevant correlating entries such as voejkene and voejngehtidh.
Obviously the Sami languages definitely used the dual forms (such as muoi) to define relevant symbolic
words such as spirit, brain, breathe and right.
Although the dual forms do not have any relation to the Germanic “wit”-words for the dual form of the
personal pronouns of the 1st person the Sami used the same architecture in the design for their language.

db. entry dual plural spirit brain liver breathe correct ahead
(we 2) (we) (nous) (right)
wit (n.)
Database # - 643 218 45 48 735 560 611
1 South. Sami månn mijjieh aajmoe aajla mueksie voejngehtidh rïekte
oeh voejkene
2 Ume Sami
No entries available in the Language Inari Sami database
3 Pite Sami35 måj∼ Mij∼
måjå mija
4 Lule Sami måj mij vuojŋŋan vuojŋam librre vuojŋŋat rievtes njuolgg
a
5 North. Sami moai mii vuoigŋa vuoigŋašat vuoivvas vuoigŋat riekta njuolga
6 Skolt Sami muäna mij jiõg'g vuõivâšn vuõivâs vuõiŋŋâd vuõiǥâs vui
čuu´ddes ´jǧǧest
7 Inari Sami muoi mij vuoi'ŋâ vuoi'ŋâšeh vuoivâs vuoi'ŋâđ vuoi'gâ vuoi'gis
t
8 Kildin Sami Мыйй милл вуэййвэшна вуйвас вуййнэ вуййк вуййке
тооӆӆк сьт
9 Ter Sami No entries available in the Language Inari Sami database

Table 8: Overview of dual forms and vuoi-roots in some Sami languages

34 Deutsche mythologie- Band 1 - Seite 160 Jacob Grimm ... so erscheinen Pitkäinen und Zeus als die älteste gottheit
ackerbauender Völker, von ... Ukko ist nach Jumala (den ich Wuotan vergleiche) der höchste finnische Gott...
35 A grammar of Pite Saami - Joshua Wilbur
Designing the Futhark alphabet
The role of Keywords in alphabets
Strange as it may seem the first 6 characters ᚠ, ᚢ, ᚦ, ᚩ, ᚱ, ᚳ of the Futhark alphabet may have been
chosen to encode the four male sky-gods, Tiw or Tuw (Tuesday), Woden (Odin, Wednesday), Thor
(Thursday) and Krodo (Rodu, Saturday) of the Germanic pantheon36.

If we are allowed to assume the initial letter ᚠ may be interpreted as a digamma wau (uppercase: Ϝ,
lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ), originally representing a /w/-sound37, but also valid for “F”, “V”, “U”, or
even an “Y” or an “I”…, we may read from the left to the right: “Wod”-an (or “Od”) and Wit as
well as Thor.
In backward reading we may identify: Tiw, Tuw, Rod, Rodu and Krodo.
In some old writings the name appears as Hrodo, Chrodo, Krodo, or the Latinised form
Crodone.[5] The 15th-century Saxon Chronicle attests that "Krodo" was worshipped also by
Saxon tribes, who inhabited modern-day northern and eastern Germany together with West
Slavic tribes.[6]38

Fuᚦorc ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱ ᚳ Days of the

week
→ f u th a/o r c ←
Reading Reading
1a VUTan V U T Wednesday
1b WODan W O D A Wednesday

2a WUT W U T TUW Tuesday

2b WIT W I T TIW Tuesday

3a THOR Th O R Thursday
3b D O R ROD Saturday
3c U D O R RODU Saturday
3d O D O R K KRODO Saturday

Table 9: Krodo (Rodu), Woden (Odin), Thor, Tiw or Tuw

of the Germanic pantheon in the keyword ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ (Futhorc)

36 The unification of medieval Europe

37 The sound /w/ existed in Mycenean Greek, as attested in Linear B and archaic Greek inscriptions using digamma. It
is also confirmed by the Hittite name of Troy, Wilusa, corresponding to the Greek name *Wilion.
38 Source: Rod (Slavic religion)
The “A”-”I”-”Ω”-structure of the runic alphabet39
The design of the Elder Futhark and Younger Futhark may have followed the same set of rules for
the structural design, which starts with a keyword “ᚠᚢᚦ” to be followed by an “A”-”I”-”Ω”-structure
around the central pillar “I”.

x x x
1 2 345678 901234567890 1234
[ᚠ] ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ [ᚹ] ᚺᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛈ ᛇ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞᛟ
[f] u þ a r k g [w] h n i j p ï z s t b e m l ŋ d o
Table 10 Elder Futhark runic alphabet
In fact the Elder Futhark has been designed to provide us with two runes for the I-symbol, in which
one is supposed to be a short I and the other a prolonged I. The difference has a symbolic impact as
only the long vowels really count as fundamentals.

Optimizing the alphabet in the staveless runes

The runes had been optimized for quick results in carving the symbols into wooden surfaces or
rocks. Therefore the runic system followed the same optimizing rules as the Morse alphabet:
“apply the simplest designs for the most frequently used elements”
In the alphabets these single stroke staves (N, I, A) had been arranged in the center of the alphabet.

2: Hälsingland (Sweden) variant of futhark runic alphabet,

Hälsingerunor. Copied from fr:Image:Futhark Hälsingland
15.png. (public domain)

The “I” however also had to be centered for its legendary symbolic impact. This central position
also has been found in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet.

39 An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets

The evolution of the Futhark alphabet40
The archaic Futhark-system with a key-word ᚠᚢᚦ (f,u,þ) and the vowels ᚨᛇᛟ (a, ï, o) had been
designed as a carrier for a symbolic ᚠᚢᚦ-vocabulary in its header section and a symmetrical (a, ï, o)
vowel section, which represented the world with its ï-pillar and its A and ᛟ-boundaries.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Elder Futhark ᚠᚢᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺᚾ ᛁ ᛃᛇᛈᛉ ᛊ ᛏᛒᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
Transliteratie f u þ a r k g w h n i j ï p z s t b e m l ŋ o d

Table 10 The archaic Futhark-system with a key-word ᚠᚢᚦ (f,u,þ) and the vowels ᚨᛇᛟ (a, ï, o)
The immense territory covered by the Futhark alphabet resulted in a large range for the symbolized
sounds for each runic character. The impact of various invasions and migration periods had to be
compensated in an extended flexibility for the key-elements ᚠ, ᚢ, ᚦ, which at all costs had to be
maintained intact. These key-elements represented the symbolic core of the common religious idea,
the sky-god and his personal pronouns. In fact various personal pronouns (the plural “wij”, the dual
“wit”, and the singular of the 2 nd person “thu”) had been included inside the keywords ᚠ, ᚢ, ᚦ and
the reversed version ᚦ, ᚢ, ᚠ.
• The initial letter ᚠ in the keyword ᚠᚢᚦ symbolizes a Digamma which allowed the
functionality of a “universal” character (→ ᚠ, /w/, /u/, /v/, /f/).
• The second character ᚢ of ᚠᚢᚦ represents a vowel u (in wut or Tuw) or y (in Tyr). The
versatility of the runes ᚠ and ᚢ even allow the first two letters to represent a “u” or “y”.
• The third letter may symbolize: Þ (→ Þor), T (→ Tyr), D (→ “Dyaus”, “Ƿid”), Z (→ Ziu), S
(→ Sius). In this scheme the letter “Z” of Chilperic I may represent an equivalent for Þ.

Key-word
Alphabet A Left wing I Right wing Ω
ᚠᚢᚦ
Number of symbols 3 1 9 1 9 1 1
Elder Futhark ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺᚾ ᛁᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
ᚩ ᚳ ᚷ ᛇ ᛉ ᛟ
Old English Futhorc ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ o ᚱc ȝ ᚹ ᚻᚾ ᛁᛄ eo ᛈ x ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ œ ᛞ
Younger Futhark ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬą ᚱ ᚴ ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛅa ᛋᛏᛒ ᛘ ᛚ
Transliteratie f u Þ a r k g wh n ij ï p z s t be ml ŋo d
Φ G S Ω
Gothic alphabet Ϝ ᚢ Α RΚ Γ Υ ΗΝ Ι Ι ΠΖ ΤΒΕ Μ Λ Δ
Ψ ᛃ Σ ᛟ
The 4 letters of
Ζ Δ Ψ Θ
Chilperic I
Table 9 Derivation of the Gothic alphabet from the Futhark alphabets

40 The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns

The vocabulary of the Futhark alphabet
The Germanic vocabulary concentrated on the key-word ᚠᚢᚦ (f,u,þ) or the full length of 6 characters
“f-u-th-o-r-c” in which the initial letter may have behaved like a joker and represented ᚠ, /w/, /u/,
/v/, /f/..
In The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages I sketched an overview of the elementary wordlist which is
derived from the “futhorc”-array consists of the following English words (incomplete):
• wit, futter, fóðr, fud, foster, father, feed, fed-up, well-fed, fat, food, fit, fathom, fetter, fasten,
foot, feast, Voden, resp. Tiw & Thor.
Corresponding Dutch words are (incomplete):
• vadem, vader, vasten, vat, vatten, feest, vet, veter, wet, fit, pit, fut, futiel, wit, wut, vot,
foeteren, opvoeden, voedsel, voedvader, voet, Wodan, resp. Tuw & Thor.
Corresponding German words are (incomplete):
• futtern, Fuodar, Fudloch, Füdle, futuz, Vater, Fett, Futter, Faden, Fass, fesseln, Fessel,
fasten, Fuß, Fest, Wotan, resp. Ziu & Thor.

The reproductive system

Most words symbolize elementary elements to survive in an archaic community. Originally most of
the words may have represented respectable and honorable aspects of life such as procreation
organs, but today these words may have been deteriorated to four letter words such as fóðr, fuð
(fud), in Dutch: vot, and in German: the Füdle, Fudloch for the vagina.

Fut as “vital energy”

The keyword ᚠᚢᚦ also carries the Dutch word “fut” (Dutch: “vital energy”, resilience, energy),
which in a Flemish dialect is understood as “sperm”41.

Vut as a false god

Also the name Vut as an abbreviation for Woden had been deteriorated to a false god:
Up in the Grisons country (and from this we may infer the extent to which the name
was diffused in Upper Germany) the Romance dialect has caught the term Vut from
Alamanns or Burgundians of a very early time, and retained it to this day in the sense of
idol, false god, 1 Cor. 8, 4. (2) (See Suppl.) - Northvegr - Grimm's TM - Chap. 7

The St.Vitus cult to unify Europe

And of course the unification of medieval Europe could not be accomplished until the St.Vitus cult
had been completed by building a large cathedral in Prague42.
The concentration of written symbolism in the header of the runic alphabet made the system
vulnerable to be destroyed by the Church.

41 fut (geestkracht, lichaamskracht, pit) : West-Vlaams ook in de betekenis ‘mannelijk zaad’ [1873; WNT].
Bron: Sijs, Nicoline van der (samensteller) (2010), Etymologiebank, (op http://etymologiebank.nl)
quoted in (In Dutch) Ϝut - Het Nederlandse sleutelwoord
42 The unification of medieval Europe and A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
Word-definitions in the Futhark-keyword
This chapter documents which words may have been derived from the “Futhorc”-word or definitely
has been derived from other sources. In these lists the words without a dedicated source will be
marked yellow.
English words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword
In The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages I documented anarray of English words, which may have
been derived from the “futhorc”-keyword:

Word/Link Additional Specification Source Source/

Author
fasten (v.) PIE *fast "solid, firm" Etymonline
fat (adj.) PIE *poid- Etymonline
father (n.) “Genetic” father PIE *pəter- "father" Etymonline
fathom (n.) PIE *pot(ə)-mo-, Etymonline
feast (n.) Feast, consecrated place PIE *dhis-no- "divine, holy; consecrated Etymonline
place,"
feed (v.) PIE root *pa- "to feed." Etymonline
fetter (n.) PIE root *ped- "foot." Etymonline
fit (adj.) To be fit; To adapt, to fit unknown Etymonline
fodder PIE *pa-trom / *pa- "to feed." Etymonline
foot (n.) PIE root *ped- "foot." Etymonline
foster (v.) “Feeding” father PIE root *pa- "to feed." Etymonline
fud (n.) Cunt (and → Vagina) unknown Etymonline
Krodo
taw (v.) "to prepare" (leather) from Proto-Germanic root *taw- "to Etymonline
make, manufacture"

Thor Odins eldest Sohn from *þunroz (Donner) Etymonline

Tiw sky-god PIE *deiwos"god Etymonline
Tuesday (n.) (from Tiwes, → Tiw, related to Zeus
"Tiu")
Tuesday (n.) from PIE *deiwos "god," from root Etymonline
*dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky,
heaven, god."
wit Insight, knowledge PIE root *weid- "to see," metaphorisch Etymonline
→ "to know."
Woden Anglo-Saxon god, from PIE *wod-eno-, *wod-ono- Etymonline
Odin Old English, see Odin "raging, mad, inspired,"
from root *wet- (1) "to blow; inspire,
spiritually arouse"
wood (adj.) "violently insane" PIE *wet- (1) "to blow; inspire, Etymonline
(now obsolete) spiritually arouse;"
Table 11 English words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword
Dutch words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword
In Dutch the following words may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword:
Word/Link Additional Specification Source Source/
Author
feest feast Latin adjective fēstus M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
fit "healthy“ from English „ fit“ and unsure M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
fitten ‘adapt' (?)
foeteren To insult, to yell; to copulate Latin futuere M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
(unknown)
fut Vitality, power, energy, sperma unsure M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
futiel futile From Latin fūtilis M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
Krodo
pit A seed corn unknown M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
thor Nordic god → Thunder van Veen en van der Sijs (1997)
touwen To produce leather Go. taujan (= to do) J. Vercoullie (1925)
Tuw43 The archaic sky-god *Tīwaz Taaldacht (NL)
vadem fathom → thread ‘draad’ M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
vader (genetic) father 44 ‘father’, < pie. *ph2tḗr M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
vasten To fast → to fetter M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
vat Barrel, vat unknown M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
vatten To fetch To fetch N. van der Sijs (2001)
vet Fat Pr.-Germ. *faitijan- M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
‘to fatten’
veter cord, thread → ‘Foot-(fetter)’ M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
voeden To feed → pie. *peh2(i)- M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
„to provide a foundation“ (?) ‘to grow cattle’
voet The lowest part, pedestal Latin: pēs M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
vot Cunt; from 1599 → „Vagina“ missing van Veen en van der Sijs (1997)
wet law from → weten (to wit). M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
weten To wit from → Latin vidēre M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
‘to see’
Wodan Germanic sky-god from → rage (unsure) van Veen en van der Sijs (1997)
woede rage unsure M. Philippa e.a. (2003-2009)
wut / wit We both → “we” & “t”45 Taaldacht-(W-woorden)

Table 12 Dutch words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword

43 Source: *tīwaz ‘God, deity’ (see tuw). Tuw (→ ‘God’) initially the supreme deity, became subordinated to Woden
and Thor
44 The genetic father is a contrast to the foster-father ; see for Details → De kern van de “Futhark”-talen
45 As claimed by Jacob Grimm
German words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword
In German the following words may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword:
Word/Link Additional Source Source/
Specification Author
Faden thread Latin: filum German Dictionary
Fassung countenance Latin: captus, conceptus German Dictionary
Fasten To fast ...aus der terminologie des German Dictionary
jüdisch christlichen cultus von
den Gothen empfangen...
Fessel Fetter German Dictionary
Fesseln To fetter die wurzel ist goth. fitan German Dictionary

Fest feast vor allem fällt seine German Dictionary

abwesenheit im goth. auf.
Fett fat unhochdeutsches, erst durch German Dictionary
Luthers bibel eingedrungnes
wort
Fud, Füdlein, Vulva ? German Dictionary
Futuz
Fuß foot German Dictionary
Futter Fodder; To feed fuot German Dictionary
Futtern To swear, foutre, futuere (s. DWB futern) German Dictionary
to copulate „foutre une femme“.
Krodo
Tau Rope, cord, tow From: nd. tau seil (“rope”), German Dictionary
Thor
Vater Father Root: pa „to feed“ (“to protect”) German Dictionary
Wotan
Wut Rage idg. root *et-, *ot- (*at-) German Dictionary
'to blow, to inspire'
Ziestag Alemannic name Latin: Martis dies: ziestag German Dictionary
for Tuesday
Ziu
Table 13 German words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword
The details including the etymological derivation has been taken from: Deutschen Wörterbuch von
Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm.
The keywords of Old-Greek language
The layers of linguistic evolution
There is a reason I chose to start this essay with the Provencal, Germanic and Sami languages and
to postpone the description of the Mediterranean family of languages, including Greek, Latin and
the Slavic contributions. The complexity of Germanic and Sami linguistics is simpler than the
situation in the Mediterranean languages, in which the impact of Greek colonization and Roman
occupation disturbed the foundation platform.
Provencal has been influenced by trading activities of the Greek colonists and modified by an
intense occupations phase of the Roman neighbors.
The Greeks however also influenced the Roman contributions, but often restricted their colonies to
small coastal regions, where the trading stations concentrated their contacts to the foreigners.
The Romans and the Greeks developed their individual philosophical systems, which automatically
included a mutual exchange of ideas.
Therefore I tried to identify the mayor linguistic sources, which obviously had to be located in the
the nominative forms of the personal pronouns of the 1 st person. Of course these elements include
the singulars, the dual and the plural forms.

The dual form of Old-Greek language

The Old-Greek language had been equipped with a dual form νώ, respectively in the epic version
νῶϊ (“we two”)46.
There are considerable deviations between the Germanic and Greek dual forms.
Jacob Grimm claims that by adding a letter “t” (“t” for “two”) to the plural form “wi” the
word “ƿit” (“Wit” → “We two”) turns into a dual form.
This letter “t” is missing in the dual form νώ, resp. νῶϊ (“we two”) for Greek.

The keywords of Old-Greek language

The Greek words “νόος” and “νοῦς” (Nous47) represent “wit”, “witness”, “wit (v.)” and “wit (n.)”
and are related to wisdom. The Gothic word witan ("to know") correlates to Wotan (“the knowing
god”).
This is exactly the same correlation between “wit” (“we both”) and “to wit” respectively the Greek
“νοος” (“wit”, “knowledge”) and the nominative dual form of the personal pronouns of the first
person “noo(in)”, which in Greek letters represents “νώ”, νῶϊ, νῶιν and νῶν (“we both”) and the
reversed written singular form of he personal pronoun ἰώ (iṓ), respectively ἱών (hiṓn) of the
Boeotian dialect.
The singular form ἱών (hiṓn) correlates to the reversely written dual form νῶϊ (“we both”) of the
same personal pronouns for the first person.
Also the etymology (which officially is “unknown”) for the root “Ion” in the names “Ionic” and
“Ionian” may be related to the singular form of the personal pronoun of the first person ἰώ (iṓ),
respectively ἱών (hiṓn) of the Boeotian dialect.

46 The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)

47 It has been suggested that the basic meaning is something like "awareness".[5] In colloquial British English, nous
also denotes "good sense", which is close to one everyday meaning it had in Ancient Greece.
The common root for European religions is not the rage the German “wut” but the wisdom “wit” of
Wotan, which in English is correlating 1:1 to the nominative dual form “wit” of the personal
pronoun of the 1st person.
By reversing the reading direction the name for the Germanic sky-god “Tiw” may be derived from
“wit”. Symbolically both gods (Witan and Tiw) may both have been started as “wise” gods, in
which Witan eventually might have been considered as Tiw's father or son.
This thesis may be derived from the Greek words “νοος” and “νους” representing “wit”, and the
Gothic word witan ("to know"), which in Greek correlates to the nominative dual form of the
personal pronouns of the first person “noo(in)” or in Greek “νώ”, νῶϊ, νῶιν and νῶν (“we both”).
Both words νώ, respectively νῶϊ (“we two) and “νόος” and “νοῦς” (Nous) had been used in
Homer's Iliad in Book Δ 41848 respectively 1 [130]49.
These words must be considered as fundamentals in a philosophical system. Since Homer's
composition of the Iliad the “Nous”-Concept has been studied by almost all philosophers including
Heraclitus, Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, Valentinus, Simon Magus,
Averroes, the Church Fathers … There can be no doubt the nous-concept has been a fundamental
theme for philosophy.
Later the philosophical focus “Nous” had been redefined as the λόγος (“Logos”).
For example, Empedocles, like Hesiod much earlier, described cosmic order and living
things as caused by a cosmic version of love,[9] and Pythagoras and Heraclitus, attributed
the cosmos with "reason" (logos).[10]
The Greek word λόγος from λέγω, légō, lit. 'I say') is an equivalent of the Provencal composition
“D” & “iéu” → “Diéu” (“I say”).
Logos became a technical term in Western philosophy beginning with Heraclitus (c.  535 –
c.  475 BC), who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge.[3]
Logos is the logic behind an argument.[4].
The list of Logos-oriented philosophers includes the sophists, Aristotle, the Stoics, Philo of
Alexandria, the Gospel of John, Sufism and Carl Jung. 50
In contrast to the word νόος (Nous, the divine thought) the word Logos (the divine argument51) does
not correlate to the word νῶϊ (“we both”).

48 Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect - by Richard John Cunliffe - University of Oklahoma Press, 1963
49 Notes to the Philosophical “Nous”-Concept
50 Source: Logos
51 Despite the conventional translation as "word", it is not used for a word in the grammatical sense; instead, the term
lexis (λέξις, léxis) was used.[9] However, both logos and lexis derive from the same verb légō (λέγω), meaning "(I)
count, tell, say, speak".[1][9][10]
The keys “iou” and “nos” in Latin language
Originally Latin merely differentiated between a singular “ego” and “tu” and the plurals “nos”
respectively “vos”, in which no dual form nor a formal “polite” form existed.
This may be understood as a practical language for a practical people, in which the military forces
had to be optimized.
The Roman twins Romulus and Remus were two brothers and the lack of women forced the
Romans to kidnap their neighbors' daughters to procreate their armies. Roman society did not really
develop its own philosophy and preferred to import the philosopher-slaves or -teachers from
Greece.

The keys “iou” and “IU”

Just like the Provencals the Romans used the singular form of the personal pronoun for their
keywords,
Basically the “ego”-pronouns consisted of series of vowels such as “ieu”, “iau”, “iou” or “iaω”,
which may still be found in divine names such as “dieu”, “diau”, “diou” or “diaω”.
The mechanism had been described in the sample of Provencal language:
• “d” & “iéu” → “diéu” (“I say”)
IOU had been defined as the key element for Iou-piter, which later mutated to Iu-piter or Jupiter
(officially from Proto-Italic *djous “day, sky”).
Various iou-pronouns and their corresponding sky-gods have been registered in the neighborhood of
Italy:
• The ego-pronoun “jou” may be found in Sutsilvan (Alpine Switzerland),
• The ego-pronoun iòu më, m’iòu had been found in the Patois of Villar-St-Pancrace52
• The ego-pronoun “iu53” and the corresponding sky-god “Diu” is found in Sicily.
• The ego-pronoun Yiou and the corresponding sky-god Dïou is found in Nîmes54
Originally these “ego”-pronouns had been integrated in derivations such as “pious”, “justice”,
“judge”, “just”, “*djous” (“day, sky”), which may have been based on the Latin cores “iou” or “iu”.
During the Roman Empire and the Church's government the regulatory expressions such as
“justice”, “judge”, etc. had to be transferred into the languages of their vassal states.

52 this website had been restored and documented in Dutch in Patois van Villar-St-Pancrace in het web-archief. The
series of personal pronouns is: (Cas sujet Cas régime atone tonique direct indirect)Sg. 1°p a (l’) iòu më, m’ iòu 2°p
tü, t’ të, t’ tü 3°p M u(l), al ei(l) së lu ei F eilo la eilo N o, ul, la - lu - Pl. 1°p nû* nû* 2°p òû* vû* vû* 3°p M î(z) së
lû* iè F eilâ (eilaz) lâ* eilâ
53 From Vulgar Latin *eo, from Latin ego (“I”).
54 “Yiou” & “Dïou” in the dialect of Nimes
The transfer of the Greek thoughts to Mediterranean colonies

Νῶϊ (“we two”) → Noi (“we all”)

Studying the Greek pronoun νῶϊ (“we both”) and Latin “nos” (“we all”) I identified a great number
of neighboring languages which used a plural “noi” (“we all”)55. These “noi”-variants may have
been derived from Latin “nos”, but outside the Roman empire they also may have existed or
generated as a dual form for a local “nos”.
Later they may have shifted to the normal plural variant “noi”, which also had been identified in the
“we all”-plurals við, “vit”, wið56 of the languages Icelandic, Faroese respectively Älvdalen.

“Nos” → “Nosotros”
Originally some of the Mediterranean languages may have inherited the dual form νῶϊ (“noi”) from
the Greek colonists, whereas others may have added “otros” (“others”)-labels to the plural words
“nos” respectively “vos” and/or the plurals or dual forms “noi”, respectively “voi”.
These “otros”-markers may have been needed to discern the original dual form “noi” (“we two”)
from the plural “nos” (“we two and others”).
This mechanism may explain why the Mediterranean region is void of the dual form except the Old-
Greek, Jewish and Arabian languages. Even in Italy the modern personal pronoun “noi” (“we all”)
originally may have been a dual form.

A potential inheritance of “noi” and “voi” from the Greek colonists

A considerable number of Mediterranean languages (such as Aromanian, Romanian, Neapolitan,
Catalan, Occitan, Italian, Dalmatian57 and Sicilian) belonged to the languages near or in the Hellenic
colonies and may have inherited “noi” and “voi” from the Greek settlers who immigrated the
Hellenic colonies in the 8th, 7th and 6th century BC.
A number of "i”-Markers in the pronouns “noi” and “voi” are found in the languages Aromanian
(Macedonia and Albania), Istriot (Croatia), Sardinian, Romanian and Neapolitan, Dalmatian, Italian,
Sicilian and Venetian.

The exclusion of inheritance from Greek colonists

Both the “i”- and “otros”-markers are absent in the “nos”/”noi”-pronouns for the languages
Portuguese (at the Atlantic coast), Romansh (Switzerland), Walloon (Belgium).
Portuguese (at the Atlantic coast), Romansh (Alpine Switzerland) and Walloon (Belgium) probably
never have been influenced from the language of the Hellenic colonists. These remote regions
probably never felt the impact of the dual form of the Greek dual form νῶϊ and felt no need to
emphasize the character of the plural “nos”.

The Nous-concept
The Nous-concept had been imported from Greece and the study of Greek philosophy introduced
other generations of European philosophers to the Nous-concept. The Nous-concept also might
have influenced the spelling of the French pronoun “nous” (“we all”).

55 Notes to the usage of Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros

56 See the legend in the map of the website The personal pronoun "We" in Scandinavian dialects
57 Dalmatia is a Roman province Illyria (in Greek) or Illyricum (in Latin) - Source: Wkitionary (Nōs)
The keys in Mediterranean language
The keywords of Mediterranean languages have been composed from various sources:
• Global European vowel-words for the category Eternity, Law and Matrimony seem to have
been shared by the Germanic and Mediterranean peoples. Some of these words consist of
various vowel-combinations for essentials, such as:
◦ â, ê, á, æ → aha → ahwa → aqua (water)
◦ æ, æw, eu (in Old English: law, scripture, ceremony, custom, marriage);
◦ æ (in Icelandic: always, forever)
◦ ἀιών (aiōn), aevum, aiws (in Gothic: a lifetime, eternity )
◦ æ, Ehe, ee (English, German, resp. Dutch: Matrimony)
◦ æ: (dialectal, Fjolde) I (first-person singular pronoun)
◦ æ: I (first-person singular personal pronoun) (dialectal, mostly found in Trøndelag,
northern Norway, and parts of western and southern Norway).
◦ IAΩ (God)
◦ Εὔα (ʾÉva)
• The basic fundamentals such as “diéu” (“I say”), “siéu” (“I am”), “riéu” (“I am laughing”),
“viéu” (“I see”), for which the composition has been illustrated for the Provencal language.
• Latin expressions for governmental expressions, based on a Roman god Jupiter, such as: ius,
jūs, Iu-piter, gius, giure, jura, jus and jury, jurisprudence. Additionally the special Greek
expressions may have been integrated in the Latin vocabulary. These Latin and Greek
expressions have been imported from the Roman Empire into the Mediterranean regions.
• The fundamentals of the Nous-concept, which in French is spelled “le noûs” and directly
refers to the Greek νοῦς. In French the personal pronoun nous (“we all”) may have been
spelled nous for the symbolism, which is shared by “le noûs” and the pronoun “nous”.
This broad spectrum of words may be found in all Mediterranean languages. The ancient Greek
linguistic imports may be concentrated at the original colonies.
In remote areas, which had not been occupied too long or intensively, the impact of the Greek
and/or Roman influence may have been powerless.
Especially the impact of the missing dual forms may have caused some peoples to emphasize the
plural character of the form as “noi” instead of “nos” or to add ““otros”-markers to the personal
pronouns of the first person.
The evidence of plural forms “noi” and the additional extensions “otros” to “nos” and “noi”, which
temporarily have been identified in large Mediterranean territories, are similar to the shift of dual
forms við, “vit”, wið to the plural forms in the personal pronouns of first person in the Icelandic,
Faroese respectively Älvdalen regions.
Map of the European linguistic concepts
The following map illustrates both the northern Germanic “wit”-concept and the Mediterranean
““d” & “iéu” → “diéu” (“I say”)”-concept. The “wit”-region is separated from the Mediterranean
region by a northern borderline, which largely marks the impact of the Roman Empire.
Another borderline in the least populated European region is crossing the department Lozère, the
Roman city of Nemausis (Nimes) and the Cévennes mountains in south-central France, in which the
Provencal language preserved the philosophical “diéu” (“I say”)”-concept.
East of the Cévennes the Alpine Savoy-region offers a linguistic protection zone to the “diéu” (“I
say”)-region. In contrast to the Provencal the Savoy language seems to have formed a rather chaotic
mixture of wildly varying local dialects.
In the north the Uralic, Baltic and Slavic languages form the east-sided borderlines to the Germanic
“wit”-concept, which have not been illustrated in this map.
The flesh-colored “νῶϊ”-, “noi”- and “nous”-labels illustrate the possible dual forms for the personal
pronouns and the Greek “Nous”-concept, which may have been linked to the Germanic “wit”-
concept.

3: Map of the European linguistic concepts

Appendix – Overview of Detailed Studies
Chronological Overview of the Academia-Database

Lng. Title Date

D Über die Evolution der Sprachen 16.11.2018 7 9

NL Over het ontwerpen van talen 7 8

E The Art of Designing Languages 7 7

E Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros 7 6

E Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language 7 5

NL Over het filosofische Nous-concept 7 4

E Notes to the Philosophical " Nous " -Concept 7 3

E The Common Root for European Religions 7 2

E A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture 7 1

NL Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk 10.10.2018 7 0

E The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet 6 9

E The Unification of Medieval Europe 6 8

E The Divergence of Germanic Religions 6 7

NL De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken 6 6

E The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus 6 5
Churches
D Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals 6 4

D Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe 6 3

E Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets 6 2

E The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns 6 1

NL Notities rond het boek Tiw 6 0

E Notes to the book TIW 5 9

D Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind 5 8

E Designing an Alphabet for the Runes 5 7

D Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe 5 6

E The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets 5 5

E Etymology, Religions and Myths 5 4

E The Symbolism of the Yampoos and Wampoos in Poe's “Narrative of Arthur 5 3

Gordon Pym from Nantucket”
D Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche 5 2
Schriften " 5
NL Ϝut - Het Nederlandse sleutelwoord 5 1
E Concepts for the Dual Forms 5 0

E The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ) 4 9

E Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology 4 8

NL Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“ 4 7

E The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy 4 6

E A Linguistic Control of Egotism 4 5

E The Design of the Futhark Alphabet 4 4

E An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets 4 3

E The Celtic Hair Bonnets 4 2

D Die keltische Haarhauben 4 1

NL De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt 4 0

E The rediscovery of a lost symbolism 3 9

NL Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme 3 8

NL De god met de twee gezichten 3 7

E The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg 3 6

NL Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn 3 5

NL De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen 3 4

E Analysis of the Futhorc-Header 3 3

E The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet 3 2

NL Een reconstructie van de Nederlandse scheppingslegende 3 1

E The Symbolism in Roman Numerals 3 0

E The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism 2 9

E The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands 2 8

NL Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de 2 7

windschaduw van de Veluwe
E Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France 2 6

D Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer " 2 5

NL De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum 2 4

E The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design 2 3

D Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt 2 2

NL Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in 2 1

Nederland
NL Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg 2 0

NL Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet 1 9

D Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer 1 8
und Santerre
E The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre 1 7

E The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes 1 6

E The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark 1 5

E The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages 1 4

NL De kern van de Futhark-talen 1 3

D Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen 1 2

NL De symboolkern IE van het Nederlands 1 1

E Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass" 1 0

E Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language 0 9

E Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the 0 8
days of the week
E A modified Swadesh List 0 7

E A Paradise Made of Words 11.04.2018 0 6

E The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns 12.11.2017 0 5

E The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism 28.10.2017 0 4

E The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics 17.10.2017 0 3

E The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg- 08.10.2017 0 2
Markers and the Main Isoglosses
E The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language 07.10.2017 0 1
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction to the Art of Designing words..........................................................................................2
Simple vowel words like Aa, Ae, Die, Ee, Ie, IJ..............................................................................2
Simple vowel words like â, ê, á, æ, ἀιών (eternity), Ee, Ehe (Matrimony).....................................2
The purest Indo-European language.....................................................................................................3
Provencal language (Dieu = „I say“)...............................................................................................3
The transitions between included and isolated personal pronouns.............................................5
Avoir and Savior.........................................................................................................................5
The Romansh dialects.................................................................................................................5
Dïou = „I say“..................................................................................................................................6
The Transit regions Savoy, Sardinia and Wallonia..........................................................................7
The dual form in the French dialect Savoyard............................................................................7
The philosophical cores in Germanic language....................................................................................8
Wit = “we two”................................................................................................................................8
The borderlines for the “wit”-concept.........................................................................................9
Wit as a core-element..................................................................................................................9
The borderlines of Uralic languages...................................................................................................11
Sami languages..............................................................................................................................11
The root of the Sami sky-god Jumala............................................................................................12
The Sami Keywords..................................................................................................................14
Designing the Futhark alphabet .........................................................................................................15
The role of Keywords in alphabets................................................................................................15
The “A”-”I”-”Ω”-structure of the runic alphabet..........................................................................16
Optimizing the alphabet in the staveless runes ........................................................................16
The evolution of the Futhark alphabet...........................................................................................17
The vocabulary of the Futhark alphabet.............................................................................................18
The reproductive system ...............................................................................................................18
Fut as “vital energy”......................................................................................................................18
Vut as a false god...........................................................................................................................18
The St.Vitus cult to unify Europe..................................................................................................18
Word-definitions in the Futhark-keyword..........................................................................................19
English words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword...............................20
Dutch words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword................................21
German words, which may have been derived from the Futhark-keyword.............................22
The keywords of Old-Greek language...............................................................................................23
The layers of linguistic evolution..................................................................................................23
The dual form of Old-Greek language...........................................................................................23
The keywords of Old-Greek language...........................................................................................23
The keys “iou” and “nos” in Latin language......................................................................................25
The keys “iou” and “IU”................................................................................................................25
The transfer of the Greek thoughts to Mediterranean colonies.....................................................26
Νῶϊ (“we two”) → Noi (“we all”)...........................................................................................26
“Nos” → “Nosotros”.................................................................................................................26
A potential inheritance of “noi” and “voi” from the Greek colonists.......................................26
The exclusion of inheritance from Greek colonists..................................................................26
The Nous-concept.....................................................................................................................26
The keys in Mediterranean language..................................................................................................27
Map of the European linguistic concepts...........................................................................................28
Appendix – Overview of Detailed Studies.........................................................................................29
Chronological Overview of the Academia-Database....................................................................29