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What are the four typical loads on an aircraft ?

 Tension, torsion, creep, elongation


 Elasticity, shear, compression, torsion
Tension, compression, torsion, shear
 Compression, buckling, elasticity, shear

A material can return to normal after it has been deformed due to its elas
1
 False

Select one of the factors affecting Creep ?


The duration of the load applied
 Buckling of the material
 Shear
 Strength of the material

The safe-life of an aircraft is predicated on which of the following? Select


The Number of flying hours elapsed
The number of landings
The number of pressurisation cycles elapsed
The calendar time

Select which of the following design philosophies are used by designers


Fail-safe philosophy or damage-tolerant structures
 Monocoque Structures
 Semi-monocoque structures

Fail-safe structures enable aircraft parts to be produced lighter


1
FALFalseSE

Which philosophy adhears to the concept whereby no single structure su


Damage tolerant structure
Fail-safe structure
 Monocoque structure
 Semi-monocoque structure

What is a typical cabin altitude when traveling in a jet transport aircraft?


10,000ft AMSL
7,000 to 8,000ft AMSL
 5,000 to 6,000ft AMSL
 35,000ft AMSL

Monocoque originates from the Greek and French words respectively me


Single shell
 Egg shell
 Bird shell
 Bird's nest

What was added to a purely monocoque structure to support larger more


Frames
 Formers
 Skin
Longerons

At what altitude is pressurisation essential?


10,000ft AMSL
7,000ft AMSL
 15,000ft AMSL
 35,000ft AMSL

As a result of aircraft pressurisation, the aircraft's hull will start to lengthe


1
 False

he pressure is contained within the fuselage by two  ___________ ________


frames
Correct answer: 

Pressure bulkheads

Cabin floors are normally constructed of a ____________ design


failsafe
Correct answer: 

Honeycomb
The cargo area in a transport aircraft is normally not pressurised.
1
0

Regulation dictates that flight-deck windows are able to withstand the im


5
Correct answer: 

Direct vision windows double as an escape for crew during and emergen
1
0

The construction of an aircrafts wing is centred around a main member. W


 Skin
Rib
 Frame
Spar

A torsion box is used in an aircrafts wing to provide rigidity.


1
 False

1. The monocoque fuselage relies largely on the strength of


~ The greatest amount of strength in a monocoque fuselage is derived from the skin or covering.
@ The greatest amount of strength in a monocoque fuselage is derived from the skin or covering.
a. longerons and formers.
*b. skin or covering.
c. bulkheads and longerons.

2. Which part(s) of a semi-monocoque fuselage prevent(s) tension and compression from bending the fus
~ In a semimonocoque fuselage, the primary bending loads are taken by the longerons, which usually ex
@ In a semimonocoque fuselage, the primary bending loads are taken by the longerons, which usually ex
a. The fuselage covering.
*b. Longerons and stringers.
c. Bulkheads and skin.

3. The I-beam wooden spar is routed to


~ A wooden I-beam wing spar is routed to reduce its weight. The material removed is in the web of the
@ A wooden I-beam wing spar is routed to reduce its weight. The material removed is in the web of the
a. increase strength.
b. obtain uniform strength.
*c. reduce weight.

4. The cantilever wing uses


~ A cantilever wing has all its strength inside its structure. The wing spars are built in such a way
@ A cantilever wing has all its strength inside its structure. The wing spars are built in such a way
a. external struts or wire bracing.
*b. no external bracing.
c. the skin to carry most of the load to the wing butt.

5. The auxiliary (tail) rotor of a helicopter permits the pilot to compensate for and/or accomplish w
~ The auxiliary rotor located on the tail of a single main rotor helicopter compensates for torque an
@ The auxiliary rotor located on the tail of a single main rotor helicopter compensates for torque an
a. Attitude and airspeed.
b. Lateral and yaw position.
*c. Torque and directional control.

6. A reduction in anti-torque thrust will cause the


~ On a single-rotor helicopter with an antitorque tail rotor, the torque of the main rotor tends to r
@ On a single-rotor helicopter with an antitorque tail rotor, the torque of the main rotor tends to r
a. tail to pivot in the opposite direction of torque rotation around the main rotor axis.
*b. tail to pivot in the direction of torque rotation around the main rotor axis.
c. anti-torque system to become more efficient in the hover mode.

7. An airplane is controlled directionally about its vertical axis by the


~ An airplane is rotated about its vertical axis with the rudder, but directional flight is controlle
@ An airplane is rotated about its vertical axis with the rudder, but directional flight is controlle
*a. rudder.
b. elevator(s).
c. ailerons.

8. The elevators of a conventional airplane are used to provide rotation about the
~ The elevators rotate an airplane about its lateral axis to produce pitch.
@ The elevators rotate an airplane about its lateral axis to produce pitch.
a. longitudinal axis.
*b. lateral axis.
c. vertical axis.

9. What type of flap system increases the wing area and changes the wing camber?
~ Fowler flaps slide out and downward from the trailing edge of the wing. When lowered, they increase
@ Fowler flaps slide out and downward from the trailing edge of the wing. When lowered, they increase
*a. Fowler flaps.
b. Slotted flaps.
c. Split flaps.

10. The chord of a wing is measured from


~ The chord of a wing is the distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge.
@ The chord of a wing is the distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge.
a. wingtip to wingtip.
b. wing root to the wingtip.
*c. leading edge to trailing edge.

11. The purpose of wing slats is to


~ A wing slat allows an aircraft to fly at a higher angle of attack before it stalls. Allowing flight
@ A wing slat allows an aircraft to fly at a higher angle of attack before it stalls. Allowing flight
*a. reduce stalling speed.
b. decrease drag.
c. increase speed on takeoff.

12. The primary purpose of stall strips is to


~ Stall strips are small triangular wedges fastened to the leading edge of the wing in the root area.
@ Stall strips are small triangular wedges fastened to the leading edge of the wing in the root area.
a. provide added lift at slow speeds.
*b. stall the inboard portion of the wings first.
c. provide added lift at high angles of attack.

13. Where is the buttock line or buttline of an aircraft?


~ A buttock line on an aircraft is a width measurement to the left or right of, and parallel to, the
@ A buttock line on an aircraft is a width measurement to the left or right of, and parallel to, the
a. A height measurement left or right of, and perpendicular to, the horizontal centerline.
b. A width measurement left of, and perpendicular to, the vertical centerline.
*c. A width measurement left or right of, and parallel to, the vertical centerline.

14. Where is fuselage station No. 137 located?


~ Fuselage station 137 is located 137 inches aft of fuselage station 0 (the datum line).
@ Fuselage station 137 is located 137 inches aft of fuselage station 0 (the datum line).
a. 137 centimeters aft of the nose or fixed reference line.
*b. 137 inches aft of the zero or fixed reference line.
c. Aft of the engine.

15. The purpose of the vertical fin is to provide


~ The vertical fin on an airplane is used to provide directional stability.
@ The vertical fin on an airplane is used to provide directional stability.
*a. directional stability.
b. longitudinal stability.
c. lateral stability.

16. The purpose of spring tabs or servo tabs is to


~ Spring tabs and servo tabs are both used to assist the pilot in moving the control surface. A servo
@ Spring tabs and servo tabs are both used to assist the pilot in moving the control surface. A servo
*a. assist the pilot in moving the control surfaces.
b. contribute to the static balance of the control surface.
c. make in-flight trim adjustments possible.
A material is said to be perfectly elastic if
1. 
 it regains its original shape on removal of the load
2. 
 it does not regain its original shape at all
3. 
 It regains its original shape partially on removal of the load
4. 
 none of these.

Resistance of material against any external force is known as :


a) Stiffness
b) Malleability
c) Strength
d) Hardness

: Strength is that mechanical property of material by virtue of which it resists change in its dimension sh

The property of material to resist any elastic deformation is known as :


a) Stiffness
b) Hardness
c) Malleability
d) Strength
a
Explanation: Stiffness is the property of material to resist any elastic deformation. Larger the stiffness,

Resistance developed by surface of any material is known as :


a) Strength
b) Hardness
c) Stiffness
d) Creep
b
Explanation: Hardness is a surface property. Resistance developed by surface of any material is known

Permanent deformation of material with respect to time due to constant load and variable temperature
a) Elasticity
b) Isotropy
c) Hardness
d) Creep

d
Explanation: Creep is time and temperature dependent phenomenon. With the passage of time and oth

Material with same property in all direction may be termed as :


a) Creep
b) Anisotropy
c) Isotropy
d) Orthotropic
c
Explanation: Isotropic materials have same property in all directions. Crystalline substance are isotropi

Property by virtue of which material can absorb strain energy without plastic deformation is called :
a) Creep
b) Anisotropy
c) Resilience
d) Fatigue
c
Explanation: Resilience is related to strain energy. It tells how much strain energy a substance can stor

The property of a material which enables it to resist fracture due to high impact loads is known as
elasticity
endurance
strength
toughness
resilience

Resilience of a material is important, when it is subjected to


combined loading
fatigue
thermal stresses
wear and tear
shock loading

Stress concentration is caused due to


variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
pitting at points or area at which loads on a member are applied
abrupt change of section
all

Stress concentration in static loading is more serious in


ductile materials
brittle "
equaly serious in both
depends on other factoes

Stress concentration in cyclic loading is more serious in


ductile materials
brittle "
equaly serious in both
depends on other factoes

Yield point in fatigue loading as compared to static loading is


same
higher
lower
depends on other conditions
Resistance to fatigue of a meterial is measured by
youngs modulus
elastic limit
ultimate tensile strength
endurance limit

Maximum principle stress theory is applicable for


ductile materials
brittle materials
elastic materials
all

Aircraft body is usually fabricated by


welding
precasting
revetting
casting

When two springs are in series (stiffness k), the equivalent stifness is
k
k/2
2k
none

Al-alloys for engine/automobile parts are reinforced to increase their


(a) Strength (b) Wear resistance (c) Elastic modulus (d) Density
b
ed due to its elasticity. 

following? Select all correct answers.

sed by designers to minimise the effects of metal fatigue and corrosion?

lighter

ngle structure supports the entire load?

nsport aircraft?
s respectively meaning?

pport larger more and powerful aircraft?

ill start to lengthen and expand similar to a blown-up balloon. This is called longi

________ _______________
ssurised.

withstand the impact form a ____kg bird strike.

ing and emergency.

a main member. What is that member called?

skin or covering.
skin or covering.

ion from bending the fuselage?


gerons, which usually extend across several points of support. The longerons are supplemented by other longitudi
gerons, which usually extend across several points of support. The longerons are supplemented by other longitudi

ved is in the web of the spar, and there is very little strength lost by removing this material.
ved is in the web of the spar, and there is very little strength lost by removing this material.

are built in such a way that they carry all the bending and torsional loads. A cantilever wing uses no external
are built in such a way that they carry all the bending and torsional loads. A cantilever wing uses no external

for and/or accomplish which of the following?


ompensates for torque and provides for directional control.
ompensates for torque and provides for directional control.

he main rotor tends to rotate the fuselage in a clockwise direction as viewed from above. The tail rotor compens
he main rotor tends to rotate the fuselage in a clockwise direction as viewed from above. The tail rotor compens
rotor axis.

onal flight is controlled by a combination of the ailerons and the rudder. The ailerons tilt the lift produced b
onal flight is controlled by a combination of the ailerons and the rudder. The ailerons tilt the lift produced b

n lowered, they increase the wing area as well as the wing camber.
n lowered, they increase the wing area as well as the wing camber.
stalls. Allowing flight at a higher angle of attack reduces the stalling speed.
stalls. Allowing flight at a higher angle of attack reduces the stalling speed.

e wing in the root area. Stall strips cause the wing root to stall before the tip. This allows the pilot to have
e wing in the root area. Stall strips cause the wing root to stall before the tip. This allows the pilot to have

f, and parallel to, the vertical center line of an aircraft.


f, and parallel to, the vertical center line of an aircraft.
l centerline.

atum line).
atum line).

control surface. A servo tab is moved by the cockpit control and it produces an aerodynamic force that moves the
control surface. A servo tab is moved by the cockpit control and it produces an aerodynamic force that moves the
change in its dimension shape and any failure by application of any external force.

tion. Larger the stiffness, larger is the ability to resist deformation.

ce of any material is known as hardness

and variable temperature is known as :

he passage of time and other environmental condition, material may lead to fracture point.
ine substance are isotropic in nature.

deformation is called :

ergy a substance can store without fracture.

act loads is known as


orrosion?
his is called longitudinal and hoop stresses respectively.
ented by other longitudinal members called stringers.
ented by other longitudinal members called stringers.
er wing uses no external bracing.
er wing uses no external bracing.

. The tail rotor compensates for this by attempting to rotate the fuselage in a counterclockwise direction. Dec
. The tail rotor compensates for this by attempting to rotate the fuselage in a counterclockwise direction. Dec

tilt the lift produced by the airplane wings. This changes the direction of flight. The rudder alone controls t
tilt the lift produced by the airplane wings. This changes the direction of flight. The rudder alone controls t
allows the pilot to have aileron control during the stall.
allows the pilot to have aileron control during the stall.

mic force that moves the primary control on which it is mounted. A spring tab does not move until the aerodynam
mic force that moves the primary control on which it is mounted. A spring tab does not move until the aerodynam
lockwise direction. Decreasing the pitch of the tail rotor allows the torque of the main rotor to rotate the fu
lockwise direction. Decreasing the pitch of the tail rotor allows the torque of the main rotor to rotate the fu

rudder alone controls the rotation of the aircraft about its vertical axis.
rudder alone controls the rotation of the aircraft about its vertical axis.
ove until the aerodynamic forces on the control surface are great enough to compress the spring in the system l
ove until the aerodynamic forces on the control surface are great enough to compress the spring in the system l
n rotor to rotate the fuselage in a clockwise direction about the main-rotor axis.
n rotor to rotate the fuselage in a clockwise direction about the main-rotor axis.
e spring in the system linkage. When this spring is compressed, the tab deflects and produces an aerodynamic fo
e spring in the system linkage. When this spring is compressed, the tab deflects and produces an aerodynamic fo
oduces an aerodynamic force that aids the pilot in moving the control surface on which the tab is mounted.
oduces an aerodynamic force that aids the pilot in moving the control surface on which the tab is mounted.
he tab is mounted.
he tab is mounted.
Critical damping is the

Largest amount of damping for which no oscillation occurs in free vibration


 Incorrect
2
Smallest amount of damping for which no oscillation occurs in free vibration
 Correct Answer
3
Largest amount of damping for which the motion is simple harmonic in free vibration
4
Smallest amount of damping for which the motion is simple harmonic in free vibration

Critically damped system never executes a cycle, it approaches equilibrium with exponentially decaying displaceme

A machine of 250 kg mass is supported on springs of total stiffness 100 kN/m. Machine has an unbalanced rotating
e vibration

entially decaying displacement, because the system returns to equilibrium in fastest time without any oscillations and in critica

ne has an unbalanced rotating force of 350 N at speed of 3600 rpm. Assuming a damping factor of 0.15, the value of transmiss
any oscillations and in critically damped free vibrations, the damping force is just sufficient to dissipate the energy within one c

of 0.15, the value of transmissibility ratio is:


sipate the energy within one cycle of motion.

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