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CH A P I E R I

L A W A N D I T S SO U R CE S

I . W H a t L a w I a

1 . I n t r o d u c t o r
y

2 . M e a n i n
g
i n G e n e r a l

3 . N o n
ju r a l L a w

A . D i v i n e b a w

B . N a t u r a l L a w

C . M o r a l b a w

D P hy si c a l L a w

4 .
Ju r a i L a w

A . Co n n o t a t i o n s

1 . S
p
e c i f i c o r P a r t i c u l a r A s
p
e c t

(a ) P a r t i c u l a r s t r i c t s e n s e

(b) P a r ti c u la r l o o s e s e n s e

2 . C o l l e c t i v e o r A
g g
r e
g
a t e A s
p
e c t

B . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

1 . S u b s t a n t i v e b a w

(a ) S u b st a n t i v e p r iv a t e la w

(b ) Su b st a n t i v e p u b l i c l a w

2 . A d
je c t iv e L a w

(a ) A d j e c t iv e
p r iv a te l a w

(b ) A d j e c t i v e p u b l i c l a w

3 . S
p
e c i a 1 兀 a w

(a ) M il it a r y la w

雹 (b ) M a r t i a l l a w

(C) P u b li c i n t e r n a t i o n a l la w

II . W n a t J a w i # A l l A b o u t

5 . P e o
p
l e a n d T h i n
g
s

6 . H u m a n a n d C i v i l P e r s o n a l i t
y

III . S o u r c e s o f L a w

7 . U s e s o f t h e T e r m S o u r c e g

A . L i t e r a r
y
o r D o c u m e n t a r
y

B . F o r m a l

C . M a t e r i a l

1
2 L E GA L M ET H o D 3
L AW A I ID I TS S o l JR C E S

8 . L i t e r a r a a d l r˘ a t e r i a l S o u r c e s o f L aw
y

t o C ice r o t o A q u in as t o G r o t iu s t o H o lm es
A . B i n d i n So u r ces
fr om A r ist o t le

fe w
g

B u t s a m en h av e
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,
s t r a n
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an d o n l y b ec a u se t h ey e ith e r
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ag r eed
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a

be l o n g t o th e
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it fr o m th e sam e c o n n o t a t ion al a p p r o a ch .

t o c o n sid er
2 . L e
g
i s l a t i o n p en
(a m ea n in g s o r in ter p r et at io n s
de p at
) S t r i ct se n se a Jr e ,
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n itions
(b ) L o o se se n se
o r e x p l a n a t i o n s a b o u t l a w On e
im p r essio n s
.

w h il e o th er s
(C) C h a r a ct e r ist i c s
in N o u n iv e r s a l def i ni t i on h a s b e e n
(d ) Ce ssa t io n o f e f f e c t i v i t y th in g ,
how ev er ,
i s c e r t a .

3 Th e se ar ch an d st u d y is st i l l on . T h is
.
Ju d i c i a l P r e ce d e n t s su c c e s s f u l l y g iv en .

(a ) C o n c e p t a n d d e f i n i t i o n
d ist r es s i n g a s i t s o u n d s Y o u w il l r e a l i z e so o n e r
is
.
n o t a s
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n a t u r e o f t h e l a w
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th e ,
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o f t h e n a t u r e o f l e g a l p e r s o n s ,
l e
g
a l f a c t s ,
leg al t h in g s ,
a n d

B . P e r s u B s iv e S o u r c e s
n at u r a l l a w t

1 le g a l r e l a t i o n s o r t he p r o b l em
o f th e ,
i s n o

.
Ju r isp r u d e n t ia l O p i n i o n s ,

( a ) T r e a t i se s easily so lv e d o r a n s w e r e d .

(b ) D i ct a b y
Pg b s ba c k o f t h i s di f f i cul t y is th e id e a a d v a n c e d
( C ) G e n e r a l o p in i o n o f le g a l p r o f ess io n
a c a b l y c e

so m e th a t th e la w sh o u l d b e c o r s i d e r e d as im p l
2 .
Ju r a i p ri n ci p le a

( a ) V a l id it y i n t h e le g a l o r d er tain . Ce r t a i l 1l y at t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f t h i s v ex in g q u e st i o n
" "
(b ) B o d y o f r e m e d ia l Ru l e e
is n c e p t ig n t h a t t h e c o m p l e x t er m law i s a s
y

th e w isg o
hat it is m er el y t h e t ot a li ty o f
te m o f l e g al r u l e s o n l y , t

se n se
1 . W H AT L AW I S le g al sy m b o l s ,
t ha t it is t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s c o m m o n

u n i n it i a t e d o r t h e
S 미 코y - It is o b v i o u s t h a t u n l e ss t h e

T o a s k w h a t l a w i s a n d w h a t i t is au a b o u t is t o r a ise
p a r t i c u l a r
a

gin n e r in t h e s t u d y o f l a w u n d e r s t a n d s t h e

e st i on s t h a t w i l l c o m m a n d y o u r at t en t i o n a n d ex c i t e y o u r
qu d e fi n it i o n o r e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e
pr o ach o f t h e g i v e r o f t h e
m i n d d u T in
g y o u r e n t ir e r e si d e n c e in l a w sc r oo l . T he y ar e
sc h o o l
la w o r h e k n o w s t h e b a s i c t e a c h i n g s o f t h e p a r t i c u la r
n ot s i m p l e q u e st i o n s t o a n sw e r an d it is n o t s
y t o ar r iv e e
,

w h i ch t h e g iv e r o f t h e d e fi n i t i o n o T
o f j u r is p r u d en c e t o
a t a c o m p r eh e n s iv e d e fin i t i o n o f l a w . These ªu est ion s w il l
li k e stu d en t w i l l b

pl a n a t i o n b el o n g s , i t i s v e r
y
l y th at th e
keep y o u s ee k in g f o r t h e a n sw e r s ev en t o t h e en d o f y o u r
co m e co n f u se d an d l o st .

c ar e er . They ar e t h a t k in d o f a p r ob lem .

The an sw er s t o th e s e q u est io n s
w ill n o t o f c o u r s e

I . In tr o d u cto ry
l ear ned i n th is in t r o d u c t o r y co u r se . T h is ta sk c an n o t b e

V o lu m es h av e b e en w r it t en a b o u t la w . It can n ot b e do n e w i t h o u t o v e r st e p p in g t h e b o u n d s o f th is c o u r s e . The
ain s a id th a t m an y d e fin it i o n s h av e b een g iv en t o it P t
th e la w a n d it s b a s i c
g .

pu r su it o f th e st u d y of th e n a tu r e of
1
fe ss o r K en n eth R e d d en r ec o r d s i n h i s w o r k n o l ess t h a n
el em en ts ex t en d s t o o t h e r c ou r s es , n o t a bly in J u r is p r u d e n c e
" "
for ty -
s e v e n diE e r e n t d e fin i ti o n s o f th e c om p l ex t er m la w ,
an d in L E g a l P h i l o s o p h y . Ju st n o w , y
o u w i l l be in t r o d u c e d

b e c a u se a n e x p o su r e t o o t h e r s
1 A N
to th e p r el i m in a r y p r o b l e m s
I n Ta o n u c r o p V S T U DY OF T m P u LC E OF 1;A w u w o UR Cn r u a z

e f o r
5 ( 19 4 6 ) t a x seek in g m i n d an d n eg at e th e v e r y p u r p o s
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マ L AW AND ITS S o u R CE S 5
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w h i ch L eg a t e t h od . u r d i s u s e d i n t h e v e r
th e cou r s e in M o r , a s o t h e r l a w s c h o o l s
。
br o k en ,
i n t h e s e n s e t h i s w

c all it ,
I n t r o d u c t i o n o L a w h a s been d esig n e d .
Z
。

C
、
c u l a r . Bu t ,
le g a l l y sp e a k in g ,
i t c a n ,
f o r i t i s a l w a
y s s u b
jec t
t h e b o d y c o n s t it u t i o n all y au t h o

T h is ch ap ter w ill t h er ef o r e b e c o n f i n ed to r ep eal or am en d m en t b y

t o th e .
c o n no t

th ou g h r u le o f
tio n a l m e a n in g o f t h e t e r m
"
la w
"
d to t h e ex p lo r at i on iz e d to d o so . The p oin t is t h a t ev en a
a n of
th
•

v j o l a t e d b y t h e m em b e r s o f e c o

w h at la w is a ll a b o u t . T he en t i r el y
p h il osop h ical an d a b st r a c t act ion i s r ep e a t e d l y

a c t i o n w i l l c o n t in u e t o ex ist w it h i t s
ar t o f th e s u ch r u l e o f
p p r o b l e m o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l aw f o r m s m u n i ty
p ar t
o f th e m a r e a d v a n c e d in f o r c e a n cl e ff e c t
san c tion s
.
c o u r se s i n J u r i sp r u d e n c e an d L e g a l
P hil o s o p h y .
An m a ˘ c g i: ag y :W S E u f a a g g e me n t oF

consecut i vengs , O S: a g y uni f pg n n gv en g -m of ph e n

2 . M ea n in g in G en er al s d i v is i o n of
"
l a n
’
i s m o r e
w w 1 e t h is c a t e g o TV o r
m en a
In i t s w i d e st an d m o s t c o m p r eh e n s iv e l n a t u r e o r w i th p h y s ic al s c ie n c e
se n se p h v s ic a
,
,
t h e t e r m con c er n e d w i t h
" "
la w i s m a d e u o f t w o r e
:
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p g
a t i d e a s : n a m e l
y ,
r u l e s o acti o n it c a n n o t b e d e n i e ci
de r
-

an d o r s of se q u en c e . Thu s l a w in be e n tio n is d e fu ri t e l y i n c o n v e n i e n t an d h a r m f u l . Th e n u m e r a l s
, , g e n e r a l
,
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defin
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i ( 0)
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U .
o r o r o f seq u en c e f r o m or in t e g e r s :o n e z e r o

w h i ch an y b ein w h a t s o e v e r e i th e r i l l n o t s e q u en c e T h is sy st e m o f n u m er i ca l
g , o r c a n n o t
, o r am p l e o f a n o r d e r o f .

"
ou gh t n ot t o d e v ia t e .
a

ar r a n g e m e n t o r c o n s e c u t i v e n e s s c a n n o t b e uni l at er a1y v ar i e d

A r u l e o f a c t i a n i s d e fin e d as
"
a n de c i s i o n w it h o u t c e r t a i n u n p l e a s an t o r h a r m f u l c b n se q u e n c e s . A n
y m e a s u r e
, ,

pr ec e p t , o r r e
g
u l a t i o n
g
o v e r n i n a n a c t o r c o n d u c t t
n ex am p le o f a u n i f o r m i t y o f n a t u r e is t h e p u u o f g r av i t y .

g y , r a

a c t i o n o r
"

M i t i e s o f n a t u r e a n d p u t th em
p r o c e e d i n g i n c l u
Ther an m ay d isc o v e r t h e u æif o r m
4
, d i n i t s c o n s e u e n c e s e
g q .

ar e t w o im p or ta n t Ad v a n t a g e b u t it a p p e a r s t h a t n o h u m a n
m a t t er s th a t n o t e d in so f ar to h is u se an d

a s r u l es o f a c t i o n s a r e c o n c e r n e d . n du c t i s in c lu d e d m aa c an v io l a o a lm a n g e a n v i ger or n o t m of n h v s i c al

in th e d e fi n i t i o n o f n r u l e o f a c t i o n is n a t u r e w i t h ou t h ar n : l u l r esu l t s F o r on e t h in g t hey ar e
q u it e n e c essar y .
. ,

becau s e ,
i n t h e l e
g
a l o r d e r
,
t ha t is t o say i n law a n d g o im m u t a b l e f or t h e y ci o n o t a l t e r w i t h t im e a n d p l a c e . A n d
, .

er n m en t f o r b e a r a n c e w h i c h i s t h e i n t e n t i o n th en th ey ar e a b s o l u t e f o r t h e y d o n o t d e p en d o n t h e h u m a n
, , a l r e f r a i n i n f r o m
g

an a ct or ac tiv ity ,
i s a d i s h n c t l e g a l c o n c e t f r o m w h i c h w i ll b u t o p er a te in e v i t a b l y a d m it t in g o f n o ex c e p t io n . Thu s ,
p
•

c er t a in le g a l ef f e c t s a n d c o n se q u e n c es n o w . In o th er w o r d s a r u le o f a c t i on d i e s f r Dm a n o r d e r o f s e q u e n c e i n t h a t
,
:
in t h e l e g a l o r d e r je c t iv e for m e r is r e l a t i v e a n d t h e l a t t e r i s n o t

g
f o r b p a r a n c e w h e
, ,
i l e s u b o r i n w a r d ,
.

u n l i k e a p a sit i v e a c l .
w h ic h is o b j e c t iv e o r o u t w ar d ,
i s Fr o m w h a t h a s b e e n sa i d ,
i t f o u o w s t h a t t h e c o m
p
l e x

fu lly as s i g n ifi c a n t a s t h e l a t t e r . A gip l pj e ex am p l e o f a ter m

"
l a w
"
i n c l u d e s a t l e a s t f o t w d i s t i \ 1q t g r q u Q _
u n dw w h i c h

r u l e o f a c t i on i s a t r a f fic r e g u l at i o n p r o m u l g at ed b y t h e an y k in d o f r u l e o r o r d er c an b e cl assi f i ed .

d ¸ uj s nggi s i b: AF t
p o l ice d e p ar tm en t o f a t o w n o r c it y b y v ir t u e o f a mu n
gr ou o w h er g - UU - a n _ _ w h ich _
,

g
’

eip a l o r c i ty o r d in a n c e . A n o st a t u t e e
m in e th e a c t iv i t ig s gj m a n r g Æa . j trd e d .

. sggd - g g

a c t e d b y th e l e g i s l a t u r e o f a th in g th at i s t ha t
_ b e r e U Ja y r g a M _ w _ . A _ _ r u les w b ish P n H

sh o u l d b e c on si d e r e J is t h a t w h i l e a o f a ct i on ca n b e ni ai t beunat i o L ev e
- _ a m n i h _ in tin ts f _ d w L s a :tq s
_
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i d n mn Ja M i a n d
’
v i o l a te d b y an a c t o r f o r b e a r an c e i t c a r n o t h o w e v er b e U - _ g .
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P ASCUAL , C .
,
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7
GA L M ET H O D L AW A N D I TS

seq u e n c e th a t h av e
la w s an d r u l es w h i ch
W th e ar e r u l es o f a c t io n an d o r d e r s o f
mo y e me n s th er e
c as e i t i s
a n d c ou r s es o f in an im a t e b o d i es . 6
v i o l at e d I f t h is b e th e ,
t h e n
a r e e m b r a c e d
been c o n t i n u o u sl y
.
: u s e a .

a c t i on o r a n o r d er
On th e b asis o f t h e g en er al c a n c er ti an of t h e c o m p l ex in c o n s ist en t t o sa y th a t a r u l e o f
r a th e r
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La w
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it "
la te d ev iat e d f r om To
gi v or
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te r m en a b o v e is n ot ic ea b le v i o d .

, th a t th er e is a f o c al se q u en c e c a n n o t b e
o f
a s i ts r el ev a n c e t o
so f a r
poin t w h e r e aJ 1 r u l es of a c t i o n an d r ir de r s of se q u en c e a

con tin u e th e p r o
b l e m f u r th e r in

t h e in s ti t u t i o n a n d
ser t th e ir a q th a i t a t iv e n e ss
: . A n d t h is is th a t t h ose c o n c er n e d th e le g a l o r d e r in g i s c o n c e r n e d h o w c a n
"
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e n n o t
w i Jl c ease an d d e s is t b e e x p l a i n e d if m c a n
fr o m c er t a in a c t iv i ty i te n t ia r ies
or c on d u c t e x i st e n c e o f p e n
b

th e " "

cau se th e r esu l t o r con s e q u e n ce w il l e ith e r b e b a d or d r u l e s o f a c t i on Per h a p s T he n ,

t h e c a n n o t

de
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fr o m
i

v i a t e
a d v a n t a g e o u s T h is c an b e r ef er r e d sh o u l d b e d o n e a w a y w ith . B u t
t o as th e asp e ct n o n d e v ia t io n
.

o f n o
o f
c a t e g o r y
de v i a t i on fr o m w o u l d b e f o o lh a r d y The
a r n le of a c ti on o r o r d er of se q u e n c e . Of it is n o l ess ob v i o u s t h a t th is

tlm th er e is e l y t h e f o r c e w h i c h
a r e t h r e e t y p e s n o n d e v i a t i o n i s p r e c
’ ’ "
t w i t r y o f
, o :
c a n T t o t c a t e
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u n i sh i n g l a w b r e a k e r s .

(a ) th e w i u -
n o t c a t e
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o r
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. a ll o w s t h e l e g a l o r d e r t o c o n t in u e p
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p a r t
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ex p l ai n
(b ) th e c a n n o t c a t e
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o r
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o f n o n d e v i a t i o n , In o t h e r w o r d s ,
t he r e is n ee d t o

Th a t
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c a t e
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c a t eg a r y a f n o n d e v i a t io n . It . º 8p i . I æ9 a n ly t h is : _ . _ _ a9
d e v i a t
a n d h o w m a p j r t i p g e s p e r s o n
While th ese c a t e g o r ies o f n o n d e v ia t i o n h a v e a c o n u n o n m a t t er h o w o ft e n

o f e g u en c e h e c a n n o t
ac t i o n o r o r d e r
ch ar a cte r ist ic s , t h e
y
a r e
q
u i t e d i s t i n c t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r .
fr o m a r u l e o f _

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d im in i s h t h e e f f ic a c y Qf m u c h l es
The w i tZ -
n o t c a t e
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o r
y
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u en c e in v o l v e d
o r d e r o f q
•

tio n an d t o it m ay b e ascr i b ed th e sy m b ol T h is c h a n g e .
T he r u le o f a c t io n o r _
s e

( T ) .

s e q u e n c e w i ll c o n t in u e t o
a c t io n o r o r d er o f
m e an s th a t th er e is a r e a l d e t e r m in a t i o n t o a v o i d t h e v io l Su c h r u l e o f

s a n c t i o n s in f o r c e
t io n o f , o r t o a bide b y ,
r u l e s o f a c t i o n a n d o r d e r s o f
s ex i st w i th a l l i t s

qu en ce . Thu s ,
t h i s
p
o s i t i v e f o r c e c a r r i e s a c o m o t a t io n o i F r o m a l l th e f o r e g o in g ,
i t w i l l be n ot e d t h a t t h e r e a r e

" " th e n o
l a w s i n
pr os p e c t iv e n ess o r f u t u r it y . The c o n n o t c a t e
g
o r
y
i s t he la w s in t h e j u r a i s e n se j u s t a s t h e r e a r e

n eg a t i v e f o r m o f n o n d e v i a t io n . T his m a y b e r e p r e s en t e d ju r a i s en s e .

"
by th ( ) T fm L ’ "
e sy n l b o l m e aa s t h at
’
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. th er e is n o o th e r h
# L P .

;Z .
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w ay ex c ep t t o ob ey o r c o m p ly w ith a r u le o f a c t i on o r
3 . No n ju r al L a

T
r a l l aw o r l a w s
o r d e r o f se q u e n c e n o m a t t e r h a w m u c h t h e d e sir e e x is t s Ther e ar e f o u r k i n d s o f n o n j

l law l
to a c t o t h er w is e . Thu s ,
t his n e g a t i v e f o r c e is in d i c a t iv e
"
o f
"
m e t a l e g a l s e n se . t h ey a r e d iv in e •

@a w .
n a t u r a ,
m o r a

pr esen t o r a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n o f c o n f o r m i ty . The o u
g
ht -
n o t la w ,
a n d ph y sic a l l a w .

c at eg o r y is
中 o b li g a t o r y f o r m o f n on d e v ia t io n an d t h is m a y

be in d i c a t e d b y th e sy m b o l T his A . D rvn rE L w .

( o b ) . m ean s t h at t h er e

o f t h e aw o f re t

pe m s t o b e a ch oi c e b et w een a ct i on a n d i n a c tio n b u t f o r w ne n a p h i l o s o p h e
r -
th e o lo g ia n sp e a k s

o b v i o u s r e a so n s t h e r e is a d es is t an c e o r a b an d o n m en t o f th e

la t t er . T his o b f o r ce is d u e to th e as ser ti on p r esen t in

r a b o u t
t h is ca t e g or y th a t t o f ol l o w o r c on f or m t o a r u l e of ac t i o n pa r ai .
A n d th e eter n al w e k n o w th a t h e is t am g

or or d er of seq u en c e i s b e t te r th an t o r ef r ain f r am i t . div in e la w in t h e r i ct s en s e . In o th e r w o r d s ,

i t i s a

Th e r is a su p e r v ision o f h u m an
e p r o b l e m in v o l v e d i n c o n n e c ti o n w i th th e s e
syst p gf _
pr ec e p t s f ar t h e c on t r o l an d

By G
•

o n d c a te g o r y c f n o n d ev i a t i on . It is ob v i ou s en o u g h t h a t co n d u c t w h i ch m en b e li ev e t o h a \ .
e be en est ab Ls h ed
.
od .

6 P A SC U A L
, C .
,
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p
. D t .
, 2 . 1 Ib id .
8 L GA L M E T H OD L AW AND ITS S o u HCES 9

Thou gh th is su b sec t i o n is c o n c e r n ed r el a x a t io n a s w e l l hat t h e w or k er m ay æn d

w it h d iv in e l aw for r est a n d , t

in th e st r ict se n s e it w o u l d d ev e l o p m e n t t o o w h ic h t

b e b e st t o st a t e w h a t d i v in e r en e w e d st r e n g th a n d p h y si ca l , , ,

law i n g en e m i a sp ec t is In sp ir i t u a l g r o w t h ke for th e a b u n d an t
. th e g e
g al sen se ,
t he ge t h Ł r w it h t h e ,
m a

G r eek p h il osop h er s r e f e r r e d t o i t On th a t t h i s C o m m an d m en t is t h e b a sis o f

as t h e ze n ei e m . A s lif e . e m a y sa y

su c h it m a y b e
dg a ML a u a f so c i a l j u st i c e
Per h ap s an ot h er
y J+ o f Tul e w h ich d em o cr a tic c on c ep t
.

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,
.
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in h is in n i t e w i sd o m h as i n tp r i n t e d in ar d er The F i f th C o m m an d m e n t de a l in g
il l u
- -
,
0 11 w Ł+q l g J f st r a t io n is
_
, .
. . . .

J1 a l t ag e to i ts o p qr a t i o n s a n d n t s b y b id d in a n d d i r e c t in g r e s p e c t ,
g o v e r n a ll t h at t h er e is w it h th e h o n o r d u e p a r e g
.

in it .

t h em is r e l ig i o u s an d e t h i c al W e
T he
.

o b e d i en ce an d l o y al ty t o
p r e c ep ts o f d i v in e l a w i n it s s t r i c t s e n s e a r e e

t i t is m i s b as e d
bo d i ed in th e s a c r e d w r it in g s can s a y t h a t th e d em o c r a t i c c o n c e p t o f p a r o
o f th e v ar io u s r el i g ion s . A s
t h is is k n o w n on th is C o m m an d m e n t The r esp e c t ,
o b e d i e n c e a n d lo t
y a l y
in al l div
.

C h r is t en d om , in e la w i s f o u n d in
th e in d i sp e n s a b l e sp ir it of f a m il y
th e 0 1d an d N ew T e st a m en ts . In t h e 0 1d T est a m en t di v in e
du e o u r p ar en t s
f ost e r
,

la w is e m b o d i e d aff e c t i o n a n d a l l e g i a n c e w h i c h in t u m e n g e n d e r a n d p r o d u c e
in t h e T e n C o m m It
a n d m e n t s .
8

is sai d
n a t i o n o r s t a t e
that M os es ,
t h e
g
r e a t H e b r e w P k o h e t a n d l e a d e r r e c e iv e d
lo v e o f a n d l o y a l t y t o th e .

p , ’

b -
o m Go d A l m i g h ty th e T e n C o m m a n d m e n t s
Y
U n d e r t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t ,
div in e l a w is f ou n d b o th
.

i n t h e t e a c h in g s o f J e s u s
These C o m m
in th e T c n C o m m a n d m e n t s a n d
an d m en t s a lt h o u g h p u r ely r el ig io u s in n at u r e
a n d m e n t s
a n d c h a r a cte r h a v e a t t h e
Ch r ist ,
e i th e r in th e in t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th o s e C o m m
s am e t im e t r em en d o u s secu l ar
or in r e li g io u s o r e t h i c a l in s ig h ts The i nt e

g iv in g n e v .

sig n ifi c a n c e . Ther e i s sc a r c e l y a n e r a o r a n a r e a in a ll

e t at i on th e L o r d J e su s C h r i st t o th e s Sv e n t h
we s t e r n c iv il iz a t i o n a n d in pr g iv en b y
t h o s e w h i ch h a v e c o m e u n d er
C o m m a n d m e n t ill u str a t e s t h e fir s t a s p e c t o f H is t e a c h in g s .

its i nf l uenc e th at d id n o t h a v e i ts l a w s a n d c u st o m s a æ e c t e d

by th -

In T his C om m an d m en t ,
w h i c h d e f i n i t e l
y p
r o h i b i t s a d u l t e r y ,
w a s
e T en C o m m an d m e m s . d e e d ,
m a n
y o f t he d e m

b ter p r e t e d t o m e an as a m a t t e r o f h e a r t a n d m in d ,
t hat is
cr a t ic i d ea s a n d w a y s o f l i f e m a y b e s a id t o o w e t h e ir

ins -
tio
to say i t do e s n ot m ea n a c tu a l v i o l a t i o n o f th e l a w o f a d u

p h a n t o t h e T e n C o m m a n d m en t s . If an ex am p le i s
,

te r y on ly b u t in c l u d e s a s w e l l a n y u n h o ly d e s ir e o f t h e
n e c e s s a r y , i t i s f ur ni shed b y t h e F o u r th C om m a n d m en t w h ich

r eq u ir e s th se t t in g a si d e
He s h .
1 0
A n o t h e r e x a m p l e i s f o u n d in th e in t e r p r e t a t i o n g iv e
n
-
e ,
i n e v e r
y s e v e n d a y s
, o f o n e d a y

by J esu s C h r ist t o t h e S ix th C o m m an d m e n t ,
w hi c h de f

o f r e st b ot h f or t h e w o r s h ip o f G o d an d t h e w e l fa r 2 a n d
n i t e l y e s c a p e th e d a n g e r o f
v a l u e o f h u m a n lif e W o r k is p r o h ib it s k ill in g in o r d e r t o
n e c e ss ar y b u t s o is p e r i o d ic
.

ju d g m en t an i d a m n a t i o n . Th is w as in t e r p r e t e d t o i n c l u d e
r est n o t on l y f o r w o r s h i p a n d s p i r i tu a l d e v el o p m en t b u t
1
:
• 1
an g e r w i th o t c au se a n d f ai l u r e t o r e c o n c il e d iR e r e n c e s .

8 T h e
y a r e f o u n d i n som e w h a t d i f f e r e n t l an gu a ge in E x o D U S XX : 3 -
1 1 H e r e a c on t r ast is m a d e b e tw e en t h e o u t w ar d a c t o f k iu in g ,

a n d in D E u T o RO N O M Y V : 7 -
2 1 . A s l i
g
h t v a r i a t i o n i a f o u n d i n I E v
w h ich a j u d g e c an p a ss u p o n .

,
a n d th e in w a r d t h o u g h t o f
CUS x ix .

9 E x o DU S g j : 18 . I n t h e M u s l i m t r a d i t i o n d i v i n e l a w i s e m b o d i e d
de s t r o y in g a f e ll o w m an , p
hy si c a ll y o r ch ar a c te r al ly ,
w hi c h
,

in t h e Q • ’ " a s w e l l a s in t h e s u n n a a n d h a d i t h o f t h e p r o p h e t M o h a m •
God a l o n e c an j u d g e .
1 2

m ad . T h e
Q
u r an is r e g ar d e d b y t r a d it io n a l M u slim b e lie f a s t h e v e ry ’
w o r d s o f G od r e v e a le d t o M o h a m m e d t h r o u g h t h e a r c h a n g el C ab r iei .
The as p e c t o f C lu i s t s t e a c h i n
g
r e l a t i n g t o f r e s h r et

Th er e a r e c e r ta in sim i l a r i t i es b e t w ee n C h r i at i a n
t h e B ib le a n d t h e M
gio il l u s t r a t ed in H i s
u

u s o r et h ic a l in s ig h t s is v e r y w e l l
lim Q • r g n . N o t v e ry m a n y k n o w t h a t a M u aM m ca n n o t r e n m in a M u h
in c om p a r a b l e S er m on On t h e M o u n t
1a
e
g th e b ea t it u d e
li m . .
if h e d id b e lie v e i n M o ae s a n d ˙ h ri at T h er e a r e v e rse s o f t h e
, ,

Qu . An p r a i ai n g M o ae s a n d C h r i s t , a l t h o u
g
h c h r i s t w a s
p
l a c e d i n t h e

sta tu s o f a P r o p h e t T h e p o i n t o f U f f e r e n c e f o r t h e 1W u a l i m f a i t h i s i t s 10 S T . M am w V : 2 7 -
28 .

in a b ili t y t b •
u n derat a n d t h e d o c t r i n e s o f t h e T r in it y a n d t ile S o n ah i p o f 11 i b i d .
, 2 1 26 -
.

Jea u & C h r i st c u lm in a t in g i n t h e C r u c ifi x i o n . M u s l i m t r a d i t i o n b e u e v e a

12 P A S C U A L
, C .
,
O
p .
Dt .
,
6 .

’
th a t so m e o n e e l l e t oo k C h r i st s p l a c e o n t h e C r o s s a t C a l v a r
y . 13 S T . M Ar n m w . -
v ii .
 S o u RCES 11
10 L AW AND JT S
L E GA L M E T H OD

c pe
o m
t

w ill b e in d ir e c t
of a n d sep ar a t e f or ce . Oth e r w ise it
th ose w h o h a v e e n d u r e d
p e r se c u t i o n f )r th e ir u pr i g h

o f l eg al l y
in th e t as k
th e so v er e ig n w o f t h g g g p l e
n ess f o r t h e k in g d o m o f h e a v e n tion w ith
b e l o n g s t o th e m ,
14
o r t he l a w d e v o t e e : h is
T o t h e n at u r al
go o d n ess o f f o r g iv in g a n o th e r
’
s o æe n se f or i t m er i
’

ts G o d
’
s
or der g a c om m u n i ty .

tu r a l l a w o t h e

b u t t o t r e a t t h e n . A

h er et i c al
’
fo r g i v e n e ss o f o n e s o w n o ff e n se 1 5

The te a c h in g s o f
m a y sou n d
.
C h r is t c o u n t er
d e n t b u t w o u l d r u n
Jesu s m a y b e su m m a r iz ed w is e w o u ld n a t o n l y b e im p r u
in H is G r e a t C o m m an d m en t w h i c h w o u l d
o p le Su c h a n e v e n t u a l it y
so v er e ig n t y o f th e p e
.

en j o in s m e n t o l o v e G o d a n d o n e a n o t h er in t h e
to th e
m an n e r l
hey w il l
e o p l e t h e m se l v e s b e c a j s e t

of th e to v e o f J es u s be u n f or t u n a t e f or th e p
C h r is t f o r a l l .
1 6
T his is v e r y f am il iar
l a r g e en o u g h
’ b e th e s u e r e r s . N o c o m m u n it y is
as th e G ol d en R u l e A n d u lt im a t e ly
,
in K a n t s s y s t e m o f
g
e n e r a l tw h i g h ly
en o u g h t o c o n t a in o
kn l e n u m e r o u s
e t h i c s , i t i s o w n a s t h e c a t e g o r ic a l im p e r a t i v e a n d n o p e o p
an d t h e
f o r ce s c lai m i n g t h e s o v e r e ig n p o w e r
eff e ct iv e ,
o n e

B N ATUr Al L a w d i sc i p l in e o f th e n a t u r a l a w . The r esu l t

.
, .
o t h er c l a im in g t h e

b e tw e e n t h e t w o . Ra th e ,
r th e
n

w n en j u r isp r u d e n t s a n d j u r is t s s p ea k o f th e d is c i p l i n e
w o u l d o n ly b e a conf l i ct
o r
fa ir tu la w s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d o n l y a s a ju r is t ic g u id e
o f r i
g h l e J u s s , ju sti ce , n e ss , a n d e q u i l , i n s
p i
r e d by i
r a l
j
l a t io n a n d J . . E l a m e n t o f ta w a n d
th e p r o m u g
f o f p
w ar d im p r es sio n in m a n a s t h e d ic t a tes a f st a n d a r d
h is h ig h er n a tu r e
o r d e r in g o f th e c o m m u n i l _y .

t th e e m e n t o f t h e l e g al
o g u id e h u m a n c o n d u c t in th e o b se r v a n c e u f r u l es e x e r c i s e
im p r o v
,

r e l a t e d t o d iv in e l a w
o f r i g h t s , p
e r form an c e o f d u t i es , a n d pr e ser v a t ion a f o r d er W n ile th e n a t u r a l l a w is c l o se l y ,

an d u n i ty
1 7
h ey ar e t a lk in g how ev e r he sam e D iv in e l a w a s t he l a w
, t a b ou t th e n a t u r al l a w . it th ey ar e n o t , ,
t . ,

is fo r u l g a t e d a n d r e v e a l e d t o
sai d th a t th e fir s t t v m p o s t u l a te s a r e th e m or e ca n p r o f r e li g io u s fa ith ,
i s m a u y p r o m
i
he n siv e o n e s din h u m a n t h e v a r io u s m e a n s o f d iv in e r e v e l a t io n ,
s u c h
, t r a n s c e n
g n o t io n s an d c h a n ge s w h il e m an th r o u g h

th e l t t w o a r e t h e n a r r o w e r dr e a m O T d e e r e l i g i o u s e x e r i e n c e . On
p o s t u l a t e s c on fin e d as v i s i o n m s t i c p p
g t o th e , , y ,
l
h js e d
r e n d e r in g t o e v e r y o
g _ _ _
du e .
th e o t h er h a n d ,
t he n a t u r a l l a w i s s a i d t o b e m p r e s s
i n

s e l f a t t h e v e r y m o m e n t o f
T hose w h o a c c ep t th e n a t u r a l m an as th e c or e o f h is h ig h e r
l a w th e o r y st o u t ly ma i

tain be in hap s bef or e t h at In o t h e r w o r d s div in e

t h a t i t is a h i g h e r l a w ,
i n de e d a cr ite r i o n o r st a n d a r d g , o r , p
e r ,
e v e n . ,

n a t u r a l l a w ˝ s t h e
la
-

w ith w h ic h w is t h e e t e r n a l l a w o f G o d w h i l e t h e
t o m e a su r e th e v a li d it y o f cts d on e b y
p r iv a t e
a

er so n s ar t i cip a t i on o f m a n in t h e d iv in e l a w
m
A n o t h er d i R e

an d b y B p
.

p t h e g o v er n m e n t i tse lf . u t w h e n t h e h i
g

e n c di v
-

l a w
est co u r t ,
for in st an c e ,
de l a r e s st a t u t e s n u l l a n d v o i d b
˘ l a w is t h e wi t t en w h i l e t h e n a t u r a l
’
l
’

u r p o s e a n d
c au se su ch en a c tm en t s o f t
he le g is l a t iv e b r a n c h a r e th o u g h t
is th e u r a at r i t i e n e x p o s it io n o f G o d s e t e r n a
p
to b e v i o l a t iv e o f t h e n a t , 11 a w o r a n y o t i t s p o s t u l a t e s ,
r eason f or m an .

su ch c o u r t r e a ll y lo o k s o n ly u s e s
t o i ts o w n su b j e c tiv e b el iefs Ther e h a v e b e e n s e v e r a l s t r i k i n g a n d p r q v o c a t
i v e

as t o w h a t is r i g h t e o u s , ju st , f a i r , a n d eq u a l . In s q d e jg g ,
o f th e n a t u r a l l a w t h e o r y in t h e l e g a l o r d e r in g o f a p o l i
•

th e r e s e em s t o b e n o q u e st i o n th a t i t a c tu a lly c r e a t es tical ly b u t th e y w i l l n o t b e d isc u ss e d h e r e

p o licy , o r g an iz e d s oc i e t y
w h ic h i n a r e u bli c a n s t at e h a
p p e n s fo r th ey an o th e r c o u r s e
p r o p e r l y b e l o n g
, p t o b e t h e s o l e s
o
t o .
,

er e ig n p r e r o g a t iv e o f t h e 0
p e o p l e . 1e d i sc ip l in e o f t h e n

tu r a l l a w sh o u ld n o t , t he r e f o r e ,
be c o n sid er e d a s a d ist in c t
C . M oM L I AW .

sp e ak in g o f
w ne n a m o r aJi st t a l k s o f m o r al l a w h e is
14 I b i d . V : 1 0 .
,
l e
th e sy s t e m or t o t a l it y o f d e sir a b l e e x p e r i en c e s o f t h e p e o p

16 S r in r e s p o n s ib il i t y o f th e c o ll e c ti v e c o n s c io u sn e s s
Jo T h ia b o r n e
’
H N - : 12 is m ar at
. .
m y ’ " m a . D m ’ "
;
.
T ha t y e lo v e o n e
"
a n o th er a a I h a v e lo v ed y o u .

I P A SC U A L it. m I b id
, C .
,
O
p
. c 9 .
.
,
1 5 .
12 L E GA L M E T H OD
L AW A ND I TS S o u RCES 13

or th e p u b l ic s e n s e o f r i
g h t a n d w r o n g
p h y si c a l p h e n o m
en a
f o r t h e c o n t r o l a n d la w M an y p er s o n s
c a ll th e se
phy si ca l
.

su p e r v i si o n of t h e a c tiv it ie s a n d f r o m t h e
m a n n er s o f t h e Th e s e sh o u l d b e d is t in g u ish e d
p e o p l e in as law s of n a t u r e .

r e s p ec t o f o n e a n o th e r .
1 9

T h is sy st e m of e th i cs i s b ase d o n a r b n o m e a n s t h e s a m e . Ex am p les
n at u r al l a w ,
f o r t h e y e y
th e a b so lu t e n or m s o f g o o d
’

an d v ir t u o u s Th e m or e c on s p ic u o u s on es a r e
c o n d u ct . Thu s , of i al
p h y s c
aw ar e m an y .

m or a l n o r m s ar e v i e w e d a s e f f e c t iv e an d i t ion a n d ch em i c a l c o m b in a t i o n .

a u t h o r it a t iv e . In th e p h en o m
en a of g r a v t a
o th er w o r d s , t hey ar e a s d i ff i c u l t t o u n if a r m it i e s an d o r d e r s o f
ch an ge a s th e n u m e r o u s
th ey ar e t o They ar e t w o o f
r etr a c t . A v e r y g o o d ex a m
p l e i s t h e m o r a l h a r m t h a t l w or l d
th e p h y si c a
.

sp o u s e s m u st b e f ai th fu l t o e a ch o th er It is in c o n ce iv a b l e
d r y s i ga l lat t
.

ch q a c t er i ze d b y i m p e r :
th a t t h is m o r al n o r m w i l l
T he n o r m s o f a r
_

su ff e r a c h an g e o r r et r a c t ion b e c au s e t h e y
.

t iv en e ss an d r e g u l ar iw , They ar e im p e r a t iv e
The n or m s o f m a r a t l aw a r e e ff e c t i v e d e sp i t e th e l a c k
ar e im m u t a b l e a n d a b so l u t e . .
If ,
f o r i n s t a n c e , o n e s h o u l d

o f t r ib u n a l s t o a d m in is t e r t h e m . B u t t h ey f o r c e ob e d i en c e i s f i x e d t h a t h e w o u l d f a l l t o
o f a w w d o w i t
a n d d isc o u r a g e t r a n s r e ssi o n
ju m p ou t ,

g in m a n w a y s F ir h y d r o g en
y st i s t h e a t o m s of or d in a r y
Or t w o
.

th sh o u l d
fea r " " e g r o u n d .

o f t h e s a t i r i c s a n c t i o n t h a t
, i s t h e r i d i c u l e o
e d t h a t t h e w o u l d
, t h a t f
a t o m o f o x y g e n u n i t e i t i s f i x y
an d on e ,
lo w d i sr e g a r d o f t h e n o r m s o f m o r a l l aw . T he secon d i s a t e r o r a m o l e c u l e o f h e a v y w a t e r
th
fo r m a m o le c u l e o f w
e w i ll o r w i sh n o t t o f o r f e i t th e r e sp e ct a n d est eem an d o n e a t om o f
o f
a t om s o f h e av y h y d r o g en
if it w er e t w o
th e so cie t y in w h i c h a n i n d iv i d u a l m o v es a n d l iv es i a l l a w a r e l i k ew i se r e gu l
The p h y s q
a
.

ox y g e n . n o r rp s o f
M la w
;/
or a l i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h n or in t h e i r
d i v in e l a w in t h a t t h e b r e a k in t h e ir o p e r a t i gn
be c a u se t h er e is n o
a b so lu t e r e c e p t s o f
•

The i n
g o a d , r i
g
h t a n d v i r t u o u s c o n du ct a r e on c e t h e y a r e s et i n o p er z t i o p .
r
p e s o
n
s eq u en c e
th e b a sis o f i t s n o r m s B u t m o r a l la w b y h i m s ei c u t o r
.
i s n o t ex a ct ly a b o v e c a n n o t
th e fi r s t ex a m p l e g i v e n
di v in e l a w f o r t h e f o r m e r is n o t n e c e ss a r i l y c o n c er n e d a t o m s o f h y d r o g e n
w i t h
ar r est h i s f a ll . N e it h e r w il l t h e tw o
r e l i g i o u s A
-
f a it h a n d ˘ o t h e r
p r a c t i c e a n m a y n ot h a v e r elig i o n a t o m o f o x y g e n u n i t e t o f o r m a m o l e c u l e
an d th e
an d s t i ll b e e th i c a l T o p u t t h is i n an o t h e r w ay d e v i a t i o n is v i s it ed b y c er t a in
It
.

, d i v i n e
th an w a t e r . follow s t h a t
a w in i t s st r i c t s e n s e is t h e l a w o f r e l ig io u s f a i th w h i l e
u n p le a s a n t o r h a r m f u l c o n seq u en c e s .

m o r a l l a w i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h e t h i c a l ly d e si r a b l e n or m s o f

go a d m a n n e r s a n d r i g h t c on d u c t M o r a l l a w is n o t al so
Ju
.

4 . r ai l aw
sim i l a r t o th e n a t u r al l a w . The l at t er is s t r ic tl y me t
" "
le t in r e e su g g est iv e
The j u r aJ t er m la w c a r r i e s a t ast
ph y si c a l in f o u n d a t i o n w h il e m o r a l l a w is et h i c a l i n f o u n d a ;
o f i m m

t w o a r e
;: F b e g i n n e r t h e f i r st
tio n .
’

T he n o r m s o f m o r al r esp o n s ib il it y a r e n o t a lso
si gni f i cance . o r t h e

A ea d y m en t io n ed a b o v e Th e

i ta r dia t e im p o r t an c e t o h i m . s a k .

t o :h e n o r m s o f s o c i a l l i v i n g . The l a t t e r a r e a m a t te r
•
d w it h t h e m e t a p h y sic a l
th i r d c o n n o t a t i o n ,
w h i c h i s c o n c e r n e

o f
q u i c k l y c h a n g in g t im e s an d c ir c u m st a n c es . In d e ed t h e y o f
p ar t
,
o f l a w i5 n o t a
or a b st r a c t a sp e ct o r s i g n ifi c a n c e
v ar y w it h e a ch e t h n i c g r o u p a n d m a y ev en c h an g e in th e
m u c h
it h er e th a t
th is in tr o d u c to r y c ou r se . Suf f i ce t o sa y
sam e p lac e a t d if f e r en t t i m es .

t h ir d se n s e or a sp ec t . T h is i s
ha s b ee n w r it t en a b o u t th e
r u d e n ce
n u m b er o f sch o ol s o f j u r is p
D . PH Y SI CA L L A W . du e t o th e ex is t e n c e o f a
’

i n t h e d il f e r e n t v iew s
b u t conf l i ct
The im p a t i e n t se es n o t h in g
Wn en a sc i e n t i s t sp e a k s of t h e p h y s ic al b eh a v i ar s an d as r el a t e d
th ese v ie w s
held an d e x p r e sse d . Oth er s c o n si d e r
ph e n o m en a th at h u m an b ei n g s a n d d u m b c r e a t u r es f ee l an d
la w T he en t w r ite r
id e a -
p r es
g r e a t
.

a sp ec t s o f j u st o n e
se n se in th e o p e r a t i o n o f th e u n i v e r s e e
p h r as
h e i s t a l k i n a b o u t
, b o r r o w a
g
l ik es t o se e it in t h is li g h t ,
f o r 1 a w (t o
In ju " t ic
:
a
th in g d e e d w h e n
19 I b i d . 1 6
-
17 . is in d eed a m an y sp l e n d o r e d . ,
,
 14 L˘ 15
GA L M E TH oD LAW A I JD I TS S Ot c ES

sch o o l c on sid er s f o r th e c o
t h e n a t u r e o f th e in c en t i v e s a r e a t t a ch ed is a st at u te p r o v i d in g
l aw , i t
p
e r c e i v e s i t o n ly
in p a r t i fr om er t t ax es lu d in g a ccr u ed
,
. e .
, a p a r t icu l ar ob ser v at i on
p o st o r do n at i o n o f u n p a i d r ea l p r o p y ,
i n c

p o in t of
v i ew . B u t l ik e th e f ic e t s of in de d th e t a x f or t h e cu r r en t y e a r h as b een
, a d i am on d
, t hese d if f e r e n t a
t er es ts , p
r o v i

p ect s c om b in e t og eth er o b v i o u s
t o g iv e t h e la w i ts f a sc in a t i n b r il • paid . The p u r p
o se i s q u i te
.

g
lian c e an d d ig n it y he o t h er h an d c i v i n t e

.
A leg al san ct ion ,
o n t :
i s a c o e r e

e n t im p o s e d o n a v io l at i on
v e n t io n o r a n e v m t u a l p u n ish m
A . C o r ,r N O T A N o N s
w h ich
.

o f a r u l e )r r eg u l at i on . A n e x a m p le o f a l a w t o
The j u r a i t e r m
"
’
"
d in i f or i

sen se i n t he
W
i s u s e t h e speci f i c o r
gt i cul ar .
s a n c t i Dn s ar e a t t a ch ed w o u l d b e a st at u te p r o v d in g
o f
r c ase
, ag g r e g a t g
e 9 g . B in t
h pr i so n m e n t a n d l o r p ay m
e n t o f f i nes or d am a g e s in

er ic or a b st r c t sg g ge The a b v io u s
fi r s t a n d The p u r p ose
is al so q u it e
. .
sec o n d c om l v is io n s
sen s es v io l at i on o f it s p r o
.

p r ise w h a t h as b ee n c a l l e d ’
t h e t a w y e r s law , a l th o u g h : h is
is n o t a h a p p y t er m . For j u r isp r u d e n c e it i s b e t t e r r ef e r r e d (b) P r ti cu lu r lo o s e t er m .

" "
t o as t h e p o si t i v e oT e n a c t ed l a w te r m w o r d la w m e a n s a n
As l r l oo se t h e y
a p ar t icu a ,

f o r m u l a t e d o r a d ap t e d
’

r u le o r r e u la t i on ,
o p o
p n io n d u ty
1 . Sp e c i j i c or P a r t i c u la r A s p e c t
, g
.

by som e r esp o n sib l e pe r so n , a n a u t ho r iz e d o f f ic i a l ,

o r a n

" " "

The ter m law i s u s e d i n i t s a r t i c u l a r In t h i s sen se t he t er m
"
law a l so
o r s e c i f i c t h e S t a t a
a
p p agen c y of ,

p e et w h e n o r if it is " "
f o r m u l zi t i o n
p r e c e d e d b y t h e l e g is l a t iv e in
- .
in d e fi n i t e a r t i c l e a on tr a c t f or it is a l so
.
m ean s a
r
Thu s w hen som eo n e f o r e x le "
This is
"
e ar e s a i d t o b e sol e m n l y
p a r t i s
, a m s a y s , l a w
, p , a , A n d s o t h e c o n t r a c t in g
it is k n o w n t h a t h e i s u sin g
"
law
"
de d f co u r se he agr e

t h e t e r m i n i t s s p e c i fi c m ak in g l a w f o r th e m s e l v e s , p
r o v i ,
o ,
t

o r p a r t i c u l a r asp e c t . Thu s , i t i s u s e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o m en t i s n o t c o n t r ar y t o l a w o r s o c i a l i n . Te r est . W n il e t h ese

" " " "
ky o r b gt = .

r u les r e g u l a t ion s o i n i o n s , a n d c o n tr act s ar e n ot st at u t es

, , p

ln t h e speci f i c o r p a r ticu l ar se n se ,
t h e t e r m
"
la w
"
i s en ac ted b y th e l a w m a k in g b o d y o f th e S t a t e ,
t h e
y
a r e n e v
e

fu r t h e r u se d in t w o w a y s . F ir s t , i n i t s
p
a r t ic u l a r s tr ic t th ele ss a u th o r it a t iv e a n d b in d in g b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e t h e f o r c e

sen se . Se c o n d , i n i t s
p
a r t i c u l a r Zo o s e s e n s e .
2 0
an d e ff ec t o f l a w .

icu
-
`" " m bl e of . _ I e f or m u l a t e d b y a n a g e n cy o f t h e

(a ) P a r i
•
lo r s tr i ct t em .

u r e f o r m u l a t e d
Sta te is a u l e o f c iv il o r c r im in a l p r o c e d
" " : t
In th is asp e c t ,
t he te r m l a w m e a n . . a s tat u t e w h ich t h e l e g i sl a t u r e
Cou It h y
is a w r i t t e n e n a c t m e n t o f t h e l e g i sl a t u r e 0
’

Slat e t o w h ich
by th e Supr cpe r t . is n o t p a ssed
a
A n ex am p le of a r eg u l a ti on
bu t it i5 n o n e t h e l e s s a l a w .

c e r t ai n def i ni t e i n c en tiv es a n d / o r s an c t i o n s a r e a t t a ch ed t o o f t h e
S tat e is a r e g u l a t io n
issu ed b y a n a g en c y o f th e
fu r n ish t h e m e an s o f c om p u lsi o n a n d o b ed i en c e . I t is r a t h er
a cc or d in g t o its
Cen t r al B an k o f t h e P h il i p p in es iss u e d
in c o r r ec t t o sa y t h a t a s t a t u Le i s on e t o w h i ch on l y s a n

Z Ga z e t t e gov e
r

in t h e o u i cia a
d u l y p u b Ls h ed
-
,
ch ar t er an d
tio n s h a v e b een a t t a c h e d In o t h e r w o r d s a s t a t u t e i s n o t
r e g u l a ti on s b av e
ww1 e t h
.
, 2 1
ese r u les an d
m en t p u b l i c a t i on .

n e c e ssa r i l y a la w t o w h i ch o n l y sa n c ti on s o r p u n ish m e n t s d o es n o t
d

b een e n a ct e d b y th e l e g i sl a t u r e th a t f a ct
n o t
ar e a t t a c h ed . A n e n a c tm en t m a y h av e on l y in c en t i v es a

ŁE ect
tr act f r o m t h ei r f o r ce an d .

ta ch ed t o it a n d s t il l b e a b in d in g s t a t u t
r e sp o n si b l e p e

A n e x am p l e o f an . o
p in i o n g iv
en b y a
A leg al in c e n t iv e is a s ti m u l u s or m o t iv e d e v e l o p e d case or
s o n m o r e o h m c a ll e d a j u r i st ,
h a n de d d o w n in a
,
th r o u g h so m e e x tr a n e o u s in i l u e n c e o p er a tin g o n th e i nd i v
"
•

ten d en cy
"
d o c t r i n Ø o s i t e d by
de c i s i o n ,
i s t h e d a n
g
e r o u s p

du al m em b er s o f so c i gt y . A n ex a m p l e of a l aw t o w h ich

21 p eo le N o -
79 1 , M a n h 2 9 , 1 9 5 4 .

Qu o
6

F P o L ay ,
G . R . . L

p .

ZO b i d . 20 .
,
 16 L E GA L M E T H OD S o u RC ES 17
La w A ND ITS

N& . Ju stice G eor g e M a lc o l m o f t h e S u p r em e ex a m p le is th e L nm o f M as sa c h u se t t s ,

C o u r t o f t h e St i l l an ot h er
Staß e s .

-
+ h il ip p in es . It w as fir s t en u n c ia t ed in th is sec o n d u se of th e t er m
"
la w
"
i n t he
j u r i sd i ct i on in A n ex am p le o f th e
th e l e ad in g c ase of P eo p l e U Per ez 2 2

In sen s e i s t h e C iu i l L a u) . An ot h er
a v er y sim p l e ag g r e g ate
. .
w a y c ol le ct iv e or
"
i s
o f p u t ti n g it , t h e dan g er ou s t en d e n c
y
"
do c t r in e is a c ons is th e C r i m i Tt a l L a u ) . St i l l an o t h er e x a m p l e
ex am p le
t

t u t i o n a l t es u sed in g au g in g In w o r d s a l l par tic u l a r o r

y w h en a ct s an d 11t t e r a n c e s a
F
e th e C o m m er c ia l L a u ) .
o t h er ,

a t u r e fa l l
se d i ti o u s l ai d w h en p u b li c a t i on s ar e sc u r r i l ou s li b e l s la w w h i c h a r e fo r in s t a n c e , p
e n a l i n n

th
a g a in s t
speci f i c s ,

e g o v er n m en t . Thu s i f th e w o r d s em p l oy ed b y a C r im in a l L a w
p er son
, .

u n d er
ar e u sed b y h im in su ch m a l i e r a n d c ir c u m st an c es a n d
:p
B CL A S S I F I C A T I ON
t d
.

ar e of su c h a n a tm e a s to to cr e at e
.

a d n g e r o f d i

a sci ent i f i c an d l o g ic a l
l a w in
tu r b i n g t h e Th e b asis f o r c l as sif y i n g
p e a c e a n d p u b l i c u p r is i n
g , t hen su c h u t t e r a n c es
su c h
in t r o d u c t o r y c o u r se
an d n ot f e w B u t in an
p u b lic a t i on s ar e c on sid er e d m an n er a r e .

se d i t i o u s o r sc u r r il o u s l i b el ,
t o c o n s i d er t h e sg 9P e a n d m a in
b e b e st
a n d ,
t h e r e f o r e
, p
u n i s hab l e d esp it e th e c l a im o f th e p er so n
as th is it w o u l d
•
_

se w e a v i n
n a t u r g an d i t s p g , g
in v o l v e d t h a t h e h a s f r e e d o m o f sp e e c h a n d f r e e d o m di v i si on s o f law a s t o i t s p g
o f a

o r l e g a l r el a t i o n s
t h e ch a r a c t e r o f t h e j u r a i
p u b l ish in g h i s i d e a s . A n o th er e x a m p le o f an o p in io n o f
in t o th e m

a r e sp on s ib le p e r s o n ,
c a l l e d a ,
ju r is p r u d en t i s a c o m m e n t a r
fect ed .

, y
l a u c in t o
c l a s s i fi c a t i o n e n v i sa g e s P : i t w
oT o p in i o n o f r e sp e ct e d l e g a l c o m m e n t a t o r th a t h a s b e en
T his m a n n er o f
q

a d ap ted b y a c o u Tt . So m e o f D e an S in g a
’
s o i n i o n s h a v e
th r e e d iv i si o n s ,
n a m e l
y :
-

1 hs an L

been a d a p t ed b y t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e P h il i p p in e s
p

So
i a L i a L i
a¸
.

t im eg g
ha ea @ g m ga a r y g gj
v e t h e o p i n i o n s o f f o r m e r C h i e f J u st i c e M a n u e l V . M or an
d i
@ t h ese
v

o f
in n a ap ar t f r om t h e fir st t w o gr o u p s .

- o n
.
Th e R u l es o f C ou r t in th e P h i l ip p in e s .

r el a t ion s i
pu b li c
• ate ,
e .
,
,

: A n e x a m p l e o f a n _ o
pin i o n b y an a u t h o r i z e d o ff i c i a l o f
S t a t e w it h
t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t h e
t h e l e g a l r u l es r e g u l at e
th e w h en
g ov e r n m en t w i t h t h e f o r c e o f l a w ,
e s
p e c i a l l
y
i n t h e
p
r

a n d v i c e v e r s a a n d
in d iv i d u a l m e m b e r s o f s o c i ety ,
a d m i n i st r a t iv e b r an c h i s a r u l i n o r o i n i o n o f t he S e cr e t a r y th e
, g p
i nd i
v

r e l a t i o n s o f
o f J u sti ce Be in g th e ch ief l e g a l o f f ic e r o f t h e v at e w h e n t h e le g al r u l e s r e g u l a t e t h e
g o v e r n m e n t
,
,
l i
g

r ig h ts a n d
du als w i th o n e an ot h e r . T his m e an s t h a t
his op in io n s a r e f o l l o w e d a l t h o u g h t h ey a r e n o t p as se d b y
r e
g

c o n c o m i t t a n t r u l e s an d
w o r t h l ess w i t h o u t t h e
th e l eg isl a t u r e .
tion s ar e
A n d
:
u r s e t her e
ia t io n s t o p r ot e c t
o r en f o r c e th e m .
,
o f
g ,

o f t h e t e r w it h o u t
w o u l d b e n o r e as o n f or t h e ex is t en c e
2 . Co u e c t i u e or A g g r e g a t e A sp ec t .

" " th e f or m er .

A s a c o ll e c t i v e o r a g g r eg a te t e r m , t he w or d law m e a n s
t o d efy c l as s

la w w h ich see m s
Ther e is on e d iv ision of
th e g r o ss o r b u lk o f sp e c if i c p a r t i c u l a r l a w s .

fy cr im in al l aw
c l a s s i
" "
fi c a t i o n . Sa m e w r it e r s ,
l i k e H o l l a n d ,

In th is sen se ,
t he t er m l a w i s f u r t h e r u s e d i n t w o
z a a l m o n d, c l a s s i fy it •
a s
p r

F u b li c
l i k
as ,
w h i l e o t h e r s , e S

w a y s .
Pam a it is u sed t o in d ic a te th e m aa of p a r tic u la r
v a t e
2 4
I t a e a r s h o w e v e r
,
t hat cr im in al Law is m or e p u b
li c
, p p ,

o r s p e c if i c ia w s s e
@m it is u sed in or d e r t o i n d i c a t e i b e c a u se it d e al s
Ce p u b l c
.
i s r t ly
.
th an p r iv a t e . r ta i n l y i t p a
th e d et er m in a t e su b jg c t m a t ter u n d e r . p
a r
fi f# n EH O
T r e l a t i o n s o f t h e S t at e w it h t h e m em b er s
in
.

w i t h t h e
p ar t
gm law s ar e cl as si f i gd of su b su m ed .

of s ocie ty as it is p a r t ly
t
p r iv a e
b ec a u se i t d e a l s i n p a
r t

-
An ex am p le o f th e fI J s t u se i s t h e L o m o f th e P h i lip
w i t h t h e r e l a t i o n s o f in d i v id u a l s w ith on e an o th e r

pin e s . A n o t h er ex a m p l e is t h e F e d epa l L a w o th e U n i t Je d
2a a E d 3 7 3 .

J u p rs p RUn E n C
3 6 4
1 3 t h . , ,
,

22 4 5 P hil 599 ( 19 2 3 ) H tU D E N CQ 7t h E d 1 ,

Ju E
. 5 4
. . 2 4 ,
.
18 L E GA L M ETH o D
L AW A N D I TS S o u RCES 19

1 . Su b s t a r Lt i u e •
L a w .

b lic o ffic e r s in r e l a t i o n t o p r iv a t e p e r s on s . It a l so i

pu
A s ah e a d y m e n t i o n e d T hir d
ab o v e , s u bst a n t iv e l aw r ef er s to el u d es t h e l a w on p u b l i c o f f ic e r s
’
a n d th e e l e c t i on la w .

th at p or t i o n o f th e b o d y o f l a w
d e æn m c o n t ai n i n g r ig h ts is c r i m in a l l a w . T his is t h bo d y of l eg al r u les d e fu m g
an d l i g a t i o n s w h i ch m ay e ith er w i t h c r i m e s i n a l s
b e p u b l ic or a n d l ig a t i o n s in c on n e c t i o n c r i m
p r iv a te r ig h t s ,
i n c h a

a c t er . Thu s t he r e ar e tw o k in d s r e p r essi on
,
-
o f su b st a n t i v e l aw ,
t he an d p u n i sh m
en t o r .

su b st a n t iv e pr i i f e law a n d t h e s u b s t Æi n t i v e
p u b lic l a w .

2 . A dj e c t i u e L a w .

( a ) Su
•

o f t h e b o d y
b s t a 7øt i u e
p r i u a t e La m . This is th e t e r m u se d t o d en o t e t h a t par t

w h i ch d efu re s o r c on t a in s t h e l e g a l p r o c ed u r e a n d
of l aw

t h e su b st a n t i v e l a w i s a d m in ist e r e d .

la w l egt r em ed i e s b v w h ic h

ev id e n c e So m e t i m e s t h i s i s
def i g It a l so t h e l aw .

r u l e s th e J: i g h l s a n d l i g a t ia n s
in c l u d e s
a f p er so n s fiv in g i n "

o f a d je c tiv e l a w
a call e d
"
r e m e dia l l a w T her e a r e t w o k in d s ,

p o l i tic a l l y
.

o r g a n i z e d s o c i et y a n d r e g u l a t i n t h ei r l eg a l re l

g i
he ; A j iv l a w an d t h e a d j e c t iv e p u b l c
p r i v a t e
. . e
t io n am e ly T
n s h i p s .
Seg o n d , t he la w o f p r o p e r ty a n d 卫g e t e l ig h t s
,
t

T his is t h e b o d y o f r u le s d e fi n in g t h e
la w .

r i g h t s an d l i g a t i o n s o f

p er so n s l i v i n g in a p o 1H i c a l l y o r g a n i z e d s o c i et y in r el a ti o n t o te La m
(a A d j ec t iu e p r i u n
.

)
pr pp e r t y a n d p r o p er t y r i g h t 5 , i n c lu d i n g c la ss es o f l eg a l t h in g s
r e f e r s t o t h e b o d :V o f le g a l
Th is ty r e o f a d j e c tiv e l a w
an d p r o p r i e t a r y c o n c e ss i o n s .
ui nai l th e law ra a a i t i ns m r u l es d e fin in g r e m e d ie s ww w l e e g c e d u r g in d m 5 u ¨ w h e t h er

eg g e :a c t s . T h is is t h e b o d y o f l e g a l r u l e s d e fi n in g t h e n a t u r e
f c i v i l a c t i on s o r sp e c i al
_

th ese su i ts t a k e o n t h e n a f u _ r e o

an d so u r c e s o f o b l i g a t i o n s a s w e l l as th e r i g h t s a n d l i
g

e d in g s c iB a act io n s a 9 su i t s p im cg u r t E@R r sl l a r
-
pr o c e .

tion s a r isin g fr am c o n tr a c t s ,
w h º a i º i
•

gen er a l , pa r tic u lar ,

o r
a n o th e r f o r th e en f o r c

by w s e c u t e s
h i ch on e t
p a r y p r o
sp e c i a l T h is d iv i s i o n a l so i n cl u d e s u a si -

de l i qt3 obl i g

he v e n t i o n o r r e d r e ss
p r e
. r

q o

o f a r i g h t
p r ot e c t io n
o r t
_

m en t or ,

tion s a r i si n
g
n e i t h e r f r a m d e l i c t n o r f r o m c o n t r a c t : t f r o m
w r o n g
z s
c iv i l a c t i o n s m a y b e o r d in a r y o r I
o f
.

a .

th e an a l o g y o f a d e l i c t o r en q u u s i d e l iet o gg - t r
th , t he f r o m t h e f o r m er in th at sp e c ia l
The la t te r is d i st i n g u i sh e d
lau : m t r a d e a n d c o g m e T h is i s t h e b o d y o f r u l e s d

e d u r e w h er e t h e t e c

p r o c
.

c iv i l a c ti o n s r e q u i r e a su m m a r y
’
fin i n g r i g h t s a n d l i g a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g l a n d , s e a a n d a ir t r a

d et a i ls o f a r d in ar y c iv i l a c t i o n s ,
w h i c h m a y
n ic a h t i es o r
æc shi pment an d b u s in e ss t r a n s a c t i o n s as w el l a s sh i p s
d e l a y s fu l l y a v o i d e d . On th e
u n n e ce ssa r y a r e
. c
.
cau se , a r e

ls h ei r cr e w s a n d n a v ig a t i on w h ich ar e n o t
an d ,
e s s e
,
t .

o t h e r h an d ,
s
p
e c i a l pr o c e , .
Cl i ngs ar e p r o c e sses
r e
or d i n a r y w a y or p r o c e d u
.

r su e d in th e
pu
(b ) S u b sta n t iu e i
p u b l c
Lu w .

Su b st an t iv e p u b l ic l a w in c lu d es th r e e ty p es . E ir st is (b ) A d j e c t i u e i
p u b l c Za m .

l aw r ef e r s t o t h e l a w o f cr i m g
c on s t i tu t i o n a l l a w . T h is is t h e b o d y o f l eg a l r u l es d e fi n in g T h is ty p e o f a d j ec t i v e
d p f in j n E lm a J
b o d v o f r u l es
r i g h t s an d l i g a t i o n s a r i s i n g f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n sh ip o f t h e
P_
r o c e du r e .
It de als w i t h t h e
w h e th e r th e y
St a t c on c er n in g th e f u n d ain e n t a l o r su p r em e l aanm an d p r o c e d u r e i n m n a g a c tiam
p eop l e
_

e t o th e
t e
u t i o n s o f p u b l i c
an d p r iv a
la w o f th e l an d . th a t i s ,
t he o r g a n i z at i o n , p
o w e r s a n d t u n
tak e on th e n a t u r e o f p r o se c
,

b y m e a al s of
ec u t ed
Pu b l i c c r i m e s a r e th o se p r o s
t io n s of t h e S ta t e . Sq c o n rl i s i
p u b l c a d m in is t r a t iv e l a - : ,

.
c r im e s .

2 6
P r iv at e
o r c r im i n a l i n f o r m a t io n .

l eg a l r u les d e fi n i n g r ig h t s an d l ig at i o n s a c r im in a l c o m p l a in t
T h is is th e b o d y o f
d -
b o th i n its
c o n c e r n in g t h e o p er a o n o f t h e g o v er n m en t
f Cou r t i n t h e P h i lip p in e s
.

, Se c . 1
,
R u les .
o

f u n c t i o n s o f iii t h e P h ilip p i n es .

r tm e n t a l o r a d m in is t r a t iv e f u n c ti o n s an d t h e 2 6 1: u l e R u le s o f C o u r t
pa 10 6 , S e c . 1
,
 20 L A N D TT S S o u R CE S 21
L E GA L M E T H OD AW

a m o n g t h e ir c i t iz e n s or
c r i m e s, lth o u sov er eig n s t at es a s ell as th o se
a
g h off en ses a g a in st t h e S t a t e t o o , a r e t hose y
su c h r e l a t i o n s h i p s an d s u c h o t h er
w h ic h w in g o o f
c a n n o t b e p r o s e c u te d e x c e su b j ect s g r o
p t u p o n a c o m p l a i n t fi l e d
bu b e e n en d o w e d w it h i

by t h e o ff º n d e d
p ar ty .
e n ti ti es ,
n o t s t a t e s ,
t w h i c h h a v e

ter n a t io n a l p e r s
o n a l i t y . A n ex a m p l e o f an e n t i t y ,
n o t a

3 . Sp e c i a l L a w .
a l e r s o n a l i t i s t he
e d w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n p y
sta te ,
b u t e n d o w
’

T h is c l a s s i fi c a t i o ri A n o t h er pl e i s t h e U n

_
con sist s o f l a w s s o m e w h at a p a r t f r o m I nt er nat i onal C o u T t o f J u s t i ce .
e x a m

th e fi r s t tw o c l a s se s They r e fe r U n i on Pu b li c in t e r n a t i o n a l l a w h a s b e e n
.
t o th e a r m ed f o r c e s o f v e r sa i P o s t a l .

th e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t o t h e r e l a t i o n s a m o n g s o v e r e i g n s t a t e s .
di v id e d in t o t h r e e g r o u p
s ,
n a m e ly ,
t he l aw o f
E g
a c e . T
k l a’ v
o f a n d th e l a w o f n e u t r a l it y .

(a ) M i li t a r t j L u 7u .

This is th e fi r s t t y p e u n d e r t h is c l a s s tfi c a t i o n It is
A B O LTT
IS AL L
.

a sy st e m o f o r d e r s
U . W H AT LAW
a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t h e c r e a t i o n r
g o v e
,
m en t a n d d i sc i p l in e o f t h e a r m e d f o r c e s . It is n o n e t h e l e ss W he th e r th e c on c e p t o f l a w is v i e w e d i n t h e speci f i c .

pa r t o f t h e b o d y o f m u n ic ip a l o r in t e r n a l l a w o f th e c o u
c o l l e c t i v e :
o r
g
e n e r i c a s
p
e c t
,
la w is a l w a y s c c : :
•
: e d w it h

t r y B u t i t a p p l i e s o n l y t o t h o se i n l e a n d t h in g s : hu m an
p e o p
.

1 ) a n d 2
a c t u a l se r v i c e i n t h e tw o p r in c ip a l m a t t e r s : ,

ar m ed f o r c e s ,
i n a ddit i o n t o t h e o r d i n a r
y l a w s , t o r e u la t e a n d c i v il p er so n a l i t y .
g

th e ir m i l it a r y c o n d u c t a t a ll t iln e s a n d in a l i p l a c e s w h e r e
th e j •
m a be s t a t i an e d i n t h e
5 . Peo p le an d T h in g s
y
p e r f Dr m a n c e o f th e i r d u t i e s .

A beg i n n er in l a w s c h o o l w i l l l e a r n s o o n e n o u g h m a n y
(b ) M ar tia l lu w .

th in g s a b o u t l e g a l r u le s an d p r i n c i p l e s . B u t h e w i l l b e
T h is c o m p o se t h e s e c on d t y p e u n d er th i s cl as si f i cat i on
_
.
esp ec i a l l y a sk e d t o l e a r n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l l e g a l c o n c e p t s
It is a sy s t em o f sp e c i a l o r d e r s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s a p p l ie d b y e x p r e s se d in t e r m s t h a t a r e n o t s i m il a r t o w h a t
w h i c h a r e
m i l it a r y p o w e r in t im e s o f w a r o r g r a v e p u b l i c d a n g er . 17r e he k n o w s o f th e s a m e t e r m s i n t h e v e r n a c u l a r o r c o m m on
for m er is m a r t i a l l a w p r op e r ly s o c a l l e d her e t h e
, w c o

F in s t a n c e he w il l le a r n s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e c o

u se . a r ,
m a n d er o f t h e rn i l i t a r y f a r Ge s a p p li e s t h e r u l e s a n d r e gu he
l

c e p t o f te g a i p er so n s ,
n o t i n t sen se t h a t t h e r e a r e p e r s o n s
tio n s o f m i li t a r y o c c u p a ti o n in t h e i ri \ a d e d t e r r i t o r
y . The w h o a l w a y s f o ll o w th e I a w n o r i n t h e s e n se t h a i . A s a
ph r a s e
lat t er is qual i f i ed m a r t i a J a w w hq e t h e m i l i t a r y b r a n c h
,
it is t h e o p p os it e o f il l e g a l p e r s o n s . H e wi l l l e a r n i t i n
o f th e g o v e r n m en t l e n d s i t s a id a n d u t h o r i ty o r p o w e r i n
th e r e c o g n i z e a b y t h e l e g a l
- s en s e t h a t t in e y a r e t h e p e r s o n s
su p p r essin g v i o l e n c e a n d l a w l e ssn e ss I n t u n e s o f
p
u b l i c
o r d er a s t h e p r o p e r su b j e c t s o f l e g a l r e l a t i o n s . A n d ,
a s S U C ,
dan g er o r t u m u l t t h e c i v i l a u t h o r i t ie s m a y b e i n a d e q u a t e
he w il l æn d o u t t h a t t h e y a r e n o t n e c e ss ar i ly o r n e e d t h e y
in p r e se r v i n g p e a c e an d o r d er .

be h u m a n b e i n g s on l y . The b eg in n e r w i l l a l s o l e a r n a b o u t
M a r tia l l a w is d iff e r en t f r o m m i l it a r y l a w i n t h a t t h e
’ leg a l r i g h ts a n . d liga t i o n s ,
w h ic h ar e th e t w o b a s i c f a c t o r s
fo r m er a p p l i es t o a ll p e r s on s r eg a r d l e ss o f he th er
w th ey a r e r e l a t i o n s H e w i ll
in v o l v e d in t h e c o n c e p t o f j u r a i or l e g a l .

pr i v a t e ’

ci t i z en s o r in th e s er v ic e o f t h e a r m e d f o r c e s a n d le a r n a b o u t th e r i g h t t hat is t o say ,
t he l e g a l c l a i m o f
,
th a t i t c e as es a s so on as th e n eed f or i t c an b e d isp en se d
a c r e d i t o r f o r th e r e tu r n ,
o n d u e d a t e , o f w h a t h e h as
w i th t hat is w hen t h e si t u at i o n
, , h a s r e t u r n e d t o n o r m a l .

lo an e d a n d th e c o r r e la t iv e li g a t i o n , i . e .
,
th e l e g a l d u t y ,
o f
,

(C ) P u b lic th e d eb t o r t o b a c k w h a t h e h as b o r r o w e d . H e w ill
i nt er nat i onaz Zo m .
p a y

T h is f CIT m s t h e t h i r d le a r n ab ou t th e r i g h t i . e . th e l eg al p r iv il e g e ,
o f a p e r so n
t y p e o f s
p
e c i a l l a w . It is a sy ste m
, ,
 22 L d l GA L M E T H OD S o u RCES 23
L w AND ITS

a tta ck e d o n d is n e c e ss a r il
y c o m
p e l l e d t o is ask e d b y h is P • o f e s s o r s t o o
p
e n
u se a w e a p o n t o W hen th e b eg in n e r
sav e h . S o w n . Ii f e , a n d th e cor r el a t iv e li g a t i on th r e a d a r e p o r t e d c a s e o r d e c is io n f r o m a
,
i . e .
,
e le g al a law b o o k o r
in ab il ity o f t h e a t t a c k e r hi l e r e a d i n g f r o m a s tor y b o o k .

j u st
w
,
p u r su in g h is q w n at tack fr om case b o o k ,
he w il l n o t b e

pr e v e n t in h is i n te n d e d v ic t i m r e a d i
’

a b o u t r e a l p eo p
l e ße s h an d
g t o d e f en d h im s e lf . H e w ill To b e su r e ,
he w i l l b e n
g ,

lea r n ab o u t la im a n d d em an d s T he se
t h e n at u r e o f t h e r i g h t
,
i . e .
,
th e l eg al p o w er , bl o a d p e o p
l e ,
w it h r e a l w a n t s ,
c s .

e r v e d
of an a g en t t o b r in g h is e n o u g h t o b e r e p o r t e d a n d p r es
p r i n c i p a l in t o a n e w k in d o t le g al case s ar e im p or t a n t
r el at i on ei t h e r a n d s tu d i ed t im e a n d
w i t h h im o r w i t h t o b e r e v is i t e d
a t h i r d
p er so n a n d t h e in b o u n d v o l u m es
,
o v a l u e in t h e
c o r r e l at i v e li g a t i o n i th e l eg a l l e sso n s a n d e l e m e n t s
. e .
li ab ility of th e th a t t h ei r
p r in cip al so
, ,
a g a in
h k el y t h at a c a se
to b e b r o u g h t in t o s u ch n ew l e g a l l e a r n e d
2 7
It is v er y
r el a t i on sh i
p . A n d th e le g a l a r d er c a n b e .

th e o u t c o m e
be g i n n e r w il l le a r n ab o u t t h e e ssen c e of t h e r ig h t i . e . t he w il l b e u t i l iz e d t o p r o g
n u s t i c a t e o r p
r o p h esy
, ,

in t
leg al im m u n ity f s tu d i e d t o d e t e r n r i n e t h e t u r n i n g p a
o a p er so n w h o d o e s n ot o w n an y r e al f u tu r e c as es o r
, o f
n e ar ly s im ila r
pr o p e r t y f r a m r e a l es t a t e t ax a t i o n d th e co r r e l a tiv e a c t u al an e w h ic h m ay b e si m il a r o r
l i o f an
a n g
,
,

T h is w ill b e c o m e r e a l t o y o u a s y o u
ti on i th e le g a l d is a b il i ty he r e p o r te d a s e
,
. e .
,
,
o f t S late , a s a ju r ist ic to th e .

la sc h o o l an d i n Dr e s o w h e n y o u
p e r so n , o r i t s
g
o v e n im e n t , a s i t s a
g
e n t
,
t o i m
p
o s e t he t ax a d v a n c e in y o u r
s t a j
• i n w

in Th en ga i n t he b e g in n e r tn a y
l a w y e r s
A
su ch a c a se bec ct i sin g
. ,
p r a
.
.
o m e
s t a t u t e s o r m u n

o v i s io n s o r c e r t a i n
" " " " be a sk e d t D r e a d th e p r
It w i l l b e n o t i c ed th a t r i ht a n d lig a t i o n a r e leg al h im t h a t
g

c h a r Le r s a ir o r d i n a n c e s . I t w ill n o t e sc a p e
ei p a l
c on c e p t s th a t ar e n o t c o n f in e d r e st r i ct ed
o r d by l eg i s
’

t o j u st on e t y p e th e
l

l e g is l a t io n h a v e b e e n p a s s e

es o f
th ese p i e c
e a c h . A s a m a t t e r o f f a ct , y
o u w i ll h a v e n o t ic e d t h a t t h e
le
’
t t iv es h a v e
e

p e o p
, y r e n a
tiv e m a c h in e r y w h e r e th e s r e
p
e s

c a r r y f o u r d is t i n c t s en se s ea c h . B u t a si d e f r om t h i s y o u e f f o r t a n d m o n e y t o d e a l w it h t h e p r o b
l e m s
en d e d t i m e a n d
p
w il l h a v e n o t i c e d t h a t th e r ig ht s m en t io n e d a b o v e l eg al a r e v er y r e al f o r v io l

i z
These e n a c t m e n t s
-
u . : ,
, o r d e r in g
o f le g a l .

c l a
b le g a l p r i v ik g e ,
le g a l p o w e r , a n d leg a l im m u n i ty a r e
d ev i a t i o n s a r e p r o m p t l y
m e t w i th r e a l s a n ct io n s
, tion s or
a ll v er y in te r es t in g j u r a i o r l e g al p o si t io n s . B L T th e y a r e a n d p u n i
sh m e n t s . It is v e r y p o s s
i b le t h a t a la w s t u d e n t

t h a t h e m a y
n ot on l y i n t er es tin g i n t h a t asp ec t b u t a l so b e c au se th ey b e c o m e a w a r e o f t h is r e a l i t y o r
m ay n e v e r
l a n d t h in g s
p e o p e
.
a b u u t
a Jr e p r in c ip a lly a b o u t p e o p l e a n d t h i n g s . Co n s e q u en tl y ,
t he for g e t v er y q u ic k l y
t h a t l a w i s al l

l o s e r I t is w el l t o r em e m b er
la w ag a m e a n s EB so c i a l c o n m 01 _
a m e a J1 s
’
of r eg y l a tin g T a t h a t e x te n t h e w i ll b e t h e .

l aw b u t t h e 1i v i n g l aw .

an d n f o r c in g in a n o r d e r l y m a n n e r t h e s e di tr th a t y o u ar e st u d y in g n o t j u st
e

leg al r e l a t i o n s is a l l a b o u t p e o p l e a n d t h in g s . W h il e th e
6 . H u m an an d C iv i l P er so n alit y
law s o f p h y sic a l s c i en c e a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h F h y sic a l
b

a l s o
t h a t l a w i s
sa i d f o l l o w s

hav la w r u l es a r e c on c er n ed
F r o m w h a t h a s b e e n ,
i t
i or s o r p h en o m en a ,
w i th p e op le
a n d p er so
n a l it y bo t h h u m a n a n d
w it h p e r so n s
,
c o n c e r n e d
an d th in g s ,
t h e lat t er b ein g t h e l e g a l o b je c ts o f j u r a i or
an d Ji E ¸ @
civ il . In d ee d ,
v a l u e a n d w o m o f i @ @
leg a l r e l at i on s . Thu s ,
i t c a n b e s t a t e d t ha t law is n ot -
a ll l a w t od ay p eo p l e i n
o f th e .

d ih t is .
th e g r g a t g gi c g@ g a @
a str an g e ,
t r a n s c e n d e n t a l c on cep t or id ea . In th e sen se t h at
th at r e sp ect f or p er so
n a lit y
al l w a J Jc s o f l if e b el i ev e
a l m o s t
it is b ein g c o n si d er e d h er e , t he l a w is a l iv in g
, p
r a c t i c a l
t o b e r e c o g n i z e d an d v al id a t ed if
is i m p or t an t an d o u g h t
e a n d
m e an s or in str u m e n t v e r y m u c h c o n ce r n e d w it h th e a t t em p t s t f o r u n iv er s al p e a c
hu m a n it y is t o r e a l i z e it s q u e s

o f h u m an b ein g s ,
w het h er co r r e c tly or w r o n g ly , t o c o n f o r m
-
-
R E PO R T S . T hey
˘
m
c n e d F 1 m m p n

n r e
j u r i sd i c t i o
t h e a
th eir ac tion s an d a c ti v i t i e s t o c er t a i n : aw r u l e s an d st a n d ar d s l n t h is , y q
a t t h e G o v e
r

C o u r t o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s
b y t h . S u p r e m e
ar e p u b li sh e d
se t b y a p o l it i ca ll y o r g an i ze d s o c i e ty f o r t h e c o m m on g o o d .
P r in t in g O f f ic e .

m en t
 24 L E GA L M E T H OD
L A W AN D JT S S o u RCES

se c u r it T ha t is
y .
as it sh o u l d b e , w he t h e r on e i s t a lk in g li ty j u st a s it is g r e a Lt y c o n c er n e d
a b o u t
o f th e h u m a n p er so n a
th e G o d giv en hic h
-
on e is giv
w c i v i l
, ca ll ed h u m a n tio n o f t h e l a w -
en
per s o
w ith th e p r o t
e c t i on a n d p r e se r v a
a l i t y , o r t he l aw -

giv en o n e , w h ic h is ca ll ed ci v i l
p er s o n a li ty .
p e r s o n al i t

On e of t h e p a r a d o x e s of h u m a n so ciety is t h e i nc o

sist en c y of c on c er n on th e on e h a n d an d t h e d i sr e IU . SO U R C E S O P L A W
g ar d o n
t h e o t h er f o r th e r esp e ct an d est ee m d u e a p e r s o n , e g a r

w ne o f fic i a ls o f t h e g e t t h e l a w s w h i c h
less of r ac e ia n g u a g e
r r e d o g o v e r n me n t
. , s e x
, c r e e d, a n d st a t io n in lif e a u n n d c o n d u c t T W h er e d o
.
a n d c on tr o l h u m an a c ts
o p e r a t e o n
ir e c o
gn iz e th e v a lu e a n d w o r t h o f p e r so n a l it y . It h a s b een a r e em b o d ie d in la w r u l es T I n
th ey th e id e as w h ich
v a li d ate d in t h e l e g a l g e t
o r d er b y r e c o g n iz in
g o r a c c ep t in
g t h e
o t h e r w o r d s ,
w h a t a r e t he Ja n t e s j u r is T
pr im a c y o f c er t a in r i g h t s a n d b y in v e st in
g h im w it h o t h er
" "
r i g h ts an d f u n d a m en t a l f r e e d o m s . T U ses o f t h e T er m So u r c es

A r t i cl e I I I of t h e The t e r m o n ee s j u r is is a n im p o r t a n t o n e . It has s e

C o n s tit u t io n o f th e P h ili
p p in e s ,
f o r
in b e c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h ed f r o m
s t a n c e ,
i 5 a n e a r ly c o m p le t e c at a i -gu e o f t in e s e r ig h t s
e r a l m e a n i n g s w h i c h o u s t
a n d
fr e e d o m s . So is A r t i c l e 3 2 o f t h e C i v il o n e a n o t h e r .
C o d e o f t h e p hi l i

l a w
p in
i n r e l a t i o n t o
The t h t e r m .

e s t h r e e u s e s o f e
.
n r Qj ti s i o g s 9 f th e C iv il C o d e m a k e i t A c tion a b le
. T h e r e a r e
.

a t l aw f ar an y o n e w h o s e r g - a
g d f,
e d o ms h a v s b e e n A . L rr zn Aa v n R D o c u m E N T A in v .

E a# or i n d in g c t l y
obst uct gd , def ea t ed i m e c @a o r i

fr
ai r e d Th
_ , p
I t ls us e d t o m e a n th e pj ac e o m w h ic h a c on s id er g b l e
p . e U n iv e r s a l D e c la r a t io n o f H u m a n H i g h ts a

b o o k s
,
o u r k n o w l e d g e o f l a w is d e r iv e d l i k e s t a t u t e ,
o v e d pa r t o f ,
p o n D e c e m b e r 1 0 ,
1 9 4 8 i s t h e m o s t e c e n
, r t a t t Ł m
p t
la w r e p o r ts ,
l a w b o o k s , t r e a t i s e s
,
a n d la w j o u r n a l a r tic l e s .

o f i n an to r e c o gn i z e an d v a li d a te t h e im
p o r ta n c e o f p
lle
e

d t in e l it er a r y o r
In t h i s s e n s e ,
t h e
y
c a n b e c o r r e c t l y c a
s o nal i t B u t in sp i t e o f t h is r e c o g n i tio n an d in v e s t it u r e
,
doc u m e n t a r y s o u r c e s o f l a w .

hu m an r ig h t s a n d f r e e d o m a r e
s c o n t i n u o u s ly a n d f l agr ant l y H o w e v e r ,
i t i s w e ll t o r em em b e r t h a t s t a t u t e b o o k s ,
l a w

v i o l a t e d . So m e t i m e s e v e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t i t s e l f l o o k s a t
r e p o r t s ,
law b o o k s ,
t r e a t i s e s
,
a n d la w j our nal ar t ic le s a r e
th e e x e r c is e o f t h e s e h u m a n r i g h ts a n d f r e e d o m s i l l o g i c a l
a s ,
Th e l a w
n ot th e o r i g in s o r th e b e g in n i n g s o f l a w i ts e l f .

an d m isp la c e d
.
œm it a t io n s o n th e e x e r c ise o g o v e r n me n t a J t h o u g h t o f r e

u n d o u b te d ly e x ist ed e v en b e f or e m an e v e r
p o w e r s ,
f o r
g
e t t i n
g
t hat t h e r e c o g n i t i o n a n d v a l i d a t i o n o f
o r d i n g o r c h r o n i c l in g i t .

th e s e fr
r ig h t s a n
q e e d o m s in th e l e g a l o r d e r w a s p r e c is e l y
for t h e p u r p o s e o f g u a r d in g t h e in d iv id u a l an d h is per s a
B . F o Rn a r . .

a l i ty f r o m th e u n e q u a l c o n t es t w i t h fr o m
, a n d th e e x c e

It is u s e d al s o t o m e a n t h e u l t i m a t e a t œ h o r i w f r o m

siv e ch all en g e a n d p o w e r w h ic h ,
t h e
g o v e r n m e n t m a
y a n d w h i c h t h e v l idit y d b in d in g f o r c e o f Ia w s ar e d e r iv e d
q _
.

c an p u t t o b e ar o n
.
Th e in d iv id u a l . Ev e n a m o n g
p e r s o n s Th is is a ft e n sp o k en o f as th e f o r m a l s o u r ce s o f la w . Y o u

an d g r o u p s o f v i o l a t i o n s
p er s o n s th e o f h u m a n r i g h t s a n d w i ll h a v e n o t ic ed th a t in th e fi r s t s e n se in w h i c h th e t e r m

fr e e d o m s a r e q tø t e f r e q u en t h d n o t o r io u s A ll th " "
k n
d, he t h e o

e s e a r e w h e r e
esse n c e is th e p l a c e
.
s o u r c e s i s u s e t

sen s i tiv e ar e a s a b o u t w h i ch t h e l a w is gr e a t ly c o n c er n e d .
le d g e o f l a w
•
is d er iv e d . B u t in t h i s sen s e ,
t h e e s s e n c e i s

W n ile it is tr u e th a t a p e r s on is b o r n w i th th e G o
th e v a lid it y an d f ar c e o f la w . Thu s , i n t h is sen s e ,
: h e r e

giv e n h u m an p e r s o n a l it y , i t do e s n o t m ean t h a t th e aw , can b e o n ly o n e s o u r ce o f l a w a n d t h a t is t h e so v e r e ig n

sh o u ld h av e n o th in g t o d o w i th it t he la w • fe st e d or e x p k e s se d ei th er d ir e c tly
. sh o u l d a ls o w i ll o f d l e
p
e o
p
l e , m a n i

be _
_ g atl y cg n c e m ed w i th th e -
r o t e
N -
i: _ . _ .j T : i i i i
or in d ir ectl y .
 26 L S o u RCES
2T
E GA L M E T H OD L A W A ND ITS

Ther e is o n e im p o r t an t th in g i n c lu d e cu sto m s ,
le g isla t io n an d j u d ic i a l
t o em p h as iz e in t h is th is cl a ss w e c a n
c o ,

n e c e ss a r i l y c o

n ect io n .
wwl e t h e c o n t e n t s v
o f l a w ec ed en ts They ar e b i n d in g b e ca u se t h ey
m a
y c o m e f r o m s e v e r a l pr .

e x e

sou r ce s , t he i r l e g a li t y o r l eg a l e ff e ct ste m s \f r o m tr o l an d lim i t t h e g o v e r

n m e n t a n d t h e p e o p l
e i n t h e
th e l eg
i

la t u r e or th e co u r t s o f th e st a te of t h eir r ig h ts i n t he p er f o r m a n ce
o f t h e ir l i a t i o ns ,
a c t in g f or a n d in b eh al f cis e ,

o f th e so v e r ei g n ct of t h eir a ff a i r s
H co "
.

p e o p l e in th e
e r e in l ies as w e ll as
:
.
t h e i m p o r t an ce o f U
T ,

kn o w i n g th e se c on d u se o f th e t e r m
" "
s o u r c e s . T h is is ,
how e v e r , a s e a r a t e c o u r s e by it se lf
p i n P o l it ic a l L aw .

a c t io n i s t o l o w e r
or su d d en in cit em en t t o
Wn a t im p ii l se
C . M A T E RI A L .

@l ha b it u a l c o u r s e s o f a c ˘ h to
fo r m s o f l if e ,
c u s m _

"
Th
e

e for m er is u n
It is lik e w is e u se d t o in a l c o m m u n i E
m e a n th e su b st a n c e m en l a n
or m at t er
Thu
"

h a b i t s
t h e l a t t e r i s r a t i o n a l iz ed . ,
o u t o f w h i l e
w h ich l a w a r e l a t er c o m p o s e d M an y pla i n a b l e h a b i t
i n fl u e n t i a l
T p
.

t n a t u r e o f it iv e l a w
w r it e r s c a l l it t o u n d e r s t an d
t h is t h e m a t er ia l so u r c es of la w . These m a
is q u it e di f f i c ul t

i t s b e g in n i n g s in c u s t o m .
3 0
A n d t h e
e r i a l s m a y b e l in n a t e w i t h w ith o u t s o m e id e a o f
a p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p o f p e o p l e ,
i . e . . + h
a s a b r o a d b a se f : T e
th e y c u st o m s h o u l d s r v e
g r o w o u t o f t h e ir o b lu l ia c s it r eason w h y
2 8
, o r m a y b e b o r r o w e d ’

e s ,
i s t h t it w as i n e a r l t i m
fr o m o t h e r k ga l sy st e m s . The r e i s n o t m u c h d iff er en c e
s t u d y o f th e s o u r c e s o f l a w a
, y

m
o

be t w o u n t s o u r c e En a c t e d l a w is q u i t e
th p a r a m
.
"
e e n t h e fi r s t a n d t h ir d u s e s o f t h e
"
e fi r s t a n d
t er m s o u r c e s .

•
f i l l ed @r i p o r tg n t r ol e in th e
T hose p
.

en u m er a t ed in t h e e r n r e c e d in g it q u s t o m _
fi r s t c a t e g o r y a r e a l s o m a t er ia l
. ,

A ll th es e e x p l ai n t h e i n c l u s i o n
s o u r c es of l a w . Bu t g a l a n ,
f o r in st an c e , w hich st em s f r o m
o r d e r in g o f
h u m .

o f t h e s o u r c e s o f l a w
f
.
th e o b zu t i a . c s o a p e o p l e , w h i l e a m a t e r i a l s o u r c e o f l a w
o f c u s t o m in th e s t u d y
,

is n o t a l it e r ar y o r d o c u m en t a r y s o u p c e .

(a ) D e j i T Li t i o m .

In L e g a l M e t h o d i t is t h e fi r st an d t h i r d a sp e c ts

ar e im p o r t a n t i n t h e s t u d y o f fo n t e s j u r is
t h a t
Cu s gs) m ay b e d˚ ˚ a l l @ g @ a bb & u m u r ses
E l v a
.

bea
e
a n d
a c t ion s An d _pJv cl i ces _ w hic h h a v g _
_

ie l v t
I

.
fn r c ed b v t h rw p n t i r e s o c o r
8 . L iter a r y an d M ater ia l S o u r ces o f L a w
a n d
de ed c u s t o n n s a r e i n d ige n u o u s t o a l
p a r t ic u a
r p l a c e
ar c e s
,
In c o n s i d e r in t h e l i t er a r y a n d m a t e r i a l s o of l aw
g
29
,
. Gp t h aj Ju J c g - a n
d e f Ee t _ in _ a di E e r en t n i p •

Pr o f e sso r G . W . K e e ton f u r th e r d i v i d e d t h e m i n t o t w o ’

d o u b t w a s d u e
The e s 0

p r a c t i c
f i r st u se o f th e s e n o 1:

g r o u
p s , n a m e ly ,
t h e bin d in g so u r c es of l a w a n
g th e per s u
,
se fu l 国 m te
g

th ey w er e n e c ess am r a m w
th e f a ct th a t -

siv e so u r ce s o f l a w .

W hen c
aEi apai a˚ ss
o
t h e y
fa r e _
o f th e co m m u n it y .

t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y h a d
tin u e d t o b e f o ll o w e d i t w a s d u e
A . Bn rnr vr c S o u R CE S .

\z af m AL an n r ov al o f th e e n t ir e g r o u p
•
a n d e n f o r c e m e n t
b

Th e r e ar e a t l e as t t w o w a y s of cl a ssi f y i n g t h e b in d in g o f
cam e easy . Thu s ,
c u s t
q
r
p
bg p m e Th e h a b itu a l
sou r ces of la w : 1 ) b y u s in g t h e h i st o r i c a l b a s i s , a n d 2) by de c is c g m m M i g
d e c i s i o Jr , t hat is t o say ,
m a n
y
io n s b t h e
c o n s i d er in g th e i r r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n ce . The f i r st w i ll b e f o

m an y c u

Un w e r e
to w ed a lth ou gh it w il l n o t b e d illi cu l t
w er e la m l on M m . d o u b t e d ly th e r e
t o c l a ss i fy t h em a

r esu l t of c o n fl i c t i n g c l a im s ,
to m s w h ich d id n o t ar ise a s a
c or d in g t o t h e i r i m p o r t an c e i n t h e l eg a l o r d er . Thu s u n de r c u st o m s ar ose b y c o
,
w an t s ,
o r d e m a n ds . B u t w h il e a ll

ly E g i
p
s
29 F o r an d c on t i n u ed u se e t o n c e r t a in , e
t h e m e a n in g v en ti o n , y
, s e e P A S C U A L , C .
,
T H E N A T URE A ND E LEM EN TS
OF L AW , 3 3 ( 1 9 5 4 ) .

29 T H E E L EM E N T A RY P RI N CI PL ES o p ao A L L E N , I AW 1N n m M A K IN G, 4 t h E d . 6 6 ( 19 4 6 ) .

J u RIs PRU DE N CE
,
C
, 2 d E d .
, ( 19 4 9 ) .
. K .
,
28 L E GA L M E T H OD
L AW A N D I TS S o u RCE S 29

ci a l ly th os e c on c er n e d w i t h c o m m u n i t
y p e a c e
g lo w er e
lat ion in to w h ich m t c t :h n i c ˘ m v an d p r ep a r a t i o n
u s s sL g g as • a n d so h a v e b e c o m e t h e o f d e cis on s i in
Ev cu st o m is q u i te
eff ect iv e an d ob l

th e c o m m u n i t y .
hav e g o n e . en so

# i a u a R l # l
o

o r y c æ ca r a w m H R H l p n v
ga t
-

Ther
.

e is a r e aso n f o r c on si d er in
g c u s t om as a m at er i al ld da r e t r a n

o c i et v
sou r ce of l a w . B ef o r e t h e a d v en t of t h e l eg isl a t iv e
f e i t in m l p r esp e c t a n d e s ge e m o f . w o u

o r g an t h e @ uu r s g s m o m in d
o f a
e˘ i og v jg @@ cg st o m or @ m m u d
p o lit ic al ly o r g an iz e d so ci e ty Th
. e
H ow ev er i t s h o u l d b e s t a t e d th at th e effe c t
of th e p eo p l e . ,
r: N m m u n i lw i n o r d e r w n E Lm ile L hu aa e a n s n c u st om s _ Ev e n a t t a ch e d t o c u s t o m i s in m an y c a ses n e
g

of th e san ct i o n
to d a y t h e l e i s l a t i v e b r a n c i r o f he
, g t
g o v e r n me n t som et im e s I f a c u st o m is v i o l a t ed th e n t h e
a
tiv e r a th er th a n p o si t iv
u t iliz e t h e m . 1f an illu str a t io n is n e e d ed i t i s w i ll n o t m at e r i a l iz e
, f u r n i s h e d
de s ir c o n se q u e n c e
.

e d r e su l t o r
by th e r ec e n t l e g isl a t i on en t it l e d t h e A t
g r i cu M FB n ˘ m am Ther e a ir e se v e r a l ch ar a c ter ist ic s t h a t m u s t b e p r e se n
c t of th e P h ilip p in e s 1

Th er e i t is
p r o v i d e d
@ t h gm
.
t h a t i n t h e
if c u st o m i s t Q a c a u i r e K fm f f i lg _
-

a b se n c e o f a c o n t r a c t b e tw e en l an d h o l d e r a n d t e n an t on is it s h er en t r ea i s
a

lan d p r o d u c in g c r o p s o t h e r t h a n r i c e s ti p u l a t i n g
.
.

t t he _ m sh a@ & gm
o f cu st om
"
i g
t h e r a t i o
. T h is m e a n s th a t it m u st b e ba s e d u p on a r e

of cr a p d i v i s i Dr :L c u st o m o f t h e
p l a ce
3 :
sh a l l g o v e r n To
" u
. .

son a b l e so c i a l n e c e ss i ty .
A s

n u t it in a n o l h e r J u a - c

I
Th le
u s , a
g i sl a t i v e b o d y i n e n a c t in g l a w s m a y sim p l y su p
tom 里 b e U 生 国 吐园里遇v e l v 妞 型 困国 b e in g 霞曜封 an d 艮贫 国
ple m e n t o r r e f o r m u l a t e c u st o m . T h is is t r u e o f s o m e o f
r en e c t s t h e m ax im m a th s t L SU S a bo t e

This ch a r a c t e r i st i c
th e p r o v is io n s o f t h e C i v i l C o d e o f t h e P h iL p p i n e s 3 3
F
. o r
du s est . I f Wt is m p r p l v p n h j e c l :i v e n n fl
•
is ir r a t io n aL t o b oo t ,

in st an c e t h e r i s t h e r o v ily h be ha t
, e p i s i o n o n t h e f a m om e an d
th en i t is u n r e a s o n l g .
I t s ho u l d t ha r _ d i s c d g d ,
t

th o s e o n t h e f a m i l y c o u n c il
3 4

The r o l e
.
an d f u n c t i o n o f
is t o sa y , i t s h ou ld n at b e r e c o g n Eed as cu st om .

th e f am il y h o m e a n d t h e f a m il y c o u n c i l in th e
•

ir
F i l ip in o w a y •

.
.

, M e secon d char act er i of c u st o m is i o m

of l if e ar e c u st o m a r y - They h av e b e e n g i v en n ew i m p e t u s

an d i m p o r t an c e w h en t h e y w e r e e n a c t e d i n t o p os it iv e l a w .

co
:
t
j: : a
: c g c t w t e EB t h i s p ar t icu l ar
c h

l s r a t h er d iffi c u l t
a c t e r is t i c The l i m i t o f Le g a : m e m a r y a
(b ) C h a r
.

a c t e r i s ti c s .

m a tt er t o a s se s s o r a sc e r t a in in t h is j u r i sd i c t i o n
. H o w ev er ,

It is r a th e r i n c o r r e c t t o s a y t h a t c u s t om w i t h o u t t h e m u s t
’
n
t h i s c h a r a c t e r is t i c e m p h a si z e s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c u st o m

cou r t s r e c o
g
n i t i o n i s n o t o bli ga t or y o n t h e p e op l e . The m e r e
ha v e c e r t u i Tt L g e x i s t e d , t h a t i s t o s a
y ,
i t i s n o t a

b in d in g l 9 L cg g Q m is ir r esp e c t iv e o f t h e r e c o g n it i on
’

pr
1f it is
_ a

hab e a m er e h ab it o r
it or p r a ct ic
˝n
:
•

giv en b v m ˘ u r t s u t r h S t a t e o t h e r w or d s
,
i t i s n o t
th e n i t w o u l d b e
tic e h e n it sh o u l d n ot b e r e g a r d e d f o r
th e r e c o g n it i o n g i v e n b y t h u c o u r t s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e s c u s t o m t h e f a c t
do u b tfu l . If th e e m p h asis o f t h is r e q u isi t e is o n

o r g i v e s i t f o r c e a n d e ff e c t The _ ’ g c g i E m g iv e n a a t h e "
l
.

of c e r t ai n e x i s t en c e ,
t h e n i n l e
g
a th e o r y a c u s t o m c a n b e

gu r t s i s m l y d e c l a r g g r y i n e ff e g t I t is n o t t h er e f o r e
tw en ty
c al le d ton a if it w as in t r o d u c ed w it h in t en pr v e i ,

con d ition al n o r is i t m e r e l y o p t i o n a l .
St il l on e m igh t say d an ci en t if jt
17e t u ton a if it r ia t e s fr om th ir tv v ea r s ,
a n _

th a t t h e sa n ct i o n a tt a ch e d t o cu st o m is i m p er f e c t . Bu t t h e 0

@n fr a 6

_
om f o rB y e gg .

so -
lle d im p er f ec t i on o f th e san ct ion is t o b e ex p ect ed b
c e
l eg al p r a c t i
c a

I t is in t e r e s t in g t o n o t e th at i n E n g l i sh ,

cau s e cu st om is so m e t im e s l es s p r e c i se . I t is u n l ik e l eg
i

e x t e n d e d b a c k t o t h e c or o n

le g a l m e m o r y w a s a t o n e t im e

ai R e p Act N o 1 1 9 9 a r o v e d A u u s 3 0
. . , p p B
t
,
1 9 5 4 .
sa A L L E N , C . K .
,
O
p
. c f t . 7 8 .

az I b i d Se c ’
N C I S E H I S T O R Y
.
,
. 4 1 .
36 T A c F le i ib il i ty o l C u af o m iu P L U N C x N E I T s A C o

aa R e p Act N o 386 ( 194 9 ) J RE A

( 19 3 6 )
.
. . . n d i n H A L L , ,
f o u

OF TH E C o M M ON L Aw ,
2 d E d . . A l s o

a4 A r t i c l e s 2 2 3 t o 2 5 4 .

J u R I SP R U D E N C E
1 9 3 8 .

I N GS i n , 8 7 5 ( )
 30 L E GA L M E T H OD L AW A N D ITS S o u R CES 31

/
t io n of R i ch ar d I in A D 1189 A n y cu st o m b y su f f i ci en t an d c o m p et e n t e v id en c e . In t h is j ur i

. . .
th at w a s . Fa c t
p r o v e d
to h av e ex iste d fr om th at y ea r
C i v i l C o d e r e u i r e s t h a t c u s t o n ,
w as t a k en t o h av e e x ist e d dic t io n ,
A r t i c l e 1 2 a f t h e q
"
fr o r in t i m e i m m e m o r i a l
"
Thu s as a f a c t c c o r din g t o t h e r u l e s o f e v i d e n c e .

p r o v ed
a
.

,
i f a c u s t o m h a s n o t e m u st b e ,

is t ed in 11 89 it is r ej ec t ed as c u s t om .
3 7

The d if fic u l t o f
th is a ssu m p ti o n l ies in th e f a c t
y
(C) C l as si f -c a b i a n .

th a t it h a s b e c om e an
cl assif ie d in t o t h r e e g r o u p s :
1 ) g e n er a l c u
e x t r em e l y an c i e n t t i m e a n d in t h e
Cu st om s ar e
t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r
y th e c u s t o m s,
st ar tin g t i m e is
q u i t e ab su r d .
tom s . 2) p a r ti cu l ar c u s t o m sa a r it F 3 ) c o n j :g g t i o n a l
’

ar e c o n s id e r e d a s
’
. The
s mgac t er i gL d
B u t of th ese ,
o
g jx l p ˝ j r t j g L g g g Q
,
-
i l +l ci i o is it s h ar m g g y w it h
The th i r d is n o t e v e n i f pr o v e d in
c e s o f l a w ,
p o siti s o u r .
v e b i n d i n
o r st a t u t g l a w an m ic Rg j j u
38
I f i t is i n c o
, g

f ic t w it h or co n t r ar y t o
cou r t .

p o si t i v e l a w or o p p o s e d t o p u b l i c
po l icy t h e n it sh o u l d b e d i sc o n t i n u e d The r e as o n f o r
( 1) G en er a l
.

t h is .

is t h a t c u s t o m is e v o l v e d w i t h l es s
p r e c i si o n it e d t o p art t c

a n d t a k es a n y w h i c h is n o t l im
m A ge n er a l c u s t o m is o n e
de c a d es t o f a r m w h i l e p o si t iv e o r st a t u t e l a w i s a f f ec t s t h e c o u n t r y
n r o m la r l o c a l i t ie s b u t is r e c o g n i ze d b y a n d
ga t e d a n d e s t a b l ish e d f o l l o w in
g c e r t a in w e l l w h i c h
d e ftn e d a n d A n ex am p le o f th i s is t h e c u st o m in
as a w h o le .

r i g i d r u l es f o r t h e en a c t m en t o f l a w s ’
o r s t a t u t e s . If a th e w i f e t a k e s h er h u sb a n d s n a m e . T h is h a s b e e n es t

s t a t u t e is p l a i n l y c o n t r ar t o a ist i n
p r e
-
y c u st o m i c e i n t r

p r a c t
e x
g t h e n bl is h e d in th e P h i l i p p i n es as a r e s u l t o f t h e
th er e is n o al t er n a t iv e t o
’
t h e l a t t e r s a b r o
g a
t i o n . T hu s ,
f o r
du ce d b y t h e A 1n e r i c a n s a f t e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a c q u i r e d
in s ta n c e t h e o ld I go r o t cu s t o m
, o f a l l o w in g
p er s o n s w In u
it h o u t t h is j u r i sd i c t i o n t h i s c
th e P h ilip p in e s f r o m S p a i n .
,
c h i l d r en o f t h e i r o w n ’
t o a d o w i t h o u t
p t t h e c o u r t s a r o v l e x p r e s se d i n A r t i c l e 3 7 0 o f t h e C i v il
p p
a
, to m is n o w le g ally
th e a d o p t a t u s t h e r eb b e c o m i n g
y t h e h e ir of th e a d o p t e r
B n o b o d y w o u l d
, w a s
Cod e . u t p r i or t o i t s e n a c t m e n t in t o l a w
n o t en f or ce d be c a u se i t w a s c o n t r a r y t o t h e
p r o v i si o n o f ha e s t i on e d i t a s n o t c u s t o m a r y d u r i n g t h e l a st f o r t y
la w
v e q u
o n a d o p t ion w h i c h r e u i r e s
’
, t h e c o u r t
q s i n t e r v e n t i o n
or f if ty y e a r s . A n o t h er ex a m p l e i s t h e c u s t o m o f t r e a t in g
an d ap p r o v a l .
3 9

th e o w n e r o f an a d j a c e n t l an d a s t h e o w n e r o f t h e f r u i t s
t he io u r th h r a t iq o f l u r h i bo m
g g gg m e @a c e f u l a c c e
n a t u r a l l v f
g in g u p o n su c h l an d . T h is c u st o m i s n o w a
&a bv t h o se
_ _ w h ose
r i g b wæt e r e s t s •
ar e af f ec t ed . In po s it i v e p r o v is i o n i n A r ti c l e
9h o f t h e C iv i l C o d e o f t h e
o th e r w or d s , c u s t o m s hou ld b e an op en o n e . Oth er w ise P h ih p p in e s .
,
it sh o u l d n o t b e c o u n t e n a n c e d b e c a u se a se c r e t o r c l a n d e

t in e an d i n j u r io u s .
c
ll si g g a . c a n g g t h av s: g a l e x i st e n g g . it (2 ) Par t i c u l a r .

, J+ u ld t h en
A in
b e im m e d ia t e l
y c o n t r a r y t o th e se c o n d r e q u is it e par t i c u l ar c u st o m i s o n e w h i c h pgvai l s o ar t i c

o f c u st om .

@a plac e g L j g cm . In th e M u sl im r e g io n o f t h e Ph i l i

Wn en a ll t h ese c h a r a c t e r is t i c s a r e p in e s ,
f o r i n s t a n c e
,
a M u s lim F ili p in o is r e c o g n i z e d a s t h e
p r e sen t t h e c o u r t s
can n ot ign o r e ow n er a n d
t h e cu s t o m b u t m u s t of t h e lan d h e h a s cu l t iv a t e d f o r m a n y y e a r s
g i v e i t e ff e c t Bu
4 0
.
t
c o u r ts ar e c ar ef u l on a n c e s t o r s
t o r eq u i r e w h i ch h e h as h i s h om e an d t h e g r a v e s o f h is .
t h at c u s t o m m u st b e
p r o v e d a s
A ll la n d s ou tsid e th e a g r ic u l t u r a l a gr d h o m e l o t s i s b y c u

a7 K E ET O N
, G . W .

A
O . i
, p c t .
, 8 0 2 B L A
Co M ) E N T A R I ES tom t r ib e
4 1
n o th er
p r o p e r t y o f t h e
C

a8 A
; K S T O N E

, 3 1 .
c o n sid er ed c om m on .

r ti c le 1 1 C i v i l o
, C d e o f t h e P h i l i i n e s r
p p , p o v i d e a : C u a t o m s
a r e w h i c h
o f r i g d r i v e r s
p r a c t ic e
c o n t r a r ex am p l e o f t h e
y t o la w , p
u b l i c o M e r o r
p
u b l i c
p
o l i c s h a u n
a p ar t i cu l a r c u s t o m i s
a9 L . B o . - y o t b e c o u n t e n a n c e d .
V 40
. . N
OH 55 3 h o r s es
( l e av i n g t h e i r
M d o
a n i l a
l a

4 0 P a t n ia r
, . G a z .
, ( 19 4 3 ) . coc h er o s ) in th e C i t y o f M o f
c a V . O r a t e , 7 P h i l . 3 9 0
( 19 0 7 ) ; A a i a t c P e t r o le u m
Col le u o . o l I n t e r n a l R e p e n u e
C o . y .

, 3 8 P h i l . 5 10 ( 19 2 2 ) .

. I 41 c a c h o . . G o p e m m e n t o f t æ e Un fre d S t a te s , 2 8 P h i l . 6 16 ( 19 14 ) .
32 L E GA L M ET H OD
La w AN D I TS S o u R CE S 33

u n a t t en f e d w h i l e h e ; i n
p a
s s e n
p g g e r s i n u n l o a d i n
g c a r
g o o r
by th e le g isl a t iv e b o d y o f a sta t + . Or d in an c es a r e a d o p te d
m e r c h a n d is e f r o m th e ir r ig s .
4 2

by a city or m u n ic ip al c o u n ci l . The f ir st
.
Tw o ar e g en er al

(3 ) C o n u ertt i o n u z . _ in f or c e an d ap p li c at i on b e c a u se t h ey op er a t e t h r ou g h o u t

A con v e n t i o n a l
th e en t i r e c o u n t r y - Th e l ast on e is o f n a r r o w er o p er a tion
c u st o m is on e th at is es ta b l ish ed in or
si n c e i t i5 l im i t ed t o th e e x t en t an d j u r is d i c t i o n o f t h e
r Rm f i n e d t n a _ c e r tain d e f in i t e gra g p c ar r y in o n a sp e c if i c
g
c i ty o r t o w n e n a c t in g t h e m In t h e st r ict se n s e t he r ef o r e
k in
.

d of en d e a v o p . T h is is e sp ec i all
y t r u e i n t r a d e i n d u
, ,

,
le g isl a t io _ m a y b e d t :ˇ i a ˚ d 4 th e f o r m a l Gn a c t m e n t s o f
tr ial , c o m m e r c i a l, a n d pr of essi on a l u sa g e . A n ex am p l e is
_

th e l e g isla t iv e o r g a n o f t h e S t a t e .
,
A n d l a w s w h i ch h a v e
a cu st o m p r ev ai l in g in a t r a d e u n i o n o r g u i l d . A n ot h er e

am p le is th e cu st om
fo r t h e i r s o u r c e t h e l e g i s l a t i v e o r g a n a r e p r o p e r l y c a l l e d
o f f i sh e r m e n t o d r y t h e ir n ets u p on " " "
"
s t a t u t e law o r e n a c t e d la w .

th e l an d o f a n o th er w it h o u t h is co n sen t . s tiu an o th er e

a m p l e i s t h e c u s t o m o f c o m m e r c i a l a c c o m o d a t i o n
(b ) L o u s e s e n se
.
.

Th e e f f e c t o f a c o n v en t i o n a l c u st o m i s u n l i k e t h at o f
a g e n er al
In t h i s s e n s e , Je g i s l a t i p n m e a n s t h e f or m a l u t t e r a n c e s
o r p ar t icu l ar cu st o m . Con v e n t i on a l c u st o m i s
o f b o d ie s o t h e r t h a n t h e l e g i sl a t i v u o r g a n o f th e St a t e
_ p
r

n ot c on s id e r e d a s It
a s o u r c e o f l a w . m ay ,
h o w e v e r
, be c o m e
v rd e d t h a t s u c h u t t e r a n c e s a r e w it h in t h e l i tn i t s o f t h e
an a d d i t io n a l p r ov i. Io n o r c o n d it i o n in a t r a d e o r me r c
&
a

r e sp ec t iv e a u th o r i t y a n d p a
w e l :. Thu s ,
t he a J. I i c u l a t e b o d i
t ile t r an sa c t i o n or c o n t r a c t It m a y a l so b e h elp f u l in
.
t h e
for m a k in g l a w s In t h e l o o se se n s e a r e t h e
det er m i n a t i on
th e p u r p os e o f
o f th e m e an in g o f c e r t a i n a c t s o r w o r d s u se d
o p u l a r c o n v en t i o n o r a s s e m b l y t h e e e c u t iv e o r g a n t he
in tr a d e i n du st r i al c o m m e r c i a t, a n d r o f e s s i o n
p , x ,

, , p a l u s a g e .

a d m in ist r a ti v e o r g a n ,
a n d t h e a d j u d ic a t iv e o r g an .

2 . L e g i s la t i o n ,

L c o n v e n t i o n o r a sse m b ly is a
e g isl a t i o n b y p o p u l a r
_ .

" "
A s a t er m ,
leg isl a t io n i s a l s o u s e d t o m e a n t h e s c i e n c e v e r y r a r e o c c u r r e n c e t o d a y a n d t h e p r o c: e s s ,
w h i le si m p l e ,

of w h at o u g h t t o b e d o n e t o m a k e g o o d l a w . i t is n ot u se d w o u l d b e n u t t e c u m b e r s o m e f r o m t h e p o i n t
o f v ie w o f

he r e i n t h a t s e n s e b u t t o m e a n th e t o t a l i ty o f e n a ct ed l a w s . siz e a n d a is p at ch . Th a t is w h y i n m o d e r n S t a t es , l
e g
i

A t th e p r ese n t t im e ,
l e
g
i s l a t i o n i s b
y
f a r t h e m o s t i la t i v e a u t h o r i t y is g e n e r a l i :V e x e r c is e d b y a r e p r e se n t a t i v e

p or ta n t d o c u m en t a r y a n d m a t e r i a l s o u r c e o f l a w . T he r e
leg i sl a t u r e , w h ic h tn a y e i t h e r b e u n i c a m e r a l o r b i c a m e r a l .

s on a scr ib e d f o r t h i s p h e n o m e n o n is t h at m u ch o f t h e b o d y B u t w h e t h er i t is o n e o r t h e ot h e r ,
t h e m e m b e r s c o m
p
o s i n
g
-

of la w t o d a y i s th e r es u l t o r p r o d u c t o f t h e p r o c ess a f the le g is la t iv e b o d y a r e e le c t e d b y th e q u a l if
i e d v o t e r s o f

le g isl a t i o n . th e c o n u . un
i
t

F or t h e p u r p o se o f t h i s c o u r se
Qgdl ar #i s z nnn
l e i s l a t i o n
L e g i s l a t i a rt b
u
, g i s f u r t h e r
_
th e e x e c u \ iy e o r g an i5 . .

de r st o o d in t w o se n s e s ,
n a m e l
y ,
t h e s t r i c t s e n s e a n d t h e o f e x e c u tj _ o n i e r s . B u t t h is is b a se d on a p ar en t g
r an t
"

lo ose sen s e o f i n f q r of a a : ˚ m cr g g c v 0 0WEI S

p o w e r u su a l l y th e
.
,m . _ _ -

th i s
’

law . T hu s , w he n t h e C h ie f E x e c u t i v e i s e n g a g ed in
( a ) S br i c t se n se .

The
fu n c ti o n h e is a l so l e g i s la t in g ,
b u t i n t he l oo se s en se .

Le g i sl a t i o n in t h e st r i c t se n s e i s f o u n d i n c o n s t i t u ti o n s
,
sam e th in g is t r u e i n ma d n a w mn a a ø H mi E a
st a t u t es a n d o r d i n a n c es
i n
.

W h il e of h is a c t i o n s
f a te• • it i s t r u e t h a t a g r e at d e al
Con s t i t u t i o n s a r e a d o p t e d b y p o p u l ar v o t e o r b y a
t h e l e g is :
,
th i s fi e l d r e q u i r es t h e c o n cu r r e n c e o r r a t i i c a t i on o f
co n st it u t ion a l c o n v en t i o n o r by b o t h . St a t u tes ar e a d op t ed l e
,
lat iv e b r an c h o f t h e g o v er n m
e n t ,
a s w h e n
,
f o r e x a m
p ,

o t h e r n a t i on s i t
42 M a r t i n e z V . V a n B u a k i r k
,
1 8 P h i l . 9 9
( 19 1 0 ) .
he en t er s in t o tr e a ty a g r e e m e n t s w i t h ,
34 L E GA L M E T H OD
L AW A ND I TS S o u RCES 35
can n ot b e d en ied t h at in so act in g h e h as d on e t h e m aj or t as k is n o w r ec o gn iz e d as t h e f i e l d o f j u d ic i al l e g is l a t i o n
po r t i on
w nat
.

o f th e t a sk .
h e h as d on e w il l a f f e c t t h e p
In i nt pr et at i on
e

a sim p l e w ay of p u ˘ n g it s t a t u t a n d i
PI
, g y
ju st as p la in ly as if t h e l eg i sl a t u r e
.
i ts el f h a d ac c o

o r c o n st r u c t i o n is
-

th e p r o c eg b y w h i ch a c ou r t t r i es t o
p l i sh ed i t .

a sc er t a in th e m e an in g an d p u r p o se o f t h e l eg isl a t u r e in
M o d e r n
p r a c c e o f l e g is l a t io n h as d ev e l o
p ed th e de th e a ct m e n t o f a st a tu t e
y
l

gat ed ty p e of leg islat i on H er e t h e l e g i sl a t u r e

The
.
e n ac ts a
p r o c ess in v o l v e s th e u s e o f + n r j n s i q a s w e l l a s
st atu te in m o r e or le ss
g e n e r a l t er m s

to b e s p e ll e d
l ea v in g t h e d et ai l s ex t r in sic
ai d to in t e r p r e t a t i o n am d / o r co n s t r u c t ion .
:t he
o u t in t o sp e ci f i c r u l es an d r e g u l at i o n s b y
t h e in str u m e n ta l it
titl e o f a st at u t e an d t h e c on t e x t
g f -
s t a t u t e a r e t
w
o e 4

y o r a g en c y o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t c r e at e d If
or r e q u i r ed t o im p l e m e n t
a m p le s o f in t r in si c
ai d : th e in ten t ion or m e an in g o t
t h e p a r en t st a t u t e . In tu r n a s t a t u t e is st ill c l e a r a f t e r u
, n o t i rw t h e in tr in si c a i d s t h en
th e in s t ,r u m ta lit y o r a g en cy r eq u ir e s c o m p li a n c e w it h
aas
e n
th e
c ou r ts m ay r eso r t t o e x t r in s ic ai d g . A con tem p o r a n e ou s
r u l e s an d r e g u l at i on s
p r o m u l g a t e d b y i t .
W hen a g ove r

c ir c u m s t a n c e to th e en a ct m en t o f a st a t u t e , s u c h a s t he
,
m M i nab
’

ta l s r ad m in is gen w is eg g g ed i n t h e f u h is t
. n
-
4
a

o r y a f t h e t i ln e s ,
i s a n e x t
- ;
n • ;
C a i
d A n o th er -
e x
a

m on li a D r g m u l g a t in g r u l es an d g g g g j a t i o n s i t is s a i d t o b e
ple o : a n ex t r in s ic a id is th e p o p u l a r s e n s e _
o r un d e r s t a n

r e El in IB Aß M b u t in t h e l o o se sen s e of t h e t er m in
.

g g i v e n t o a th i n g o r t e r m mer t j oned jn t h e st a t u t e T h u s ,
It can n o t b e o v e r e m p h a s iz e d t h a t th e d el e g a t i o n f l a

a stat u te is
.
o

r e st r i c t e d b y th e c o u r ts w h en a p a r t ic u l a r
m a k in g p g w g tg a
gi a d m in i s t r a t i v e
qg s n y m w st b e d

state ta
_ -

o f f a c t s
-

w h i c h i s w i t h in t h e w o r d s o f t h e .
s t u t e is
m n n R il an d d ef in e d m in c e r t a in ˚ p Fc if i c st a n d a r d s es t a

n o t w i th in 1h e i n t e n ti o n o f th e l e g is l a t u r e . Or a s t a t u t e is
l i sh ed bu h g J˚ g i s l a t u r e i t sel f in t h e p a r e t a ttl t e Ot h e
_ _ .
ex t e n d e d b y th e c o u r ts w h en a p a r t i c u l ar s t a t e o f f a c ts
w ise ,
i t w i l l b e c o m e a n u n d u e d e l e
g
a t i o n o f l e i s l a t i v e
g w h ic h is n o t w i th in t h e w o r d s o f th e st a t u t e h a p p e n s t o

p o w er . It w i ll th e n b e u n c on s ti t u t io n a l ,
a n d, t h e r e fo r e n u ll be w it h in t h e in t e n t i o n
, o f th e t e g isl a t u r e .

a n d v o id
妞 国国 e x er c is e o f eir p o뺀 호 in t e r .p r e t a v a g u e o r
A t pr ese n t l e i s la t i o n h a s b ec o m e a n a r t a n d a s c i e n c e ˘ gg og s im ia a m
, g .
@ _
p r oc ess gc r est
r

L z g isl a t i v e t ec h n i c i an s a r g n o w em p l oy ed b y t h e l e g i sl a t i v e t io n . . G
o u r t s
g e t m en g a g ed i n eg i sl a t i m m a k i n g
o r g an Ev en so i t is n e t u n l ik e ly th a t t h e l e g i sl a t u r e
.
m ay an d est al ßmai a so m e n ew p r ec ep ts m m ean s of j u d ici a l
co m e sh o r t o f h e y n d
o r g o
:
, i t s i n t e n t i o n i n t h e e n a c t m e n t dg c j ¸ ig T F . If w h a t t h e co u r t s s t a t e i s n o t n ew t h en i t a o e s
o f a st a t u te . Or t h e l egl at ur e m a y en ac t a l a w or st at u t e n o t m ak e ,
bu t on l y an n o u n ces ,
la w . Thi :
p
o r t i o n o f t h e

w it h o u t a n y d e f in i t e in t e n t i o n a t a ll . It h as b e en s a id t h a t dis c u ssion w i ll n ot b e c om p l et e i f r e f er e n c e
- -

t o p ar ti c u l ar
w i r l n m h a s a : ra l eg isl a u r e p ac t ed 4 w taq i l d Io g i c a l act of
. . E
_ _ 5 . A n
. t h e h igh est c ou r t of t h e l a n d is n o t m a d e . The
st at u t e T his sh o u l d n o t t o b e t ak en a s egsi g
. a n . .
A E _ _ g n - ø wg g e C ou r t . In h a R t s r u jg :m g u gg p gw ,

th e _ a bi l i t y .
n f t h e I Eg i s l a . t o r s _ On t h e c on tr a r y , i t w a s s a i d . m y E mu l g a t e m of m an aa m _ for it@ B an d m a a l l
in o r d er t o h ig h l ig h t t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s .
r e a uy v er y h a r d m bg tm t e cou r ts Wn en m li m n
.
S u p g i :
to b e p e r f e c t
p r e c is e a n d o f ex p r essi o n an d i n t en t io n in El n H 程 b is also en g agec q n le g isla tinn . Bu t ag a in in
a n y ˝ ie L L - o L - e n dea voq _ ex e n - _ im Jnn i i n g tex t b o o k s . Bu t th e lo ose sen se .

w h en th e le g islat u r e h as n o d e fin i t e i n t e n t io n i n e n a c tia g

a st a t u t e , o r o v e r s t e
p
s
,
o r fan s sh o r t of Its a v o w e d i nt e
(C ) C h ar a c ter isti cs .

.
tio n ,
1 h e n c o u r t s hav e a g r e a t d e al t o d o i n t h e i n t e r p r

The d ec l ar at ion s a n d u t te r an c es o f t h e l e g i sl a t i v e o r g a n s
tation an d l o r c on s tr u c t i o n o f s u c h a v a g u e s ta t u t e T h is .J f
.
t h e S t a t e h a v e c e r t a i n c o m m o n c h a r a q t e r i s t i c s .
 L w ITS S o u ECES 37
36 L E GA L M E T H OD AND

su ch
( F fu g gt w h en d g g g @ ˘ m an d p g n isb s ¸
y h ec l
) o m na l a n d ct e tu r o ,
.

r
q -

#
t yqeg
w
law th a t a g g r a v a t es a g r im e _ o r m p sr#
_ Xh e r e is f or m m v b e c a u gg: Bm ar e p a s se d in a c c o r
-

an ce w it h m m a m l f o r m s a n d r n l e s . These p r er e q u is it es
sh o u l d b e c o m p li e d w i t h b ef o r e th e y c an b e a p p lie d in t h e

c o u r ts o f t h e S ta t e .

ª n d
The se f or m al e n a c t m en t s o p er a t e d e p r o sp i ci t ,
t hat is
th h z- : i l

to say t hev h av e c t iv e e ff e c t T h is m ean s

r gc e iv es l e ss . o r di ˘ er enubs i monl han e l a y L g g g u
, p ¸ gm g e n e r a l ly .

at th e t im e o f th g c o m m issi o n o f t h e o æ e .
th at a st a t u t e c a n n o tl F æu e n gg _ o r a ff e c t a ju r ai o r 1 l
_

"

c o n v ic t t h e
4 5
A ga i n i t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t w h i l e

F aa m ,
.

o n in co n n e c t io n w it h s o m e s i tu a t io n o f f ac t o r t r a n

n ec e s sa r il y b e r e t r o sp e c t iv e in
al l en p o st fa c t o la w s m u st
a c t i o n t h .

Ra i a mq T hu s .
4 3

, a s t a t u t e u n d e r w h i c h

ch a r a c ter n o t a ll r e t r o s p e c t iv e l a w s a r e e a p o st fa c t o ,
a n d,
a con tr a ct w a s ex ec ut may b e c h a n g e d m a te r ia ll y p r

i s
v i d e d t h a t t h e m o d if ic a t i o n
hen c e ,
b a d . Thu s ,
w h e n a s t a t u t e e x c u s e s a n a c t w h i c h
t h e r e o f is g iv e n a p r o s p e c t i v e
u n l a w f u l by m e an s of e x e c u t iv e p a r d o
n , t he st a t u t e i s n o t
e ff e c t .
,

v o i d m er e l3
-

be c a u ss it Is r e t r o sp e c t i v e .

Sta t u t es or l a w s c an n o t o p e r a te d e r esp i c it u n le ss t h e .

c o n t r a r y is p r o v id e d e i t h e r in e x p r e s s t er m s of t h e st a t u te The 56 . r . N n r i gg gd io n is w h e n t h e r eE q a cj i
•
m o f _
a

or b y n e c e ss a r y i m p l i c a ti o n . B u t rr _ t Lo s p g c t iv e _\ at ut es _
th at st a ˘ t e m n n c g m g t g _ _ m _
i m n air m s n _ @ Ug a t i o n o f

ar e _ c u r a t˘ re or , r e p e a l _
in .
R ai m .
p
r o hibit e d a
v a l i d c o n T a c t s .
4 7
T h is m e an s t h a t f u l f i l l me n t o f l aw fu l pr o

th e
be
i

th o u g h ,
a s a l r e a d
y s t a t e d a b o v e
,
t h e
y
s h o u l d e x p r es s e d .
is e s o r ob l ig at i o n s a r e a ss u m e d t h e r e b y g u a r d in g

c l e ar l y or m a d e m a n ife st . F or in s t a n c e ,
a s t a t u t e o r l a w te g r i ty of c on t r a ct u al o b l ig a t io n s . Thu s ,
f o r e x a m p
l e
,
a

m ay a d d a n o t h e r .
R e m e dy in a d d i ti o n t o t h o se a h e a d y a va i
c on tr a c t th a t is l e g al a t t h e v er y b e g in n i n g c an n o t b e m a d e

il l e g
4
st a tu t e
8
a b l e f o r th e en f o r c e m e n t o f c o n t r a c t s w h e n t h e l e g isl a tu r e al b y a su b se q u en t .

de em s t h a t th e e x ist in g r e m e d i es a r e i n a d e q u a t e .
The t h ir d e x c e n t io n t o th e r u l e t h n t n u a t a t e m a v b e

The
-

r u l e th a t a ta w m a y b e g iv e n a r et r o a c t iv e er ec t
gi y e n a r e t r o a c
•

M l# i ˘ n is w h en l h e s & e d e s t v est e d
’

car r ies l h ee e x c e o tib n s . A l th o u g h th i s is so m e w h : t ad v a n dº d o r Thu s le A

r

a c a u ir e d r igh ts .
,
f o r e x a m
p ,
t h e
p
r o v i s i o n o f

fo r th i s c o u r se ,
n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e
y s h o u l d b e
g i v e n
’

to p ic le 2 78 of t h e C iv il C o d e o f t h e P h i lip p in e s a r o v e d in
, p p

v en t m is c o n c e p t i on .
I aE S M w h en 国 国 r e t r oa c l m l w il l m m 19 5 0 , h pr o v id e s t h a t v g l u n t a r y qgn itio n o f fi l i a t j
’
w h i c .
R e c
: : ,

Tt g t g a n
•

5 im a m l a rw 4
B u t it sh ou l d b e n e d " "

E
’ .
. _

aL p a l em i t v m a y b e m a d e i n a n
y
a u t h e n t i c w r i t i n g
c
a

th
•

he 厦 浏 t
蜀 如 n st p o g Ja c tg
_ .
Iaw s a p p l ie s o ; tl y n ot b e r etr o a ct i v e ly ap p l i e d in a c a se in v o l v in g t h e r e c o g n

to cr im in a l n en al m a t t er s M I n o t c iv il m a t t e r s o r tio n o f n at u r a l c h il d w h o w b o r n 1 8 9 3 a n d w h o t r i e d
a as in
c ases
4 6
Ther e is n o e x ac t d e fin i t io n o f w h a t an ea
p o s E her
.
to g et r e c o gn i t i on o n l y in 1 9 53 , w e t h e ev id en c e o f r

f
’

a ct o l a w is b u t i t i s w e l l se t tl e d b y a n
aut hobpt
-
i ve de e

•
cogn i
-

t i one l i ed u p o n c o n s is t e d o f a p r i v a t e w r it in g w h i c h
si o n th a t th er e ar e a t l ea st f o u r k i n d s ,
n a m e l
y : ; : wi,t
a r a d m it t ed pat er ni t y . A lth ou g h sa i d p r iv a t e d o cu m e n t m a y
th at m an ac t i on d on e b ef or g of t he l m g gd be r eg ar d e d w ith in t h e
"
as p u r v i e w o f t h e p h r a se
e
a u t h

"
4a A r t i c l e 4 , C i v i l C o d e o t h e P h i l i i . E s ide s : L a w ¨
tic w r itin g n e v e r t h e l e s s A T t i c l e 2 7 8 w o u l d dis t u r b th e v e s

p p .
P
’ "
s h a l l h a v e
n o ’ " r c a q t i . e . Ff e c t , u n l e s s t h e c o n t r a r i s r o v i d e d .
y p
44
q . Fl a d S t a r e s . .
•
D i a z c
p
• d e
, 4 2 P hil . 7 6 6 ( 19 2 2 ) ; U n it e d S l a t e s 46 C a Jd e . F . B u l l
.
3 D a l l .
(U S ) 38 1 . .
, 1 L . E d . 6 4 8
:
M e k i n V . W o l i a
,

V Gom ez 1 2 P h i l 2 79 ( 19 0 8 ) 2 P hi l T4 ( 19 0 3 )
.
, . .
. .

\ s o n ai a A.
& y . G . M b . 7 .
, 4 Off . Ga z .
,
5 63 1 ( 19 4 3 ) : R e p u b lic V .
+T A a i a t i c P e l r o le u t n F . L I a n e s , \ 9 P h i l . 4 6 6 ( 19 2 6 ) .

O a sa n L 9 14 1 -
5 48 S a l c e d o
, G . R . N o . . S e
p
t . 2
, 1 9 5 6 . C o o L E Y
, C o N S T I T U T I O N A l , V . C a •
p
i o
,
G . R . N o . L
-
44 95, J u n e 6 , 1 9 5 1 ; C a m a c h o V .

L I M IT A T I o N s B t h E d 54 1 5 4 2 -

Co 84 8 ( 19 4 8 )
.
, .
,
u rt o i n d u stri a l R e l a t io n s , 8 0 r h i l . .
38 L E GA L M E T H OD L AW A ND ITS S o u RCES 39

ed r ig h ts of th e d ec ed en t
’
do w an d leg it im at e i T h f: e v i l r e s u l t ; . A ll t o o o b v io u s i f t h e
s w i
son ,
w h o
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had ac q u ir ed t h e p r op er ty o f th e d e c e as e d or th e o t h er w ise
p u tat iv e r u l e w er e .

fat h a p p li c a t i o n w i t h in t h e l im i t s
er of th e n a t u r al c h i ld se ek in
g
r e co g n i t i o n .
4 9

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L eg isla t io n is o f g en e r a l

i t ion o f t h e l eg i sl a t i n g b o d ies .

o f th e j u r isd c
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p h y s ic a ll y p o ssib l e . If o r •

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w h en it su b seq g g g tl v r e p e al e d he n
t h e p r o v is i o n s o f a sta t u t e a r e im p ossib l e o f p er f o r

w w w ta w w h en . js . o r w

v o i cw w w le c ou r t
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r ea d Y _ . E x n ir e d .

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W hile th e en a c t m en t s o f t h e l e g is l a t u r e sh o u l d b e e

l e g i sl at u r e
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ge n c y p o w e r s l a w . It is e n a c t e d b y t h e , i n

du r in g as m u ch a s p o ssib l e ,
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n a t i o n w i d e
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,
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t ra la b le m er el y o n t h a t a c c o u n t .
t o w a r o r i n s u r r e c t i o n Su c h
e m er g en c y ,
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e

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isl a t i Dn d u r i n g t h e e x i st en c e o f t h e e m e r g e n cy .

qr im o r o v e m eD t . Th e ex c ep t io n t o th i s is w h e n t h e st a t u t e
a
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p ar t ak e s o f t h e n at u r e o f g r a n t o f cer t a in
a p r i v i l eg es i:h a t
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t

n o r m a l ch a r a c t e r i st i c o f le g i sl a t i o n . n o t
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6 n
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t iv e o r d es t r u c t iv e o f t h at w h i c h is e x ist in g b u t is a l so
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m o v e d b y c o n st it u t i on a l rn a n d a t e w it h r e g a r d s t o n f
g r a n ts
th a t t h e e x e r c i se o f r e p e a l is a n ev il p o w e r . On t h e c o

le g i sl a t iv e f r an c h is e s .
A a

tr ar y ,
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( F) G e n
• er t u p p l i c a b i l i t -u com p a r a tiv e l a w .

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th e la w ex c u ses n o o n e f r o m c o m p li a n c e t h er e w i th .
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do eg n o t . It w il l r e m a in a st a t u t e d e sp i t e it s a g e . H o

n o on e is p e r m it t e d t o p l e a d ig n o r a n c e o f t h e e x is te n c e o f
ev er ,
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a st a t u t e or l a w a s a d e f en se . W . T ile it is tr u e th at ,
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a ll are a c t u a ll y a p p r a is e d n or d o a l l r e al l y k n o w som eth in g i s w r o n g w i t h it an d m a y r e q u i r e i t s o u t r i g h t r

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p eal o r b et t er m en t .

b ha t ey er y g n e l m m a m a @ & ˘ _ m j lc i a l l eg al f act .

3 . Ju d icia l P r ec ed e n t s .

It t gs t i l i ed on gr ou n d s o f u t il i t v a n d g o o d l l
Pr e c ed en t h a s a b r b a d m e a n in g a s a t e r m . W e a r e t ol d
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) 5 78 ; M an ila or cer em on y :
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l s
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40 L E GA L M E TH OD L AW AN D I TS

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c ed en t ly sim i l: s u bm it t ed f o r a d j ud i
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d ic ia l p r ec ed e n t s ar e som e th in g e l se . They a r e c o
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-
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tio n s ar e s o m et im e s d ec i d ed on th e b asis of j u d ic ial

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t h er e加 g g , m e r e ly ey id eg ce n n n ig t h t b eh alf :
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C o m m i ss i o n 15
e Ja w In L P h i l ip p i n es
5 6
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n t s
t h is l e g i sl a t i on h a s b e e n e x t en d e d t o c o v er g r a
sy st em of t h e P h il i p p in e s .
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be t ak en r u l e o f

ap p l ic a t i o n f o r a r e g u l a r
w h i l e an
w it h a cav e at an d th at is t h e d e c isi o n s o r •

pr ec ed e n t s m u st o f i n a l
p r o v is o p e r m i t s
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n o i m m e d ia t e d ecisio n r u l e i n p
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(a ) C o n c ep t a n d d e j i Tt i t i o n .
m in istr a t iv e Ja w .
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a s a t er m , i e et@m pr e c @@m is p ar ti cu la r l7 m ed t o t her e ar e m @ _

r e a s o n s
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iE g or
d g &0 1 4 0 11 a p o i n o r p o i n t s o f l a w a r isin g in a g i y e J1 _ g & u w T .
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t h e r e a m n o t b e an v t g a

i c u l a r l i t i g a t In n w pH a n R e -

c . I t is th u s in th e n at u r e of an . A u th or it y t o b e f o

poin t i m -d u d in a .

g
to w e d in t h e c o u r t s . T his Jn e a n s t h a t t h e c on c ep t o f j u d

g u ir es a d j u d i c a t j o n o r

1 pr e c ed e n t i n v o lv e s c o n si st en c y i n d e c isi on s b e c a u s e of c a d ai a n d st a g t ggj : - n
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th e r e a l i t y t h at a d e c isi o n i s n o t si m p l y c on c er n ed w i t h t h e in th e P h ilip p in e s w h er e t h e r e

q eh icl e c ase b u t w i th all sim i l ar o r n e a r l y s im il a r c as es t h a t s t a tu t e i a w .

sg g@ ,
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t h e c o u r t d e c id e s iss u q

m ay h av e g o n e b ef o r e it . A n d it w i ll ce r t ain ly af f e c t s u
a r e a l m g st a l w a j ru g d g : e g j u a a u u L a mi r a d i a t e t mc _
-
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s e q u e n t c as es t h a t a r e s im i l ar ar n e a r l y si m il ar t o i t . Ev en t ic a ll y e v e r y a sp e ct o f th g Jr g a l o r d er ,
t h at i5 ,
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in c o u n t r i es w i th c o d if i e d sy st e m s o f l a w ,
w her e t h e l eg al gov er nment .

r u le a p p l ic a b l e t o a p ar t i cu l a r c a se i s sa i d t o b e f o u n d a n d
(b ) E e cu o TL c our t

f i xed i n th e co d e s i t i s a c c e p t e d t h a t t h c o u T t s c a n n o t
i

l m ˘ to f oll ow
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n or e th e a p p r o a ch a n d r ea s o n i n g o f ot h e r co u r t s i n sim il ar A
m na n l r e n t . n d it d o es n o t g en e r a lly w a i t f o r

or n e a r l y s im il a r c ase s T h is is e sp e c i a l ly t r u e in cases o b s o l e t e o r
th e l e g is l a t u r e t o d e c l a r e a j u d i c i a l p r e c e d e n t
.

in v o l v i n g th e in t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Go d a l p r o v i si on s a n d st a t u t es .

56 A L L E N , 69 170 -

W it h o u t su ch in t er p r et a t io n s t h e b ar e p r ov isi on s o f a c o d e
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•

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, p r o v i d e a t h a t i c i a l

la w s o r t h e C o n st it u t i o n ah h l l f o r m ,
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il ip p in e n Tr a n sp o r ta t io n C o m p a n y , I n c . V . P r i e t o e t a s .
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 42 L EGA L M E TH OD
LAW A N D I TS S o u RCES 43

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国国 a n d c e

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lin w h e th er o n e d ec i si on m a k e s : a j u d i c i a l p r e ce d en t o r w h

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W es t V i r g in i a S t a t e B o a r d o f E d u c a t io n r eq u ir i n g gen er a lly it is a o f d e c i si o n s i gpi nnnE tr gm b t

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sa l u t e o f p u p il s a n d t e ac h er s a l i k e , c l a i m i n
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t iv e a s a u th o r i ty in f u t u r e c as e s t h a t a r e si m i l ar o r n e a r l y
6a B u m u t V . C o r o n g d o O t & G a s C o .
, 2 8 5 U S 3 93 . .
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s im ar
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to th em .

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,
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ea 3 10 U 58 6 ( 19 4 0 ) ø
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44 L E GA L M E TH o D
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L AW A ND ITS S o u RCE S 45

Ld ) Eec t i u i t y •
1 . Ju r isp r u d e rtt i t O p in i o n s .

A ju . d i ci al n r e c e d ( . I sk u st a t u t e , is 11 0
’

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en t i a l o p in i o n s

gF
Thu
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s
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ien
it

t
a g es

b u t u n u se d
an d th e m or e it i s ap p li ed t b et t er .

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i a l p

d o c u m en t a r y
r e c ed e n t s .

o r
This
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at e r i a l
a l r e a d y

so u r c e
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a n a n c
,
p r e c e d e n t sh o u l d n ot b e a

been d i scu s se d a s a
j ur i

p lied t o t o d o w i t h
a p r e s en t c a se w h e n th e c i r c u m s ta n c es u n d er w h i ch The im p or ta n t m a t t er n o w h a s
of law .

th e i n c h a r a c t er
p r e c e d en t w a s f o r m d o ct r in a l
.

u l a t e d ar e th a t ar e
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pr
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p r e se n t c a s e T he ch an g e d c m s t ic a l ap d
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o
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gal o p i n j
dit io n s su g g e st @ eig g t a b p r o a ch c o n c e r n in g - 区罗 e n t s of law • So o n er o r l a t e r
u r is p r u d e n t s
Ju j u
d

d i cial en a ct m e n t s a n d i n
p r e c e d en t s c an b e o v e r r u l e d B u t t h e a b a

em b o d i e d in le g is l a t iv e
th e y b ec o m e
.

dan Pr a t e

m en t o f a a s l a w
p r e c e d en t i s n o t an e a sy b e c o m in g fi r m l y f i x ed .
m a t t er f o r t h e C o u r t
gi ai d e cisi o n s . T her eb y
to d o T he C ou r t v er y d e v o t i o n t o t h e r e a l m
se l d o m r ep u d i a t e s a ll kn ow n f o r h is
p r e c e d e n t
.

i n G u t t er i d g e w e
s o r ,

ex p r e ss T h is a p p l i e d s t a t e s t hat
t er m s , is u n d e r st a n d a h l e . The C o u r t t r i es
o f co m p ar a t i v e l a w ,
bot h t h e o r et i c al a n d ,

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a p r e c e d e n t t h e r e t g t -e e in i f _

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n r a r e in c o n el u g j ig .
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it is i n t h is l i g h t

a t e r i a l a n d
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Tu u d e n t m the t ial o r d o c tr in a l o p in i o n s a r e c o n s id e r e d a s m

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l a w
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Ł n t s
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_

th e ch ar g e o f h av i n g w r on g l y d e c i d e d a By w r i t t en b y o n g
p r i o r c a s e mR n n s oT o p in i o n
Eger ence i tw e eg
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fa r ,
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e Ee c : laa a a a tu r i s t m .
R i am an d t r e a t is e _ a c
w h n is o r h a s _

The ,d i c i
tiv e am o n g t h e th r e e f i r st t w o a r e w ea k a i u a l
. a n d e v en
w r i t t e n h v n n e w h ˘ e :i e d
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da n g e r o u s a s in d i r e c t m e an s o f o v e rr u l in g a p r i or p r e c e d en t N su ch d ist in c t i o n c a n b e d r a w n f o r a v e r y
o

o f f ic e . o
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A n i nf l uent i al j u r i sp r u d e n t
h a s g r e a t
t n i sg
i

v io u s r ea son .

ced en t m er el y i g n or ed o r q u a l ifi e d m ay l i k e a s l e e p i n d o g , if th e c o u r ts h a v e t o e x a r r . 1 n e c
, g
in f or th e l eg al or d e r
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w a k e u p t o b a r k a g a in t h e fi r s t in s t a n c e
.

c ep t s ,
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is b r o u g h t t o h i m f o r a d j u d i c a t i o n . c o u . r ts
P En s ev e r y t im e a c a se
B . u Asn m S o t rR c E s .

i s e l y t h e
m ay o f c o u r s e d o i t iv en t im e ; b u t t h is is p r e c
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, g

that l a c k -
im e Thu s i f the y a r e n o t

j u r a l pr in c ip l e s . se t i n - u g g
i ng t h e :V s or e ly t .
,

o p in i o n s a n d
r u d e n t i a l o r d o c t r i n a l
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ar e Ja o L n e c e s s a r i l v b ou n d b v s g u H a u _
o n lv u s e
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f ju d g es w ou l d n o t suf f i ce
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g mo a e u r a l fnr q d q e s
gjsi n æm :# l æHa æ B a ææ a ˘ e s a n n f p R r t n f l 11 4
b e
ci et y
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in g : 6 8 e i 5

p in i n n s w h i r h
th a n Tu r n t o t r e a t ise s n
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t EE si l ene o b g g b s e n c e o f .

giat d iscr e t i on o r b v , _

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GT C o M P A H A T EV E L AW , 8 1 ( 1 9 4 9 ) .

case . rj a G R A Y
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 46 L E GA L M E T H OD
L AW AND JT S S o u RCES 41

, a 1x m am _ m a n in e of th e l@ u i&
l@ st a t e ls o m et a ;
g aj - of th e j ˘ is in eq u al it y ,
lik e eq u a li ty , a b ased j u r isticall y a n d
l ea r lx - g o u n dl y a n d e f u ri t e l v id e r in g th e w o r k i n g on t h i s
_ . c o n s
_ g r e a t r uuubg phy sic all y T D o c tr in al w r i t e r s w il l c o n t in u e

g L d p mb i L t u r n p p e l l a t e e a c h m ak es pr ob l em an d ,
c o n c e i v a bl y ,
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j u d g s
it v e r y h ar d f or b o t h
j u d g e s an d l a w y er s t in t h e so l

to k ee p u p w it h o f fic ia ls a s w E ll a s p r i v a e p er s on s
an d p u b lic
th em .

tion of p r o
b l em s ,

Ju r isp r u d e n t ia l o r d o c t r i n a l o p i n i a n s a r e g j v gn b y t w o
pnaa _
w ats ,
i f th ey c a n b e cl assifi ed at a ll .
(a ) T r e n Ti s p s . .

The E r st ar e t il p w e l l -
kn o w n i t e r s m er e c o l l e c t i on s o f c as e˚
w a n d t h e Ther ar e w o r l cs w h i ch ar e
r e c o n d t h e e
. a e\y _
v
w ite r s . B u t b o t h a r e a c c ep t ed b y t o g et h e r af t e r a f a sh io n . Th e r e ar e
l eg isl a tu r e s a n d an d m a t er i al s j o in e d
c o u r t s , a l t ho u g h t h o se w h o a r e w e l l -
l cn ar e c o m p os ed o f n o t e s p i e ce d t o g e th er
o w n a r e n a t u r a ll y a l so w o r k s w h i ch
m or e c om m a n d in g t h a n t h a s e o u t l in e Or t h e se n o t es m ay
in t h e o f an
s e c o n d
g r o u p . H o w -

p u r su a n t t o so m e s o r t .

ev e r , w hen an o p in i on o f n e w t o t h e a r t ic l e s o r s ec t i o n s af c o d es
a w r i t er i s a d o p t e d a n d be a p p e n d ed o r a n n e x ed
a p p l ie d b y t h e l e g i s l a t u r e t r e a t i ses in t h e t r u e se n s e o f
o r t h e c o u r t i t w o u l d n o t b e an d s t a t u t e s . T hey a r e n o t

be c a u se o f h is a u t h o r it y ( h e d oe s n o i lbeit t h e r e a r p so m e o f t h e se w o r k s t h at a r e
y et h a v e a n y ) b u t th e w o r d . A

’
du l ˘
e t o t h e a w m i n e s s m ar itv n f h is
B M& an d c o
w el l p r e p ar
e d . So m e s n s
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as p
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’
clu sio n s h
s c is s o r s
.

p o t a n d r e s e a r c .

ln c i v i l l a w c o u n tr i e s l i k he P h ilip p in e s he ea r n e d
, ,e
t
,
t a u t h a i :i t y W h a t is e m p h a siz ed h e r e B r e .

o f t h e o p in i o n s a n d w o r tes o f j u r is p r u d en ts a n d ip a sp e c t s of th e l a 7 m 1 the legal

j u r ist s i s d iss e r t a t i o n s ab o u t q er t
_
, a

gr e a t . They a r e in fl u e n t ia l in t h e f o r zn a t i o n o r d e v e l o p -
b ase d s el sc h o l ar l v an d n r o l o n ge d r ese ar ch an d
.
o r d e r o n i g
to th e
-

m en t o f l eg a l co n c e p t s an d t h e o r i e s T h is s o m e w h a t d i f f ic u l t t o c a lib r a t e
.
d e g r e e o f p r e

nhr dv . A lth ou g h i t i s

tige is b e s t e x e m p l ifi e d in F r a n Ge il l a w a u t h o r it a t iv e n e ss o f t h e s e t r e a t ises i t c a n be sa id

,
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pin i o n s o f e m i n e n t j u r i sp r u d en t s p r ep a r e d o d in a g e n e r a l
w a y t h at s o m e a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t an d

ho c c an b e s u b m i : t e d t o t h e c o u r ts .
r : n

The r eason a s cr ib e d m o r e c om m a n d i n g th a n o t h e r s . Su c h w o u l d n a t m a lly

d

i o n aBE˘ ar s hi p o f t h e
’

fo r t h e h i g h r e g a r d g i v e n t o t h e se o p i n i o n s an d w o r k s :S en d on th e I -i w e n u t a t
j ur i

p J s JP
t a g u a 1i t y o i l i l h d n mmn a s t o
th a t th e se p g g g g n a r e c o n t i n u o m en g @ a in stu @ a n d im i ra : n . w e ll . o @ m . .

a u th o r it a t iv e in
r e s e a r ch e i t h er _ in rai ra l i æ #M u l a t i g n m g g j g i Ræa o r
_
j gL a n d s o u n d g . A m on g t h e m o r e

Em
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9t
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q l a t i o n l l w th e P h il i p p in e s
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回国军零园 商 钳 国 鱼 困零国 to b et te r 丝 直 m or in t h e d is t i l l a 一
Chief J u st ic e M o r an
’
s C o m m e r t t u r ies on t h e R u l es o f Co u r t

tio n o f t h e v a s t a m o u n t o f l e g a l m a t e r i a ls c o n c e r n in g c e
in t h e P h i t i p p i Tt e s .
7 1

tain p a i n ts i n t o c l e a r a n d c e r ta i n v i e w s a n d t h e o r i e s o f t h e

la w . T a k e ,
fo r in st a n c e ,
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bal a n c e b e f o r e t h e l a w
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w hich o n e h e a r s s o m u ch a b o u t J. Ri s p - d e : ;i a l o p i n i o n s in t h e cl a ss h er e d is cu ssed m ay

in t h e
b y j u d g es
th es e d a y s o r h a s c o m e a c r o ss i n s o m e s u ch p h r as es ; S Æ1s o ap p e ar in th e f or m o f d i c ha g i v en
" " "
th e m f o r a d j u d i c a tio n D ic t a
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.

m en a r e c r e a t ed e q u a l sh a l l b e d e n i e d de c i s i o n s o f c as es su b m i t t ed t o
a o r n o
p
e r s o r
\
st atem en ts m a h ts 国 a q
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. I t is p r ob l em in j u r is
-
a y be d e g gd_ a s t he o p i n i m or
_
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d b r e t bv h i s R n m a is a l .

pr u d en c e t h a t i s n o t a t r e s t . W ha t d oe s i t r eal ly m e a n .
_
as a r e su l t , a n ,

M ay t h er e b e e q u a l i t y in i n e q u a l i t y , for i n s t a n c e 7 A n d
10 C o m n ru n i t y
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P u b lish e r s , c t o t h E d . .
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,

71 M a n i l a B o o k C . M p a n y , 4 t h E d .
,
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5# G u T T ER ˘ GE H . C . t . 81 .
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 48 L E GA L M E T H OD
L AW A ND ITS S o u R CE S 49

a case b u t n o t n ec essar y m his d e c isi o n o a d j q d ic a t io n

o of C om m er c e w as a p p lie d , The c on sen su s of t h e leg a l p r

th e i s s 1T a i kn v n l v e d t h e r e in .

d i s t in c t io n is q u it e co n f u sin g a n d u

’
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T he r e ar e t w o k in d s
F ir
of d i ct a .
st o b i ber m cm .

n ec es sar y an d h a s b een in fa v o r o f t h e r e f o r m m a d e b y
l n th e r ec en t c as e o f Y
A b n d U . an c e .
7 2
m as b een d efin e d
th e C od e C o m m i ssi o n al on g th is L n e .
7 a

a s an o n jn i n n f :x n r e s s e d h il b c o u r t bu t w h ich n g j _
l m m
- n e c e s s a r il y in v olv et m th e case
_
l a c Ju i _ the f or ce ol q n a

iu dica io n .
Remr vl iR •
iu A ; ,c
qH# t ilc h u n It is te i u e d a s a n r ec o g n ized
W ju
_ .
IL u r isp r u d en t of
Pr o f es so r J o h n C .
,
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v d ea a g m ar gu ed "
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s u bs t a
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74 o f l a w an d a s a
st a n d in g l i s t s r i n c i p
la a com sel an d p as se d. G p g n EIß c o u r t , a lthg ˘ a n a t Œs s @
, p

t h ey a r e n ot
im to m d i g fi m tia l sou r ce of la w .
7 5
The r e as o n is t h at w h il e
m on o f t h e m in v o l v e d ig m c ase . The
am n Qn e t h e l e R S
d is t i n c ti on b e t w e en th e tw o is
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In do
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p r o v is o n s t o t h e ef f e c t t h a t a j u d g e

c ons i s t ent U t h p o si t iy e l aw . Th e y b e c o m e en t i t l ed • º a t or a cou r t sh a l l n o t d e c l i n e t o r e n d e r j u d g m en t i n t h a

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.

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u - - Por a P h il ip p in e e x a m p l e a l o n g t h is l in e o f f a ir l y 13 R e p o r t o f t h e C o d e C o i a u o n 6 4 1 9 4 8 -
, ( )
r e c en t o r i g i n is th e a b o l i t io n in 74 P r o f e a s o r
t h e C i v il C o d e o f t h e c o o f L a w , S e t o n H a u U n i v e r a i t y . H e is w e l l k n o w n o r

fu si o n an d u n n e c essar y
his p r e ae r v e d a n d p r in t ed c o r r e sp o n d e n c e w i t h M r .
Ju st ic e H o lm e s a n d
d iæ e r en t i a t i o n b et w e e n a ci v il a n d
for se v e r a l b oo k s o n le g a l p h i lo s o p h y .

a c om ni e r cia l t r a n s a c t i o n le 76 J
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gu ar an t y a e n c Thu s w he n a l o an
n a1 2 7 7 at 2 8 6 - 2 87 ( 19 5 6 ) -

o r
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,
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t h e C o d e 6; C iv il C o d e o f C h i n a , A r t . 1
; C iv i l C o d e o f S w it z e r la n d , A r t s . 1 a n d 4 ;

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;
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7: G . R . N o . L
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50 L E GA L M E T H OD L AW A P˘ I TS S o u RCES

ju s t ic e .
: a
H ow ev er ,
i t s h o u ld b e st a ted th at in si t u a t i o n s w im l or n e g l i g e n l: a c t o r f o r b e a r a n c e o f an o th e r
86
t h a t

lik e th is ,
t he t ask o f b a l a n c in g c o n fl i c t in g o r o v er l ap p in g is c o n t r ar y to l a w , m o r a ls , go o d c u st o m s ,
o r
p
u b li c p o l ic y .
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in t er e st s ,
c laim s an d d e m an d s m u st al w ay s c d n sid er t h e
(b ) B o g o f r en te d io l r u l e s .

so c ia l in t er est . Thu s ,
i n a n e a r ly c as e ,
79
i t w a s h e ld th at
T he s e p r i n c i p l es o f l a w a n d j u st i ce a r e so un i f o rm l

a ju d ge c an n o t d ism iss a c ase in v o lv in g t h e i ss u e o f w h o

t f a r m e d a
o b se r v e d t h a t t h e m o s t im p o r a n t o f t h e m h a v e
th e w in n e r in a c o c k f rg h t w as sim p l y b e c au se t h e j u d g e i5
k in d o f g u i d in g b o d y of r em e d i a l r u l es . H e r e in b el ow ar e
n o t aw ar e o r a c q u a in te d w i th t h e r u l es go v e r n i n g c o ck fi g h t s
th e i m p or t a n t o n e s .

fo r in d e f a u l t af t h e cu st o m s of t h e p l ac e t h e j u d g e sh o u l d

ha v e ap p l i ed th e g en e r a l In 8 0 (I ) W h e r e t h er e i s a W T O T LG t h e r e i s . Rem ed g .

p r in c i p l e s o f l aw . an ot h e r c ase ,

r eso l v e d
W e a r e to ld t h a t th is is t h e m o s t i m p u r t a n t p r in c ip l e
a j u d g e h is d o u b t a s t o w h ic h o f t w o c l a im an ts t o
in th e w h o l e sy st em o f e q u it y . In d e e d ,
b e c a u s e i t i s
e

a p i ec e of l a n d h a d a b e t t er r ig h t b y f o ll ow i n g t h e pr i

pr e ss i v e o f th e so ci a l i n t e r e s t in th e g e n e r a l s e c u r i ty b a sed
cip ie of l aw a n d j u st ic e .
Th a t t h e on e in p o sse ss i o n h a d a
on t h e m a x im sa lu s p o p u li e st su p r e m a Le r . Thu s ,
f o r
e

be tter t i t l e .

am p l e ,
t he la ck o f l eg a l r u l e s c @l b r ˘ i p i n mh u ma n
In th e P h i l i p p in e s c er t ain p r in c i p l e s o f l a w an d j u s t ic e en d e a v o r d boa r d houl d n o t E ˙

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ar e r ecogn iz ed an d h av e b ee n ad o p t e d a s g u i d es t o j u d i c ial v e n t .
c o u
g g m law t i aa :n T I J L L L MR R b ec a u se ap

de l i b er at i on a s w el l as t o t h e g en e r t l m o d e o f c o n d u c t o f a p p e a l t o e q u i ty m a y b e m a d e This p r in c i p l e m e a n s t h a t

m eh . The f o ll o w in g m a y b e c i t e d : . IJ tb e w in c ip @ _
o f la w n o t on l y w i ll i t n o t s u tt e r a w r o n g t o b e w i t h o u t r e m e d y

an d j u st i c e on t h e q u i et in g of t i t l e o r r em o v a l of a cl ou d bu t i t w i l l a l so s ee m th e r em ed v is -
a d t m@ on e .
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th er ef r om ,
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2) _
t h˚ gi gcj pl e _ gf l aw an d j u sti c e On t h e T h is b a si c p r i n c ip l e r e c o g n i z e s t h en th e r e al i t y t h a t n o o n e

r ef o r m a t i on o f in s tr u m e n t o r t h e e x p r e ss io n o f t h e t r u e can t ak e ad v a n t ag e o f h is o w n wr o n

in t en t i on of t h e p ar t i es t h e r et o ,
B z
3
) _ :h q p r .
in c ip l g s o f l aw
( 2) E qu i t y d el igh t s t o d o j u st i c e u T LD
’
n ,o t bv h o . Tu es .

an d j u st i c e o n est o p p e l o r th e p r ec l u sion in l aw o f a l l eg i n g
T h is p r in cip le se e k s t o a v o i d u n n e c essar y l i t ig a t i on . Its
’
d c on :
-

’
d en y in g f a c t d u e t o o n e or
si gni f i cance l i e s
or a s o w n r e v i o u s d e e
p in i ts r e c o g n it i o n o f t h e f a c t t h a t it i s b e t t e r

du c t o f a c o n t r a r y n a t tu e a s a g a i n st a n o th er w h a r eli ed to h a v e a ll n e ce ssar v an d in t er g st e d p_ g s _
i 41 c p _
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41 th e r jp ip l es d j tic e o n t r u st s TF n a a n a
u p o n p Qf la w r e ru l e r a c n m n p
l maMHgi ust i ng m m S
a n u s
_ - c
, - _ _ . . ,

e st a b l ish e d b y a t r u s t o r in f a v o r o f a n d
o r r ig h ts o f p r o p e r t y d i e r e n c e s an d p r o t ec t i n g p a r t i es f r o ln f u t u r e it i g a t io n s

a t r u st e e f or th e b e n e fi t o f th e b en e fi c i a r r o r c estu i q u e c on n e c te d w i th t h e c as e .
8 8

Thu s ,
t he p r oc e d u r e o f in t e

tr u s t ,
8 4
a n d˘ m 阻 国 国 o f l a w an d j u t i c e o n d a m a g es plea d e r is al l ow e d b y t h e c o u Tt s . In effe c t n o j u d g m en t

h as su st a h ed an can b e r en d er e d a g ain s t a n y o n e u n l e ss
or i n d em n i ty r e c ov er a b l e b y a p e r s o n w h o h e h as b e en n o t ifi e d

hts t h e an d h e ar d
in j u r y e it h e r on h is p e r so n , p
r o
p
e r t
y
o r r i
g
th To u g h .

(3 ) E q u ity a ct s in p er so n a m .

18 1 n R e M a x S h oo p , 4 1 P h i l , 2 1 3
,
2 2 7 ( 19 2 0 ) ; A r an e t a , i n c . V .

506
A cou r t of law ju d g m en ts d es s o a g ain st
R o d a a, 8 1 P h i l .
( 19 4 8 ) . , i n e n t e r i n
g
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9 C æu
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. B e , n a s
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.
s r o e r t r a t h e r t h a n a a i n s t t h
i

p p y g
aDl e r a ol l u m e" V . L iz a , e a , 1 7 P h i l . 1 1 2 ( 1 9 10 ) .
_ .

81 A r t :n e s
. 4 8 0 , C i v i l C o d e o f t he P h ilip L .
86 A r t . 2 1 9 8, C i v i l C o d e o f
•
t he P h i li p p in e s .

Bz A r t 13 6 0 , 86 A
. C i v i l C o d e o f t h e P h i l i p p
i n e e .
r ts . 2 0 a n d 2 1
,
C iv i l C od e o f t h e P h i l ip p in eg .

88 A 43 2, 87 2 1 1 18
r t . 1 C i v i l C o d e o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s .
C .
J . .

84 A r t 44 2 , 88 2 1 C 18 7
. 1 C i v i l C o d e o f t h e P h i l i p p
i n e s . .
J . .
52 L E GA L M ET H OD L AW A N D I TS S o l JR C E S 53

self
8 9
T h is c o n d u ce s t o th e fl o u t in g o f th e d e c i si o n o r j u d
is e d e q u i t y w ill a ssu m e t h a t h e h a s d on e so f o r th e pu r p o se
.

m en t o f th e c o u r t o f l aw . B u t b y v i r t u e o f t h i s p r i n c ip l e
of g r an tin g t h e s p e c i fi c p e r f o r m a n c e .
o z

o f e q u it y j u r isp r u d e n c e , t he c o u r t u p o n p r o p er r e p r e Ł en
t

6 ) I Tt t e n to Ju Fr t l
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m a y f in d t h e p ar t y w h o r e f u se d t o ob e y t h e d ir e c t i o n s
.

o f th e c o u r t g u il t y o f c o n t e m
p t an d p u n ish h im p er s on a l ly . T h is p r in c ip le r e co g n iz es t h e g en er a l r u l e t h at w h en a

p er so n p r o m i s es t o d o oT t o f o r b e a r a c er ta i n t h in g h e i

(4) Su b sta n c e i s r e g a r d e d r a t h e r t h a n fo r m .

t en d e d t o d o i t . Thu s i f a t r u s t e e s h o u l d c o n f u s e t h e m o n e
, y

T h is p r in cip l e o f l a w a n d j u st i c e r ecogg th e i

he h o l d s in t r u s t w i th h i s p r iv a t e a sset s a n d l a t e r u s es su m s

p o r t an c e o f t h e i n t en t i o n o f t h e p a r t i e s t o a t r a n s a c t i o n o T fa r h i s p r i v a te b u s in e s s ,
t he p r e su m p t io n is th a t h e in t en d ed

a g r eem e n t .
u o
F or m a n y a r e t h e t im e s w h e n t h e f o r m in t o to u s e h is o w n m on ey a n d n ot t h at h e l d i n t r u st .

w h i ch th e t r an sac t io n o r a g r e e m e n t h a s b e en r e d u c e d f a il s
A n ex c e p ti o n t o th i s p r in c ip l e is a l l o w e d . F u r i t i s

to b e t r u l y e x p r e s s i v e o f t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e p a r t i e s . By al so a p r i n c i p l e o f eq u i t y j u r isp r u d e n c e t h a t t h e i m p o ssib le

v ir t u e of t h is p r in c ip l e o f e q u i t y t h e r i g o r o f f o r m i s p i er c e d is n ot r e q u ir e d a p A r h a t t r i æ e s a r e d i sr e g a r d e d (d i m i Tt i m is

in o r d e r t o b r in g o u t t h e i n t en t i o n o f t h e p a r t i es . Th e n o n c u r a i Le r Thu s f th e l eg a l d u t y b o r n e b y
) i a p er son
.
,

m o st s t r ik i n e x a m p l e is t h e r el ie f g iv e n t o a m o r t g a g o r i5 im
g p o s s i b l e o f p e r f o r m a n c e t h e n i t c a n n o t b e r e q u i r e d

t im e
to r e d e e m h i s p r o p e r t y w i t h i n a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f
’
o f t h e o b l i g a r a n d t h e c o u r t w il l n p t e n f o r c e i t .

fr om t h e d a t e i t i s s o l d a t p u b l i c a u c t i o n . In t e r m s o f the

o f t h e t r a n s a c t i o n t h e i d e a is f o r t h e m o r t g a g e e ( 7) Th e u i g il a n .t is a i d e d ,
m t t h , e in d o t e r Lt .

su b st an c e

t o r ec o v er h is cr e d it w i t h in t e r e s t . B qt in t er m s o f t h e T h is p r in c i p le o f l a w an d j u st i c e d o es n o t e n c o u r a g e
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t h e hts
"

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p
i n
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t h e r e i s n o

m or tg a g e e .
pe r i o d f i xed as t o w h a t m a y a m o u n t t o t a c h e s . T his is a

T h is p r i n c ip l e
i s al s o i n d i c a t iv e o f j u st ic e i n t h a t a m at t er d e p e n d i n g o n th e c i r c u rn s t a n c e s o f e a c h c a s e . If
r t i e s w i l l n o t in j u r e a t h i r d p a r t y e ˘ ˘ im l BS M at a l l t h en h e sh o u l d a gsgr t o n e
b e t w e e n t h e p a m
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t th e t r an sa c t i o n w a y o r t h e o t h e r . H e m u s t b e p r o m p t in ap p l y i n g f o r h is
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gh t t o b e d o n e as .

w h i c h m e a n s n o t on l y l a p s e o f t i m e b u t a l so i n ex cu sa b l e
’

ily th is t o s a y s t r i c t ia w i f a c on tr a ct i s n e g lig e n c e a n d u n r e aso n a b l e in a tte n t io n t o o n e s i n t e r e s t In

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for m a n c e o f c o n t r a c t .

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m e d (8 ) W h o e u er c o m es t o e q u i t y m u st c o m e w i t h c lea n
a n Ge of t h e c o n tr a c t . ,

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ha n d s .

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.

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i f a p e r son c l a im s th at h e
o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f st r i c t .

r el ax at i o n mi s r

b een t h e su b j e c t o f
r f o r m e d a l l t h a t h e h a s p r o
has b een d ef r a u d e d o r h e h a s
th e ag g r ie v e d p ar ty h as n o t p e

02 2 1 C .
J . 1 91 .

89 2 1 C J 18 3 73 2 ( 19 3 0 )
.

( 2d )
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.

90 2 1 C .
J . 19 9 .

91 2 1 C .
J . 190 .
54 L E GA L M E T H OD L AW A ND I TS S o u RC E S
55

N sh o u ld u n j u st ly en r ic h h im s e l f
pr e sen t a t i o n h e m u s t h i tn s e l f b e f r e e f r o m f r a u d o r m i
( 12 ) o on e at th e

r ep r e se n ta t i o n . On ly in t h is c a se w i ll t h e c o u r t g r an t e q u i • e r p e r ts e o f a n o t h er .

t ab le r el i ef t o h i m
9 4
.

T h is p r in cip le
is t
p r o d u c i v e o f s ev e r a l c o r r o l ar ie s . . On e

is th at ma s r e ceiv es t h e b en efi t m u st lm n m bu r d en
(9) H e m h o se e k s e q u i t y m u s t d o e q u i tg .
if th e r b e A n o th er is t h a t w h e n on e o f t w o i n
an y
n
.

A s a p r in c i p l e o f l a w an d j u s t i c e t his is r el a t ed t o th e
cen t pa ni es m u st su ff er t h e n h e w h o s ta r t ed t h e a ct c a u

pr e c e d in g p r in ci p le N o t on ly m u s t a in d am a g e m u st su tt e r fi r s t A n d st il l an o th e r on e is th at
p er s o n
.
.
h a v e cl ea n g
han d s b u t h e m u st h i m s e l f b e w i l l i n g t o d o a ll th a t is i all acts ar
p p r esu m e d t o h a v e b e e n d o n e i n a r i g h t f u l a n d
m
fair a n d eq u a l .
0 5

Th is m e a n s t h a t b ef or e a r e g u l a r m an n er In all t h e se t he c on tr a r y or op p osit e si t u

p a r t y c an m er it .
,
’
the c o u r t s a s s i s t a n c e he m u st d o w h at g o o d c o n sc ien ce d
tio n w o u l d r esu l t i n th e e n r i ch m e n t o f o n e a t t h e e x p e n se

m a n d s in
.
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,

th at b ef o r e t h e pl ai nt i can h a v e t h e c o u r t r e s c in d a c o or th in g sh o u l d b e r et u r n e d .

tr act h e sh o u l d r e t u r n t o t h e d ef e n d a n t a n y b e n e fi t h e

m a y h av e r e c e iv e d f r o m t h e t r a n s a c t i o n .
( 13 ) H m e d o es n o t u a l i d t e a n a c t w h i c h i s u o i d

Fr o m t h i s p r in c i p l e f l o ws t h e c o r o ll a r y t h a t n o o n e
J r o m t h e b eg i n n in g .

c an ex er c ise h is r ig h t s in v i o l a t i o n o f t h e r i g h t s o f o t h e r s
ww1 e it goe s ,
i n a e n e r a l w a y ha t t i m e h e a l s
.
g , t a l l
im p er fe c t io n s st i ll e q u i t y
j u r i sp r u d en c e d o e s n o t c o un t e

1 (1) W h , e r e t he e q u it i es u r e e q u l ,
t i t e
f ir st i n ol d er
an ce th e v a li d it
y o f s o m e t h in t h a t i s v o i d
g a b i Tt i t i o b y t h e
oJ t im e sh a l t i l m er e la p se o f t im W Ha
p r eu . e . t i s v o i d i s v o i d .

T his p r i n c ip l e th a t o n e w h o is
•
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m e a n _
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( 14 ) H on e st y a
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n & go o d
Fa i t h is p r e s t Lm e d
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,
,

ha s
.

t h e b e t t e r r ig h t . The t i m e e l em en t t h e r ef o r e i s th e
Eq u i ty j u r isp r u d en c e m a k e s t h is
la s t st an d a r d t o a p p l 3• w hen th e c o n ß ic t in g eq u i t a b l e r i g h t s p r e su m p t i on . I t is b ase d
on th e m o r a l n a tu r e o f m a n . In e v e r y c i v i l i z e d
a r e eq u a l l y m e r it o r i o u s . Thu s , w her e a d e c isi o n c an n ot b e c o m m u n i t
y
’ a p er son is c on si d er ed t o l i v e h on e st l h ar m in
giv he y n o t
en o n t h e b a si s o f t h e e q u a l ch ar a c t er o f t e q u it a b l e ,
g o t h e r s
an d
g iv in g ev e r y on e h is d u e T h is p r i n c ip l e
.

r i g h t s th e m sei v e s ,
t h a t r i
g
h t w h i c h h a s e x i s t e d lo n g e st s h a l l
ex em p lar y
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h u m a n r e l a t i o n sh i
p a n d t h e r e f o r e
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9 1 ;

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t o w a r d s a g o o d
leg
.
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b
al o r d e r in g .
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th e a ct u a l p o sse ss o r s c lai m i s p r ef e r r e d ,

( 75 ) A n i Le o f e q u i t
g w i l t n o t b e a p p l i e d t o r e a c h
( l ) W h er e t h er e i s e q u a l e i
q u w ,
t he Lu l u m i tt p r e u u i l . tm in e q tti t u b te r esu l t .

T he p r i n c ip l e r e c o g n iz e s t h e f a ct t h a t t h e p r o v i sion s o f 1f e q u a li ty is e q u i ty t h en a c o u r t w il l n o t d o a n i

p gW v g \a w m u st b e en f o
r
c e d w h e r e t h e p a r t i es h a v e c o e q u i t ab l e a c t or th in g -
a a

T he r e m e d t h e n w h i ch ’"
_ _

y th e
ilic t i n g 团国 a b le B 墅 ts T h u s , i t m e a n s t ha t t h e p er son
for m o f a p r in c ip l e of e q u ity sh o u l d n o t b e :a ;
w ith an ˘ g j m r ght _ g ggggn iz e d b y p o si t iv e l a w w ill b e
98 M c c l u t e T 75 N E
d lm 96 1 ( 19 0 5 )
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. .

94 2 1 16 3
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96 2 1 15 1
C .
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06 2 1 2 10
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97 2 1 08
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J . 2 .