Pearson r correlation

 The Pearson r correlation is the most widely used in statistics.

The range of r is between -1 and 1 where:
1 – perfect positive correlation
0 – no correlation
-1 – perfect negative correlation
FORMULA:
𝑵𝜮𝒙𝒚 − (𝜮𝒙)(𝜮𝒚)
𝒓=
√[𝑵∑𝒙𝟐 − ∑𝐱)𝟐 ] [𝑵∑𝒚𝟐 − (∑𝒚)𝟐 ]
r = Pearson product correlation
n = sample size
∑𝒙 and ∑𝒚 = product if the sum of summation of x and summation of y
∑𝐱 𝟐 = sum of squares of x
∑𝒚𝟐 = sum of squares of y
∑𝒙𝒚 = sum of the product of x and y

EXAMPLE:
A study is conducted on the relationship of the midterm grades and final
grades of 10 BSED Biological Science students in statistics. Test if the
significant relationship exists at 0.05 level of significance.

MIDTERM X2 FINALS Y2 xy
75 5625 80 6400 6000
70 4900 75 5625 5250
65 4225 65 4225 4225
90 8100 95 9025 8550
85 7225 90 8100 7650
85 7225 85 7225 7225
80 6400 90 8100 7200
70 4900 75 5625 5250
65 4225 70 4900 4550
90 8100 90 8100 8100
∑𝒙 = 𝟕𝟕𝟓 ∑𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓 ∑𝒚 = 𝟖𝟏𝟓 ∑𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟓 ∑𝒙𝒚 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎
 STEP WISE METHOD

Problem: Is there a significant relationship between the midterm grades and

final grades of BSED Biological Science students?

Hypothesis:
H0: There is no significant relationship between the midterm grades and
final grades of BSED Biological Science students.
H1: There is significant relationship between the midterm grades and
final grades of BSED Biological Science students.

Level of Significance:

𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 df = n-2
critical r value = 0.6319 df = 8

Test Statistics:

𝑵𝜮𝒙𝒚 − (𝜮𝒙)(𝜮𝒚)
𝒓=
√[𝑵∑𝒙𝟐 − ∑𝐱)𝟐 ] [𝑵∑𝒚𝟐 − (∑𝒚)𝟐 ]
𝟏𝟎 (𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎) − (𝟕𝟕𝟓)(𝟖𝟏𝟓)
𝒓=
√[𝟏𝟎 (𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓) − (𝟕𝟕𝟓)𝟐 ] [𝟏𝟎 (𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟓) − (𝟖𝟏𝟓)𝟐 ]
𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝒓=
√[𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓] [𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟓]
𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝒓=
√(𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟓)(𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓)
𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝒓=
√𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝒓=
𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟒

𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟐

Decision: Since the computed r value which is 0.9492 is greater to the critical
r value which is 0.6319 at 0.05 level of significance, therefore the null
hypothesis is rejected.

Conclusion: It only means that the there is a significant relationship between

the midterm grades and the final grades of BSED Biological Science students
in Statistics. Positive correlation exists meaning, when the number of midterm
grades increases, the number of final grade decreases or vice versa.