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Kinematic (Motion)
in Two Dimensions
Definition: Projectile Motion
• Projectile motion refers to the 2-D motion of
an object that is given an initial velocity and
projected into the air at an angle.
Initial Velocity
Angle
Types of Projectile Motion
• Horizontal
– Motion of a ball rolling freely along a
level surface
– Horizontal velocity is ALWAYS
constant
• Vertical
– Motion of a freely falling object
– Force due to gravity
– Vertical component of velocity
changes with time
• Parabolic
– Path traced by an object accelerating
only in the vertical direction while
moving at constant horizontal velocity
• Consider a general case :
An object projected at an arbitrary angle θ° relative to the horizontal.
V cos Φ
Sy
v
V sin Φ
Sx
• uy = u sin
• ay = - g
• vy = uy – gt
• sy = uy t – ½ g t2
• vy2 = uy2 – 2 gsy
where :
u = initial velocity
u x = horizontal / x-component of the initial velocity
u y = vertical / y-component of the initial velocity
θ° = angle of projection
vx = horizontal final velocity
vy = vertical final velocity
sx = horizontal displacement at various time
sy = vertical displacement at various time
• Maximum Height , H
-- the maximum vertical displacement / height reached.
-- at the top of the arc, vy = 0
when vy = 0, sy = H,
using : vy2 = u y2 – 2g sy
0 = ( u sin θ ) 2 – 2g H
2g H = ( u sin θ ) 2
u 2 sin 2
H
2g
• Time to reach the maximum height, tH
Using :
Note :
sx = uxt
The maximum range is & it occurs
R = u cos θ ( tR )
when 2 90
2u sin 45
R u cos ( )
g
u 2 (2 sin cos )
R
g
u 2 sin 2
R
g
Example
u= 30m/s
θ=35°
H 15 .1 m
(b) Range = ?
u 2 sin 2
R
g
= 86.25 m
or
(b) Range = ?
At max height , vy = 0
From : vy = uy – gt
(0) = (30) – 9.81( tu )
17.2
tu 1.753 s
9.81
Total flight time, t = 2 tu = 2(1.753) = 3.506 s
Range, R = Sx(max) = ux ( t )
= 24.6 (3.506)
= 86.25 m
Example
u
Solution;
ux uy
Solution;
vy = uy – gt
ux
Example
Sy = uyt – ½ gt2
- 25 = 0 – ½ (9.81)t2
t = 2.26 s
Sx ux(t )
(8.25)(2.26)
18.6 m
(c) In horizontal plane, -- uniform velocity motion.
x- component of the velocity is always constant.
vx = ux = 8.25 m s-1
Velocity, v = vx 2 vy 2
v (8.25) 2 (22.17 ) 2
v 23.66 ms 1
Example
30 m < u < 40 m