Basics of Energy and its

various forms
 Syllabus

Basics of Energy and its various forms:

Electricity basics - DC & AC currents, Electricity tariff,
Load management and maximum demand control, Power
factor. Thermal Basics -Fuels, Thermal energy contents of
fuel, Temperature & Pressure, Heat capacity, sensible and
latent heat, evaporation, condensation, steam, moist air and
humidity & heat transfer, units and conversion.
 Various forms of energy
• Potential energy
– Chemical
– Nuclear
– Mechanical stored energy
– Gravitational
• Kinetic
– Radiant
– Thermal
– Motion
– Sound
– Electrical
Oil burns to generate heat -->
Heat boils water -->
Water turns to steam -->
Steam pressure turns a turbine -->
Turbine turns an electric generator -->
Generator produces electricity -->
Electricity powers light bulbs -->
Light bulbs give off light and heat
 High and Low grade energy
• High grade energy is concentrated
Energy
– Examples are Light energy, chemical
energy, electricity
• Low grade energy rapidly dissipates
(molecules are more randomly
distributed)
– Example: heat energy
 Direct current and Alternating current

• Direct current: Non-varying unidirectional

current
– Current produced by batteries
• Alternating Current: Reverses in regular
recurring intervals with alternate +ve and –ve
values at specified number of times per second
– In 50 cycle AC, current reverses direction 100 times
a second (twice in one cycle
 Current, Voltage, Resistance & Frequency
• Current or Ampere is rate of flow of electricity
– current which produces a specified force between two
parallel wires, which are 1 metre apart in vacuum
• Voltage is measure of electric potential or
electromotive force
– A potential of one volt appears across a resistance of one
ohm when a current of one ampere flows through that
resistance.
• Resistance = Volts / Current and denoted as
Ohms
• Frequency is cycles at which alternating current
changes
– Unit is Hertz which is number of cycles per second
 KVA, KVAR, KW & PF
• KVA = Kilovolts (KV) x Amperes(A)
– Also called as as Apparent power
– Measures the electrical load of system
– Single phase = V x A/1000
– Three phase = 1.732 x V x A /1000
• KVAR is reactive power i.e. portion of apparent
power that does no work
• KW is real power or work producing part of power
– Single phase = V x A x PF/1000
– Three phase = 1.732 x V x A x PF /1000
– KWH is energy consumed by 1000 Watts in 1 hour
• Power Factor (PF) is ratio of real power to apparent
power
– PF = KW/KVA or KW/(KW2 + KVAR2)
 Electrical Tariff
• Billing demand is highest KVA recorded
during 1-demand interval(30 minutes) in one
month-measured by digital tri-vector meter
• Maximum demand is maximum KVA or KW
over one billing cycle
• Contract demand is amount of electric power
(KVA or KW) demanded by consumer from
power utility
Connected Load, Demand factor
and Load factor
• Connected Load is name plate readings
(in KVA or KW) of all equipment in a
industry
• Demand factor = maximum demand/
connected load
• Load factor = average load/ maximum
load
 Time of Day (TOD)
• Utilities prefer flat demand curve
• Encourage users to draw power during
off-peak hours (i.e. Night time)
– Utilities have TOD offer or incentives or
disincentives
– Separate energy meters to record peak
and off-peak power consumption
– Opportunity for user as off-peak power
tariff is usually lower
TOD charges for different time zone for one electric utility

TOD charges for different time zones for one of the Indian electric
utility

400

350

300

250

Paise 200
370
150 330
280
100 205

50

0
A-Zone:
B-Zone:
22 hrs to C-Zone:
6 hrs to 9 D-Zone:
6 hrs 9 hrs to
hrs & 12 18 hrs to
12 hrs
hrs to 18 22 hrs
hrs
 Example:
3 phase power measurement
A 3-phase AC induction motor (20 kW capacity) is used
for pumping operation. Electrical parameter such as
current, volt and power factor were measured with
power analyzer. Find energy consumption of motor in
one hour? (line volts. = 440 V, line current = 25 amps
and PF = 0.90).
Power = √3 x V x I x CosΦ
Measured energy consumption =
√3 x 0.440 x 25 x 0.90 x 1 = 17.15 kWh
 Example
Motor loading calculation
In nameplate details of motor, kW or HP indicates the output of the motor
at full load .The other parameters such as volt, amps, pf are the input
condition of motor at full load
A 10 kW motor has the name plate details as 415 V, 18.2 amps and 0.9
PF. Actual input measurement shows 415 V, 12 amps and 0.7 PF
which was measured with power analyzer during motor running.. What
is motor loading?

Rated output at full load = 10 kW

Rated input at full load = 1.732 x 0.415 x 18.2 x 0.9 = 11.8 kW
The rated efficiency of motor at full load = 10/11.8 = 85%
Measured (Actual) input power = 1.732x 0.415 x 12x 0.7 = 6.0 kW
Motor loading = Measured KW/Rated KW = 6.0/11.8 x 100 = 51.2%
 Thermal Energy Basics
• Temperature is denoted in Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius
(C )
• Calorie is unit of heat: 1 kilocalorie can raise 1000 kg
of water by 1oC
• Specific heat is amount of heat required to raise 1 kg
of water by 1oC
• Heat quantity = mass x specific heat x rise in
temperature
• Latent heat of fusion is amount of heat applied to
solid to change its state to liquid
• Latent heat of vapourisation is amount of heat
applied to liquid to change its state to vapour
 Thermal Energy Basics:

• Superheat is heating of vapour to a temperature

higher than its boiling point at existing pressure
• Moisture content in air is humidity
– Actual weight of water vapour mixed in 1 kg of dry air
– Humidity factor is kg of water vapour per kg of dry air
– Relative humidity is degree of saturation of air at any dry
bulb temperature ( given as % of actual water content of air
divided by moisture content of air at exiting temperature
– RH = Percentage (%) at temperature (oC
• Dew point is temperature at which condensation of
water vapour from the air begins as the temperature
of the air-water vapour mixture falls
 Thermal energy basics
• Dry bulb Temperature is an indication of the sensible
heat content of air-water vapour mixtures
• Wet bulb Temperature is a measure of total heat
content or enthalpy. It is the temperature
approached by the dry bulb and the dew point as
saturation occurs
• Specific gravity is density of fuel relative to water
• Viscosity is measure of internal resistance to flow
• Calorific value is measure of heat content in organic
matter
– Gross or high calorific value and Net or low calorific value
 Units and Conversion
1 MW 1,000 kW
1 kW 1,000 Watts
1 kWh 3,412 Btu
1 kWh 1.340 Hp hours
1,000 Btu 0.293 kWh
1 Therm 100,000 Btu (British Thermal Units)
1 Million Btu 293.1 Kilowatt hours
100,000 Btu 1 Therm
1 Watt 3.412 Btu per hour
1 Horsepower 746 Watts or 0.746 Kilo Watts
1 Horsepower hr. 2,545 Btu
1 kJ 0.239005 Kilocalories
1 Calorie 4.184 Joules
1 kcal/Kg 1.8 Btu’s/lb.
1 Million Btu 252 Mega calories
1 Btu 252 Calories
1 Btu 1,055 Joules
1 Btu/lb. 2.3260000 kJ/kg
1 Btu/lb. 0.5559 Kilocalories/kg
 Units of energy
• 1 Joule (J) = 0.2390057 calorie (cal) = 9.478172×10-4 British
thermal unit (Btu)
• 1 cal = 4.184 J = 3.965667×10-3 Btu
• 1 Btu = 1055.056 J = 252.1644 cal = 2.930711×10-4 kilowatt-
hour (kWh)
• 1 kWh = 3.6 Megajoule (MJ) = 0.8604207 Mcal = 3412.142 Btu

Power (Energy Rate) Equivalents

1 kilowatt (kW) 1 kilo joule /second (kJ/s)
1 kilowatt (kW) 3413 BTU/hour (Btu/hr.)
1 horsepower (hp) 746 watts (0.746 kW)
1 Ton of refrigeration 12000 Btu/hr.
 Units for Pressure
• Gauge pressure is defined relative to atmospheric
pressure
• Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric
pressure
• Units of measure of pressure:
Metric (SI) : kilopascals (kPa)
Imperial : pounds per square inch (psi)
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton/m2 (N/m2 )

1 physical atmosphere (atm) = 101325 Pa = 760 mm of mercury

(mm Hg) = 14.69 lb-force/in2 (psi)

1 technical atmosphere (ata) = 1 kilogram-force/cm2 (kg/cm2 )=

9.806650×104 Pa
 Fuel to KWH Conversions

Natural gas M3 x 10.6 kWh

Ft3 x 0.3 kWh
therms x 29.3 kWh
LPG (propane) m3 x 25 kWh
Coal kg x 8.05 kWh
Coke kg x 10.0 kWh
Gas oil litres x 12.5 kWh
Light fuel oil litres x 12.9 kWh
Medium fuel oil litres x 13.1 kWh
Heavy fuel oil litres x 13.3 kWh
 Energy Conversions

To: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh

From: Multiply by: . . . .
TJ 1 238.8 2.388 x 10-5 947.8 0.2778
Gcal 4.1868 x 10-3 1 10-7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3
Mtoe 4.1868 x 104 107 1 3.968 x 107 11630
MBtu 1.0551 x 10-3 0.252 2.52 x 10-8 1 2.931 x 10-4
GWh 3.6 860 8.6 x 10-5 3412 1
 Mass conversions
To: kg t lt st lb
.
From: multiply by: . . .
2.2046
kilogram (kg) 1 0.001 9.84 x 10-4 1.102 x 10-3
2204.6
tonne (t) 1000 1 0.984 1.1023
2240.0
long ton (lt) 1016 1.016 1 1.120
2000.0
short ton (st) 907.2 0.9072 0.893 1
1
pound (lb) 0.454 4.54 x 10-4 4.46 x 10-4 5.0 x 10-4
 Volume conversions
To: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft3 l
m3
.
From: multiply by: . . . .
0.0038
U.S. gallon (gal) 1 0.8327 0.02381 0.1337 3.785
0.0045
U.K. gallon (gal) 1.201 1 0.02859 0.1605 4.546
0.159
Barrel (bbl) 42.0 34.97 1 5.615 159.0
0.0283
Cubic foot (ft3) 7.48 6.229 0.1781 1 28.3
0.001
Litre (l) 0.2642 0.220 0.0063 0.0353 1
1
Cubic metre (m3) 264.2 220.0 6.289 35.3147 1000.0
End