SIMPLE PRESENT PR,ESENT PROGRESSTVE

Tom studies every day. Tom rs studying right now.

SIMPT^EPAST

Ton studied last night. Tom rpos shrdying when they came.

SIMPLE FUTURE

Tom rpll slzdy tomorrow. Tom rrrZ fu stud.ying when you come.

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSTVE

Tom ftcs alreadystudied Chapter One. Tom lras been studying for rwo hours.

PAST PERFECT

Tom lrcd dready studied Chapter One before he Tom had been studying for two hours before his
begaostudying Chapter Two. friends came.

FUTI,JREPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PROCRESSWE

Tom wiV aheady haoe studied Chapter Four before Tom qiU haoe been studying for fipo hours by the
hc studies Chapter Five. time hic mnmm4te oetc hnm-
 (a) hope hoPed -tNG FoRM: If *re word ends in -e'
(l) VERBS THAT hoPing
END IN A date dating dated drop the -e and add -ing.*
CONSONANT iniure iniuring injured -ED FoRM: If the word ends in a
AND -E consonant end -er fust add -d'

(2) VEPAS THAT ONE-SYLIABLE VERBS

END IN AVOWEL stopping stopped
AND A CONSONANT robbing robbed Ivowel*2consonantsr*
besging begSed
(c) rain raining rained
2vowels-/consonant
fool fooling fooled
drearn dreaming dreamed

TWO-SYLIABIJ VERBS
(d) Gten listening listened
offer offering offered /st syllablestressed- I consonant
open opening opened
(e) bee{n beginning (began)
prefer preferring 2nd syllable stressed- 2 consonants
Preferred
control controlling controlled

(3) venssrHAT (f) start starting started If the word ends in two consonants, ,ust
END INTWO fold folding folded add the ending.
CONSONANTS demand demanding demanded

(4) VERBS THAT (g) enioy enioying enioYed If -y is preceded bY a vowel, keeP
END IN -Y pray praylng PraYed the -t.
buy buying (bought)
(h) study studying studied If -y is preceded by a consonant:
try trying tried -rNG FoRM: keep the -Y, add -ing.
reply replYing rePlied -En FoRM: change -y to -r', add'ed'

-tNG FoRM: Change -ie to 'y, add'ittg-

(5) wnns rser (i) die dving died
END IN .IE lie lying lied -ED FoRM: Add -d.

rException: Ifa verb ends in -ee, the final -e is not dropped: seeing,agreeing,Jreeing'
*rException: -ro and -rx rr€ not doubled: plou - plowd;fix ' fxed'

I
IO CHAPTER
The diagram shown below will be used in the tense descriptions:
now

(a) It szotoc in Alaska. In general, the sirnple present

(b) Tom uatches television expresEesevents or situations that
every day. exist aluays, wually, habitually; they
exist now, have existed in the past,
and probably will exist in the future.

(c) It snocoed yesterday. At oneparticular time in tle past, this

(d) Tom untched television last happened. It began end ended in the
niSht. past.

(e) It trzll szou, tomorrow. At onepartictlar time in thefuurc, this

It ic gorhg to snorattomorrow. will happen.
(f) Tom urill antch television
tonight.
Tomis going to astch television
tonight.

Form: be + -ing (presentpaniciplc)

Meaning: The progressive tenses* give the idea that an action is in progress during a pardcular dme.
The tenses say that an acdon beginsbefore,is in progressairin!, and,co,ntiiuei after another time or
action.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (a) Tom is sleeping right now. It is now I l:00. Tom wenr to sleep ar
10:00 tonight, and he is still asleep.
O r His sleep began in the past, ls rz
progress at the present time, arrd
probably will continue.

PAST PROGRESSI!'E (b) Tom usassleeping when I Tom went to sleep ar 10:00 last night.
arrived. I arrived at I l:00. He was still
asleep. His sleepbegan before and
was in progressat a particuhr time in
thepast. It continued after I arrived.

FUTURE PROGRESSI!'E (c) Tom aill
arrive.
*The progressive tenses are
also called the "continuous"
be sleeping when we Tom will go to sleepat 10:00
tomonow night. $fe will arrive at
I l:00. The acdon of sleepingwill
begin before we arrive, and it will be
in progressat a particular time in the
future. Probably his sleepwill
continue.
tenses: present continuous, past continuous, and future continuous.
 Form: luu + pastpanicifu
Meaning: The perfect tensesall give the idca thet one ttring happercbeforeanothertime or event.
PRESENT PERFECT (a) Tom lras already eaten. Tom finished eaangsomctimebefore
nos). The exact time is not important.

PAST PERFECT (b) Tom had abeady eatez when his FirstTom finished eating. Later his
friend arived. friend arrived. Tom's eating was
completelyfzished beforeanathet imc
in tlu past.

zuTURE PBRFECT (c) Tom urrU already haoe eaten FirstTom will finish eating. Later his
when his friend errives. friend will arrive. Tom's eating will be
completely y'zishedbeforednothq time
in thefunre.

Form: haoe + been + -ing (presentponicifu)

Meaning: The_perfectprogressivetensesgive the idea that one event is in progressimmediaulybefore,up to,
uwil anotherime or euefi. T}lretensesare used to expressthe diratlon of the first event.
PRESENT PERFECT (a) Tom has been studying for two Event in progress: srudying.
PROGRESSIVE hours. When? Beforenou, up to nou).
How long? For two hours.

PAST PERFECT 'nom

G) had been studying for two Event in progress:srudying.
PROGRESSIVE
hours before his friend came. !7hen? Bejoreanotheresenrin thepast.
How long? For rwo hours.

FUTURE PERFECT (c) Tom uiII haoe been satdying Event in progress:srudying.
PROGRESSI!v'E for nvo hours by the rime his !7hen? Beforeanothereoentin the
friend arrives.
future.
How long? For two hours.