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Polynomial is an algebraic expression that is a sum of terms contains only variables with whole number
exponents and integer coefficients. It also contains four fundamental operations applied on polynomials.
Example:
5. A monomial is a term involving only the product of a real number and variables with non-negative
integral exponents.
Example:
6. A polynomial is a sum of finite numbers of monomials. The general polynomial in one variable of
degree n is of the form
Anxn + … + a1x+a0
For example x4- x 7and 2-x3 – x4 have the degrees 7 and 4, respectively. A constant has 0 degree. The
degree of (2x)0 is 0, while x20 is 1. The expressions √x and 1/x have no degree since they are not
polynomials.
8. If a monomial is expressed as a product of two or more symbols, each of the symbols is called the
coefficient of the rest of the product. In 2xy, 2 is called a numerical coefficient, and xy is called the literal
coefficient.
9. Two monomials (or two terms) are similar if they have the same literal coefficient. Example: 2x and
-3x are similar terms; -3x and 4xy are dissimilar terms.
Rule 1: To add two or more monomials with the same literal coefficient, add only their numerical
coefficients and affix the literal coefficient. For Example:
Rule 2: To add two or more polynomials, add similar or like terms together.
Example:
Solution: We write the polynomials in horizontal form and perform the addition.
3x 2 – 4x - 4y
7x 2 – 2y – 2
2
-4x + x – y – 7
________________
6x 2 -3x – 7y – 9
Example2. a. Subtract 4x – y – 3 from 2x – y -4.
b. Subtract 4x + 3y +5 from the sum of -3x – y +5 and x +8y -3
c. Subtract the sum of 2x – 9y – 8 and 6x +4y from 2x -5y – 7
d. Subtract the sum of 12x – 14y and 6y -9 from the sum of 7x-2y +3 and 4x -5y – 8.
Solutions:
a. 2x – y- 4 2x- y – 4 b. -3x– y + 5
- (4x – y – 3) -4x + y + 3 + x +8y -3
-2x -1 -2x +7y +2 -2x +7y +2
-(4x +3y +5) -4x -3y -5 (+)
-6x +4y -3
Addition of algebraic expressions frequently involves the symbols of grouping such as parentheses (),
Brackets [], and braces {}.
b. 4x – 2y – 5 - 2(8x - 7y) – (x – 4y – 1)
Solution:
= -2x + y - 10 + 4x – 3y - 6x + 8y – 12
Rule 4. When one symbol of grouping is within another symbol of grouping the innermost symbol must
be removed first.
Solutions:
a. – {-2 –y – [3x – (4x + y – 3) – y] – 7} b. – {-3x +4y – (7x – 8)} – {3x – [-4y - (x – 5)]}
= - {-x +y -10} = 4x – 4y – 8 – 4x – 4y + 5
The value of Polynomial or expression in x is obtained by substituting a certain given value for
x.
The value of Polynomial or Expression at two limits denoted by f (x) |x=bx =a is defined as the difference
of the values of f (x) at x + b and that of f (x) at x = a. The number b is called the upper limit of
the polynomial or expression, while a is the lower limit. For Example:
Also, the value of x-1/ 2x + 5 |10 is 0 - (-1/5) = 1/5; x-a /2x + 5 | 2-1 is 1/9 – (2/3) = 7/9
A compact notation for the product of n factors each of which is a is a given in the following
definition.
an = a • a • a • . . .• a, n is a positive integer
|_____ n factors____|
The power is one strong concept in mathematics to put a number or expression in a more
compact form. Some notations employed in this concept which convey different notations such
as the following
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
am • an = am + n
am
an = am-n
(ab)m = ambm
(am )n = amn
(a / b)m = am / bm
Rule1. To multiply two monomials, use commutative, associative and the laws of exponents in
multiplication. Example:
(3x2y4z2w9) (-4xyz4wv)
Rule 2. To multiply two polynomials, use the distributive law and apply rule 1.
Example:
a. -6x4y6zw = -6 . x4 . y6 . z . w = x3w
12xy8 zu 12 x y8 z u 2y2 u
Rule 3. The last rule is to divide a polynomial by another polynomial with at least two terms. This type of
divisions is applied only when the degree of the polynomial in the numerator is greater or equal to the
degree of the polynomial in the denominator.
2. Divide the first term in the dividend by the first term of the divisior, giving the first term of the
quotient.
3. Multiply each term of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and subtract the product of the
dividend.
4. Use the remainder obtained in step 3 as a new dividend, and repeat steps 2 and 3.
5. Continue the process until the remainder is reached whose degree should be less than the degree of the
divisor.
Example : x2 + 2x – 3 = x +3 x2 + 2x – 3 = x+ 4 + _5_
x-1 x-2 x -2
x2 + 2x – 3 = (x+4)(x-2) +5
SYNTHETIC DIVISION
Another method of division which has a very short and simple procedure is called Synthetic Division.
Unlike the usual division which involves the four fundamental operations, this method requires only
addition and multiplication applied to the coefficients. This method is applied when the divisor is of the
form x + a.
2. Write the numerical coefficients of each term of the dividend in a row indicating the coefficients of
powers. Replace the missing power with the zero coefficient.
4. Multiply the coefficient of the largest power of x, written on the third row, by the constant divisor.
Place the product beneath the coefficient. Multiply the sum by the constant divisor and place it beneath
the coefficient of the next largest power. Continue this procedure until there is a product added to the
constant of the last term.
5. The last number on the third tow is called the remainder, the rest of the numbers, starting from the left
to right, are the coefficients of the terms in the quotient, which is one degree less than that of the
dividend.
Example:
We will picture it evaluated at the input value x = 2. Arrange the input value, the coefficients, and a line
like this:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
---------------
2) 4 -3 1 -4
---------------
4
Multiply the input 2 times the 4. Place this product, 8, under the -3:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
8
---------------
4
Add the -3 and the 8. Place this sum, 5, under the line:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
8
---------------
4 5
Multiply the input 2 times the 5. Place this product, 10, under the 1:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
8 10
---------------
4 5
Add the 1 and the 10. Place this sum, 11, under the line:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
8 10
---------------
4 5 11
Multiply the input 2 times the 11. Place this product, 22, under the -4:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
8 10 22
---------------
4 5 11
Add the -4 and the 22. Place this sum, 18, under the line:
2) 4 -3 1 -4
8 10 22
---------------
4 5 11 18
Thus, the answer is 4x2 + 5x + 11.
FACTORING SPECIAL PRODUCTS
2. Find the GCF of each variable. It will always be the variable raised to the smallest exponent.
3. Find the terms that the GCF would be multiplied by to equal the original polynomial.
It looks like the distributive property when in factored form ….. GCF(terms).
Examples:
3x2 - 6x
2x2 - 4x + 8
5x2y3 + 10x3y
Examples:
9x2 - 49
121x2 - 100
25x2 - 64y2
1. Characteristics
2. Steps to Factor
Write it as (a ± b)2 since it factors into two identical binomials.
The operation in the binomial factor is the same as the operation in front of the "x" term.
Examples:
9x2 - 30x + 25
2x2 + 16x + 32
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Domain of a Rational Expression
With rational functions, we need to watch out for values that cause our denominator to be 0. If
our denominator is 0, then we have an undefined value.
So, when looking for the domain of a given rational function, we use a back door
approach. We find the values that we cannot use, which would be values that make the
denominator 0.
Example 1: Find all numbers that must be excluded from the domain of .
Our restriction is that the denominator of a fraction can never be equal to 0.
So to find what values we need to exclude, think of what value(s) of x, if any, would
cause the denominator to be 0.
This give us a better look at it.
Since 1 would make the first factor in the denominator 0, then 1 would have to be
excluded.
Since - 4 would make the second factor in the denominator 0, then - 4 would also
have to be excluded.
In other words, if you multiply the EXACT SAME thing to the numerator and denominator,
then you have an equivalent rational expression.
This will come in handy when we simplify rational expressions, which is coming up next.
Step 2: Divide out all common factors that the numerator and the denominator have.
Example 2: Simplify and find all numbers that must be excluded from the domain of the simplified
rational expression: .
Step 2: Divide out all common factors that the numerator and the denominator have.
To find the value(s) needed to be excluded from the domain, we need to ask
ourselves, what value(s) of x would cause our denominator to be 0?
Looking at the denominator x - 9, I would say it would have to be x = 9. Don’t you
agree?
Example 3: Simplify and find all numbers that must be excluded from the domain of the
Step 1: Factor the numerator and the denominator
AND
Step 2: Divide out all common factors that the numerator and the denominator have.
*Factor the diff. of squares in the num. and
*Factor the trinomial in the den.
Note that 5 - x and x - 5 only differ by signs, in other words they are opposites of each other. In that case,
you can factor a -1 out of one of those factors and rewrite it with opposite signs, as shown in line 3
above.
To find the value(s) needed to be excluded from the domain, we need to ask ourselves, what value(s)
of x would cause our denominator to be 0?
Looking at the denominator x - 5, I would say it would have to be x = 5. Don’t you agree?
Example 1: Multiply .
Step 1: Factor both the numerator and the denominator
AND
In the numerator we factored a difference of squares.
Step 3: Simplify the rational expression.
AND
Note that even though all of the factors in the numerator were divided out there is
still a 1 in there. It is easy to think there there is "nothing" left and make the
numerator disappear. But when you divide a factor by itself there is actually a 1
there. Just like 2/2 = 1 or 5/5 = 1.
Also note that the values that would be excluded from the domain are 0, 3, -6, and
-3. Those are the values that makes the original denominator equal to 0.
Example 2: Multiply .
Step 1: Factor both the numerator and the denominator
AND
In the numerator we factored a difference of cubes and a GCF.
Step 3: Simplify the rational expression.
AND
Note that the values that would be excluded from the domain are 0, 3, and -2. Those are
the values that makes the original denominator equal to 0.
Example 3: Divide .
AND
In the numerator of the product we factored a GCF.
In the denominator we factored a trinomial.
Note that the values that would be excluded from the domain are -6 and 0.
Those are the values that makes the original denominator of the product
equal to 0.
Example 4: Divide .
AND
*Rewrite as mult. of
reciprocal
Step 2: Put the sum or difference found in step 1 over the common denominator.
Good question. The denominator indicates what type of fraction that you have and the numerator is
counting up how many of that type you have. You can only directly combine fractions that are of the
same type (have the same denominator). For example if 2 was my denominator, I would be counting up
how many halves I had. If 3 was my denominator, I would be counting up how many thirds I had. But I
would not be able to add a fraction with a denominator of 2 directly with a fraction that had a
denominator of 3 because they are not the same type of fraction. I would have to find a common
denominator first, which we will cover after the next two examples.
Since the two denominators are the same, we can go right into adding these two rational expressions.
AND
Step 2: Put the sum or difference found in step 1 over the common denominator.
*Common denominator of 5x - 2
Note that neither the numerator nor the denominator will factor. The rational expression is as simplified
as it gets.
Also note that the value that would be excluded from the domain is 2/5. This is the value that makes the
original denominator equal to 0.
Since the two denominators are the same, we can go right into subtracting these two
rational expressions.
AND
Step 2: Put the sum or difference found in step 1 over the common denominator.
Step 2: The LCD is the list of all the DIFFERENT factors in the denominators raised to the highest power
that there is of each factor.
Now the question is WHAT do we multiply top and bottom by to get what we want? We need to have the
LCD, so you look to see what factor(s) are missing from the original denominator that is in the LCD. If
there are any missing factors then that is what you need to multiply the numerator AND denominator by.
*Factor the GCF
The second denominator has the following factor:
Putting all the different factors together and using the highest exponent, we get
the following LCD:
Since the first rational expression already has the LCD, we do not need to change this fraction.
Rewriting the second expression with the LCD:
Note that the values that would be excluded from the domain are 0 and 4. These are the values that make
the original denominator equal to 0.
Putting all the different factors together and using the highest exponent, we get the following LCD:
Since the second rational expression already has the LCD, we do not need to change this fraction
Also note that the values that would be excluded from the domain are -1 and 1. These are the values
that make the original denominator equal to 0.
*Factor the trinomial
*Factor the trinomial
Putting all the different factors together and using the highest exponent, we get the following LCD:
Rewriting the second expression with the LCD:
Step 3: Combine the rational expressions as shown above.
*Combine the numerators
*Write over common denominator
Note that the values that would be excluded from the domain are -5, -1 and 8. These are the values that
make the original denominator equal to 0.
Full Name: Pioray, Claire E.
Sex: Female
Age : 17 y/o
Address: Blk 11 Lot 15 Ciudad Del Sol I Subd., San Juan, Taytay, Rizal
Bio:
Hello!
Claire Pioray is my full name.
I’m a Family Oriented person (Yes, I love spending my time with my parents and siblings).
There are many things I love doing such as eating plenty of foods, hanging out with my friends but
Sex: Male
Age : 18y/o
Bio:
I dream to live my dream life, stay in my dream house, drive my dream car, and love my dream family..
I♥Coco Jiang
I♥Jeon Ji Hyun
I♥coffee
I♥TV
I♥Science
I♥Computer
I♥Anime
I♥ComSci
I♥medicine
I♥food
and
I♥her
<thenextchapter>
25
Sex: Female
Age : 17y/o
Bio :
I AM HUMAN ..
I cry.I laugh.I fear.I love ' yeah I fell inlove for several times ;) But now i found the greatest love from my
Lord ' Yes I'm so inlove with my papa God :)
----------------
I like everything that makes SENSE!
I love worshipping my God ;)
----------------
no hatred.no insecurities.no selfishess.
I LOVE BEING ME ;)
Student’s
Profile
Prepared by:
Ron Daniel Celajes
Gemarly Ceriola
Claire Pioray
Submitted To:
Mr. RV. Cruz
Instructor- College Math
References:
•http://www.wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/col_algebra/index.htm