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Atoll 3.3.0
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
Overview
OFDM Definition
Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
Technologies
WCDMA WCDMA WCDMA OFDMA + Carrier aggregation (DL/UL)
+ Enhanced architecture + MIMO SC-FDMA + HetNets
+ Higher order modulations + Dual-carrier MIMO + enhanced MIMO (8*8)
What is OFDM ?
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Principle:
• Wideband channel split into multiple orthogonal
narrowband radio carriers (subcarriers)
Resource Blocks
OFDM(A) summary:
OFDMA in DL
Each subcarrier carries one specific
data symbol (QPSK, 16QAM...)
1.92 MHz
1.4 MHz 6 72 128
(1/2 x 3.84)
23.04 MHz
15 MHz 75 900 1536
(6 x 3.84)
30.72 MHz
20 MHz 100 1200 2048
(8 x 3.84)
LTE Frame
1 ms
SF 0 SF 1 …………………………….. SF 9
0.5 ms
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Symbol 0 Symbol 1 Symbol 2 Symbol 3 Symbol 4 Symbol 5 Symbol 6
Random access
HARQ feedback,
CQI reporting,
Traffic
UL scheduling request,
CQI reporting for MIMO
related feedback
Pilot (channel
estimation),
slot/frame eNode-B
synchronization and
cell identification
Legend:
Downlink reference signals
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
PSS (Primary Synchronisation Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronisation Signal)
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH (Physical - Downlink Control / HARQ Indicator / Control Format Indicator - Channels)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Data Channel)
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
symbol 0 symbol 1 symbol 2 symbol 3 symbol 4 symbol 5 symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Downlink reference signals
PBCH
Centre 6 RBs
SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 SF 4 SF 5 SF 6 SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
Channel bandwidth
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
symbol 0 symbol 1 symbol 2 symbol 3 symbol 4 symbol 5 symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
UL DRS (Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal)
UL SRS (Uplink Sounding Reference Signal)
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms) PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) (incl. HARQ feedback
and CQI reporting)
Demodulation Reference Signal for PUCCH
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
180 kHz
SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 SF 3 SF 4 SF 5 SF 6 SF 7 SF 8 SF 9
Channel bandwidth
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
Network configuration
- Add network elements ACP
- Change parameters
Basic predictions
(Best server, signal level)
Automatic or manual Physical Cell ID and PRACH Root Sequence Index planning
Traffic maps
Monte-Carlo User-defined
And/or
simulations values
Cell load
Subscriber lists
conditions
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
Global Settings
Frequency bands and channels definition
Global LTE frame definition
Radio Parameters
Sites
Transmitters
Cells
Average number of
resource blocks for
PUCCH
R0 R0
l0 l6 l0 l6
• Each antenna uses different resource
elements to transmit reference signals
R0 R0 R1 R1
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Different LTE equipment and vendors may support different methods for reusing the energy
corresponding to the “unused” resource elements
Sites
Characterized by their X (longitude) and Y (latitude) coordinates
Transmitters
Presented in the
Activity “General Features” course
Antenna configuration (model, height, azimuth, mechanical/electrical tilts...)
UL and DL losses / UL noise figure
Propagation (model, radius and resolution)
Cells
Frequency band & channel
Layer
Cell Type
Physical Cell ID Specific parameters for
Power definition of DL channels LTE technology
Min. RSRP
DL and UL traffic loads
Diversity support (MIMO)
Neighbours
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 29
Transmitter Parameters
DL and UL
total losses,
UL noise figure
Antenna
configuration
Main parameters
Cell activity
• Only active cells are considered in predictions
Physical Cell ID
• PSS/SSS ID automatically computed
Min. RSRP
• Used as a cell coverage limit
Load conditions
• DL traffic load (%)
• UL noise rise due to surrounding mobiles (dB)
Main parameters
Automatic resource allocation parameters
• Allocation status
• Channels
• Physical Cell ID
• PRACH RSI
Main parameters
Layer
• Similar to HCS layers in 2G networks and layers
in 3G
• Used to model HetNets*
MIMO configuration
• Diversity support DL/UL:
• Transmit diversity
• SU-MIMO
• AAS: Advanced Antenna Systems
• MU-MIMO
Neighbours-related parameters
PDCCH/PUCCH overheads and cyclic prefix can be set for each frame
• Override values defined in global parameters
What is HetNets?
HetNets, or Heterogeneous Networks, are comprised of traditional large macrocells and smaller cells like:
• Microcells (< 5W)
• Picocells (< 1W)
• Femtocells (~ 200mW)
Layers management
You can define network layers with corresponding:
• Priorities
• Supported mobile speeds
Layers management
Principle of the cell selection margins
• Due to the wide difference of power levels between macro and pico/femtocells, most of the UEs will get
associated to the macrocells resulting in a load imbalance throughout the network
• To counterbalance this effect, and thus enhance the system performance, an offset is to be added to the
actual RSRP value from the pico/femtocells (range expansion) during the cell selection process
• Cell range expansion concept modelled by cell selection margins in Atoll
Handover ping-pong*: base stations bounce the link with the mobile back and forth between cells.
(3) Atoll calculates the best server criterion (BSc) for the initial serving cell and the other potential serving
cells
• Initial serving cell: BSc = RSRP + Handover Margin + CIO
• Other serving cells: BSc = RSRP + CIO
(4) The server with the highest best server criterion (BSc) will be considered as best server (for all potential
serving cells from all layers)
Use case : 1 Macro site 800 MHz + 2 Micro sites 1800 MHz + 6 Small Cells 2600 MHz
Cell Table
Mobility Types
Step 3 : Atoll calculates the best server criterion (BSC) for the initial serving cell and the other
potential serving cells
Best serving cell candidate: BSC = RSRP + Handover Margin + CIO
Other serving cells: BSC = RSRP + CIO
Handover Margin applied for the CIO applied for all serving
cell candidate only cells.
Step 4: Atoll considers the cell with the highest BSc as the best server: Small Cell 3
MACRO 900
Range expansion analysis: LTE specific predictions are impacted by the new best server algorithm
Impact on a Effective Signal Analysis displaying the RSRP level per best server area
The handover margin and the CIO impact the RSRP level shown per pixel. The best server area is changed
so the RSRP level is automatically changed
Potential serving
cells based on Rank the Atoll analyses
• Service/Terminal different servers the Cell
compatibility based on Best Server
• Minimum RSRP level Individual Offset
• Layer’s priority identified
• Mobility type vs layer and Handover
max speed • Maximum level Margin
considering CST*
• PRACH max cell
range
Definition
Carrier Aggregation (CA) increases the
channel bandwidth by combining
multiple RF carriers
• Each individual RF carrier is known as
a Component Carrier (CC)
• All CCs belong to the same eNodeB
Secondary Cell
• A cell which has been configured to provide additional radio resources after connection establishment
• Each connection can have multiple secondary cells
Serving Cell
• Both primary and secondary cells
are categorised as serving cells
• There is one HARQ entity per
serving cell at the UE
• The different serving cells may
have different coverage
UE Categories in Atoll
Specific UE
Categories
Services in Atoll
Define whether a service can
manage carrier aggregation or not
You can also perform aggregated throughput predictions including all serving cells, or even some of them
Aggregated throughput
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
Introduction
Prediction Settings
Coverage predictions
• RSRP level: Receive Signal Receive Power calculated for one RE
• RS level: Reference Signal level calculated on the whole bandwidth
Quality predictions
• RSRQ: Reference Signal receive Quality
• PDSCH C/I+N: Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio based on the PDSCH
channel
• RS C/I+N: Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio based on the Reference Signal
channel
Throughput predictions
• Based on the RLC or Application layers
• Peak, Effective or Average throughput
• Carried out for one or several users
• A mobility
• Fixed,
• Pedestrian,
Mobility Service
• 50 Km/h...
• A terminal type
• Smartphone,
• Rooftop terminal...
Mapping
Support of
MIMO
Atoll determines, on each pixel, the highest bearer that each user can obtain
After the layer determination, connection to the best server in terms of RS level or RSRP
Bearer chosen according to the radio conditions (PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels)
Radio conditions
Best server area Throughput &
estimation
RS level (C) or determination quality indicator
(PDSCH and Bearer selection
RSRP evaluation (limited by min. predictions (BER
PUSCH CINR and BLER)
RSRP)
calculation)
• The interfering signals’ EIRP (power + gains - losses) weighted by traffic loads (in DL)
• The interference reduction factor applied to interfering base stations transmitting on adjacent channels
(adjacent channel suppression factor)
Coverage by transmitter
(based on RSRP levels)
Application Channel
Throughput (UL)
Reference
signals,
PDSCH and
PUSCH
availability
(or not)
Definition of the user (layer
or channel, terminal, service,
mobility) Cell bar graphs (best server on top)
Analysis details on
reference signals,
PDSCH and PUSCH
Serving cell
(C)
Total level of
interference
(I + N)
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
Goal: Optimize resource allocation (channels, PCI or PRACH RSIs) following the user-defined
constraints
• To minimize interference (channels)
• To avoid collisions (PCI)
• To avoid PRACH root sequence index collisions (PRACH RSIs)
Distance relation
• Avoid frequency reuse between cells for which the inter-site distance is lower than a “min. reuse distance”
• Taking into account distance and cells’ azimuth
Neighbours
• Taking into account neighbours importance (can be calculated by Atoll)
Serving Area
TX_B
Interfering
TX_A Transmitter
Victim Transmitter
C C
Co-channel interference occurs when: Min Reference Signal
I MQ N N
Each cell’s reference signal transmits a pseudo random sequence corresponding to the Physical Cell ID of
the cell
When Physical Cell ID + pseudo-random sequence is known, cell is recognized by mobile based on the
received reference signal
PCI A PCI A
PCI B
Secondary requirements
• Different PSS ID at nearby cells
• Avoid RS-RS collisions
• Preferably the same SSS ID at co-site cells (especially in the case of 3-sector sites)
• May facilitate neighbour cell identification
• May help in measurements and handover procedures
Allocation constraints
Allocation constraints
During the optimisation, you can monitor the reduction of the total cost
You can compare the distribution histograms of the initial and current allocation plans
Once Atoll has finished allocating Physical Cell IDs, the proposed allocation plan is available on
the Results tab
The proposed PCI plan can be assigned automatically to the cells of the network if you click Commit
Neighbour plan
You can check if your constraints are satisfied by the current allocation by performing an audit
Respect of a minimum reuse distance
Respect of neighbourhood constraints (two neighbour cells must have a different PCI)
Respect of PSS/SSS ID allocation strategy
Audit results
The exclamation mark icon ( ) means that the collision may or may not be a problem depending on your
network design rules and selected strategies.
PRACH channel
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 100
PRACH Channel
The Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH) is used to transmit the random access preamble
used to initiate the random access procedure. This channel allows UEs to achieve uplink time
synchronisation
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 101
PRACH Channel
Different sections of the network can be planned with different preamble formats if the cell
range varies from one area to another
The format 0 is the default format as it generates a small overhead and allows reaching a maximum cell
range of 15 km which the most common situation
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 102
PRACH RSI Planning Theory
Purpose: Determine different preamble sequences to allow multiple UE using the same
frequency and time domain resources to simultaneously connect to an eNB. Each sequence is
generated by cyclic shifting one or several root sequence index (RSI).
Preamble sequences are CAZAC* codes generated using the Zadoff-Chu method
Each cell has 64 preamble sequences (16 were available for UMTS/HSPA)
838 RSI are available for FDD (format 0 to 3) and 138 for TDD (format 4).
Depending on the PRACH format (or cell size), a different quantity of RSI is required per cell.
15 km
RSI 10-19 4 km
RSI 0-2
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 103
PRACH RSI Planning Theory
The root sequence index values allocated to each cell should ensure that neighbouring cells have
different sets of root sequences
A maximum RSI re-use can be implemented when a minimum number of RSI is used
For the urban case, 3 RSI are necessary per cell. 838 different RSI are available, so 838/3 279 cells can
be allocated before reuse
For the rural case, 10 RSI are used per cell 838/10 83 cells can be allocated before reuse
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 104
PRACH RSI Planning Theory
Atoll will allow the user to directly enter the number of required root sequence per cell.
This approach provides the most flexibility in case of different equipment and propagation environments
imply additional delays and margins which impact the calculation of the quantity of required root
sequence per cell.
The mapping tables show values calculated for ideal conditions, i.e., no delay spread and perfect
equipment. There are shown for information only .
3GPP parameters used for the PRACH RSI allocation are described in the following table
PRACH Configuration Index 0 to 63 Determines the preamble format, version and density
High Speed Flag True/False Reduce Doppler effect at very high speed (> 200 km/h)
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 105
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (2/8)
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 106
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (3/8)
Cell parameters
Allocation constraints
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 107
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (4/8)
Allocation constraints
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 108
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (5/8)
Once Atoll has finished allocating PRACH RSIs, the proposed allocation plan is available on the
Results tab
The proposed PRACH RSI plan can be assigned automatically to the cells of the network if you click Commit
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 109
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (6/8)
A quantity of 10 PRACH RSIs has been automatically allocated per cell because of the cell table
configuration
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 110
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (7/8)
The LTE prediction, Cell Identifier collision zones, allows verifying if any collisions occur between
cells with one or several identical PRACH RSIs
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 111
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (8/8)
You can check if your constraints are satisfied by the current allocation by performing an audit
Respect of a minimum reuse distance
Respect of neighbourhood constraints (two neighbour cells must have different PRACH RSIs)
Interference matrix consideration
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 112
Training Programme
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. Neighbours Allocation
7. MIMO Features
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 113
8. MIMO Features
Introduction
Calculation Details
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 114
Introduction (1/2)
Shannon’s formula
Theoretical limit to transmit without error: 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑊. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (1 + SNR) , (bits/s)
Why MIMO ?
The usage of multiple antennas improves dramatically the channel capacity without additional bandwidth
or transmit power
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 115
Introduction (2/2)
Terminology
Similar terminology is used for Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO),
and Single Input Single Output (SISO)
4x2 MIMO
1x4 SIMO
Propagation
channel Propagation
channel
Propagation Propagation
channel channel
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 116
MIMO Techniques Overview
Transmit diversity
• Aims to improve the signal quality by sending several times the same data stream
Beamforming
• Aims to improve both signal quality and throughput by focusing the signal energy towards
the receiver
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 117
Transmitters Settings
You have to set the appropriate number of antenna ports at the Transmitters level
Propagation
channel ?
Propagation
channel ?
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 118
Cells Settings
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 119
Terminal Settings
You have to configure a terminal that supports MIMO LTE equipment defining SU-MIMO
and diversity gains
MIMO
support
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 120
Dynamic MIMO mode (1/3)
Definition
Atoll can dynamically switch between different MIMO techniques depending on the radio condition
Different option can be implemented:
• TX DIV SU-MIMO, TX DIV MU-MIMO, TX DIV MU-MIMO SU-MIMO
• In this example, Atoll can automatically switch from SU-MIMO to Tx/Rx diversity as the radio conditions
deteriorate
Advantages
Improves the throughput for users situated near the transmitter
Increases the signal quality for cell edge users
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 121
Dynamic MIMO mode (2/3)
The SU-MIMO threshold is the parameter used to switch from SU-MIMO to Tx/Rx diversity
It can be defined in the reception equipment properties
• Default Cell Equipment (for UL calculations)
• Default UE Equipment (for DL calculations)
It is expressed in dB and refers to the Reference Signal or the PDSCH/PUSCH quality
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 122
Dynamic MIMO mode(3/3)
You can choose the criterion the SU-MIMO threshold will be based upon in the LTE global
settings
Reference Signal C/N or C/(I+N)
PDSCH or PUSCH C/(I+N)
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 123
Diversity and Throughput Gains (1/2)
Diversity and/or throughput gains can be applied when using certain MIMO techniques
They depend on the MIMO configuration used (2x1 MIMO, 2x2 MIMO, 4x4 MIMO…)
Besides PDSCH and PUSCH, PBCH and PDCCH can also benefit from diversity gains
All values set here should be in line with your vendor specific equipment
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 124
Diversity and Throughput Gains (2/2)
Additional diversity and throughput gains are defined in the clutter classes properties
Diversity and throughput gains can be tuned according to the environment
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 125
Calculation Details (1/2)
CINRPDSCH (With MIMO) = CINRPDSCH (Without MIMO) + Diversity Gain + Additional Diversity Gain (DL)
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 126
Calculation Details (2/2)
Peak Th. (With MIMO) = Peak Th. (Without MIMO) x [ 1 + (Max MIMO Gain – 1) x LTE SU-MIMO Gain Factor ]
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 127
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO DL (TX DIV+SU-MIMO) (1/5)
Atoll configuration
4 transmission antenna ports
• Transmitters properties
2 reception antenna ports
• Terminal properties
Diversity support (DL)
• TX DIV + SU-MIMO
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 128
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO DL (TX DIV+SU-MIMO) (2/5)
Without MIMO
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Tx/Rx
threshold diversity
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 129
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO DL (TX DIV+SU-MIMO) (3/5)
100
90
80
70
60
50 Without MIMO
40
AMS 4x2
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Peak RLC Throughput (Mbps)
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 130
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO DL (TX DIV+SU-MIMO) (4/5)
Tx/Rx
diversity Without MIMO
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO threshold
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 131
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO DL (TX DIV+SU-MIMO) (5/5)
100
90
80
70
60
50
Without MIMO
40 AMS 4x2
30
20
10
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PDSCH C/(I+N) (dB)
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 132
Appendix
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 133
LTE throughput formulas
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 134
LTE throughput formulas
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 135
LTE throughput formulas
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 136
LTE throughput formulas
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 137
RSRQ formula
RSRQ is the ratio over the entire channel bandwidth of the wanted RS signal / All signal
𝑹𝑺𝑹𝑷
𝑹𝑺𝑹𝑸 𝒅𝑩 = × 𝑵𝑹𝑩
𝑹𝑺𝑺𝑰
• RSRP: Received Signal Received Power: Received Power at the UE per Reference signal channel resource
element from its serving cell
• RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator: Total power received at the UE from its serving and adjacent cells
• NRB : Number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 138
Thank you
© Forsk 2015 Confidential – Do not share without prior permission Slide 139