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Presentation on :-
Feed
water
Treatment
Boiler
1.
• Effects of Impurities
2.
• http://www.lenntech.com/applications/process/boiler/
• Zeolite treatment
3.
• Demineralization Plant
4.
• De-aeration
6.
Necessity of Feed Water treatment
Hardness
Alkalinity
Silica
Dissolved gasses
Micro-organisms
Necessity of Feed Water treatment
Low conductivity
Boiler Tubes
Our Goal is 100% safe and
reliable source of steam
Water Softening Plant Location
Different Impurities in Feed Water
3. Dissolved Gases
Oxygen is corrosive to iron, zinc, brass and other Carbon Dioxide produces corrosion and scale forming
metals. It is present in surface water in dissolved form. compounds by combining with other materials.
It causes corrosion and pitting of all metal parts with Majority of water contains 2-50 ppm of CO2
which it comes in contact esp. at high temperatures
Different Impurities in Feed Water
4. Other Materials.
Effects of
Impurities
Temp above 4500 C may causes serious damage due to hot spots and
consequently rupture of boiler temperature.
Scale chokes the flow in the piping system and thus require increase in the
pressure to maintain water delivery.
Cracks occur due to the, cyclic stresses created due to rapid heating and
cooling at points where corrosion has roughened the metal surface.
Remedies :- The use of membrane contractors are the best and most
diffused ways to avoid corrosion removing the dissolved gasses (mainly
O2 and CO2).
3. Priming and Foaming
Measures to control :-
Methods of water
treatment
Internal External
Treatment treatment
Demineralization
Zeolite treatment Deaeration Evaporation
Process
Internal water treatment systems
Zeolite process for water softening hasbecome a commercial success for the reason that zeolite can be easily
regenerated. When ca2+& mg2+ ions containing hard water is passes through a bed of sodium zeolite, the
sodium ions are replaced by the calcium & magnesium ions. The chemical reactions can be written as:
When all sodium ions are replaced by calcium & magnesium ions, the zeolite becomes inactive. Then the zeolite
needs to be regenerated.
Brine solutions are passing through bed of inactivated zeolite. Regeneration process is given by following
equation:-
Advantages: Disadvantages:-
Any process which results in the reversible exchange of ions contained in a fluid with those
contained on a solid without a permanent change in the solid structure.
The mineral content of water may be removed by evaporation or by series of cat ion and anion exchangers to
produce essentially distilled water .
Demineralization is often the most economical method of producing make – up water for high pressure
boiler.
In this system , raw water is first passed through a weak acid cat ion exchanger to remove the bicarbonates. Water
coming out contains dilute carbonic acid , hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid .
The demineralizer system consists of one or more ion exchange resin columns, including a strong cat ion unit and
a strong anion unit. The cat ion resins exchange hydrogen for raw water cat ions as shown below:
the water coming out of cat ion exchanger is passed through anion exchanger.
In anion exchanger such as chlorides , sulphates and nitrates are removed from water with certain resinous
material (RCOз). anion exchanger also exchanges acid radicals .
The water coming out from anion exchanger is passed through a degasifier tower . Which is filled with porcelain
packing. Water is distributed over very large surface area provided by the packing as it flows downward through
the tower .
Water comes in contact with low pressure air blown in at bottom , CO2 is liberated and is vented from the top of
the tower .
Demineralizing process
The degassed water containing about 2 to 5 ppm CO2 is collected in the sump.
In the example, the acids resulting from the cat ion exchange process react with the anion exchange resin. As a
result we form water and the anions are embedded into the resin.
Other weak acids are also removed because the resin is strongly basic.
Strong base anion exchangers are specially designed to remove dissolved silica,
purpose of demineralizer
Purpose
Reduction of conductivity
Control of pH
Advantage Disadvantage
It reduce boiler blow down and helps for it’s equipment cost is high.
the production of higher quality steam.
It’s operating cost is high.
It supplies the purest quality feed water.
Reverse Osmosis is a pressure driven membrane process capable of removing small particles,
dissolved salts and low molecular weight organics from feed water stream.
The reverse osmosis water treatment method has been used extensively to convert brackish or
seawater to drinking water, to clean up wastewater, and to recover dissolved salts from industrial
processes.
It is becoming more popular in the home market as homeowners are increasingly concerned
about contaminants that affect their health, as well as about non-hazardous chemicals that affect
the taste, odour, or colour of their drinking water.
Principle:
Reverse osmosis are applied as a cross-flow filtration process. With a high pressure pump, feed water is
continuously pumped at elevated pressure to the membrane system. Within the membrane system, the feed
water will be split into a low saline and/or purified product, called permeate, and a high saline or concentrated
brine, called concentrate or reject. A flow regulating valve, called a concentrate valve, controls the percentage of
feed water that is going to the concentrate stream and the permeate which will be obtained from the feed
Sea water treatment using reverse osmosis
Depending upon the clarity of the raw water, pre treatment of sea water is passing through the RO system.
Chlorine is passed through water to oxidise organic products and kill marine life. Aluminium sulphate is
added to water in order to precipitate colloidal material and colour.
Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid is added to reduce the pH to about 6 and suppress calcium carbonate
scaling.
Then it is passed through sand and activated carbon filters where it is filtered.
Finally water is passed through 5µm cartridge filter to remove remaining particles. Then it feed to RO
system by high pressure pump. Pumping pressure in range of 25-80 bar is used. There is about 7kPa of
osmotic pressure is required for every 100ppm of TDS.
Membrane of RO system consists of a polymeric material film made of proper porosity, from material like
acrylics, polyamide, aramids, etc.
Special attention is needed for construction as sea water is highly corrosive. Care must be taken in siting the sea
water intake to avoid ingress of silt and weed.
This method can be employed more economically in the range of dissolved solids from 2000 ppm to 10000 ppm
or more.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
It is most efficient means for removing salts, It requires periodic membrane cleaning.
chemical contaminants and heavy metals such
lead from water. The feed water usually needs to be pre-treated
to remove particulates (in order to prolong
It is less expensive than demineralized for waters membrane life).
with total dissolved solids of 200 ppm or more.
Brine must be carefully disposed of to avoid
It is simple to operate and maintain. deleterious environmental impacts.
The technology makes minimal use of chemicals. There is a risk of bacterial contamination of the
membranes; while bacteria are retained in the
Low maintenance, non-metallic materials are brine stream, bacterial growth on the membrane
used in construction. itself can introduce tastes and odours into the
product water.
The dissolved gases in water like O2, CO2, H2S, air, and other
gases are responsible for corrosion since these react with
impurities and form acids. There fore, these gases are removed
from water before supplied to the boiler by the method of
thermal treatment.
Feed water enters the dearator from the top and is evenly distributed by means of the distributing device into the
perforated trays fitted at the bottom.
Water fills the perforations and rains down and comes in contact with heating steam delivered into the lower
portion of the dearator column through the steam distributor.
As a result of heat exchange between the steam going up and the feed water system flowing down, the water gets
heated up and its boiling points and the gases dissolved in it are transferred to the gas phase.
These gases together with non-condensing vapour are vented into the atmosphere through a vent valve or pass
into a vent condenser where the steam is condensed and the O2 and CO2 are vented.
The dearated water is collected in the storage tank which is fitted with gauge glass and pressure gauge to avoid
the formation of high pressure or vaccum in the dearator.
With this type of dearator, the oxygen content can be reduced below 0.005 CC per litre. As CO2 is also removed,
the increase in pH value of water also give an indication of dearation efficiency.