Terminology:

Anatomical Position:
A person facing forward, standing up straight, arms at the side, and the palms facing
forward.
Superior- Above something
Inferior-Below or toward the feet. Opposite to superior. For example, the chin is inferior to
the mouth.
Medial- In or toward the middle (near the midline). For example, the medial side of the
knee is the side closest to the other knee whereas the lateral side of the knee is the outside
of the knee.
Lateral- The part of the body that is farther away from the middle (towards sides).
Anterior- Toward the front
Posterior-Toward the back
Ventral- Pertaining to the front or anterior (neck down)
Dorsal-The back or posterior (neck down)
Proximal-Situated near the beginning or point of attachment.
Distal- Situated farthest from the center or away from the point of attachment.
Superficial- on the surface
Deep- Below the surface

The nose is lateral to the eye.

The thumb is distal to the wrist.
The kneecap is proximal to the heel.
The heel is inferior to the ankle.
The nose is superior to the mouth.
 The knuckles are on the posterior surface of the hand.
The spinal is dorsal to the breastbone.
The skin is superficial to the muscles.
The bones are deep to the muscles.
The breasts are a ventral aspect of the body.
The kneecaps are on the anterior surface of the leg.

Dorsal Cavity- Located within the skull and vertebral column. Brain and spinal cord
Ventral Cavity- Located on the front side of the body. Is the larger of the major body
cavities and contains many of the body’s organs. The ventral cavity is subdivided into
three smaller cavities:
1. Thoracic Cavity- Surrounded by the ribcage. Lungs, heart, major air ways, major
vessels, esophagus.
2. Abdominal Cavity- Located between the ribs and boney pelvis. Physically
separated from the thorax by the muscular diaphragm. Stomach, pancreas,
kidney, gall bladder, adrenal gland.
3. Pelvic Cavity- Lies within the boney pelvis. Reproductive, urinary bladder, end of
intestine.

Homeostasis:

Homeostasis- The process by which a living thing or cell keeps the conditions inside it
the same despite any change in the conditions around it.
Stress- A physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension.
Stresses can be external (from the environment, psychological, or social situations) or
internal (illness, or from a medical procedure).
Response- A automatic reaction to something.
Positive vs Negative Feedback:

The main difference between positive and negative feedback is their responses to change.
Positive feedback increases change while negative feedback reduces change. This means that
positive feedback will result in more of a product: more contractions, or more clotting platelets.
Negative feedback will result in less of a product: less heat, or less pressure. Positive feedback
moves away from a target point, while negative feedback moves towards a target.

Critical Thinking:

Steps used to solve application scenarios-

1. Don’t panic about the fact that the question appears to be concerning information you
have not heard about, that is what critical thinking is all about, applying information to
new and different settings.
2. After reading the scenario question, underline words in the scenario related to the
topics you’ve discussed in class.
3. Ask yourself what you learned about the process, chemicals, or organs that you
underlined in the question.
4. To solve the problem critically think about what you know about the question and apply
that knowledge to your answer.

Chemistry:
The role of subatomic particles in the atom:
Protons- Found in the nucleus or middle of the atom. Protons are positively charged. The
protons inside an atom's nucleus help bind the nucleus together. They also attract the
negatively charged electrons and keep them in orbit around the nucleus. The number of
protons in an atom's nucleus determines which chemical element it is.
Neutrons- Found in the nucleus or middle of the atom. Neutrons are neutral which means they
have no charge, however they play an important role in the atom by providing stability to the
atom and prevent protons from repelling each other. They also give mass to an atom and the
number of each on the nucleus of the atom determine the element.
Electrons- Electrons are the negatively charged particles of atom. Together, all the electrons of
an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive charge of the protons in the atomic
nucleus. Electrons are extremely small compared to all the other parts of the atom.
Atom vs Ion:

Isotope- Different Verities of an element. Have a differing number of neutrons. (Like different
breeds of dogs)
Atomic Number- Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Mass- The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of atom.
Isomer-Different varieties of a molecule.
Molecular Formula- a formula giving the number of atoms of each of the elements present in
one molecule compound.
Structural Formula- a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a
compound.

 The positioning of an element on the periodic table provides information about

bonding characteristics of atom because an element’s position in the periodic table
helps you figure out its electron configuration, how the electrons are organized around
the nucleus. Atoms use their electrons to participate in chemical reactions, so knowing
an element’s electron configuration allows you to predict its reactivity and how, it will
interact with atoms of other elements.

Compare Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen Bonding:

 covalent and ionic bonds are strong bond. hydrogen is weak. In a covalent bond
electrons are shared in an ionic bond one atom donates one or more electrons to
another atom. Hydrogen bonding is an interaction between two molecules where a
hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom
Compare the four types of organic molecules in term of chemical composition, basic,
structural units, solubility, and functions:
The four groups of organic molecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
acids. All four always contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are all made up of
subunits called monomers that connect to make polymers.
Protein structure: Proteins are polymers of amino acids that form long chains that twist
and fold making very complex structures.
The subunits found in proteins are amino acids.
Functions:
1. Used by every cell to build new cells
 2. They are enzymes that make reactions happen
3. Are hormones that control functions
4. Transport molecules that carry things in the cell and around an organism.
Composition:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Carbohydrate structure: They are carbon rings (simple sugars) attached together to make
branched chains.
The subunits found in carbohydrates are simple sugars such as glucose.
Functions:
1. Cellulose- Support plants
2. Glycogen- Temporary energy storage
3. Starch- broken-down to release energy
Composition:
Carbon Hydrogen, Oxygen
Lipid structure: They are long fatty acids attached together to make long chains.
Functions:
1. Lubrication of joints
2. Energy storage- long term
3. Main component of cell membranes
Composition:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Nucleic acids: Nucleotides made of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base. Attached
together to form long chains. DNA is a double helix.
Functions:
1. DNA stores all information needed by an organism
2. RNA transfers and translates information.
Composition:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
Cells:

Cytoplasm- The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Cytosol- The aqueous component of cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and
particles are suspended.
Organelle- Any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
Describe the function of the major cellular organelles found in the cell:
Nucleus- The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus directs cell activities and contains genetic material
called chromosomes made of DNA.
Nucleolus- Makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Mitochondria- Makes energy out of food. “powerplant” of the cell
Ribosome- Makes protein
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Lipid Production; Detoxification
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- Protein production; for export out of the cell.
Centriole- Organizes chromosomes
Golgi Body-Protein modification and export
Cytoskeleton- Forms a framework for the movement of organelles around the cytoplasm
Vacuole/Vesicle- They can regulate the pressure and water level of the cell to control the
conditions of the internal environment.

Membrane Transport:

Passive vs Active Transport:

 They determine if molecules can be moved across a membrane, and the distinction has
to do with whether cell energy is used. Passive mechanisms like diffusion use no
energy, while active transport requires energy to get done.
Compare diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport:

Simple diffusion - moves things from high to low, no energy required, doesn't require a protein
Facilitated diffusion - moves things from high to low, no energy required, requires a protein
Active transport - moves things from low to high, needs energy (ATP), needs a protein known
as an electrogenic pump.

Phagocytosis vs Pinocytosis:
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis both fall under endocytosis which refer to the uptake of bulk
material by the formation of a vesicle through the plasma membrane. A membrane-bound
droplet located inside the cytoplasm of a cell is called a vesicle where a portion of the
membrane of the cell encloses a droplet or a particle. Later this will fuse so that the droplet or
particle is surrounded by the cell membrane. After that, the droplet is brought within the
cytoplasm of the cell by way of “pinching” the droplet that is surrounded by the membrane
leaving an intact plasma membrane later.