YEARBOOK OF JANUS PANNONIUS MUSEUM

JAHRBUCH DES JANUS-PANNONIUS-MUSEUMS

A JANUS PANNONIUS MÚZEUM ÉVKÖNYVE

54.
YEARBOOK OF JANUS PANNONIUS MUSEUM
JAHRBUCH DES JANUS-PANNONIUS-MUSEUMS

A JANUS PANNONIUS MÚZEUM ÉVKÖNYVE

54.

Pécs, 2017
 A kötet az NKA támogatásával valósult meg.

Szerkesztő:
Gáti Csilla

Szerkesztőbizottság:
Gál Éva, Gerner András, Kisbenedek Tibor

HU-1SSN 0553-4429

Kiadja a Janus Pannonius Múzeum, Pécs, 2017.

Felelős kiadó: Dr. Csornay Boldizsár múzeumigazgató
Janus Pannonius Múzeum Igazgatósága H-7621 Pécs, Káptalan utca 5.
T.: 72/ 514-040; E-mail: jpm@jpm.hu

Borítóterv: Sándor Zsolt

Nyomdai előkészítés és nyomdai munkák:

Virágmandula Kft.
Felelős vezető a kft. ügyvezetője
 Tartalom

TERMÉSZETTUDOMÁNYOK
Dénes Andrea – Biró Marianna
Erjesztéssel feldolgozott vad- és kultúrnövények Magyarországon –
etnobotanikai áttekintés ................................................................................... 9
Dénes Andrea
Vadnövények gyűjtögetése és piaci árusítása Baranya megyében
egykor és ma. Etnobotanikai áttekintés és napjaink gyakorlata ............... 47
Ortmann-Né Ajkai Adrienne – Kovács Anita – Lóczy Dénes
Dráva holtágak tájtörténete az utóbbi 50 évben ........................................ 105
Tolnay Dolly – Darányi Nikoletta
Spontán regeneráció a Szavai-hegy (Villányi-hegység)
lejtősztyeppjében ........................................................................................... 129

RÉGÉSZET
Jakucs János – Voicsek Vanda
A Kr. e. 6. évezred második felének új kutatási eredményei
Baranya megyében ........................................................................................ 133
Jovan D. Mitrović – Selena Vitezović
Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Zók in 1920 ................. 179
Viktor Wéber
Settlement of the Early Urnfield period at Majs–Borza-major
(Southern Transdanubia, Hungary) ............................................................ 191
Kovaliczky Gergely
Sopianae első periódusa ............................................................................... 231
Nagy Balázs– Gábor Olivér
Lugio északi vicusának éremanyaga az 1999–2000. évi feltárás
alapján (Dunaszekcső, Szent János-hegy) .................................................. 255
Tóth Zsolt
Régészeti kutatások Sopianae északi temetőjében: az I. számú
Cella Trichora 2013–2014. évi kutatásának eredményei .......................... 267
Gábor Olivér
Az avarok meghatározása és mitológiája .................................................... 305
Buzás Gergely
A szászvári vár régészeti kutatása ................................................................ 347
6 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

TÖRTÉNETTUDOMÁNYOK
Josef Schwing
Bolyongó helynevekről. Megjegyzések Tóth Endre
„Pécs Quinqueecclesie nevének eredetéről” című cikkéhez .................... 403
Nagy Gábor
Az eltűnt legénység – Muhin Gárda-százados és legénységének
utolsó bevetése ............................................................................................... 423
Hágen József
1945-ben készült pécsi pénztári utalvány tervek
a JPM Történeti Osztály gyűjteményében .................................................. 447
Wéber Adrienn
Egy figyelemre méltó pécsi éremgyűjtő a 19. századból:
Dittmayer Jakab (1825–1887) ...................................................................... 467

NÉPRAJZ
Pulszter Zsuzsanna
Húsz éves a Baranya népművészete című állandó kiállítás ...................... 481

KÉPZŐ- ÉS IPARMŰVÉSZET
Mendöl Zsuzsanna
Pécsi asztalosmunkák a Janus Pannonius Múzeum
gyűjteményéből .............................................................................................. 495

RESTAURÁLÁS
Gardánfalviné Kovács Magdolna
„Tekercsbe zárt üzenet” – egy római kori tekercs kibontása .................... 509

MÚZEUMPEDAGÓGIA
Varga Ágnes
Határmezsgyéket járó garabonciás. A tantárgyköziség
szemléletmódja a Janus Pannonius Múzeum Természettudományi
Osztályának múzeumpedagógiai programjaiban .......................................515
Pulszter Zsuzsanna – Burján István – Sárközi Katalin
A Janus Pannonius Múzem Néprajzi Osztályának 2015–2016. évi
múzeumpedagógiai, múzeumandragógiai tevékenysége
és programjai .................................................................................................. 529
Gál Éva – Huszár Zsuzsanna – Potkovácz Milán
Beszámoló a roma holokauszt téma múzeumi feldolgozásáról.
A Janus Pannonius Múzeum és a Pécsi Tudományegyetem
módszertani fejlesztő projektje .................................................................... 547
Tartalom 7

NEMZETKÖZI KUTATÁSOK
Walterné Müller Judit
„Oroszföldön meggyötörve – Aranyló hagymakupolák
vigaszában”. Elhurcolt magyarországi fiatalok szovjet kényszermunkán
1944–1949 .......................................................................................................557

SZEMLE
Gerner András
Kulisszatitkok a pécsi televíziózás múltjából ............................................. 575
Gál Éva
Kesztyűkönyv. Kesztyűviselet, kesztyűs mesterség, Pécsi Kesztyű .......... 581

IN MEMORIAM
Gál Éva
Emlékezünk Déri Jánosra (1925–2016) ...................................................... 585
Gerner András – Millei Ilona
In memoriam Kováts Valéria (1925–2017) ................................................. 593
Pásztor Andrea
In memoriam dr. Ujvári Jenő ....................................................................... 597
Kisbenedek Tibor
In memoriam dr. Vass Anna mikológus, muzeológus (1930–2016) ....... 609
Köhler Kitti – Kiss Kinga – Hajdu Tamás – Gábor Olivér
In memoriam K. Zoffmann Zsuzsanna (1941–2016) ................................ 619
 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 54 179–190. Pécs, 2017

Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić

at Zók in 1920

Jovan D. Mitrović1 – Selena Vitezović2

National Museum in Belgrade, Trg Republike 1a

1

2
Institute of Archaeology, Kneza Mihaila 35/IV
e-mail: j.mitrovic@narodnimuzej.rs, s.vitezovic@ai.ac.rs

Keywords: History of Serbian archaeology, Zók , Vučedol- Zók Culture, Early Bronze Age
Kulcsszavak: Szerb régészet története, Zók, Vučedol-Zók Culture, korai bronzkor

Abstract: The paper presents shortly the archaeological material excavated in 1920 by
D. Karapandžić from the site of Zók (Baranya County, Hungary) which is being kept
in the National Museum in Belgrade. Now, almost hundred years after the excavations,
the material is being analysed and some of it is presented for the first time. The first
period of the site dates to the Copper Age Lasinja-Balaton Culture. The findings from
this period are succeeded by settlement remains of the Late Copper Age Baden Culture
and Early Bronze Age, i. e. Vučedol-Zók and Somogyvár-Vinkovci Culture. The pottery
is presented by a huge amount of plain and typical decorated biconical and conical ves-
sels, storage vessels, cups, miniature vessels/toys, jugs etc. At the site over 200 osseous
artefacts were also discovered - tools and manufacture debris from bone, antler and
boar tusks, demonstrating the importance of these raw materials and also providing
important data concerning technology and typology.

Introduction

The National Museum in Belgrade keeps over three and a half thousand
prehistoric findings in its collection that originate from the archaeological
excavations of hillfort settlement situated in the area of the village of Zók, 15
km south-west from Pécs. The Museum carried out the excavations thanks to
the initiative of Svetislav Rajić, who had the title of Veliki župan of the Baranya
county in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, and with the support
of the Art Department of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenians.
180 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

Fig. 1: Archaeological excavations in Zók 1920 (Property of National Museum in

Belgrade, Serbia)

After the end of the First World War, the newly-organised Serbian
government in Pécs organized a county committee, which was sent on the 9th
July 1920 to the village of Zók, to survey and examine the plateau on the hillfort,
and to collect archaeological remains that were to be sent to Belgrade. The
members of the committee were: wage worker Lajos Bozeró, who discovered
today famous ornithomorphic askos, Damjan Stojšić, the chief count archivist,
Aron Jakovljević, county clerk, Evgenij Lenkej, academic painter and Imre
Boroš, journalist.
The committee completed the survey by interviewing local inhabitants and
owners of the land parcels on the hillfort plateau, after which they ‘’... gained
the full certification that the hill fort near Zók is filled with antique objects from
the Stone and the Bronze Age’’. After consulting the director of the City Museum
in Pécs, archaeologist Dr. Ottó Szőnyi, Svetislav Rajić requested the Royal
Serbian government to immediately delegate ‘’an archaeological expert’’ who
was to conduct professional research of the above-mentioned territory and was
to ensure that the recovered archaeological material may be sent to Belgrade
before the planned Serbian evacuation from Pécs (defined by the Treaty of
Trianon, signed on the June 4th 1920).1

1
1920, July 9th: The records of the county comittee on the research on the research of the hill fort
near the village of Zók. АNМ, № ?, Box 18.
Archive material from the National Museum Archives in Belgrade were used (ANM later in text).
1920, July 30th: The petition by D. Karapandžić, assistant director of the National Museum to the
Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Zók in 1920 181

Having in mind that both the main building and the collections of the
National Museum were heavily damaged by Austro-Hungarian bombing of
Belgrade at the beginning of August 1914, and that the museum collections were
damaged during the First World War due to war actions, by Austro- Hungarian
military and civilian authorities, we may understand the initiative to begin the
excavations in Zók in the context of the archaeology that follows war conflicts.
In order to understand the circumstances that preceded the beginning of
the excavations at Zók, we must take into consideration the circumstances
during war and post- war times, as well as the fact that archaeology at this time
had a different social role in European countries.

The excavations in 1920

After the official invitation by S. Rajić, the Great Župan (Veliki župan) of the
Baranya county and after the administrative correspondence between the
Baranya County–Ministry for Education and the National Museum, the director
of the National Museum Dr. Vladimir Petrović sent the archaeologist Dušan
Karapandžić on the August 5th to Pécs.2 After arriving to Pécs, and meeting with
the Serbian civilian and military administration, Dušan Karapandžić went to
the City Museum to check on the recovered archaeological material from Zók
(Ecsedy 1999: 8–9., Letica 1973: 15., Kovács 1977: 15., 101., Hornjak 2003:
77–82.). Several days later on the August 9th 1920, Dušan Karapandžić, along
with twelve workers, started his first independent archaeological research.
Within the next three months, as long as the researches lasted, a total surface
of over 980 m² was excavated.3
It is important to note as well that Dušan Karapandžić, during this field
work, also took an extensive reconnaissance of the wider area around the
village of Zók, in search for other archaeological sites. He visited the slopes
of Cser-hegy, including the locations of Kerek-erdő, Nagyhegy, Új-hegy and
Ereszvény. In his diary, he wrote that only the hill of Kerek-erdő does not show
enough potential for archaeological research, while the remaining sites were
certainly interesting for future scientific investigations.4

Art Department of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, for
the information on the timing of the evacuation from the Baranya territory. АNМ, № 262, Box 18.
2
1920, August 4th: The petition by V. Petković, director of the National Museum, to the Great žu-
pan of the Baranya county, to help to D. Karapandžić in organizing the excavations in the village
of Zók. АNМ, № 270, Box 18.
3
1920, November 18th: Official report by Dušan Karapandžić, sent to the administration of the
National Museum, after finished excavations in the village of Zók, Archives of Yugoslavia, Fund
№ 66, № 642.
4
The original archaeological field diary by Dušan Karapandžić АNМ, № ?, Box 18.
182 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

After the test trench (A) demonstrated that the prehistoric settlement did
not encompass the slopes of the hill fort, Dušan Karapandžić begin to excavate
the trench in the central part of the plateau (Fig. 1, 2). The excavations started
from the east and then gradually moved towards the west segment of the site.
The first trench, (i.-e. ditch A), was 45 m long and only 1 m wide, and
did not yield much portable material, so it was extended for 3 more meters

Fig. 2: Map with the excavated areas and the fortification ditch (after Ecsedy 1999: 4)
Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Zók in 1920 183

(trench B) towards west. The cultural layer was just some thirty centimetres
from the surface and mainly undisturbed. Therefore, the remains of the daub
were revealed relatively quickly. In order to completely reveal and clear the
remaining parts of the debris layer, another ditch was opened (trail C), i.-e., the
trench was extended for 3 more meters, and several days later the fourth ditch
(trench D) was started, also in the same length but 6 m wide (Карапанџић
1925: 157–160., Глибоњски 2009: 48–51.).5

The stratigraphy and finds from Zók

Six decades after Karapandžić, systematic trench excavations were carried out
in 1977–1982 by István Ecsedy, an archaeologist from Pécs. After recovered
archaeological material and both horizontal and vertical stratigraphy, it was
determined that on the hillfort on Zók the oldest layer belongs to the Early
Eneolithic culture of Lasinja-Balaton I (around 3800 BC).
The oldest settlement was followed by the habitation horizon from the early
classical phase of the Baden culture (around 3300 BC). During this phase, the
ceramic features that are considered to be typical for the Baden culture were
created, such as cups with tall necks and high strap handles (Fig. 3/ 1), spindle-
shaped amphorae ‘’Fischbutte’’ (Fig. 3/ 2), bowls variating from biconical to
spherical and more oval shapes (Fig. 3/ 3–4) and jugs with prominent biconical
and arched lower part of the body (Fig. 3/ 6).The decorative style of the ceramic
vessels in this phase of the Baden culture consists of applications, such as
plastic bands with finger printing, bundles of incised lines in a shape of the net
or intertwined in combination with stamped imprints in rows (Fig. 3/ 6, 5, 7)
(Dimitrijević 1979a: 211–216., Ecsedy 1983: 87–91., idem 1999: 12–13., 19–
22., Tasić 1974: 193., idem 1995: 75–84., 199., Јовановић 1966: 5., Гарашанин
1973: 230., Němejcová-Pavúková 1973: 297–316.).
The most important stratigraphic layer on the site of Zók belongs to the
fortified settlement of the regional, northern variant of the late classical Vučedol
cultural complex, also labelled Vučedol- Zók (around 2800 BC), belonging
to the transition from the Eneolithic to the Bronze Age. During this phase,
Vučedol culture was in expansion beyond its original territory.
Basic shapes of the Vučedol ceramography during this phase mostly
remain unchanged. From the new shapes the following should be outlined:
oval amphorae with cylindrical neck (Fig. 4/ 1), elongated jugs with the strap
handle (Fig. 4/ 2), numerous large and small bowls on a cross- shaped foot,
and also many miniature stools/altars (Fig. 4/ 3). Most of the objects kept the

5
The original archaeological field diary by Dušan Karapandžić, АNМ, № ?, Box 18
184 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

decorative style from the previous phase (Fig. 4/ 4), however, important changes
also occurred. Notching became more intensive (cutting out large surfaces
that are filled with incrustation), thus making encrusted surfaces much more
emphasized than previously (Fig. 4/ 5–7). Among the most significant and most
characteristic decorative elements were the so-called motives of the classical

1 2

3 4

5 6

Fig. 3: Typical Baden culture pottery vessels: cup (1), “Fischbutte” (2), cup (3), cup (4),
cup (5), jug (6), cup (7) (Property of National Museum in Belgrade, Serbia)
Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Zók in 1920 185

and Saint-Andrew’s cross, as well as cross-shaped patterns that had more

prominent dimensions than previous versions (Fig. 5/ 1–3) (Dimitrijević
1979b: 278–292., 303–306., Ecsedy 1983: 87–91., idem 1999: 12–13., 19–22.,
Kemenczei 2003: 167–168., Bertók – Gáti 2014: 95–97.).

1 2

3 4

5 6

Fig. 4: Typical Vučedol-Zók culture pottery vessels and objects: amphora (1), jug (2),
altar (3), miniature altar (4), terrine (5), bowl (6), miniature jug (7) (Property of National
Museum in Belgrade, Serbia)
186 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

1 2

Fig. 5: Decorative motifs on Vučedol-Zók pottery (Property of National Museum in

Belgrade, Serbia)

The youngest material traces uncovered at the Zók hillfort belong to the
culture of the ‘’full’’ Early Bronze Age, Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture (around
2600–2300 BC). The most typical ceramic shape in the Somogyvár-Vinkovci
cultural circle represent oval jugs with cylindrical necks and strap handles (Fig.
6/ 1) as well as cylindrical pots with flat bottoms and two small, horizontally
pierced handles in a shape of an oval application, ‘’bottle- shaped pot’’ (Fig. 6/ 2)
(Garašanin 1983: 473., Dimitrijević 1982: 13–25., 36., Ecsedy 1979: 97–114.).

1 2

Fig. 6: Typical Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture pottery vessels: jug (1), vessel (2) (Property of
National Museum in Belgrade, Serbia)
Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Zók in 1920 187

Beside ceramic artefacts, the material from Zók that is kept today in the
National Museum in Belgrade also included rich osteological findings. These
included relatively large quantity of faunal remains, though selected–complete
and large skeletal elements from domestic and wild mammals: ribs, long bones,
mandibles, teeth, antlers, horn cores, etc. from sheep/goats, cattle, domestic
pigs, wild boars, red deer, roe deer, etc., and also few fish remains.
Furthermore, over 200 artefacts from osseous raw materials were noted–
from bone, antler and boar tusks. The material was hand- collected and it
appears to have been selected–only the more- less complete bone and antler
artefacts, as well as larger pieces of antler with manufacturing traces–raw
material pieces and debris (Vitezović – Mitrović 2016). These findings are
particularly important since the osseous industry in the Metal Ages in the
south-east Europe is still not sufficiently known, especially when it concerns
Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age.
Antler artefacts include relatively large quantity of raw material pieces–
segments of the base, beam and tines, both from shed and unshed antlers (bois
de chute and bois du massacre) and they belong mainly to red deer (Cervus
elaphus), although some were from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Some of these
pieces have very fine, well preserved traces of diverse technical procedures used
during the manufacturing process: direct and indirect percussion, and grooving,
combined technique of grooving with cutting or direct percussion, sawing, and
perforating. They are an important testimony of the presence of a workshop or
a working place for producing antler artefacts within the Zók settlement (Fig.
7/ 1). Finished items include points and punches from antler tines, hammers
and combined heavy percussion tool made from base and beam segments, axes,

1 2

Fig. 7: Red deer antler segment with traces of cutting and perforating (1), and combi-
ned tool for cutting and percussion made from red deer antler (2) (Property of National
Museum in Belgrade, Serbia)
188 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

adzes and chisels from tines and beam segments (Fig. 7/ 2). These tools were
used for diverse activities, mainly on organic materials, as suggested by the
intensive polish preserved at some of them, probably working on wood.
Bone tools include diverse pointed tools: heavy, medium and fine pointed
tools (points, awls and needles) made from different long bones. Also, diverse
burnishing tools were uncovered, mainly spatulae and scrapers, made from
long bones and ribs. Similarly, they were used for diverse daily crafts–processing
leather, hides, plant fibres, and so on. Also boar tusks were used for producing
artefacts, several fragmented objects as well some scraping and cutting tools
were noted.
Study of the excavations carried out at Zók in early 20th century by D. Kara-
pandžić and National Museum from Belgrade is important both for the history
of archaeology and its role in the society at the time as well as for the reconstruc-
tion past, i.-e., ‘’true’’ archaeological work. While studying and re- examining
the old material and documentation, not only new archaeological information
has been obtained, but the archaeology itself has become its own object of study.
It is a well-known fact that the building of the National Museum was
severely damaged during the bombing by Austro-Hungarian army in summer
1914 and the collections were plundered during the First World War by the
same invading forces. This not widely known example may perhaps signify an
attempt of ‘’cultural revenge’’ on the defeated Empire. On the other hand, this
archaeological expedition ordered by the Serbian State may be interpreted as
an example of the imperialistic archaeology, similar to the practice of European
archaeologies dominant at the time, common in the period when archaeology
as a discipline was still being institutionalized.
It is important to stress that the excavations by Karapandžić were carried out by
the highest standards of that time; not only beautiful objects but also other types
of material were collected: such as animal bones and even pieces of manufacture
debris from antler, and its position was recorded after the standard at the time (in
particular depth of the finds). This gives us important information on the state
of the Serbian archaeology in its early days – scientific methods were up to date,
and attention was paid to all aspects of the excavations – context, stratigraphy and
diversity of finds. Therefore, we may conclude that the influence of Miloje Vasić,
first Serbian professional archaeologist and former supervisor to Karapandžić,
was very strong, and that Serbian archaeology had since its early ages strong
scientific character and was not merely ‘’curiosity and antique collecting’’.
Today, this material may offer information on the different aspects of life
on the Zók hillfort during the prehistory, including the diverse crafts and
activities carried out on the hillfort, such as antler collecting and processing,
wood working, etc.
Zók revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Zók in 1920 189

Literature

Bertók, G. – Gáti, Cs. 2014: Early Bronze Age earthworks. - In: Bertók, G. – Gáti,
Cs.: Old Times-New Methods, Non-Invasive Archaeology in Baranya County.
Budapest–Pécs 2014, pp. 95–97.
Dimitrijević, S. 1979a: Badenska kultura. - In: Basler, Đ. – Benac, A. – Gabrovec,
S. – Garašanin, M. – Tasić, N. – Vinski-Gasparini, K. (eds.): Praistorija jugo-
slavenskih zemalja III, Eneolitsko doba. Sarajevo, pp. 183–234.
Dimitrijević, S. 1979b: Vučedolska kultura i vučedolski kulturni kompleks. - In:
Benac, A. –Tasić, N. (eds.): Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja III, Eneolitsko
doba., Sarajevo, 278–292., 303–306.
Dimitrijević, S. 1982: Die frühe Vinkovci-Kultur und ihre Beziehungen zum Vučedo-
ler Substrat. - Opvscvla archaeologica 7: 7–36.
Ecsedy, I. 1979: Die Siedlung der Somogyvár-Vinkovci Kultur bei Szava und einige
Fragen der Frühbronzezeit in Südpannonien. - A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Év-
könyve 23: 97–136.
Ecsedy, I. 1983: Excavations at Zók-Várhegy (1977–1982). - A Janus Pannonius Múze-
um Évkönyve 27: 87–105.
Ecsedy, I. 1999: Zók-Várhegy. Egy szőlőhegy évezredei. - Zók, 27 p.
Гарашанин, М. 1973: Праисторија на тлу СР Србије II. - Београд, 127 p.
Garašanin, M. 1983: Vinkovačka grupa. - In: Benac, A. – Čović, B. (eds.): Praistorija
jugoslavenskih zemalja IV, Bronzano doba, Sarajevo, pp. 471–475.
Глибоњски, М. 2009: Барања (1918–1923): Сећања. - Београд, 138 p.
Hornjak, A. 2003: Jugoslovensko-mađarski diplomatski odnosi 1918–1927. - Istorija
20. veka, vol. 21/ 2: 77–98.
Јовановић, Б. 1966: Баденско-костолачка група и хронологија енеолита у
Југославији. - Старинар н.с. 15-16: 1–13.
Карапанџић, Д. 1925: Вaр-Хеђ. Два податка за преисторију Барање. - Старинар
(т.с.) II (1923): 157–180.
Kemenczei, T. 2003: The Emergence of Bronze Age Metallurgy. - In: Visy, Zs. (ed.):
Hungarian Archaeology at the turn of the Millennium. Budapest, pp. 167–168.
Kovács, T. 1977: Frühe Bronzezeit, Verzeichnis der Tafeln. - In: Meier-Arendt, W.
(ed.): Die Bronzezeit in Ungarn, Budapest, pp. 1–15.
Letica, Z. 1973: Vučedolska grupa. - In: Letica, Z. (ed.): Antropomorfne figurine
bronzanog doba u Jugoslaviji, Dissertationes et monographiae: Savez Arheološ-
kih Društava Jugoslavije 16. Beograd, pp. 13–17.
Němejcová-Pavúková, V. 1973: Zu Ursprung und Chronologie der Boleráz-Gruppe. -
In: Chropovsky, B. (ed.): Simposium über die Entstehung und Chronologie der
Badener Kultur, Bratislava, pp. 297–316.
Tasić, N. 1974: Bronzano doba. - In: Brukner, B. – Jovanović, B. – Tasić, N. (eds.):
Praistorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, pp. 185–256.
Tasić, N. 1995: Eneolithic cultures of Central and West Balkans, Posebna izdanja (Bal-
kanološki institut Srpke akademije nauka umetnosti) 61. - Belgrade, 190 p.
Vitezović S. – Mitrović J. 2016 : Antler technology in the Bronze Age: the case stu-
dy of Zók. - In: Bejenaru L. (ed.): 11th Meeting of the Worked Bone Research
group of the ICAZ. Iaşi, Romania, 23-28. May 2016, pp. 38–39.
190 A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve (2017)

Zók újra elővéve: D. Karapandžić 1920. évi ásatása Zókon

Mitrović Jovan D. – Vitezović Selena

Zók–Várhegyen 1920 augusztusában az újonnan megalakult Baranyai Szerb

Köztársaság kezdeményezésére indultak meg a feltárások. A mintegy 3 hónapig
tartó, Dušan Karapandžić által vezetett ásatás során több kutatóárkot húztak a
hegy tetején összesen 980 m2 nagyságban, melyekkel a lelőhely statigráfiáját
sikerült tisztázni. A leletanyagot ma a Belgrádi Nemzeti Múzeumban őrzik,
ami most először kerül elemzésre és részleges közlésre.
A lelőhely első időszakát a rézkori Balaton-Lasinja kultúra jelzi, majd ezt
a késő rézkorban a Baden kultúra, végül a korai bronzkorban a Vučedol-Zók
és a Somogyvár-Vinkovci kultúrák követték. A kerámiaanyagot a nagyszámú,
jellegzetesen díszített tárolóedények, csészék, korsók, miniatűr edény jellemzi.
A lelőhelyen több mint 200 csontból készült eszköz is előkerült, melyek
többek között vadkanagyarból, agancsból készültek. Az agancsból készült
tárgyak között nagy arányban fordultak elő nyersanyagtöredék (hullott agancs
és elejtett állaté is).
Néhányon jól megfigyelhetőek a különböző megmunkálási technikák
nyomai, mint az ütögetések, karcolások, fűrészelések, kombinált technikák,
vagy a lyukasztások. Mindezek tanúsítják, hogy a Várhegyen létezhetett egy
csontmegmunkáló műhely.
Kész szerszámok is előfordultak, mint árak, kalapácsok, vésők, melyeket
többféle tevékenységhez is használtak; a fényesre csiszolódott felületek alapján
néhányat feltehetően famegmunkáláshoz. A csöves csontokból különböző
tűket, árakat készítettek. Ugyancsak sok simító eszköz (spatulák, kaparók)
készült a csöves csontokból és a bordákból. Ezeket főként bőr- és növényi
rostok feldolgozásához használták.
Vadkanagyarból is készítettek különböző tárgyakat, mint például kaparó-
és vágóeszközöket.
Fontos kiemelnünk, hogy Karapandžić feltárásai a kor legmagasabb
színvonalán zajlottak; nem csupán szép tárgyakat gyűjtöttek, hanem egyéb
tárgyakat is, mint állatcsontokat is, még az agancs megmunkálásból származó
hulladékokat is.