Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ferry Efendi1, Anna Kurniati2, Eileen Savage3, Nursalam Nursalam4, Ah. Yusuf5, Kusnanto Kusnanto5
1
Lecturer, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 2Health planner specialist,
Center for Planning and Management of Human Resources for Health, BPPSDMK, Ministry of Health,
Indonesia; 3Professor, School of Nursing, University College Cork, Ireland; 4Professor, 5Lecturer, Faculty
of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Background: 5HWXUQPLJUDWLRQLVDFRPSOH[FKDOOHQJLQJSKHQRPHQRQDQGWRGDWHLWUHPDLQVDFRQFHSWWKDW
is not well understood. A concept analysis would help to clarify what is meant by return migration. This
paper aims to report on an analysis of the concept of return migration of nurses.
Design: &RQFHSWDQDO\VLVXVLQJWKH:DONHUDQG$YDQWDSSURDFK
Data Sources: *RRJOH 6FKRODU 3XEPHG (%6&2 -6725 DQG:HE RI 6FLHQFH GDWDEDVHV ZHUH VHDUFKHG
ZLWKRXWDWLPHIUDPH7ZHQW\RQHDUWLFOHVPHHWLQJWKHLQFOXVLRQFULWHULDZHUHLQFOXGHG
Method:7KLVVWXG\HPSOR\VHLJKWVWHSVRI:DONHUDQG$YDQW¶VPHWKRGWRFRQGXFWWKHFRQFHSWDQDO\VLV
Results:5HWXUQPLJUDWLRQRIQXUVHVFDQEHGH¿QHGE\¿YHDWWULEXWHVWKHPRWLYDWLRQDQGGHFLVLRQVRIPLJUDQW
nurse, return as human right, resource mobilisation, reintegration and return itineraries. Antecedents of
return migration include the economic, social, geographical, political, family and life cycle that comprise the
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depend on the point of view migrant nurses, source country, receiving country, nursing profession and
FRXQWU\KHDOWKV\VWHP(PSLULFDOUHIHUHQWVKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGDQGVXSSRUWSRWHQWLDODUHDWRXQGHUWDNHD
research on return migration.
Conclusion:7KLVFRQFHSWDQDO\VLVKDVFODUL¿HGFXUUHQWXQGHUVWDQGLQJVDQGHQKDQFHWKHFODULW\RIUHWXUQ
migration concept. It recognises the centrality of return as a component in migration stage that needs a
comprehensive approach.
Model case of return migration of nurses: In the 'HQLDV 3VHXGRQ\P ZDV OHIW KLV MRE WR PLJUDWH
:DONHUDQG$YDQWPHWKRGPRGHOFDVHZDVFRQVWUXFWHG to Australia because of the war happened in his home
to further clarify the concept. The case may be derived FRXQWU\$IWHUDUULYLQJLQ$XVWUDOLDWKHLPPLJUDWLRQR൶FH
from our real life, invented or found in published
found him without a legal document. Only two months
document.12 A model case adapted from return migration
ahead of his arrival date, the Australian government has
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decided to deport him back to his country of origin.
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a bachelor’s degree in nursing. She has been working Denias case only has one attribute, his return
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QXUVHVLQ-DSDQDOORZVKHUWRHDUQDURXQG86'SHU KRVW FRXQWU\ LQYROXQWDU\ UHWXUQ PLJUDWLRQ 7KLV W\SH
PRQWK HLJKW WLPHV KLJKHU WKDQ ,QGRQHVLD +DYLQJ WKLV of return repeatedly showed by refugees and asylum
wage, she was thinking to return home after she reaches
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her personal goals. She also sent the money back to
home country for her family. After Tsunami disaster hit Antecedents: 7KH FDXVH DQG H൵HFW PRGHO LV WKH PRVW
-DSDQLQKHUIDPLO\ZDVZRUULHGDERXWKHUVDIHW\
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and tried to persuade her for return. Even though she has
nurses.10 The antecedents for return migration of nurses
SDVVHGWKH-DSDQHVH1XUVLQJ([DPLQDWLRQDQGHOLJLEOHWR
VWD\LQ-DSDQIRUXQOLPLWHGSHULRGV¿QDOO\VKHGHFLGHG are social, economic, geographical, political, family or
WR JR EDFN WR ,QGRQHVLD DQG WULHG WR ¿QG D QHZ MRE life cycle.6&DXVHDQGH൵HFWIDFWRUVGULYHQXUVHVWRUHWXUQ
:KLOHZDLWLQJIRUWKHMRELQWHUYLHZVKHZDVUXQQLQJD WRWKHFRXQWU\RIRULJLQZKLFKD൵HFWHGE\FLUFXPVWDQFHV
VPDOOEXVLQHVVIURPWKHVDYLQJPRQH\LQ-DSDQ6KHZDV in the host and home country.6 Economic motives for
VKRFNHGWR¿QGRXWWKDWOLYLQJLQKHUFLW\ZDVFKDOOHQJLQJ H[DPSOHZKHQWKHMREDUUDQJHPHQWUHDFKHVWKHHQGRIWKH
DQG GL൶FXOW WR ¿QG D MRE 6KH WKRXJKW WKDW VKH PXVW
contract, it might be a cause factor to leave host country.8
rebuild her career from zero as a new nurse.
On the other side, enough saving in country of origin
All attributes arise in this case describe the PLJKW EHFRPH DQ H൵HFW IDFWRU WR UHWXUQ KRPH 1RQ
FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH FRQFHSW 6XPLDWL GHPRQVWUDWHG HFRQRPLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQDOVRKDYLQJPRUHLQÀXHQFHGIRU
individual motivation in her decision to return home. return home than economic reason.6
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personal goals, crisis, and her family. Financial capital Consequences: Mount evidence showed the positive
was obviously observed from her situation to support and negative impact of return migration on various
KHU IDPLO\ DQG KHUVHOI DW KRPH FRXQWU\ /DVWO\ UHWXUQ players on this movement.10 The players include migrant
KRPHSRVLWLRQHGKHURQWKHGL൶FXOW\¿QGLQJDMREDQG nurses, nursing profession, host and home country. For
struggles to seek a new vacancy for her future. instance, developing countries who have a surplus of
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Additional cases: related case: There is one case
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related to return migration concept of which have some
DWWULEXWHV RI UHWXUQ PLJUDWLRQ EXW DFWXDOO\ GL൵HUHQW WKDQEUDLQGUDLQSDUWLFXODUO\IURPWKHPLGGOHDQGORZ
)ROORZLQJLVDQH[DPSOHRIUHODWHGFDVH income countries.
Empirical referents: Measuring return migration can be &RQÀLFWRI,QWHUHVW Authors declared that we have no
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and data availability as well.28+RZZDVFRXQWU\GHDOLQJ
with this issue by lack of system to track the returnee Acknowledgment: None
obviously appeared on the published literature.29 Mostly Source of Funding: NA
country relies on the census, survey, population registries,
labour force survey, country social survey, and data from Ethical Clearance: NA
employment services.28 A study from most developed
countries conveys a message that there is a need of REFERENCES
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DISCUSSION %XFKDQ- $LNHQ/6ROYLQJQXUVLQJVKRUWDJHV
In this concept analysis, the discourse of return a common priority. J. Clin. Nurs. 17, 3262–3268
migration on nurses has been elaborated in the systematic
approach with implication on nursing research, education, (IHQGL)&KHQ&01XUVDODP1,QGDUZDWL
DQGSUDFWLFH$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVDQDO\VLVZHQHHGDVSHFL¿F 5 8O¿DQD(/LYHGH[SHULHQFHRI,QGRQHVLDQ
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CONCLUSION .XUQLDWL$&KHQ&00(IHQGL) 2JDZD
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This article provides an analysis of the concept of
H[SHULHQFH RI ,QGRQHVLDQ QXUVH UHWXUQHHV Int.
return migration of nurses found in published literature.
Nurs. Rev.QDQDGRLLQU
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