Plus Créer un blog Connexion

Ce site utilise des cookies provenant de Google pour fournir ses services et analyser le trafic. Votre adresse IP
et votre user-agent, ainsi que des statistiques relatives aux performances et à la sécurité, sont transmis à Google
EN SAVOIR PLUS OK

Learn Ship Design

afin d'assurer un service de qualité, de générer des statistiques d'utilisation, et de détecter et de résoudre les
problèmes d'abus.

Home Get Published at

LSD

Wednesday, 29 October 2014 Search By Keywords

Plimsoll Lines- A Detailed Synopsis Search

Surely you know about the different kinds of ships in existence

today and how the cargo or the method of loading or unloading
determines the class of ship concerned.

Among merchant ships today, the largest are the Containers, the
ones with the bulk cargo (Bulk Carriers) and the tankers. Speaking Translate
in terms of deadweight, these ships range from somewhere
around 50,000 DWT in Handymax Carriers to a whopping 5,50,000 Select Language ​ ▼
DWT ULCC’s (Probably among the largest man-made objects
around).

Having said about the magnitude of things here, let us

Most Viewed
concentrate on a part of the ship, or rather a certain mark on the
Bulk Carriers (A Detailed Synopsis)
ship hull having a centre-dashed circle and vertical lines with
Ore Carrier Berge Stahl (Copyright: BW
branches on both sides and a horizontal line on top. Fleet Management Pte. Ltd. Singapore)
Whenever the word “ship” comes to our
Fig.1: Plimsoll Line and mind, we may in...
various loadlines Plimsoll Lines- A Detailed Synopsis
A SLICE OF HISTORY (Courtesy: www.rhiw.com ) Fig.1: Plimsoll Line and various loadlines
(Courtesy : www.rhiw.com ) Surely you
know about the different kinds of ships in
...
In the early 19 th Century, there used to be ships which were loaded to such great draughts
and hence such less freeboard that they were at great risks of being drowned in rough seas. Tender and Stiff Ships
Such ships carried crew who risked their lives every time they went to the sea. Actually these If the name of this article suggests that it
ships were worth more to their owners if they drowned than they would have been had they has something to do with the strength of the
actually completed their journey! This was because these ships were ‘over insured’ and the ship structure, then leave your
owners who would gain from the insurance money, took advantage of the situation during that presumptions at ...
time.
Design of Offshore Structures
Over 3/4 the of the earth's surface is made
It was not until this Gentleman named Samuel Plimsoll, a coal merchant who had written a
up of water. So, with the insatiable needs
popular book on disasters of ship overloading, started campaigning for safety at seas. of the of the ever-increasing population
Ultimately, his efforts paid off and the load lines became compulsory in British ships and glob...
spread worldwide over. Today they have been standardized and are visible on the ship hull as
given in this photo. Let us try to understand these markings. A General Discussion on Ship Stability
Strength and Stability of a ship or any
First of all, think about it, when large ships travel very long distances, they pass other marine structure are of major
through oceans, the largest of seas, and sometimes, through freshwater passages concerns for a Naval Architect. Ships,
in between. Now, if you remember, this means that they will be passing through which are designed to...
different climates and different densities of water, also the salinity in sea water is
What's with the Bulb? - Part Three
also a factor to be considered. The ship’s weight, for all normal purposes would not Fig.2: Samuel Plimsoll If you are a beginner, read the first and
change as much, but the different densities mean that the pressure would vary (Courtesy: Getty Images ) second part of this series. Design of a
from seawater to freshwater, and so the immersed volume and draughts would bulb is one of the most challenging works
change accordingly. The vessel would float to deeper depth in fresher water than in seawater. Now from certain for a Nava...
calculations, we can find out the depths for each climatic or geographic condition directly from one primary load line. This
primary load line as in almost all cases is the Summer load line. Together these are a shorthand representation of the The Flip Ship
freeboard of the same ship in different seas on Earth. Imagine staying inside a room which
would tilt itself square as and when
needed. You might think such things
sound good in fiction and not...

Ballast Free Ship Design

INTRODUCTION: Ballast water is fresh or
seawater, held in tanks and cargo holds of
ships to increase stability and
manoeuvrability dur...

Deep Sea Risers

Technological advances have created
economically viable solutions to the
complications of well-control methods that
are created by subse...

Highly Mechanised Weapon Handling

Systems
The Queen Elizabeth Class aircraft
carriers will be the biggest and most
powerful surface warships ever
constructed for the Royal Navy...

Blog Archive
► 2018 (13)
► 2017 (2)
► 2016 (6)
► 2015 (13)
▼ 2014 (39)
OF LINES AND DISCS ► December (2)
► November (1)
▼ October (5)
Plimsoll Lines- A Detailed Synopsis
 MOL Comfort- What Happened? (Part 2)
Integrated Masts-The Next Generation
Masts
MOL Comfort- What Happened? (Part 1)
Back To Nature

► September (4)
► August (3)
► July (2)
► June (1)
► April (6)
► March (8)
► February (7)

BTemplates.com

Fig.4: Screenshot from our Prezi on Plimsoll Lines.

Home

Take a look at this screenshot from our Prezi on Plimsoll Lines, we will take each of them at a time. First, starting from
the top, we have the deck line, which by convention is of 300 mm length and 25 mm breadth, for that reason all such lines are of same Total Pageviews About Me
thickness. But the other horizontal lines are of 230 mm length. These marks are inverted on the other side of the ship hull.

DECK LINE

The deck line is placed at exact intersection of the freeboard deck with the outer shell of hull plating. In case you want to
mark the deck line, which serves as a reference to be place somewhere else, you will have to correct the freeboard
calculation accordingly. Learn Ship Design
View my complete
LOADLINE MARK AND PLIMSOLL DISC profile

Immediately below the Deck line, we have what is called the load line mark which passes through the disc of outer
diameter 300 mm, called the Plimsoll Disc. The upper edge of the line passes through the centre of the disc. The vertical
line is placed a distance of 540 mm from the center of the plimsoll disc. From this, the load lines stretch on both sides to
a length of 230 mm each.

SUMMER LOAD LINE (S)

This is the primary load line from which the other load lines are derived, the International Maritime Organization under the Load Lines
Convention specifies certain rules for calculation of freeboards and their implementation under supervision of classification societies and
flag states. This load line mark’s position depends on many factors such as length of ship, superstructures, terms linked with overall raking
of the fore body and so on. These have been standardized and can be obtained from Freeboard Tables which look somewhat like this.

Fig.5: Freeboard Table for ships of 'A'-type

(Courtesy:Load Lines, 1966/1988 - International Convention on Load Lines,1966,as Amended by the Protocol of 1988 )

Certain formulae are used to correct this freeboard in case values of draught slightly deviates from assumptions (T>L/15) or similar
corrections accounting for block co-efficient, height of superstructures, etc. For the purpose of such calculations, ships have been
classified as type A & B. There are certain factors which decide this like the type of cargo, watertight spaces, permeability of cargo
compartments, etc.

Now here's the interesting part. Refer to Fig.4 or for that matter, to any Plimsoll Lines on a ship. How are each of those loadline marks
obtained? Are the vertical distances between each of the different draughts different for different ships? Or are they same? Well, read on.

TROPICAL LOAD LINE (T)

The tropical load line is obtained by an addition from the summer draught (considered T hereinafter) measured from keel
to the centre of Plimsoll Disc by amount 1/48th of T. That is, it is T/48 above the Summer Load Waterline (S).

FRESH WATER LOAD LINE (F)

This is marked above the Summer Load Waterline (S) by the following amount:

Δ is the mass displacement in salt water (in tonnes) at the summer load line.

T is the tonnes per centimeter immersion in salt water at the summer load waterline. ( The TPC for any draught is the mass which must be
loaded or discharged to change a ship’s mean draught in salt water by one centimeter)
When it becomes difficult to find out whether freshwater and tropical freshwater are the same things, the position of the
latter line relative to former is found in same manner as that of summer load line and tropical summer load line.

TROPICAL FRESHWATER MARK (TF)

The tropical freshwater mark (TF) is always marked at (T + F) above the Summer Load Waterline (S).

WINTER LOAD LINE (W)

The winter load line is obtained this time by a deduction from the Summer Load Waterline (S), an amount of T/48. That is,
it lies T/48 below the Summer Load Waterline.

WINTER NORTH ATLANTIC LOAD LINE (WNA)

When a vessel is bound to enter any part of the North Atlantic Ocean during its winter period an additional load line
called the WNA load line is assigned 50 millimetres below the winter mark. By default, it is same as the winter mark (W)
for other ships. A separate WNA mark is present only on vessels that donot exceed length of 100 m.

ADDITIONAL LOAD LINES (Used on Ships with TImber Freeboards)

Fig.6: The Timber Load Lines for vessels

with deck timber cargo
(Courtesy: 1873 issue of Vanity
Fair(edited))

Now, take a look at the left side of the vertical line, there another set of load lines with an additional ‘L’ prefixed to them,
these are called the Timber Load Line Marks or ‘L’ for Lumber Load Line Marks. These are additional load lines assigned
to certain vessels which carry timber deck cargo and are granted additional freeboard as this ship will have greater
buoyancy and protection against the sea and waves. These are analogous to normal load lines and are calculated
similarly from the Summer Timber load draught (This value is supplied in the table from the convention), the only
exception that Winter Timber load line is 1/36th of the Summer Timber Load Draught below the Summer Timber load line.
The displacement used in the formula is that of the vessel at her Summer Timber Load Draught.

Some vessels like Ro-Ro ships and Passenger Vessels have sub divisional load lines which are nothing but load lines for
different loading conditions based on passengers and cargo, in any case, the these should not be above the deepest load
line in salt water.

There is one more thing which you must have seen on the load line mark passing through the disk (450 mm in length)
which seems to bear the initials ‘NK’, this is called the ‘Mark of assigning Authority’. They tell you which Classification
Society has surveyed the load line. The initials used include AB for the American Bureau of Shipping, LR for Lloyd's
Register and IR for the Indian Register of Shipping and so on.

Such Load Line Convention rules do not apply to certain kinds of vessels like the warships, new ships of 24 length or less
or those existing ones of less than 150 GT, even the yachts not engaged in trade and for that reason fishing vessels.
Certain Geographical regions are free from the observations of the Convention. Definitely, these lines have made our life
safer at seas and international trade fairer.

PREZI ON PLIMSOLL LINES (A Clearer View)

It often becomes tough for us to memorize the Plimsoll Lines unless we have a good on-ship experience or good experience in working on
a ship design project. For Naval Architects, it is highly important to have a clear view of the Plimsoll Lines, and the following Prezi is an
attempt to make that easier for you:

Wait till the Prezi loads. Once loaded, you need to click on the arrow or use your arrow keys to watch the Prezi. It is recommended you
watch it in Full Screen Mode for the best view. LSD
 Article By: Sudripto Khasnabis

Posted by Learn Ship Design at 19:21

7 comments:
Neil Bhatnagar 3 July 2016 at 23:44

What is the importance of the Disc? What does it signify???

Reply

Replies

Khhurraafati 6 April 2018 at 19:02

thts also my question

Reply

Neil Bhatnagar 3 July 2016 at 23:47

What is the importance of the Disc? What does it signify???

Reply

Replies

Ambrose 16 May 2018 at 00:47

The disc, also called the circle, marks the location of the center of the ship.

Reply

Safety Professionals 6 January 2017 at 17:35

Wow!! Its good work really enjoy your blog i like very much your blog thanks for sharing Great post!!
nebosh course in chennai
nebosh courses in chennai
nebosh course in chennai
nebosh courses in chennai
nebosh in chennai
Diploma in fire and safety courses in chennai
safety course in Chennai
iosh managing safely course in chennai
Reply

Unknown 14 February 2017 at 00:02

WHY IT IS 1/48 ONLY ?
Reply

krishna 27 March 2017 at 17:23

How to mark load line? Any porcesure through which it is marked?
Reply
 Enter your comment...

Comment as: Google Account

Publish Preview

Newer Post Home Older Post

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Powered by Blogger.