ABSTRACT

Blood transfusion is of great help to a lot of people and is a beneficial and a

proven effective way to save numerous lives. To realize such life – saving technique, an

enormous amount of blood supply is needed. That is especially applicable in Philippines

where there is not enough amount of blood supply to provide everyone who needs it.

Though the Philippine Red Cross together with other organizations aid in

accumulating an ample blood supply, studies show that a qualified donor shall still

donate twice a year in order to provide the needed amount for sustainable supply of

blood for medical use.

In line with the aforementioned issue, this study seeks to assess the factors

affecting the students of Naga College Foundation to decide whether or not to donate

blood. It particularly deals with their perception on blood donation considering certain

factors specifically their knowledge about blood donation and level of intent considering

the internal and external factors.

This study is a descriptive - quantitative research study which utilized a survey

questionnaire using the four - point scale. The questionnaire also required the

respondents to identify their profile in terms of age, sex and weight. The survey

questionnaire was administered to 150 random students of Naga College Foundation

using convenient sampling technique.

Based on the data gathered, the respondents were classified as blood donors

and non – donors. On as to their profile, the respondents’ mean age is 20 and their

mean weight is 50 kilograms. Results also showed that majority of the subjects of the

study is comprised of female (86.67%) and the males constitute only 13.33% of the

sample size.

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 Moreover, there was also no significant difference between the perception of the

blood donors and non – donors regarding the level of knowledge. This implies that the

respondents, regardless being a blood donor or not, have a sufficient and accurate basic

knowledge regarding the qualifications to being a blood donor and the benefits that it

may bring. With regard to the level of intent, results also reflect that helping the

students realize the importance and benefits that blood donation may bring may boost

the students’ desire to support others by means of donating blood. Whereas, when

external factors are considered, results show that blood donors, as they have already

experienced donating blood, consider external factors as incentives of donating blood.

The non – donors, however, do not consider this as reasons why they should voluntarily

donate blood.

These two variables – level of knowledge and level of intent has a weak positive

correlation having r = 0.192. Meaning to say, more knowledge about blood donation

may increase the respondents’ level of intent to donate blood. This suggests that

programs can be done to encourage students to voluntarily donate blood. In line with

this result, researchers suggest that others may conduct a project study by having

seminars at school that will explain to the students the importance and benefits brought

by donating blood, emphasizing that it is not only a means of saving others’ lives but as

well as their own.

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

As the population grows around the globe, the demand for a lot of essential

resources also increases. There is a known significant increase with the demand for the

so called “needs” of humanity in order to survive. This also corresponds to the problem

of demand for the adequate supply for such needs. And one of the most frequently used

inquiries for such is, where and how?

Nowadays, one of the crucial needs we need to focus is the health-related

endeavors when it comes to its demands and supply. There is a non-stop increase with

the demand for healthcare related endeavors, particularly the demand for adequate and

safe blood units throughout the globe. This is critical for the lives of those who are in

need and for the future individuals who might be in need in order to thrive during life

threatening emergencies. Especially in our country, there is a drastic increase of demand

for blood units yearly and even on a daily basis.

The non-stop increase of the demand for adequate and safe blood units affects

the supply in ways that it is continuously increasing drastically. While the supply itself for

blood units tends to whether remain stagnant or increase slowly, which causes lots of

difficulties for non-government and government blood collecting agencies in bringing

about the most effective solution.

And yes, they found the most effective solution, which is conducting most of

their bloodletting activities within college schools and universities. This helped them

adapt with the increasing demand for blood units, enabling them to have an easy access

for adequate and safe blood supply. Hence, about 85-94% of bloodletting activities were

3
being held at college schools and universities (Red Cross Naga City). It is advantageous

to them for it is where we could find concentrated population of eligible blood donors.

As for trying to increase blood supply and knowledge of blood donation,

according to Department of Health, voluntary blood donation aims to provide and

allocate safe blood supply, sustaining its adequacy and ensuring accessibility. Some

sources of knowledge about blood donation are from the television (54%),

newspaper/magazine/advertisements (16%), and school/college (16%). Blood donation

camps (10%) and even heard from people (4%). However, the task of recruiting blood

donors (young adults) remains one of the major challenges. Lack of time, fear of

needles & not understanding what’s involves are all given as reasons for young

adults/people not donating.

According to Philippine Red Cross, Naga, Camarines Sur, about 1200 units of

blood is needed on a monthly basis. Yet about 600-800 of blood units were the actual

collection. Hence, this would mean definitely a lot of deaths for hospitals with patients

desperately in need of blood transfusion. Even though there is a nonstop effort being

done by both government and non-government blood collecting and distributing

agencies, the supply for blood is not enough.

College schools and universities is most likely the place where they conduct

bloodletting activities. Knowing that it is where the greatest resources of blood could be

found and that it is the haven of great population with eligible, possible voluntary blood

donors, they kept on conducting countless number of bloodletting activities throughout

the country. Despite of the fact that college schools and universities may be a source of

adequate and safe blood units, the said agencies kept on experiencing difficulties on

addressing shortage of blood units throughout the region.

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 It is probably caused by the out looked approach, methods or practices that

would definitely help increase the supply for blood being collected within college schools

and universities and gain voluntary blood donors from colleges. It proves these

endeavors to exist, for countless of blood donors are from outside each colleges and

universities. Instead of collecting blood from those young adults who could be found

within each institution, most individuals who promote the said activity tend to motivate

voluntary blood donors outside the college school and bring them in in order to

participate in the said bloodletting activity.

There is also a significant decrease on the level of knowledge of blood donation

among young adults enrolled within college institutions. As well as the level of their

intent to donate blood due to a lot of misconceptions about blood donation. This is

probably caused by the lowest percentage of college schools and universities, as to

being one of the sources of knowledge of blood donation.

Therefore the myriad opportunities to collect adequate and safe blood supply is

being affected as well as the mere purpose of conducting bloodletting activities within

college schools and universities was not being completely attained.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study looked into the Level of Selected Young Adults’ Knowledge of Blood

Donation & Relationship with Intent to Donate Blood in Naga College Foundation S/Y

2017-2018. Specially, this study sought answer to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age

b. sex

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 c. weight

2. What is the respondents’ level of knowledge on blood donation?

3. What is the respondents’ blood donation level of intent in terms of:

a. internal and;

b. external

4. Is there a significant relationship between the level knowledge of the

respondents and level of intent to donate blood?

5. What program or innovative methodologies may be proposed to increase blood

donor as well as blood collection?

ASSUMPTION

The study is guided by the following:

1. The profile of the respondents varies.

2. The level of knowledge on blood donation varies among the respondents.

3. The level of intent to donate blood could be influenced by internal and external

factors.

4. There are programs or innovative methodologies that can be proposed to

increase blood donors and blood collection.

HYPOTHESIS

There is a significant relationship between level of knowledge and intent to

donate blood among young adults of Naga College Foundation.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is deemed important to the following:

Patient. Through this study, there will be an easy access of blood to those

patients who are in need. They were given a new sense of hope to live, thus,

encouraging them as well to donate blood in the future.

Hospital. Excess supply of blood in a hospital decreases the time to allocate in

search of adequate blood. The hospital will be able to provide bags of blood to those

patients who are in need, reducing the percentage of patients dying caused by lack of

blood supply.

Donors. Aside from the fact that they provide essential blood for the medical

industry, it also gives them the feeling of satisfaction knowing that they’ve made a

difference in someone else lives. They would definitely benefit from this research, for

they would be able to increase the number of their companions. They would be also

motivated to encourage others to donate as well.

Community. Family, friends, and neighborhoods that are in need of blood will

also have an easy access to blood units whenever needed. As well as it would help

increase the monitoring capability of the following; 1) back to back blood collecting and,

2) distribution agencies for some significantly increasing blood borne and sexually

transmitted diseases, such as syphilis, hepatitis and as well as HIV (Human

Immunodeficiency virus).

Government and Non-government agencies. Government agencies like the

Bicol Medical Center could collaborate with colleges and universities to promote blood

donation thus enabling them to have an additional supply of blood. Non-government

agencies like Philippine Red Cross also help in promoting voluntary blood donation.

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 School. The institution itself would be more motivated to help increase the

blood units being collected per bloodletting activity yearly, and eventually save lives in

the process.

The Researchers. This study will help the researchers to fulfill their goal of

having the research and hopefully pass the subject. The study also helps the

researchers to conduct a research that may help them individually in their chosen

profession.

The future researchers. They would be able to have future reference for their

own researchers and myriad opportunities for innovative and effective methodologies

would be available for them in promoting blood donors and increase blood unit

collection within communities.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study will be conducted to assess the level of knowledge and relationship of

intent to donate blood among selected young adults of Naga College Foundation. The

respondents of this study would be 150 Naga College Foundation College Young Adults

aging from 18-39 years old.

The non-teaching and teaching personnel are not included in this study. Yet, the

chosen respondents in this study are that Selected Young Adults who are officially

enrolled aging 18-39 years old, during school year 2017-2018.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

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 There are terms defined in this study to make the discussions clear.

Young Adult. In this study, the young adults are the college students aging

from 18-29 years old, who are officially enrolled at Naga College Foundation during first

semester of school year 2018-2019.

Intent. The state of mind with which an act is done. In this study intent is the

state of mind of the selected young adults of NCF when it comes to blood donation, as

well as their willingness to participate whether they already have the knowledge about

blood donation or not.

Knowledge. It is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or

something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills. In this study, knowledge is

the level in which the respondents were aware and understands the importance of blood

donation.

Blood donation. It is the action or process of giving blood for transfusion; an

instance of this; a quantity of blood given for this purpose.

Blood donor. It is an individual who donates blood. In this study, it pertains to

the respondents who are willing to donate blood and those who are about to become

one, after having been informed about blood donation.

Behavior. The way in which something functions or operates. In this study,

behavior is defined as the response of the selected young adults of NCF regarding blood

donation.

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Notes

1. www.redcross.ph
2. www.departmentodhealth.ph
3. www.educblood.donation.eu
4. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26971186
5. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28542841
6. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22443506
7. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/24033122
8. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/25623894http://europepmc.org/abstract/ME
D/26408074
9. Red Cross Naga City, Camarines Sur

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter deals with a review of related literature and studies, which have a

significant bearing on this study. The researcher viewed books, and published and

unpublished articles both foreign and local, which provided relevant facts and

background information about the study.

A. RELATED LITERATURE

Donating blood is such a heroic and noble act to do for it enables an individual to

save others’ lives. However there are varieties of reasons as to why some people are

scared to donate blood. Some of them are the following:

They are scared of needles. Many people feel that way at first. However, most

donors will say that it felt like a slight pinch only.

They are busy. People thought that donating blood would take up their time and

will reason out that they have a lot of things to do either in work, school, and other

personal errands.

No one asked them. There is simply no other way to supply the blood needed by

hospital patients but for the generous donors who are willingly and actively reach out

government and non-government agencies to wholeheartedly donate their blood even if

not being asked.

They’ve already donated. The human blood is being renewed every one hundred

twenty (120) days; therefore, donors can donate their blood every three months or

twice a year.

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 They’re afraid of getting blood diseases. A new sterile needle is used for each

donor and discarded afterwards.

They thought their blood is not compatible with the patients’ blood. Every type of

blood is needed daily to meet every patient needs. Common blood type is in high

demand so the donor does not need to worry. However, a less common blood type is in

short supply. Therefore, different type of blood may it be the common or the less

common is still beneficial.

They don’t have enough blood to spare. The average adult body has 56 liters of

blood. Medical staff will assess the donor like reviewing the medical history if he/she is

capable of donating blood. And if he’s not capable they will not allow him for the mean

time but will assure him he could still donate given that the standard for donating has

been met.

They have a rare blood type, so will wait until there is a special need. Blood type

that is rare or special is almost always in short supply. There is a constant need for

these blood types in order to avoid having to recruit specific blood type in crisis.

(www.redcross.ph & Red Cross Naga City)

Despite of the countless number of bloodletting activities being held at College

Schools and Universities, there is a significant need for adequate blood supply within the

country. “There is a non-stop Demand for blood”, as the former Department of Health

secretary Dr. Paulyn Jean B. Rosell-Ubial, MD, MPH, CESO II once said. “We felt like that

it was difficult because giving blood is personal, it is not something you ask other people

to do for you,” Cuvin said. Having read what Cuvin said, we realized that in order to

boost the number of blood supply as well as voluntary blood donors, we really need

things to get a little personal when it comes to promoting blood donation activities. An

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active and person-to-person basis of motivating possible voluntary blood donors may

come handy for its undeniable positive outcome.

According to Pule Ishmael et. Al (2014), of his research entitled “Factors

Associated with Intention to Donate Blood: Sociodemographic and Past Experience

Variables” which is conducted in South-East Botswana among 386 respondents aging

21-65 years old, being informed about blood transfusion and its life-saving benefits

through either the education system or the life experiences had made people more likely

to intend to donate blood. The intention for future blood donation far outweighs past

practice of blood donation. The high level of willingness to donate blood needs to be

considered as an opportunity for future community mobilization initiatives. Health

programs need to target behavior change using diverse approaches including the use of

current blood donors and local leaders as change agents. Evidence-based interventions

to retain blood donors as regular donors are of paramount importance. Further studies

to understand the root causes among non-blood donors as well as the reasons behind

failure to retain regular blood donors are recommended.

The findings showed that in order to retain regular blood donors as we try to

increase their population, innovative methodology and approach must be done. It is

because of the fact that, Yes there is an undeniable effort to motivate non-blood donor

to become voluntary blood donor. But there is a significant decrease among the

population of regular blood donor in South-East Botswana, which is from 23,376.00 in

2009 down to 20,000.00 blood units on 2012.

The chronic worldwide shortage of blood for transfusions has led to research on

the subject of blood donation. The Theory of Planned Behavior (Azjen and Madden,

1986) is one of the theoretical contexts examined as basis for studying this issue.

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According to this theory, the individual’s beliefs and attitudes towards a behavior, the

influence of significant others and the individual’s conviction that obstacles to

performing the behavior may be overcome- determine the intention to engage in the

behavior, ultimately leading to its actual performance.

Nowadays, the scenario of blood shortage has been serious issue throughout the

world. Consequently, this has made blood donation as an area under discussion. One of

the ideas that best suit the requirement for calling more blood donors is through

application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Even though it is just an extension

of Theory of Reasoned Action, however, both have consistent groundwork where they

try to examine the connection between beliefs, attitudes, normative influence, intention

and behaviors except for an additional component of Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

in TPB.

The essence of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is that, a person’s readiness to

perform a specific behavior or known as behavioral intention will likely cause the actual

behavior to be performed. As for example, if a person has willingness to learn in class,

he or she will likely involve in an actual behavior of learning process such as listening to

the lecture and participating in the class. According to the theory, the origin of both

intention and actual behavior are from individual’s personal attitudes, subjective norms.

In an attempt to predict an individual intention and actual behavior, TPB spell out three

main factors which are an Attitude toward Behavior (ATB), Subjective Norms (SN), and

Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC).

Attitude towards Behavior (ATB). The first construct of TPB is the ATB where it is

defined as an overall evaluation of one’s behavior. The construct indicate the degree of

the performance behavior is valued. Usually ATB is accessed through behavioral belief

14
where it links the interest behavior with the expected outcomes. This is because;

behavioral beliefs represent an individual’s self-reported outcome evaluation. Therefore,

for an instance, when a person holding a belief that smoking will relieve his or her

stress, he or she will have the willingness or tendency to perform the behavior of

smoking.

Subjective Norms (SN). By definition, norms are defined as something that

reflect the feeling of personal responsibility to perform a behavior, in which it implies an

individual social pressure or influence to involve into a specific behavior. TPB explained

SN as a construct that determined by normative beliefs which is the expectation that

comply with motivation that an individual in common, where a person like to perform

something that other person such as their family members, friends, supervisor, or the

society like to perform since they perceived the behavior is appropriate to perform. This

is where, a person will be using information about others’ in order to adjust their own

behavior and as a result, he or she will perform the same behavior and perceived it as a

common behavior in the group.

Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). PBC is basically an individual’s perceptions’

of their ability to perform a behavior. It is based on individual feeling of having control

over one’s own behavior. Usually, PBC will tend to exist when a person estimate the

level of difficulty for him or her to perform a specific behavior. This is where the

individual control belief will influence his or her actual behavior. At the time a person

perceived factor that present in common which may facilitate the performance of the

actual behavior, he or she is said to have PBC. This is because, PBC will assist the

prediction one’s intention to perform since the factors may influence one’s decision. As

for example, a person may have a high willingness to donate his or her blood if he or

15
she is confident with his or her ability to survive after the blood transfusion process. But

for those who feel that blood transfusions are not in his or her control, he or she will

tend to not to engage with the actual behavior. However, sometimes, PBC is often

confused with an individual self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is known as people’s beliefs about

their capabilities to produce a performance that influences events affecting their lives.

This confusion has been cleared by Bandura, whereby, in the study conducted, he

provided the distinction between both terms. He concluded that what makes the two

terms difference is mainly the words “extent” and “perceived”

Generally, TPB, a well-known theory for number of disciplines has been adapted

in many prior studies and has shown predictive success of the required behavior. Not

only in predicting the intention to donate blood, but also the intention of halal food

purchasing the usage of technology among students and teachers, condom used as well

as the mammogram intention.

In the field of donation, it is examined that, most prior studies conducted to test

the constructs of TPB have shown significant association between the constructs of ATB,

SN and PBC with the intention to donate blood. All the TPB components are proving to

be relevant and significant in foreseeing the people’s intention to perform the behavior.

For example, in determining the intention to donate blood, Ben Natan and Gorkov have

successfully performed a study among 190 Israeli Jewish age range from 17 to 60. They

found that all the three factors in TPB were good predictors of the intention to donate

blood in which perceived behavioral control was found the best. The study also high

lightened the difference behavioral beliefs between those who had donated blood and

who had never donated blood whereby those who had never donated their blood have a

greater tendency to believe that blood donation and transfusion process is horrible

16
experience to have. Beforehand, worked out by a group led by Godin, they have shown

that people who ever donated their blood in live has more power of perceived behavioral

control as well as moral norms as compared to those who never donated their blood.

Later, this finding also has been successful supported by the study conducted in

Australia led by Robinson among 195 residents of Queensland. The thing that differs the

study performed by Ben Natan and Gorkov is that the respondents of this study are

randomly self-selected from the total number of 5, 466 residents, in which only non-

donors were analyzed. Both studies implied that, people who have high intention to

donate their blood in the future had a strong feeling of commitment to donate their

blood and had a high level of perceived behavioral control with regards to blood

donation. Though each study has their own findings, however, majority of the study

showed a significant implication of the TPB in their study.

Lemminems et al (2014) performed a study among 284 students in Netherlands

and found that when subjects had less fear of needles and/or blood and did not

perceived the process as painful and time consuming, they had more positive views of

blood donation, predicting a higher intention to donate blood. In addition, they

examined ethical norms as fostering behavioral intentions. Although the student

population they studied had almost never donated blood, they compared those who had

signed up to donate blood with those who had never done so and found the former to

have more positive social norms in regard to blood donation. As Caldini and Trost (2013)

explained, social norms are simply rules of behavior that are observed or adopted by

most people within a social grouping. They guide our actions without being enforced by

the law.

17
 This finding was supported by a study performed among 116 Canadians by

Godin et al. (2009) who found that people who had donated blood in the past and who

expressed a high intention to donate blood in the near future had a strong feeling of

personal commitment to donate blood and a high level of perceived control perceived

behavioral control in regard to donate blood. They found a correlation between

anticipated regret towards the idea of not donating blood and intention to donate blood.

This correlation was found both among donors and non-donors.

Additional support for the effect of the model variables is provided by Giles et al

(2012) in their study of 100 Irish students. They found that subjective norms, i.e.,

parents, spouses and friends who support the intention to donate blood, predict a

greater intention to donate blood. It must be stated that these two studies were held

among students population. In addition to the variables included in the theoretical

model, other variables influencing the decision to donate blood have also emerged, such

as level of knowledge about blood donation (Lemmens et. al. 2011). Godin et al (2013)

also found that having donated blood in the past and the shorter the length of time that

elapsed since the last donation predicted a greater intention to donate in the near

future. This is reinforced by Chamla et. al. (2014) who found that the more donors

performed blood donations during the first year after their initial donation the higher the

probability that they would donate six (6) months later.

Many studies attempt to characterize the average donors. Godin et. al. (2005)

found that the average donor is a 50-70 year-old male, married, with a higher

education. They found that there was a high likelihood that donors would be familiar

with someone in their social environment who is in need of a blood transfusion, while

Boulware et. al. (2009) identified the average blood donor as a 20-50 year-old male who

18
donates through organized professional r social groups. In summary, factors identified in

the various studies as influencing blood donation were not found to be homogenous,

due to difference between the research populations (for example, students versus

general population), sample size and cultural differences.

There are several programs that proposed to increase blood donors.

The Republic Act No. 7719 or also so called the “National Blood Services Act of

1994” was made to have--- An act promoting voluntary blood donation, providing for an

adequate supply of safe blood, regulating blood banks, and providing penalties for

violation thereof, (Philippine Constitution, 1994). It is indicated that blood donation

should be a humanitarian act; the people should also know that blood donation is a

professional medical services and should not be a sale product. It is also indicated that

all blood banks should be approved by the Department of Health and been manage by

an authorized physician of the said department. People who will not follow the law will

be imprisoned for not less than one (1) month or more than six (6) months or wil pay a

penalty of not less than five thousand (5, 000.00) or not more than fifty thousand (50,

000.00), and for those who will establish blood banks or center without any license will

be imprisoned not less than twelve (12) years and one day and will not be more than

twenty (20) years or will pay not less than fifty thousand (50, 000.00) or will not be

more than five hundred thousand (500, 000.00).

NSTP coordination among universities and colleges. The blood donation activities

are incorporated in the NSTP as part of the school curriculum. Students under this

program are encouraged to participate in bloodletting activities.

The Pledge 25. A project of Philippine National Red Cross (PRC)- Red Cross

Youth (RCY) in support of voluntary blood donation drives. It is a group of young blood

19
givers where members after being motivated to become voluntary blood donors, will

pledge to regularly donate blood three (3) to four (4) times a year starting the age 18

until they reach 25 years old. After this period, they will be joining the other blood

donors’ group as: Blood Galloners’ Club of the National Blood Services (NBS) for their

regular and continuous blood donation.

The 143 Program. A group of volunteers in every barangay consisting of 42

members and a leader, registered at the PRC pool of volunteers. It aims to encourage

community participation in every barangay. From 42 members, 25 members will become

stand by donors, 9 will be part of Community Health and Nursing Services and 9 other

individuals to take action with the disaster management team.

Partnership with BLEED Foundation. The word BLEED stands for Blood Lettings

Espoused by Educators with a Difference. It is a group that provides support to the

National Blood Services in its advocacy of providing adequate, safe and quality blood

supply to the people. Pioneered by the Elizabeth Seaton School, they assist by

conducting regular blood donation activities among their students. This noble project is

also imparted to the other schools by: information campaign and recruiting volunteer

and donors to be part of the community support.

There are many benefits for those who donated blood, if we donated several

times a year we are likely in better physical shape than those who doesn’t and it can

also reduce the risk for acquiring several diseases. It also lowered the risk for having

cancer and also reduces the chance of having heart diseases. It also helps to have a

body function more efficiently by allowing our blood supply to replenish.

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 After donating blood, they will receive a donor’s card that will give them the

privilege to be the priority if they needed blood, unlike non-donors than they needed to

wait to have a blood supply even if they are really in need.

B. RELATED STUDIIES

According to the study entitled “Study of Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices

Related to Blood Donation Among the Healthcare Support Staff of Tertiary Care Hospital

in Gujarat, India” by Mullah, F., et al (2012), the reasons of the staff of not donating

blood are: blood is not used properly, nobody approached me, i am scared, bad

experience of others, not eligible for donation, will lose weight and become weak, blood

bank does not provide blood for free, and no incentive or award.

According to the research of Md. Kharim, R., et.al., 2012,, entitled “Factors

Influencing Blood Donation Behavior of University Level Students in Bangladesh”, data

were collected from 490 students among them 304 (62%) students were male, only 8%

selected students do not know their own blood group. More than half of the students

are from urban areas (62.7%). The study revealed that 34.3% participants donated

blood in some occasions and among the non-donor participants, 73.3% showed positive

attitude towards blood donation. Among the blood donors, 42.3% of the respondents

are involved with some blood donation organizations. Most of the students have

misconception (65.9%) about the universal donor blood group while only 10.4%

students have the correct knowledge about the universal donor blood group. 23.7%

respondents reported that they don’t have any knowledge about the minimum age of

eligible blood donor. About 64.4% are aware of the universal receiver blood group and

26.7% students are unaware of this. A small portion of the students (10.9%) have

21
misconception about universal blood group receiver. Most of the students (84.9%) have

correct knowledge about the minimum eligible age of blood donor. The time interval

between two successive blood donations must be three (3) months and 57.6% students

were aware of this statement. Among donor students whoever donated blood, 7.2%

said that they donated blood at blood bank, 37.5% said they donated blood at hospital,

8.9% said they donated blood at blood donation organization and a good portion of

students (46.6%) said they donated blood directly and 16.1% reported that they

donated blood by responding to any advertisement while 83.9% revealed that they

never donated blood by responding to any advertisement. Among the graduate student

blood donors, 54.8% were gone through the screening process all the time and 32.5%

never gone through any process. 7.7% were sometimes gone through the screening

process. Among non-donor students, 28.6% students informed that they are not able to

donate blood, where 21.1% noted that the reason is fear. 39.8% said that they were

not ever asked to donate blood and 4.7% think that it is time consuming. 4.0% students

reported that they do not want to donate blood.

A study entitled “Study of Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices Related to Blood

Donation Among Healthcare Support Staff of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Gujarat, India”

by Mullah, F, et.al finds out that 91% of the respondents felt that blood donation was

not safe. Only 16% had adequate knowledge about eligibility of blood donation and all

of them were females. 39% of the respondents had donated blood themselves and 79%

had family history of blood donation. None of the sociodemographic factors except

young age were found to be associated with better knowledge or positive perceptions

about blood donation. Many among those who had donated blood also did not perceived

blood donation as safe. Apprehension about blood being not properly used and not

22
having been approached by anyone were commonest reasons for not donating blood. It

was concluded in this study that the knowledge about safety, eligibility, and motivation

for blood donation is very poor among the healthcare support staff. Efforts must be

made to educate these employees and promote voluntary blood donation among them.

Various incentives as suggested by employees themselves and several international

bodies may be considered to promote blood donation among healthcare support staff. It

was found out that thirty one (31) of the respondents had several fears about donating

blood. Commonest was about becoming weak (21) followed by fear of getting infections

(12) and other unspecified harmful effects. The respondents also suggested various

incentives and methods to encourage blood donation among employees of the hospital

like issuing donor cards; providing awards; providing certificates; honoring during

functions; monetary incentives/gifts; providing extra leaves; weightage in appraisal.

According to the result of the study entitled “Knowledge, Attitude and Trends of

the Palestinian community on Blood Donation”--- Most of the interviewees 93% of them

are males and 92% are females. Concerning the sources from where the interviewees

heard about blood donation, the result shows that they heard about blood donation

from relatives, friends, and mass media. Low percentage (30%) of the interviews

indicated knowledge of blood donation, could state the right concept of blood donation.

43% of the interviewees know that could be transferred to injured people due to

accidents, 74% knows that it could be transferred to sick, 18% to women during

delivery, 27% during surgeries and 22% indicated that blood could be transferred to the

other cases such as: anemic individuals and those suffering from thalassemia. 55% of

the interviewees said that AIDS could be transmitted through blood. Blood donation

affects the health of the donor positively.

23
 According to the conclusion on the study in Hong Kong, which is all about young

people’s blood donation behavior, stated that---- Recruitment strategies should focus on

the enhancement of health education programs related to blood and blood donation for

young people to increase their awareness on blood and alleviate their misconception

about blood donation.

According to the result and conclusion of the study entitled “Attitude, Belief and

Knowledge about Blood Donation in Saudi Population”—the sample consisted of 395

males and 274 females, the majority of the sample were non donor. These non-donors

were between ages 18-39 years old. Almost 68% of the respondents who participated in

the study believed that blood donation was too harmful. 30% said that they will not

donate their blood even if there is an urgent need of blood because of the risk of getting

infectious diseases.

This study was also supported by a study performed by Beverly Picloy, RMT et al.

(2015) who found that the students of medical technology in Our Lady of Lourdes

College Foundation, Daet, Camarines Norte who had donated blood in the past and high

intention to donate blood in the near future had a strong feeling of commitment to

donate blood and had a strong feeling of perceived behavioral control in regard to

donating blood. The findings of the study also proved that the factors that inhibit the

medical technology students to donate blood had a significant relationship with intent to

donate blood.

SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

The related literature and studies reviewed revealed insights and constructs of

the Theory of Planned Behavior.

24
 The statement of Secretary Dr. Paulyn Jean B. Rosell-Ubial, MD, MPH, CESO II

and Sir Tony Monponbanua of Red Cross, Naga Chapter, were all focused on promoting

voluntary blood donation, innovative methodologies and practices in avoiding shortage

of blood units throughout the archipelago, particularly Region 5.

Studies conducted by Azjen and Madden, Caldini and Frost, Lemminens, Ben

Natan, Gorkov and Beverly Picloy had bearings with the present work. They all identified

the causes by which individuals were not able to donate their own blood, as well as the

factors which help influence them in the actual behavior of donating blood. The findings

of their studies were different from each other; however, the Theory of Planned

Behavior greatly influenced and help the researchers thrive in their own research

endeavors.

THE GAP BRIDGED OF THE STUDY

The uniqueness of the study being conducted is that, it is focused on college

schools and universities, particularly Naga College Foundation. It ought to study the

overlooked possible opportunities to increase the blood supply rather the blood units

being collected within the school. And eventually save lives in the process. Additional

reason why this study is unique among the other research conducted, is that every

study that has been conducted focused on the prediction of the intention of every

individual to donate blood. This study tries to influence as well as to increase the level of

the respondents’ intention to donate blood as well as to increase their knowledge

regarding blood donation.

25
 AZJEN’S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

Behavioral Beliefs Normative Beliefs Control Beliefs

Attitude: blood donor’s Subjective Norms: Blood Perceived Behavioral

favorable or unfavorable donor’s perceived social Control: Blood Donor’s
feelings toward blood pressure regarding blood perception of the case or
donation donation difficulty of donating blood

Knowledge & Intent: Blood Donor’s intention to

donate blood

Assessment of Knowledge and Understanding

Relationship with Intent to Donate Blood

Figure 1 Theoretical Framework

26
 The framework of this study was based on the Azjen’s Theory of Planned

Behavior. A useful social psychological model that can be used to assist the thinking of

people when considering why people perform particular behaviors is that theory of

planned behavior. The theory of planned behavior, seeks to explain why people perform

certain actions. They do so because they form an intention to carry out the action.

Intentions are influenced by the person’s beliefs, the social pressure to conform to the

wishes of others, and their perceived ability to carry out the action. According to the

theory, human behavior is guided by three kinds of considerations----behavioral beliefs,

normative beliefs and control beliefs.

In their respective aggregates, ‘behavioral beliefs’ produced a favorable or

unfavorable “perceived behavioral control”, “normative beliefs” result in “subjective

norm”, and “control beliefs” gives rise to “perceived behavioral control”.

In combination, “attitude toward the behavior”, “subjective norm”, and

“perceived behavioral control” lead to the formation of a “behavioral intention”. In actual

blood donation, the more knowledgeable an individual in donating blood, the influence

of the significant others and the individual’s conviction too perform blood donation.

27
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

ONE HUNDRED
SELECTED
AND FIFTY
YOUNG ADULTS
SELECTED
LEVEL OF
YOUNG ADULTS QUESTIONNAIRE
KNOWLEDGE
OF NAGA METHOD
AND INTENT TO
COLLEGE
DONATE BLOOD
FOUNDATION

FIGURE 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORORK

28
 The concept used in the study is Input-Process Output. This plan was applied to

one hundred and fifty (150) young adult students of Naga College Foundation through

the use of questionnaire method for the researcher to assess the level of knowledge and

relationship of intent to donate blood among selected young adults, and how many of

the respondents are non-donor, in promoting blood donation.

The plan ought to subject the selected respondents who are officially enrolled at

Naga College Foundation in the study through survey questionnaires to be distributed

and answered by the respondents. As we assess their knowledge and level intent to

donate blood. In order to obtain the research utmost purpose, which is to help promote

voluntary blood donors, increase the blood units being collected and save lives in the

process.

29
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the details of method and procedure that were used to

answer the research problems of the study. Particularly it includes the research design,

sampling design, research instruments, sources of data, data gathering procedures, and

the statistical treatment that are used in the analysis and interpretation of data.

A. Research Design

A research design encompasses the methodology and procedure employed to

conduct the research. It is the plan for how the study will be conducted. It concerned

with the type of data to be collected and the means used to obtain these data.

The study utilizes the descriptive research. The descriptive research is also

known as statistical research which describes data and characteristics about the

population and phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answered the questions

who, what, where, when, and how. This study aims to determine and assess the level of

knowledge of the respondents and its relationship to their intent to donate.

B. Sources of Data

Since, the title of this study is “Level of Knowledge and Relationship of Intent to

Donate Blood among Selected Young Adults” the data and information were gathered

from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are from selected

respondents in Naga College Foundation. The secondary sources are from library review,

internet and other reference materials.

30
 C. Respondents

The respondents of the study are composed of the selected non-donor and

donor young adult students of Naga College Foundation.

D. Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents as samples of the study.

The design is based on choosing individuals as samples according to the purposes of the

researcher. A respondent is chosen as part of the sample because of the good evidence

that is a representative of the total population. The criteria set by the researcher in

choosing samples are:

1. Young adult students who have never donated blood yet and those who have

already experienced donating.

2. Students of Naga College Foundation

E. Research Instrument and Technique

In this study, the researcher utilized questionnaire method as the main data-

gathering instrument to obtain the respondents’ profile (non-donor or donor), and the

response behavior of the selected respondents especially during bloodletting activities

which is connected to their level of intent to donate blood.

F. Data Gathering and Procedure

The researcher formulated a questionnaire in collecting the primary data to

determine the level of the selected respondents’ knowledge of blood donation as well as

the relationship with their intent to donate blood. The questionnaire was made clear,

31
simple and direct to the point, so as to obtain relatively objective responses that could

be easily tabulated and analyzed. It consisted of two surveys:

1.) To assess the level of knowledge of the selected respondents regarding

blood donation in terms of its advantages.

2.) To assess the level of intent of the selected respondents to donate blood in

terms of internal and external factors.

These surveys would be conducted in Naga College Foundation with active

participation of the researchers to promote voluntary blood donors. In which it would

definitely enable them to assess both the level of knowledge and intent of the

respondents to donate blood.

G. Statistical Treatment of Data

The following are the descriptions of some statistical procedures that are used in

the study.

1. Percentage and Rank

To get the percentage of the knowledge of the respondents, the

number of frequency per response is divided to the total population of the

selected respondents multiplied by 100.

KP= F÷TP × 100

KP= Knowledge’ Percentage

F= Frequency per response

TP= Total Population of the selected respondents.

2. Chi-square Test

32
 The chi-square test is used to test if there is a relationship between

the level of respondents’ knowledge and their level of intent to donate blood.

The Chi-square test is obtained by:

(𝑂 − 𝐸)
X2= x2 = ∑

Where:

𝜀= summation

𝑂 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

E= Expected frequency

Including the critical value of; level of significance = 0.05

CV=df df= (c-1) (r-1)

Where:

CV= critical value

df= degrees of freedom

c= number of columns

r= number of rows

33
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results based from the data gathered throughout

conducting the study and the conclusions formulated in accord. The manner in which

the data are presented are in line with how it appears on the statement of the problem.

Profile of the Respondents

A. Age

The summary of the data gathered regarding the respondents’ age is shown

below on Table 1.

Age f x fx <CF

17-19 71 18 1278 71

20-22 52 21 1092 123

23-25 14 24 336 137

26-28 3 27 81 140

29-31 2 30 60 142

32-34 0 33 0 142

35-37 1 36 36 143

n = 143 fx = 2883

Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Age of the Respondents

Results show that the mean age of the respondents is 20.16. This, however is

seemed to be greatly affected by an extreme value whose range corresponds to age 35-

37. That is why researchers also consider the mode which is equal to 17.13 and is in the

34
modal class 17-19. Still, the computed mode appears to be not the appropriate measure

of average for the data because by looking closely into the raw data, only two

individuals have an age of 17. Another measure of central tendency which is the median

tells that the median value is 19.53 which is quite close to the previously computed

mean. In general, most of the respondents from Naga College Foundation, on an

average, is 20 years old.

B. Sex

Male Female

Donor 8 12

Non – Donor 42 88

Total 50 100

Percentage 33.33% 66.67%

Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Respondents Based on Sex

Table 2 shows that the respondents is mostly composed of female. Out of 150

respondents, 50 are female which is equivalent to 66.67% of the sample size while the

remaining 33.33% is comprised of male.

100
80
60
40
20
0
Donor Non - Donor

Male Female

Figure 3. Frequency Breakdown of Respondents Based on their Sex

35
 As reflected on figure 3, the number of non – donors is significantly larger than

that of the blood donors. In fact, looking closely at their frequencies, 130 of 150

respondents are non – donors of blood which is 86.67% of the sample size. The

remaining 13.33% on the other hand are the only blood donors in the respondents. Of

the 130 donors, 88 are female and the males are 42. On as to the non – donors of

blood, 12 are female and the remaining 8 are comprised of male. Females domineered

in number in terms of the said category.

C. Weight

Weight f x fx <CF
(in kg)
38-42 18 40 720 18

43-47 25 45 1125 43

48-52 32 50 1600 75

53-57 26 55 1430 101

58-62 11 60 660 112

63-67 2 65 130 114

67-72 1 70 70 115

73-77 0 75 0 115

78-82 0 80 0 115

83-87 3 85 255 118

n = 118 fx = 5990

Table 3. Frequency Distribution of Weight of the Respondents

Results show that the mean weight of the respondents is 50.76 kilograms. This

implies that though there are individuals who are not qualified to be blood donors

36
considering the weight requirement, the respondents, in general, are still qualified to

donate blood (Table 3).

d. Health Status

Factors Affecting Voluntary Blood Donation

In terms of the respondents’ perception and practice on voluntary blood

donation, the responses on the survey questionnaire which is analyzed using the

following scale:

3.51 – 4.00, 4 (Strongly Agree)

2.51 – 3.50, 3 (Agree)

1.51 – 2.50, 2 (Disagree)

1.00 – 1.50, 1 (Strongly Disagree)

The following tables show the perception of blood donors and non - donors from Naga

College Foundation on the practice of blood donation based on their level of knowledge

and level of intent.

A. Level of Knowledge

Level of Knowledge Weighted Mean Interpretation

1 3.90 Strongly Agree

2 3.40 Agree

3 3.55 Strongly Agree

4 2.30 Disagree

5 3.50 Agree

6 3.75 Strongly Agree

7 1.95 Disagree

8 2.30 Disagree

37
 9 3.50 Agree

10 3.05 Agree

Table 4. Donors’ Level of Knowledge About Blood Donation

The blood donors at Naga College Foundation strongly agree that blood donation

can save lives, both male and female can donate blood but they must be 50 kilograms

or above to be able to do so. Furthermore, with a weighted mean ranging from 3.05 –

3.50, they agreed that blood is always in demand and to be able to donate blood, one

must be 16 – 65 years old. They also agreed that donating blood is safe and is

performed for at least twice a year. On the other hand, they disagreed with the ideas

that blood donation is anti – life, it can cause health problems and could even lessen the

lifespan of the donor (Table 4).

Level of Knowledge Weighted Mean Interpretation

1 3.68 Strongly Agree

2 3.17 Agree

3 3.04 Agree

4 2.45 Disagree

5 2.78 Agree

6 3.42 Agree

7 2.28 Disagree

8 1.98 Disagree

9 3.04 Agree

10 2.86 Agree

Table 5. Non – Donors’ Level of Knowledge About Blood Donation

38
 Similarly, those who donate blood strongly agreed that blood donation can save

lives. They also agreed with the facts that blood is in demand at all times, it is safe, can

be performed for at least twice a year and both sexes can donate provided they meet

the qualifications of being in the age range of 16 – 65 years old and weigh at least 50

kilograms or 110 pounds (Table 5).

By comparing the responses of the two groups, there is not enough evidence to

support the claim that there is a significant difference between the responses of the non

– donors and the blood donors since t – test results are -2.11<0.92<2.11.

B. Level of Intent

With reference to the survey questionnaire used as a data gathering tool in the

study, the questions under the category ‘Level of Intent’ can be divided into two groups

considering the internal and external factors. Questions 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8 aimed to

analyze the level of intent of the respondents in view of the internal factors while

questions 1, 3, 4, 9 and 10 assessed the respondents’ level of intent based on external

factors.

Donors Non - Donors

Question
Number Weighted Interpretation Weighted Interpretation
Mean Mean
2 3.35 Agree 2.96 Agree

5 2.75 Agree 2.47 Disagree

6 3.20 Agree 3.10 Agree

7 3.15 Agree 2.88 Agree

8 3.35 Agree 3.10 Agree

Table 6. Respondents’ Level of Intent About Blood Donation Based on

Internal Factors

39
 Considering the internal factors, the blood donors agreed that they have the

willingness to donate blood. On the contrary, results show that the non - donors clearly

know that their blood is needed as an additional supply but they just opt not to donate.

With regards to the similarities in the results of the two groups, they both agreed that

had they known further about the benefits that it may bring them especially to their

health and can even help them live a healthier life and can lessen the probability of

acquiring diseases, then it could have even encouraged them to do so (Table 6).

Donors Non - Donors

Question
Number Weighted Interpretation Weighted Interpretation
Mean Mean
1 1.60 Disagree 2.15 Disagree

3 2.60 Agree 2.19 Disagree

4 2.60 Agree 2.08 Disagree

9 3.50 Agree 2.97 Agree

10 3.55 Strongly Agree 3.13 Agree

Table 6. Blood Donors’ Level of Intent About Blood Donation Based on

External Factors

With a weighted mean of 3.55, blood donors strongly agreed that they would

definitely donate blood for the benefit of evaluating their health status through the

laboratory tests that are being run therewith. Furthermore, they also agreed with the

idea of donating blood had they known its other benefits like free medical check – up.

Results also show that the donors can be further encouraged to donate blood if they

would be given extra points or be excused from classes in exchange of doing so. They,

though, disagree to donate blood just because they see their friends doing so. The non

– donors also have the same idea with the donors. However, they conflict on two points.

40
That is, being excused in class or extra points from their professor would not encourage

them to donate blood (Table 6).

Relationship Between Level of Knowledge and Level of Intent

Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21 (SPSS 21), the relationship

between the respondents’ level of knowledge and level of intent was analyzed by

running a Pearson – Correlation Test.

Level_of_Knowledge Level_of_Intent
Pearson 1 .192
Correlation
Level_of_Knowledge Sig. (2- .416
tailed)
N 20 20
Pearson .192 1
Correlation
Level_of_Intent Sig. (2- .416
tailed)
N 20 20
Table 7. Correlation Between the Level of Knowledge and Level of Intent of
the Respondents

Results show that p = 0.416; therefore, correlation exists between the

respondents’ level of knowledge and level of intent. The direction of the relationship is

positive. Simply put, they are positively correlated. Meaning, these variables tend to

increase together. However, the magnitude or strength of the association is weak (0.1 <

| r | < 0.3) since r=0.192 (Table 7).

Programs to Encourage Participation in Voluntary Blood Donation

Results show that the respondents already have an accurate knowledge about

the basic points regarding blood donation which was shown by agreeing on the

questions which has to be agreed on and responding disagree on what should have to

41
be disagreed. Yet, such knowledge can still be improved by certain intervention

programs, say, seminars at school that will explain to the students the importance and

benefits brought by donating blood, emphasizing that it is not only a means of saving

others’ lives but as well as their own. This is in line with the results that had they further

understood its benefits well, then they could have been encouraged to donate blood.

Moreover, the results regarding the correlation also support this idea. That is, if the

respondents have more knowledge about blood donation, then their intent to donate

blood also becomes higher.

42
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings about the study. From the

findings, conclusions were drawn. Recommendation for future works to improve this

research were also emphasized.

SUMMARY

This study looked into the factors affecting the voluntary blood donation among

selected students of Naga College Foundation.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

Problem 1: What is the profile of the respondents?

Findings:

It was found out that:

1. The mean age of the respondents in Naga College Foundation is 20 years old.

2. The respondents are mostly comprised of female which are 66.67 of the sample

and only 33.33%

3. are male.

4. Some respondents do not qualify for the weight requirement but the mean

weight of the entire sample is 50 kilograms.

5. 130 of 150 respondents are non – donors of blood which is 86.67% of the

sample size. The remaining 13.33% on the other hand are the only blood donors

in the respondents.

Problem 2: What is the respondents’ level of knowledge on blood donation?

Findings:

43
 It was found out that both blood donors and non – donors at Naga College

Foundation agree that blood donation can save lives, both male and female can donate

blood but they must be 50 kilograms or above to be able to do so. Furthermore, with a

weighted mean ranging from 3.05 – 3.50, they agreed that blood is always in demand

and to be able to donate blood, one must be 16 – 65 years old. They also agreed that

donating blood is safe and is performed for at least twice a year. On the other hand,

they disagreed with the ideas that blood donation is anti – life, it can cause health

problems and could even lessen the lifespan of the donor.

Conclusion:

The respondents already have an accurate knowledge about the basic facts

regarding blood donation which was shown by agreeing on the questions which has to

be agreed on and responding disagree on what should have to be disagreed.

Recommendation:

The respondents’ level of knowledge about blood donation can be further

measured by means of administering a test covering the topic about blood donation.

That is, instead of the questionnaire being in a form of survey type, it will be test

questions which are to be checked then tallied. Future researchers may consider this in

doing future related works and studies.

Problem 3: What are the respondents’ blood donation level of intent in terms of internal

and external factors?

Findings:

It was found out that:

1. Considering the internal factors, the blood donors agreed that they have the

willingness to donate blood. On the contrary, results show that the non - donors

44
 clearly know that their blood is needed as an additional supply but they just opt

not to donate. The two groups, on the other hand, both agreed that had they

known further about the benefits that it may bring them especially to their health

and can even help them live a healthier life and can lessen the probability of

acquiring diseases, then it could have even encouraged them to do so.

2. The respondents’ level of intent in terms of external factors show that they

consider the free medical check – up and laboratory tests run to be points to be

considered on as to why they should donate blood. However, the two groups

varied idea considering the other external factors. That is, blood donors’ decision

to donate blood can be influenced by rewards from a professor. The non –

donors, on the contrary, disagreed to donate blood even when they can be

excused from class or will be given extra points for doing so.

Conclusions:

1. Helping the students realize the importance and benefits that blood donation

may bring may boost the students’ desire to support others by means of

donating blood.

2. Blood donors, as they have already experienced donating blood, consider

external factors as incentives of donating blood. The non – donors, however, do

not consider this as reasons why they should voluntarily donate blood.

Problem 4: Is there a significant relationship between the level knowledge of the

respondents and level of intent to donate blood?

Findings:

45
 It was found out that a positive correlation exists between the respondents’ level

of knowledge and level of intent. Yet, the correlation between these two variables is

weak since r = 0.192.

Conclusion:

The variables tend to increase together. Thus, more knowledge about blood

donation may increase the respondents’ level of intent to donate blood.

Problem 5: What program or innovative methodologies may be proposed to increase

blood donor as well as blood collection?

Findings:

It was found out that the level of knowledge can still be improved. Same idea

applies with the respondents’ level of intent. The thing is, the intent appeared to be

somehow dependent on the person’s level of knowledge because of the weak positive

correlation that exists between these two variables.

Conclusion:

Knowledge can still be improved by certain intervention programs, say, seminars

at school that will explain to the students the importance and benefits brought by

donating blood, emphasizing that it is not only a means of saving others’ lives but as

well as their own. This, in turn will not only enhance their knowledge but will also

motivate and empower students to donate blood if they are qualified donors.

Recommendation:

Future researchers may consider conducting a project study that implements an

intervention program such as seminars regarding voluntary blood donation at school as

the results of this study suggest.

46
 Appendix A

Respondents’ Tabulated Results in Terms of Level of Knowledge and Level of Intent

A. Donors

Level of Knowledge
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 19 0 1 0 3.90
2 10 8 2 0 3.40
3 12 7 1 0 3.55
4 3 4 9 4 2.30
5 11 8 1 0 3.50
6 15 5 0 0 3.75
7 1 4 8 7 1.95
8 3 2 7 8 2.30
9 12 6 2 0 3.50
10 3 15 2 0 3.05
Level of Intent
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 3 5 11 1 1.60
2 9 9 2 0 3.35
3 6 5 4 5 2.60
4 5 4 9 2 2.60
5 3 9 8 0 2.75
6 8 8 4 0 3.20
7 8 7 5 0 3.15
8 9 9 2 0 3.35
9 11 8 1 0 3.50
10 11 9 0 0 3.55

47
B. Non – Donors

Level of Knowledge
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 88 42 0 0 3.68
2 41 74 11 4 3.17
3 33 78 14 1 3.04
4 10 50 59 11 2.45
5 10 88 29 0 2.78
6 70 51 3 0 3.48
7 14 35 57 22 2.28
8 15 20 56 26 1.98
9 32 72 25 1 3.04
10 19 83 22 3 2.86
Level of Intent
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 2 37 74 12 2.15
2 30 73 22 2 2.96
3 19 22 57 29 2.19
4 18 20 55 29 2.08
5 14 52 49 11 2.47
6 35 78 13 3 3.10
7 31 65 25 5 2.88
8 53 52 15 5 3.10
9 39 62 20 4 2.47
10 49 61 13 2 3.13

48