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𝑉2
𝐻 =𝑧+𝑦+
2𝑔
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Principles
Recall: Froude number (Fr)
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑣
𝐹𝑟 = =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝐷
D – hydraulic depth = A/B
Type of Flow Fr yc vc Sc
Subcritical <1 < yn >v > So
Critical =1 = yn =v = So
Supercritical >1 > yn <v > So
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Principles
Specific Energy – measured relative to the bed
𝑉2 𝑄2
E=𝑦+ =𝑦+
2𝑔 2𝑔𝐴2
E can be varied by changing the depth (e.g. by a
sluice gate)
Depths of the same specific energy are called
alternate depths.
Plot of E vs y results in the specific energy curve
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Principles
Specific Energy Curve
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Principles
Minimum specific energy (Maximum discharge)
- occurs at critical depth
𝑑𝐸 𝑄 2 𝑑𝐴
=1− 3
=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝐴 𝑑𝑦
Now dA/dy = B (top width)
𝑄2 𝐵 𝑄2 𝐴3
𝑔𝐴3
= 1 or = (critical flow)
𝑔 𝐵
(Froude number is unity)
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Principles
For a rectangular channel,
3 𝑞2
Critical depth: 𝑦𝑐 =
𝑔
(q is Q/b or discharge per meter width)
𝑣𝑐 2 𝑛2
Critical slope: 𝑆𝑐 =
𝑅𝑐 4/3
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Principles
For a rectangular channel
At the critical depth,
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5𝑦𝑐
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Example 7.9. A rectangular channel 5 m wide laid
to a mild bed slope conveys a discharge of 8 m3/s at
a uniform flow depth of 1.25 m.
(a) Determine the critical depth
(b) Neglecting the energy loss, show how the height of a
streamlined sill constructed on the bed affects the
depth upstream of the sill
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
The momentum equation and hydraulic jump
Hydraulic jump – a stationary surge that occurs in
the transition from a supercritical to subcritical
flow
Smooth transition is not possible
𝑦𝑠 1 2
𝑦𝑖 1
= 1 + 8𝐹𝑟𝑖 − 1 = 1 + 8𝐹𝑟𝑠 2 − 1
𝑦𝑖 2 𝑦𝑠 2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3
𝐸𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 =
4𝑦1 𝑦2
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Example 7.10. A vertical sluice gate with an opening of 0.67
m produces a downstream jet depth of 0.40 m when installed
in a long rectangular channel 5.0 m wide conveying a steady
discharge of 20.0 m3/s. Assuming that the flow downstream
of the gate eventually returns to the uniform flow depth of
2.5 m,
(a) Verify that a hydraulic jump occurs
(b) Calculate the head loss in the jump
(c) If the head loss through the gate is 0.05Vj2/2g,
calculate the depth upstream of the gate and the force
on the gate
Quiz
A vertical sluice gate in a long rectangular channel 4m
wide has an opening of 1.5 meters. At a discharge of
25m3/s, the depth of uniform flow is 3.56m. Determine
whether or not hydraulic jump will occur. The coefficient
of contraction (reduction on the depth of water due to
sluice gate) is 0.7.