International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 6.887

Volume 6 Issue XI, Nov 2018- Available at www.ijraset.com

Observation on the Negative Pell Equation

y 2  40 x 2  36
K. Meena1, S. Vidhyalakshmi2, J. Srilekha3*
1
Former VC, Bharathidasan University, Trichy-620 024, Tamil nadu, India.
2
Professor, Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-620 002, Tamil nadu, India.
3
M.Phil Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-620 002, Tamil nadu, India.

Abstract: The binary quadratic equation represented by the negative pellian y 2  40 x 2  36 is analyzed for its distinct integer
solutions. A few interesting relations among the solutions are given. Employing the solutions of the above hyperbola, we have
obtained solutions of other choices of hyperbolas and parabolas. Also, the relations between the solutions and special figurate
numbers are exhibited.
Keywords: Binary quadratic, Hyperbola, Parabola, Pell equation, Integer solutions and Figurate numbers.

I. INTRODUCTION
The subject of Diophantine equation is one of the areas in Number Theory that has attracted many Mathematicians since antiquity
and it has a long history. Obviously, the Diophantine equation are rich in variety [1-3]. In particular, the binary quadratic
diophantine equation of the form y 2  Dx 2  N  N  0, D  0 and square free  is referred as the negative form of the pell equation
(or) related pell equation. It is worth to observe that the negative pell equation is not always solvable. For example, the
equations y 2  3 x 2  1 , y 2  7 x 2  4 have no integer solutions whereas y 2  65x 2  1 , y 2  202 x 2  1 have integer solutions. In this
context, one may refer [4-10] for a few negative pell equations with integer solutions.
In this communication, the negative pell equation given by y 2  40 x 2  36 is considered and analysed for its integer solutions. A
few interesting relations among the solutions are given. Employing the solutions of the above hyperbola, we have obtained solutions
of other choices of hyperbolas and parabolas. Also, the relations between the solutions and special figurate numbers are exhibited.

II. NOTATIONS
 n  1m  2 
1) t m,n  n 1  - Polygonal number of rank n with size m
 2 
1
2) p nm  nn  1m  2 n  5  m  - Pyramidal number of rank n with size m
6

III. METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The negative Pell equation representing hyperbola under consideration is
y 2  40 x 2  36 (1)
whose smallest positive integer solution is
x0  1 , y0  2
To obtain the other solutions of (1), consider the Pell equation
y 2  40 x 2  1
whose general solution is given by
~ 1 1
xn  gn , ~
yn  f n
4 10 2
where

f n  19  3 40   19  3 40 
n 1 n 1

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
g n  19  3 40   19  3 40 
n 1 n 1
, n  1, 0 ,1, 2......
Applying Brahmagupta lemma between  x0 , y0  and ~
xn , ~yn  , the other integer solutions of (1) are given by
1 1
xn 1  fn  gn
2 2 10
yn 1  f n  10 g n
The recurrence relations satisfied by x and y are given by
xn3  38xn 2  xn 1  0
yn3  38 yn2  yn1  0
Some numerical examples of x and y satisfying (1) are given in the Table: 1 below:

Table: 1 Numerical examples

n xn 1 yn 1
-1 1 2
0 25 158
1 949 6002
2 36037 227918
3 1368457 8654882
4 51965329 328657598

From the above table, we observe some interesting relations among the solutions which are presented below:
A. xn 1 is always odd, yn 1 is always even.
B. Relations Among the Solutions
1) xn 2  19 xn1  3 yn 1  0
2) 27 yn2  171xn2  9 xn 1  0
3) 3 yn3  721xn2  19 xn1  0
4) xn3  38xn 2  xn 1  0
5) 19 xn3  721xn 2  3 yn 1  0
6) xn 3  19 xn2  3 yn2  0
7) 19 x n3  xn2  3 yn 3  0
8) xn 3  114 y n 1  721x n1  0
9) xn3  6 yn 2  xn 1  0
10) 721xn 3  x n 1  114 y n3  0
11) yn2  120 xn1  19 yn1  0
12) yn3  4560 xn1  721y n1  0
13) 19 yn 3  721yn2  120 xn1  0
14) 120 xn2  19 y n2  y n1  0
15) yn3  240 xn 2  y n1  0
16) yn3  120 xn2  19 y n2  0
17) 120 xn3  721yn2  19 yn 1  0
18) 721yn3  4560xn 3  y n1  0
19) 120 xn3  19 y n3  y n2  0
20) yn3  38 yn2  yn1  0

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C. Each Of The Following Expressions Represents A Nasty Number

2
1) 79 x2 n2  x2 n3  54
9
2
2) 3001x2n3  79 x2n4  54
9
1
3) 3001x2n2  x2n4  2052
171
2
4) 20 x2n2  y2n2  18
3
2
5) 500 x2n2  y2n3  342
57
2
6) 18980x2n2  y2n4  12978
2163
2
7) 20 x2n3  79 y2n2  342
57
2
8) 500x2n3  79 y2n3  18
3
2
9) 18980x2n3  79 y2 n4  342
57
2
10) 20 x2n4  3001y2n2  12978
2163
2
11) 500 x2n4  3001y2 n3  342
57
2
12) 18980 x2n4  3001y2n4  18
3
1
13)  y 2 n 3  25 y 2 n 2  108
9
1
14)  y2 n4  949 y2n2  4104
342
1
15) 25 y2n4  949 y2n3  108
9

D. Each Of The Following Expressions Represents A Cubical Integer

1
1) 79 x3n3  x3n4  237 xn1  3xn2 
27
1
2) 3001x3n4  79 x3n5  9003xn2  237 xn3 
27
1
3) 3001x3n3  x3n5  9003xn1  3xn3 
1026
1
4) 20 x3n3  y3n3  60 xn1  3 yn1 
9
1
5) 500 x3n3  y3n4  1500 xn1  3 yn2 
171
1
6) 18980 x3n3  y3n5  56940 xn1  3 yn3 
6489

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 6.887
Volume 6 Issue XI, Nov 2018- Available at www.ijraset.com

1
7) 20 x3n4  79 y3n3  60 xn2  237 yn1 
171
1
8) 500 x3n4  79 y3n4  1500xn2  237 yn2 
9
1
9) 18980 x3n4  79 y3n5  56940xn2  237 yn3 
171
1
10) 20 x3n5  3001y3n3  60 xn3  9003 yn1 
6489
1
11) 500 x3n5  3001y3n4  1500 xn3  9003 yn2 
171
1
12) 18980x3n5  3001y3n5  56940xn3  9003 yn3 
9
1
13) y3n4  25 y3n3  3 yn2  75 yn1 
54
1
14) y3n5  949 y3n3  3 yn3  2847 yn1 
2052
1
15) 25 y3n5  949 y3n4  75 yn3  2847 yn2 
54

E. Each Of The Following Expressions Represents A Bi-Quadratic Integer

1
1) 79 x4n4  x4n5  316 x2n2  4 x2n3  162
27
1
2) 3001x4n5  79 x4n6  12004 x2n3  316 x2n4  162
27
1
3) 3001x4n4  x4n6  12004x2n2  4 x2 n4  6156
1026
1
4) 20 x4n4  y4n4  80 x2n2  4 y2n2  54
9
1
5) 500 x4n4  y4n5  2000 x2n2  4 y2n3  1026
171
1
6) 18980 x4n4  y4n6  75920 x2n2  4 y2n4  38934
6489
1
7) 20 x4n5  79 y4n4  80 x2n3  316 y2n2  1026
171
1
8) 500 x4n5  79 y4n5  2000 xn2  316 yn2  54
9
1
9) 18980 x4n5  79 y4n6  75920x2n3  316 y2n4  1026
171
1
10) 20 x4n6  3001y4n4  80 x2n4  12004 y2n2  38934
6489
1
11) 500 x4n6  3001y4n5  2000 x2n4  12004 y2n3  1026
171
1
12) 18980 x4n6  3001y4n6  75920 x2 n4  12004 y2n4  54
9

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1
13) y4n5  25 y4n4  4 y2n3  100 y2 n2  324
54
1
14) y4n6  949 y4n4  4 y2n4  3796 y2n2  12312
2052
1
15) 25 y4 n6  949 y4n5  100 y2n4  3796 y2n3  324
54

F. Each Of The Following Expressions Represents A Quintic Integer

1
1) 79 x5n5  x5n6  395x3n3  5x3n4  790 xn1  10 xn2 
27
1
2) 3001x5n6  79 x5n7  15005x3n4  395x3n5  30010xn2  790 xn3 
27
1
3) 3001x5n5  x5n7  15005x3n3  5 x3n5  30010 xn1  10 xn3 
1026
1
4) 20 x5n5  y5n5  100 x3n3  5 y3n3  200 xn1  10 yn1 
9
1
5) 500 x5n5  y5n6  2500 x3n3  5 y3n4  5000 xn1  10 yn2 
171

1
6) 18980 x5n5  y5n7  94900 x3n3  5 y3n5  189800 xn1  10 yn3 
6489

1
7) 20 x5n6  79 y5n5  100 x3n4  395 y3n3  200 xn2  790 yn1 
171

1
8) 500 x5n6  79 y5n6  2500 x3n4  395 y3n4  5000 xn2  790 yn2 
9

1
9) 18980 x5n6  79 y5n7  94900 x3n4  395 y3n5  189800 xn2  790 yn3 
171

1
10) 20 x5n7  3001y5n5  100 x3n5  15005 y3n3  200 xn3  30010 yn1 
6489

1
11) 500 x5n7  3001y5n6  2500 x3n5  15005 y3n4  5000 xn3  30010 yn2 
171

1
12) 18980 x5n7  3001y5n7  94900 x3n5  15005 y3n5  189800 xn3  30010 yn3 
9

1
13) y5n6  25 y5n5  5 y3n4  125 y3n3  10 yn2  250 yn1 
54

1
14) y5n7  949 y5n5  5 y3n5  4745 y3n3  10 yn3  9490 yn1 
2052
1
15) 25 y5n7  949 y5n6  125 y3n5  4745 y3n4  250 yn3  9490 yn2 
54

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G. Remarkable Observations
1) Employing linear combinations among the solutions of (1), one may generate integer solutions for other choices of hyperbola
which are presented in the Table: 2 below:

Table: 2 Hyperbolas
S. No
Hyperbola X ,Y 

1 X 2  10Y 2  2916 79 xn1  xn2 , xn2  25xn1 

2 X 2  10Y 2  2916 3001xn2  79 xn3 , 25xn3  949 xn2 

3 X 2  10Y 2  4210704 3001xn1  xn3 , xn3  949 xn1 

4 X 2  10Y 2  324 20 xn1  yn1 , yn1  2 xn1 

5 X 2  10Y 2  116964 500 xn1  yn2 , yn2  158 xn1 

6 X 2  10Y 2  168428484 18980 xn1  yn3 , yn3  6002 xn1 

7 X 2  10Y 2  116964 20 xn2  79 yn1 , 25 yn1  2 xn2 

8 X 2  10Y 2  324 500 xn2  79 yn2 , 25 yn2  158 xn2 

9 X 2  10Y 2  116964 18980 xn2  79 yn3 , 25 yn3  6002 xn2 

10 X 2  10Y 2  168428484 20 xn3  3001yn1 , 949 yn1  2 xn3 

11 X 2  10Y 2  116964 500 xn3  3001yn2 , 949 yn2  158xn3 

12 X 2  10Y 2  324 18980 xn3  3001yn3 , 949 yn3  6002 xn3 

13 10 X 2  Y 2  116640  yn2  25 yn1 , 79 yn1  yn2 

14 10 X 2  Y 2  168428160  yn3  949 yn1 , 3001yn1  yn3 

15 10 X 2  Y 2  116640 25 yn3  949 yn2 , 3001yn2  79 yn3 

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2) Employing linear combinations among the solutions of (1), one may generate integer solutions for other choices of parabola
which are presented in the Table: 3 below:

Table: 3 Parabolas
S. No Parabola X ,Y 

1 27 X  10Y 2  2916 79 x2n2  x2n3  54 , xn2  25xn1 

2 27 X  10Y 2  2916 3001x2n3  79 x2n4  54 , 25 xn3  949 xn2 
3 1026 X  10Y 2  4210704 3001x2n2  x2 n4  2052 , xn3  949 xn1 
4 9 X  10Y 2  324 20 x2n2  y2n2  18 , yn1  2 xn1 
5 171X  10Y 2  116964 500 x2n2  y2n3  342 , yn2  158 xn1 
6 6489 X  10Y 2  168428484 18980 x2n2  y2n4  12978 , yn3  6002 xn1 
7 171X  10Y 2  116964 20 x2 n3  79 y2n2  342 , 25 yn1  2 xn2 
8 9 X  10Y 2  324 500 x2n3  79 y2n3  18 , 25 yn2  158 xn2 
9 171X  10Y 2  116964 18980 x2n3  79 y2 n4  342 , 25 yn3  6002xn2 
10 6489 X  10Y 2  168428484 20 x2 n4  3001y2n2  12978 , 949 yn1  2 xn3 
11 171X  10Y 2  116964 500 x2n4  3001y2n3  342 , 949 yn2  158 xn3 

12 9 X  10Y 2  324 18980 x2n4  3001y2n4  18 , 949 yn3  6002 xn3 

13 540 X  Y 2  116640  y2n3  25 y2n2  108 , 79 yn1  yn2 
14 20520 X  Y 2  168428160  y2n4  949 y2n2  4104 , 3001yn1  yn3 
15 540 X  Y 2  116640 25 y2n4  949 y2n3  108 , 3001yn2  79 yn3 

3) Relations between the solutions and special figurate numbers

a) 
9 p 3y  t 3, x  2

 40 p x5  t 3, y 1  2
 
 36 t3, x  t 3, y 1
2

b) p 5
y 
 t 3, x1  2
 360 p x3  t3, y  2
 36t  t 
3, y 3, x 1
2

36 p  t   40 p  t   36t  t 

4 2 5 2 2
c) y 1 3, x x 3, 2 y  2 3, x 3, 2 y  2

d)  p  t   1440 p  t
5
y 3, 2 x  2
2 4
x 1 3, y   36t  t 
2
3, y 3, 2 x 2
2

e)  p  t   10p  t
4
y 1 3, x 1
2 3
x 3, 2 y  2   t  t 
2
3, x 1 3, 2 y  2
2

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Volume 6 Issue XI, Nov 2018- Available at www.ijraset.com

f) p 3
y  t 3 , 2 x 2  2

 160 p x41  t3, y 1  2

 4 t 3, y1  t3, 2 x 2  2

g) Let {ns 1} and {ms1} be sequences of positive integers defined by

1 1
{ns 1}  xs1  1 , {ms 1}   ys1 
2 2
Note that,
480t 3, n s1  6 is a nasty number
160t3, n s 1  t6 , m s1  m s 1  2

REFERENCES
[1] L.E. Dickson., History of Theory of numbers, Chelsea Publishing Company, volume-II, Newyork, 1952.
[2] L.J. Mordell, Diophantine Equations, Academic Press, Newyork, 1969.
[3] S.J. Telang., Number Theory, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2000.
[4] M.A. Gopalan, S. Vidhyalakshmi, J. Shanthi, and D.Kanaka, “On the Negative Pell Equation y 2  15 x 2  6 ,” Scholars Journal of Physics, Mathematics and
statistics, vol. 2, Issue-2A (Mar-May), pp 123-128, 2015.
[5] M.A. Gopalan, S. Vidhyalakshmi, T. R. Usharani, and M. Arulmozhi, “On the Negative Pell Equation y 2  35 x 2  19 ,” International Journal of Research and
Review, vol. 2, Issue-4 April 2015, pp 183-188.
[6] M.A. Gopalan, V. Geetha, S.Sumithira, “Observations on the Hyperbola y 2  55 x 2  6 ,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 2,
Issue-4 July 2015, pp 1962-1964.
[7] K. Meena, M.A. Gopalan, T.Swetha, “On the Negative Pell Equation y 2  40 x 2  4 ,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering
Research, vol. 5, Issue-1, January (2017), pp 6-11.
[8] K. Meena, S. Vidhyalakshmi and G. Dhanalakshmi, “On the Negative Pell Equation y 2  5 x 2  4 ,” Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 1,
Issue-7, August 2017, pp 98-103.
[9] Shreemathi Adiga, N. Anusheela and M.A. Gopalan, “On the Negative Pellian Equation y 2  20 x 2  31 ,” International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, vol. 119 No. 14, 2018, pp 199-204.
[10] Shreemathi Adiga, N. Anusheela and M.A. Gopalan, “Observations on the Positive Pell Equation y 2  20x 2  1 ,” International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, vol. 120, No. 6, 2018, pp 11813-11825.

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