THABO MBEKI AFRICAN LEADERSHIP INSTITUTE

Good Governance and the Anti-

Corruption Agenda
GOCAFRS

K.D. Maxwell 77886860
5/23/2014

Identifying primary mechanisms to combat corruption

Table of contents
Plagiarism Declaration ………………………………………………………..….2

National Anti- Corruption Measures……………………………………………..5

Successes of the Public Protector’s Office………………………………………5

“PACCA”ACT No. 12 of 2004…………………………………………....……..7

Prominent persons charged with Corruption in South Africa……..…….……....8

International and regional conventions……………………………..….………..9

The UN Convention against Corruption……………………………….…..….…9

The AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption………..……....10

The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention…………………………………………..12

The SADC Protocol against Corruption………………………………………...12

Vertical Accountability……………………………………………………....…14

External Accountability……………………………………………………..…..15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………16

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 Plagiarism Declaration

Name: KD Maxwell

Student Number: 77886860

I hereby declare that I know what plagiarism entails, plagiarism is taking

someone else’s thoughts, ideas or writing and passing them off as your
own (this includes submitting the work of other program participants.

I hereby declare that I know plagiarism is a serious academic offence

which can result in a student being expelled, impacting culprits standing
with other Universities and academic institutions

I declare that this portfolio examination is my own, original work. Where

someone else’s work was used (whether from a printed source, the
internet or any other source) due acknowledgement was given and
reference was made according to the institute’s requirements.

I did not make use of another student’s previous work and submitted it
as my own.

I did not allow and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the
intention of presenting it as his or her own work.

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This paper will discuss and identify primary mechanisms that can be
utilized to combat corruption. It will examine National and regional and
international measures established by various organs to combat and
eradicate the cancer of corruption. It will look at successful cases of
corrupt businessmen and public officials charged with corruption. At the
end it will look at how vertical accountability can be put into action,
through citizen’s initiatives to check and balance the activities of
governments and its officials.

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“Our hope for the future depends on our resolution as a nation in dealing
with the scourge of corruption. Success will require an acceptance that,
in many respects, we are a sick society. It is perfectly correct to assert
that all this was spawned by apartheid. No amount of self-induced
amnesia will change the reality of history. But it is also a reality of the
present that among the new cadres in various levels of government you
will find individuals who are as corrupt as – if not more than – those they
found in government. When a leader in a provincial legislation siphons
off resources meant to fund service by legislators to the people; when
employees of a government institution set up to help empower those
who were excluded by apartheid defraud it for their own enrichment,
then we must admit that we have a sick society. This problem manifests
itself in all areas of life”1

- President Nelson Mandela opening address to Parliament 1999.

1
http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1999/990205_sona.htm

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National Anti- Corruption Measures

The Public Protector, South Africa.

The mandate of the Public Protector is to strengthen constitutional

democracy by investigating and redressing improper and prejudicial
conduct, maladministration and abuse of power in state affairs; resolving
administrative disputes or rectifying any act or omission in administrative
conduct through mediation, conciliation or negotiation; advising on
appropriate remedies or employing any other expedient means;
reporting and recommending; advising and investigating violations of the
Executive Members Ethics Act of 1994; resolving disputes relating to the
operation of the Promotion of Access to Information Act of 2000, and
discharging other responsibilities as mandated by the following
legislation2

§ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996;

§ Public Protector Act 23 of 1994;
§ Executive Members Ethics Act 82 of 1998;
§ Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (PAIA);
§ Electoral Commission Act 51 of 1996;
§ Special Investigation Units and Special Tribunals Ac t 74 of 1996;
§ Protected Disclosures Act 26 of 2000;
§ National Archives and Record Service Act 43 of 1996;
§ National Energy Act 40 of 2004;
§ Housing Protection Measures Act 95 of 1998;
§ National Environmental Management Act 108 of 1999;
§ Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act
4 of 2000;
§ Public Finance Management Act of 1999 and
§ Lotteries Act 57 of 1997 3

Successes of the Public Protector’s Office

The office of the public protector has had many successes in its
investigations into impropriety, unethical conduct, and abuse of power,

2
http://www.pprotect.org/
3
http://www.pprotect.org/about_us/Vision_mission.asp

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mal administration, systemic corporate governance deficiencies,
irregular appointments, improper prejudices and lack of service delivery.
4

On the 19th March 2014, the public protector published a report titled
“Secure in Comfort” is an investigation conducted into allegations of
impropriety and unethical conduct relating to the installation and
implementation of security and related measures at the private
residence of the President of the Republic of South Africa, His
Excellency J G Zuma, at Nkandla in the KwaZulu-Natal Province 5 at a
cost of R246 million..

Among the findings of the public protector office ere;

§ The implementation of the security measures failed to comply with

the parameters set out in the laws in question for the proper
exercise of such authority.6
§ Failure to follow the processes outlined in the Cabinet Policy and
the deviation from the 16 security measures that were
recommended in the Second Security Evaluation by SAPS. This
constitutes improper conduct and maladministration.
§ Improper conduct and maladministration.7
§ The organs of state involved in the Nkandla Project failed dismally
to follow Supply Chain Management prescripts, such as section
217 of the Constitution, PFMA, Treasury Regulations the DPW
Supply Chain Management policy, key omissions including: the
absence of demand management; improper delegations; failure to
procure services and goods costing above R500 000 through a
competitive tender process; failure to conduct due diligence
leading to the engagement of service providers such as the
Principal Agent without the necessary qualifications or capacity for
security measures; failure to ensure security clearance for service
providers, and allowing “scope creep” leading to exponential scope
and cost escalations8.

4
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_report.asp
5
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/2013-
14/Final%20Report%2019%20March%202014%20.pdf
6
Findings 10.1.1. - http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/2013-
7
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_report.asp .- Findings 10.1.2
8
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_report.asp -findings 10.2.1

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 § It is clearly evident that the public protector’s office has been
successful especially with investigations into the President’s
private residence. It is rare in Africa to find the head of state being
investigated for misappropriation of funds.

The public protector is not just a ceremonial office in South Africa.

Neither is it a toothless dog. The office has shown courage,
thoroughness and effectiveness in living up to its mandate. In some
African countries like Kenya, such anto corruption bodies have been
established but they possess no independence from the government
and rarely do these organs investigate high ranking persons.

Occasionally they engage in public stunts of having the TV cameras

accompany them on their way to way lay and burst corrupt traffic
policemen and town hall clerks. It is a fact that corruption is everywhere
and often perpetuated by every person regardless of the ranking. An
anti-corruption body must be fair and efficient, and fearless in dispensing
its mandate. But for them to dispense their duty freely, governments
must give them necessary room and cooperation to do so.

THE PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF CORRUPT ACTIVITIES

“PACCA”ACT No. 12 of 2004.

Under this act, duty has been placed on certain persons entrusted with
positions of responsibilities and authority to report corrupt acts.

The Act requires people in positions of authority in the public

and private sectors to report corruption, and other crimes listed
in the Act involving more than R100 000, to the police. If they
don’t, they will be guilty of a crime.

The Code of Conduct for the Public Service requires all

employees of the public service to report corruption to an
appropriate authority9

“In terms of PACCA, a person or body is guilty of the offence of

corruption where the offer or acceptance of a "gratification" is for the
"unauthorised or improper inducement to do or not to do anything".

9
http://www.nacf.org.za/guide-prevention-combating-corrupt-activities/reporting_corruption.html

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Apart from this general offence of corruption, PACCA goes further
and sets out offences of corruption relating to specific persons (these
include public officers, public officials, members of the legislative
authority, judicial officers, etc.). “

The duty to report corrupt activities

PACCA, while clearly broadening the definition of corruption in

South Africa, has also planted the seed for both the public and
private sector to get involved in the fight against corruption.
Historically, to protect their reputation and shareholder value,
many organisations that found their employees to be involved
in corrupt activities opted to persuade such employees to
resign rather than to pursue disciplinary enquiries which would
bring about undesirable publicity associated with having
employees, especially senior employees, of such organisations
being found guilty of corrupt activities. Therefore, there was
clearly a need for the legislature to address this issue of
organisations "sweeping such matters under the carpet" to
avoid bad publicity. Section 34 of PACCA is the legislature's
attempt to eradicate this issue.

Section 34 places a duty on certain individuals to report corrupt

activities to any police official. This duty arises when the
relevant individual knows or should reasonably have known, or
suspects that a person has committed an offence of corruption,
involving R100 000 or more. Failure to report is a criminal
offence and carries a penalty of the imposition of a fine or
imprisonment of up to 10 years.

These individuals upon whom duty is placed include;

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 § The Director-General or equivalent officer of a national or
provincial department
§ A municipal manager of a municipality
§ Any public officer in the senior management service of a public
body
§ Any head, rector or principal of a tertiary institution
§ The manager, company secretary or a director of a company
§ A member of a close corporation
§ The executive manager of any bank or other financial
institution
§ Any partner in a partnership
§ Chief executive officers
§ Any other person who is responsible for the overall
management and control of the business of an employer

It should be noted that any person who has been appointed to the
aforementioned positions in acting or temporary capacities are also
regarded as persons who hold positions of authority.

South Africans still bemoan the rising levels of corruption in spite of all
these measures put in place. But it may be the only country with well
entrenched independent institutions that can investigate, prosecute and
recommend prosecution against corrupt individuals. Unlike most parts of
Africa where business persons and government leaders engage in
chronic corruption without any one holding them to account. Top
business people have been charged, top government officials have also
been charged publicly for engaging in corrupt deals. PACCA has been
and can be an effective mechanism to combat corruption especially with
the above clause that binds certain individuals to report corrupt dealings.

Prominent persons charged with Corruption in South Africa.

In August 2010 the former head of the South African Police Service and
Interpol president, Jackie Selebi, was convicted on one count of
corruption. Jackie Selebi was sentenced to 15 years in jail for corruption
10

10
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/03/jackie-selebi-south-africa-corruption-sentence

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In June 2005, Schabir Shaik a South African businessman who was
found guilty of corruption , fraud, alternatively theft, alternatively
contravening the Companies Act, Corruption, alternatively money
laundering, alternatively contravening the Prevention of Organised
Crime Act, Contravening the Income Tax Act he was sentenced to 15
years in prison but he is out on medical parole11.

The list is endless of business persons and government leaders who

have been arraigned and charged in court due to corruption.

South Africa is obligated to combat corruption as a signatory and a

party member to regional and international protocols and conventions on
anti-corruption.

International and regional conventions

South Africa is a party to four major conventions:

The UN Convention against Corruption

The AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption

The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention

The SADC Protocol against Corruption

The UN Convention against Corruption

(UNCAC) was ratified by South Africa in 2004 and came into force in
2005. South Africa is one of 168 parties to the convention, which means
that it accepts the terms of the convention and is legally bound by its
provisions. Under UNCAC, South Africa is also obliged to help other
parties to prevent and fight corruption by providing technical assistance
if necessary.

11
http://www.armsdeal-vpo.co.za/special_items/schabir_shaik_trial/shabir_shaik.html

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Some of the key features of the UNCAC are the requirements to take
steps to:

§ Prevent corruption;
§ Criminalise corruption;
§ Co-operate with other countries in the fight against corruption; and
§ Recover assets.

These are not going to happen by themselves, says the UNCAC –

parties must ensure that certain steps and processes are in place so that
everybody can get involved. These requirements include the promotion
of active participation of individuals and groups, including civil society
and community-based organisations, in the prevention of and fight
against corruption; codes or standards of conduct for public officials; and
appropriate training so that they can perform their functions effectively
and honestly. These anti-corruption policies must comply with the rule of
law, and foster integrity, transparency and accountability 12

The AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption

African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption was

adopted in 2003 and came into force in 2005. In 2004 South Africa
signed the convention and ratified it in 2005. It has a number of
provisions similar to those of the UN Convention against Corruption13

Adopted in 2003, the African Union Convention on Preventing and

Combating Corruption covers both the public and the private
sector. Offences covered are bribery (domestic or foreign),
diversion of property by public officials, trading in influence, illicit
enrichment, money laundering and concealment of property. All
provisions are mandatory including those on private to private
corruption. The convention provides for prevention, criminalisation,
regional cooperation and mutual legal assistance as well as the
recovery of assets 14

12
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-south-africa-part-one
13
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-south-africa-part-one
14
http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/about/about-corruption/african-union-convention-on-
preventing-and-combating-corruption.aspx

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Majority of African states have ratified the African Union Convention on
Preventing and Combating Corruption.

The obligations of the parties fall into the following categories:

Preventive measures: The AU has extensive provisions on the

ways, means and standards for preventive measures in the public
and private sectors. These include requirements in the public
service of declarations of assets and establishment of codes of
conduct. Also included are requirements of access to information,
whistle-blowers protection, procurement standards accounting
standards, transparency in the funding of political parties and civil
society participation. It is also required to establish, maintain and
strengthen independent national anti-corruption authorities.

Criminalisation: The AU Convention calls for criminalisation of a

wide range of offences, including illicit enrichment, and contains a
broad definition of the term public official. Moreover it includes
offences relating both to public sector corruption and private sector
(private-to-private) corruption.

International cooperation: The AU Convention also provides an

international cooperation framework which has the potential to
improve mutual law enforcement assistance within Africa. It also
provides a framework for the confiscation and seizure of assets15

Under preventive measures, declaration of assets particularly by public

servants should be emphasized. Recently as the continent is embracing
principles of good governance, transparency and accountability, public
servants have employed gimmicks aimed at soothing the often inactive
citizenry. Public officials declare their assets in a public stunt aimed at
fooling the people that they have complied with the regulation.

The public protector’s office was able to compile a comprehensive report

because of easy access to information. Such a scenario is not an easy
walk in many parts of the continent. Whistle blowers often have to flee

15

http://archive.transparency.org/global_priorities/international_conventions/conventions_instruments/au_con
vention#sthash.OeWoiiMY.dpuf

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their countries after raising the alarm on corrupt activities. One example
is the John Githongo, a Kenyan journalist, activist, politician, and public
servant, who fled the country in 2005 after exposing grand corruption
involving political decision makers in Kenya.

The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Anti-

bribery Convention establishes legally binding standards to criminalise
bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions.

Under the OECD convention, parties must take measures to establish

that, under their own laws, it’s a criminal offence for any person to bribe
a foreign public official to obtain an improper benefit in international
business. Parties must ensure that such action is punishable.

South Africa is a non-member country of the OECD, but since 2007 has
been a party. It has a working relationship with the OECD organisation
and has adopted this convention 16

The SADC Protocol against Corruption

The SADC Protocol against Corruption provides for the prevention,

detection and punishment of corruption. It also covers co-operation
between states, and corruption in both the public and private sectors.
The protocol recognises that demonstrable political will and leadership
are essential in the fight against corruption. It affirms the need to garner
public support for initiatives to combat corruption17

The Protocol further seeks to facilitate and regulate cooperation in

matters of corruption amongst Member States and foster
development and harmonisation of policies and domestic
legislation related to corruption.

The Protocol clearly defines ‘acts of corruption’ preventative

measures, jurisdiction of Member States as well as extradition.

16
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-south-africa-part-one
17
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-south-africa-part-one

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 Institutional arrangements for the implementation of this Protocol
have been outlined within the document18

Educating the Public – Anti Corruption Education

Through various initiatives and targeted programmes corruption can be

combated and prevented. On a recent visit State visit of Nigerian
President Good Luck Jonathan to Namibia, the President was asked a
question on if he was prepared to deal with corruption with a bi g stick as
in the case of China. he stressed that while his administration would not
condone the menace, using big stick would not be a solution to end
corruption19.

Dealing with corruption harshly does work. But in other instances raising
awareness and educating the society, the youth, the women and
children can be critical in helping shape the values of the people.

Anti-corruption education is a vital component of any anti-

corruption strategy. Informed citizens are probably more effective
in preventing corrupt and unethical behaviour of public servants
than the most sophisticated codes of conduct, laws and
regulations. Anti-corruption laws and institutions need people who
do not tolerate corruption and who actively act against it: Without
reports of corruption, corrupt acts cannot be sanctioned,
ombudsmen cannot follow up on complaints, and the judiciary
cannot prosecute.

The goal of anti-corruption education is to build demand for

accountability. Anti-corruption education promotes values,
attitudes and expectations that condemn corruption, and skills to
resist it. Anti-corruption education develops people's
understanding of their rights and responsibilities for preserving the
public good. It highlights the damage done by minor acts of
corruption: The traffic officer who lets a drunk driver go in
exchange for a small bribe, the nurse who denies patients
treatment if they are unable to pay 'an additional fee', the customs

18
http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/
19
http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157140-corruption-blown-proportion-nigeria-jonathan.html

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 officer who extorts payments from small traders and enterprise:
These acts potentially kill, ruin small enterprises, and deprive
people of their human rights to health, education and security.

Anti-corruption education impacts at two levels:

First, it aims at strengthening individuals in their ethical decision-

making. Value conflicts and ethical dilemmas frequently arise in
the daily lives of people, for example when family values, such as
loyalty, clash with work ethics, such as impartiality. Ethics
education should provide the skill to identify such conflicts, and
instil the motivation for solving them in the best interest. .

Second, it aims at building a culture of zero-tolerance for

corruption, through strengthening public awareness and
participation in political life, and through mobilising the public to
stand up against corruption20

Anti-corruption education initiatives have positive effects on people’s

moral values and attitudes. When people have been sensitized on their
rights a true sense of patriotism is ignited for the upholding is what is
morally good..

Civic and anticorruption education improves access to information,

service attainment, and transparency, and civic and anticorruption
education will often increase pride in the nation. Just as people
who do not know their rights cannot take advantage of the services
available to them, people who know their rights and legal
protections can do great things to improve their nation. Civic and
anticorruption education is important for corruption prevention
because it teaches people these rights and helps curbing
corruption to become a community effort. 21

Anti-Corruption Education in the Schools. Anti-Corruption programs

can be incorporated into education syllabus.

Oversight

20
http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157140-corruption-blown-proportion-nigeria-jonathan.html
21
http://www.parliamentarystrengthening.org/corruptionmodule/pdf/corruptionunit3.pdf

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 Taking all of these components to corruption prevention a step further is
the

Opportunity for oversight responsibility that both the citizens and

parliament can play. Parliaments have a key role to play in
overseeing and reviewing access to information regimes and
ensuring that the public’s right to know is guaranteed.

Parliament’s oversight role includes mechanisms such as

questioning ministers about their activities and priorities to holding
ministers accountable for any failures to implement the access to
information law in their ministries, to maintaining the national
budget. Parliament has an opportunity to play an oversight role
with the independent administrative bodies and can play a leading
role with respect to appointments to and funding of government
bodies. Oversight involves monitoring the appointment process of
officials to assure that government is conducted in a transparent
and ethical manner.

Other mechanisms that can be utilized to combat corruption.

Vertical Accountability.

Vertical governance has been used to improve good governance and to

control corruption. Under a strong vertical accountability, there is strong
and vigilant civil society, free pluralistic skilful and effective mass media,
freedom of information laws, and a politically conscious and informed
populace.

Vertical accountability measures allow citizens to hold institutions and

states to account, whether through elections or through social
mobilisation or advocacy and lobbying.

Vertical accountability refers to direct engagement by individuals and

groups with governments and other duty-bearers through participation in
democratic political processes, and with service providers through
advocacy and oversight channels and mechanisms. The effectiveness of
vertical accountability mechanisms thus depends on citizens’ awareness
of rights and choice, and their ability and readiness to engage and use
voice, either through political cycles or through civil society mobilisation
and involvement in monitoring mechanisms. The latter has been
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addressed in the ‘Political empowerment section’ above. This section
focuses on a discussion of elections – traditionally considered the
ultimate means of exercising political voice

An example of citizens holding governments accountable through

advocacy and oversight channels.

I Paid -A –Bribe India.

I Paid a Bribe is a site that focuses on crowd sourced reports of

corruption and bribery from India and all over the world.

The site lays emphasis on the various kinds of Retail Corruption. This is
kind of corruption that confronts ordinary citizens in their daily lives when
they're not able to avail of services they are legitimately entitled to from
the government – getting a driver’s license, a birth certificate, registering
a purchase of property. www.ipaidabribe.com

In their appeal to the public to be honest about corruption no matter how

small it, they have divided their approach in three parts; first question
asks citizens to come clean and admit if they paid a bribe for services
rendered in any public office, the reason why they paid a bribe, he
person the bribe was given to that information is shared with the media
and other anti-corruption commissions for appropriate action.

The second part asks citizens to report their bravery in saying NO to

corruption. With the aim of honouring and celebrating such acts of
courage and sharing them with millions of people. The third part
encourages citizens to report any honest public officials who render
services to them without demanding for a bribe in order to honour them
and inspire other officials to be honest just them.

1. I PAID A BRIBE- Did you pay a bribe to get your work done at a
government office? Tell us why you paid a bribe, to whom you paid a
bribe and when you paid. We will share your report with the media,
Central Vigilance Commission and take action based on your report.

2. I AM A BRIBE FIGHTER- Did you say 'No' when you were asked for
a bribe? Tell us your story. We would like to honour and celebrate you
for standing up against corruption. We will share your story with millions
of people around the world and inspire them to take a stand

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 3. I MET AN HONEST OFFICIAL- Did you meet the good guys in the
system? Tell us about these honest officers who did their job without
asking for a bribe or taking a bribe. We will celebrate these officers so
that they can inspire other officers like them to not take a bribe 22

External Accountability

In external accountability actors such as the International pressure is

mounted on corrupt regimes for accountability sake. Under external
accountability it would be advisable to make use of the United States
“Foreign Corrupt Practises Act” or to make corrupt public figures
punishable within the structures of International Criminal Court. Laws in
international banking can be enforced too with the aim of freezing and
returning stolen assets.

Conclusion

The fight against corruption can be won without a doubt. It will not be an
automatic ride, mechanisms must be enforced and tougher laws
enforced by national, regional and international bodies. As in the case of
the Public protectors office in South Africa where success has been
registered in the fight against corruption. There are some key
requirements we can point to, that make their work easier. Autonomy in
appointments, security of tenure and capacity to enforce, cooperation
and mutual trust between the people, and watch dogs such as the
media. We have also identified how public awareness through education
on corruption can entrench ethical values in the people to make them
stand for what is right and reject what is morally wrong. Initiatives such
as I-Paid-A-Bribe in India can be effective in exposing corrupt deals,
standing firm against corruption, basically saying no to corrupt officials
and rewarding honest public officials who execute their responsibilities
with honesty and integrity.

22
- http://www.ipaidabribe.com/add-report?report_type=paid_bribe_type#gsc.tab=0

18 | P a g e

References

1. http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1999/990205_son
a.htm. http://www.pprotect.org/
2. http://www.pprotect.org/about_us/Vision_mission.asp
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_re
port.asp
3. http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/2013-
14/Final%20Report%2019%20March%202014%20.pdf
4. Findings 10.1.1. -
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/2013-
5. http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_re
port.asp .- Findings 10.1.2
6. http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_re
port.asp -findings 10.2.1
7. http://www.nacf.org.za/guide-prevention-combating-corrupt-
activities/reporting_corruption.html
8. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/03/jackie-selebi-
south-africa-corruption-sentence
9. http://www.armsdeal-
vpo.co.za/special_items/schabir_shaik_trial/shabir_shaik.html
10. http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-
law-south-africa-part-one
11. http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-
law-south-africa-part-one
12. http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/about/about-
corruption/african-union-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-
corruption.aspx
13. http://archive.transparency.org/global_priorities/international_
conventions/conventions_instruments/au_convention#sthash.OeW
oiiMY.dpuf
14. http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-
law-south-africa-part-one
15. http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-
law-south-africa-part-one
16. http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/
17. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157140-corruption-
blown-proportion-nigeria-jonathan.html

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 18. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157140-corruption-
blown-proportion-nigeria-jonathan.html
19.
http://www.parliamentarystrengthening.org/corruptionmodule/pdf/c
orruptionunit3.pdf
- http://www.ipaidabribe.com/add-
report?report_type=paid_bribe_type#gsc.tab=0

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Bibliography

1. Address by President Nelson Mandela at Opening of Parliament,

Cape Town; Nelson Rohlihlahla Mandela, viewed 21st May 2014
http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/1999/990205_son
a.htm
2. Public Protector SOUTH Africa, http://www.pprotect.org/ viewed
21st May 21 2014.05.20
3. Vision and Mission Public Protector,
2.http://www.pprotect.org/about_us/Vision_mission.asp viewed 1th
May2014
4. Secure in Comfort A Report of the March 2014 Public Protector,
http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/2013-
14/Final%20Report%2019%20March%202014%20.pdf viewed
17th May 2014
5. http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_re
port.asp .- Findings 10.1.2
6. http://www.pprotect.org/library/investigation_report/investigation_re
port.asp -findings 10.2.1
7. GUIDE TO THE PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF CORRUPT
ACTIVITIES ACT, http://www.nacf.org.za/guide-prevention-
combating-corrupt-activities/reporting_corruption.html, viewed 18th
May 2014.
8. South Africa's former police chief Jackie Selebi sentenced, viewed
18th May 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/03/jackie-selebi-
south-africa-corruption-sentence
9. The Schabir Shaik Trial, viewed 19th MAY 2014 ,
http://www.armsdeal-
vpo.co.za/special_items/schabir_shaik_trial/shabir_shaik.html
10. Corruption and the law in South Africa - part one, Viewed
th
18 May 2014,
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-
south-africa-part-one.
11. Corruption and the law in South Africa - part one, Viewed
18th May 2014,
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-
south-africa-part-one.

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 12. The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating
Corruption, VIEWED 20TH MAY 2014, http://www.business-anti-
corruption.com/about/about-corruption/african-union-convention-
on-preventing-and-combating-corruption.aspx
13. The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating
Corruption , viewed 19th may 2014,
http://archive.transparency.org/global_priorities/international_conv
entions/conventions_instruments/au_convention
14. Corruption and the law in South Africa - part two, viewed 19th
May 2014, http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-
and-law-south-africa-part-two.
15. Corruption and the law in South Africa - part one, Viewed
th
19 May 2014,
http://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/content/corruption-and-law-
south-africa-part-one
16. South African Development Community TOWARDS A
Common Future, viewed 21st May 2014, SARCOF-16 Workshop
Announcement, http://www.sadc.int/documents-
publications/show/SARCOF-16_ANNOUNCEMENT.pdf
17. Corruption blown out of proportion in Nigeria – Jonathan,
viewed 21st May 2014,
http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157140-corruption-blown-
proportion-nigeria-jonathan.html.
18. Unit 1: Introduction to Corruption , Viewed 17th May 2014,
http://www.parliamentarystrengthening.org/corruptionmodule/pdf/c
orruptionunit3.pdf
19. http://www.ipaidabribe.com/add-
report?report_type=paid_bribe_type#gsc.tab=0

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