These types of exercises are usually a hard nut to crack so you have to

manage certain Grammatical Structures. You should start studying these

structures one by one and that’s what we are going to practice.

4. PREFER / WOULD RATHER / WOULD PREFER / HAD BETTER

WE USE THEM TO EXPRESS PREFERENCES

WOULD RATHER / WOULD PREFER WOULD RATHER / PREFER

TO EXPRESS SPECIFIC PREFERENCE. THEY HAVE THE SAME TO EXPRESS GENERAL PREFERENCE.
MEANING AND ARE INTERCHANGEABLE. THEY HAVE THE SAME MEANING.
- They can be abbreviated: ‘D RATHER / ‘D PREFER - WOULD RATHER is followed by
- WOULD RATHER is followed by infinitive without TO infinitive without TO
We’d rather go to the cinema. She’d rather speak to him fast.
- Use PAST TENSE after ‘D RATHER when we speak about - WOULD RATHER… THAN…
actions of other people (also in the present and future) She’d rather drive than walk.
I’d rather you took a taxi, it’s quite dangerous at
night. - PREFER is followed by ING FORM
- WOULD RATHER…. THAN: I’d rather go shopping than She prefers going by car.
watch TV - PREFER…. TO
- WOULD PREFER is followed by TO + INFINITIVE OR She prefers driving to walking
NOUN I prefer Reading the book to going
We’d prefer to go to the cinema shopping.
- WOULD PREFER…. RATHER THAN / INSTEAD OF: I’d prefer
to go shopping rather than watch TV.

HAD BETTER (‘D BETTER) : WE USE IT TO GIVE ADVICE ABOUT THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
I’d better go shopping. / We’d better go back early.
 THE NEGATIVE IS “HAD BETTER NOT”: I’d better not go shopping. / We’d better not go back.
 HAD BETTER is for specific situations: We’d better get back to work / You’d better study today.
 For general situations we must use “SHOULD”: You should study more.
 It i salso possible to use “should” for specific stuations but when we use “had better” there is a
suggestion that if we don’t follow the advice, something could happen.
You’d better study today or you may fail your exam.
We’d better get back to work or our boss will get angry.
4.1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1) I ‘d rather / prefer buy the green skirt. _______________________________

2) She ‘d rather / prefer have the meeting tomorrow. _____________________________
3) You ‘d better / ‘d rather stop doing that. It disgusting! ______________________
4) Usually we ‘d rather / prefer going to the cinema on Saturday. ________________
5) Would you rather / prefer to stay here or go out? _____________________________

4.1. REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO IT MEANS THE SAME

AS THE FIRST ONE (USE FROM 1 – 3 WORDS)

1) She’d rather live with her friends than alone. She ___________________ living
with her friends than alone.
2) I’d prefer to watch a movie. I ________________ watch a movie.
3) You should take an umbrela in case it rains. You _______________ an umbrela in
case it rains.
4) I don’t fell like drinking at the momnt. I _______________ to eat at the
moment.
5) I have an exam tomorrow , so I ought to go to sleep soon. I have an exam
tomorrow, so I _________________________ go to sleep soon.
6) Skiing is more pleasant than running. I ______________________ skiing to
running.
7) I don’t really want to go dancing. I _______________________ stay here with my
family.
8) I hate studying math!! I ______________________ studying language to math.
9) In Spain you aren’t supposed to ride a bike in the sidewalk. In Spain you
______________________________ a bike in the sidewalk.
10) I’d prefer you to deliver the dessert on Sunday. I ______________________ delivered the
dessert on Sunday.
 5. PERFECTS AND PAST TENSES

AS SOON AS A TIME EXPRESSION IS GIVEN IN THE PAST, YOU HAVE TO USE SIMPLE PAST

IF THERE ARE NO SIGNAL WORDS, YOU MUST DECIDE WHETHER YOU TALK ABOUT AN
ACTION IN THE PAST OR IF IT HAS CONSECUENCES IN THE PRESENT.

PAST SIMPLE SIGNAL WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST…(FRIDAY), …AGO, IN 2005, THE OTHER
DAY, ETC…(THESE ARE ONLY EXAMPLES).

PRESENT PERFECT SIGNAL WORDS: JUST, ALREADY, SINCE, EVER, YET, SO FAR, ETC…

5.1 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO IT MEANS THE SAME

AS THE FIRST ONE (USE FROM 1 – 3 WORDS)

1) Italy has been a Republic since 1946. Italy ________________ a Republic in 1946.

2) I haven’t ridden a bike for a long time. It’s a long time ______________ I rode a bike.

3) Mary arrived at the bus station three hours ago. Mary _______________ at the bus station for
three hours.

4) I bought this car a year ago. I __________________ this car for one year.

5) I’ve known Tom for five years. I first __________________ Tom five years ago.

6) I haven’t been to a concert for a long time. It’s a long time since _________________ a concert.

7) She started work for IBM two years ago. She _________________ for IBM for two years.

8) How long is it since I last saw you? When ____________________ see you?

9) I have never visited this museum before. This is _____________________ I have visited this
museum.

10) This is the first time I’ve ever been in Mexico. I _____________________ in Mexico before.
 6. NEITHER, NOR, EITHER, BOTH, OR, SO, SUCH....

1
EITHER is always paired with OR
In affirmative sense when choosing between 2 possibilities.
WE CAN EITHER GO NOW OR AFTER SCHOOL.
NEITHER is always paired with NOR
In negative sense when you want tos ay that 2 or more things aren’t true.
Neither my brother nor my sister have travelled to New York.
IF BOTH ARE SINGULAR, THEN THE VERB IS IN SINGULAR TOO BUT IF ONE IS
IN PLURAL, THEN USE A PLURAL VERB.
Either the director or the manager has to attend the meeting.
Neither the coach nor the atletes were practicing today.
USE SO in short answers to mean “ALSO”: I like this film. So do I

SO / SUCH: So… that / Such …. That are used to describe REASONS and RESULTS.
SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT: The exam was so difficult!
SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN + THAT: She is such a nice person!

1) it was such a beautiful day we decided to go to the beach. The weather was ___________

_____________________________ that we decided to go to the beach.

2) She was so kind that she let us spend the day at her bungalow. She was ____________

_________________ person that she le tus spend the day at her bungalow.

3) Dave was late. So was Andy. _______________________ were late.

4) The hotel wasn’t near. And it wasn’t confortable. The hotel was ____________________

----------------------------- conforatble.

5) Sara didn’t enjoy the dinner. John didn’t either. ______________ John enjoyed the dinner.

6) They will open the door or they will open the window. They will open ____________

_________________ the window.

7) We couldn’t talke because the music was so loud. I was _________________________

music that we couldn’t talk.

8) I haven’t got a swimming pool. I haven’t got a garaje. I haven’t got _______________

___________________ a garaje.

9) Maxim went shopping. Lidia went shopping too. _____________________ went shopping.

10) The singer will perform one or two hours. The singer will perform ___________________

________________ two hours.

ANSWER KEY:

EXERCISE 4.1

1) ‘D RATHER
2) ‘D RATHER
3) ‘D BETTER
4) PREFER
5) PREFER

EXERCISE 4.2

1) ‘D PREFER
2) ‘D RATHER
3) ‘D BETTER
4) ‘D PREFER NOT
5) ‘D BETTER / HAD BETTER
6) PREFER
7) ‘D RATHER
8) PREFER
9) HAD BETTER NOT RIDE / ‘D BETTER NOT RIDE
10) ‘D RATHER YOU

EXERCISE 5.1

1) BECAME 6) WENT TO
2) SINCE 7) HAS WORKED
3) HAS BEEN 8) DID I LAST
4) HAVE HAD 9) THE FIRST TIME
5) MET 10) HAVE NEVER BEEN / ‘VE NEVER BEEN.

EXERCISE 6.1

1) SO
2) SUCH A KIND
3) BOTH DAVE AND ANDY
4) NEITHER NEAR NOR
5) NEITHER SARA NOR
6) EITHER THE DOOR OR
7) SUCH A LOUD
8) NEITHER A SWIMMING POOL NOR
9) BOTH MAXIM AND LIDIA
10) EITHER ONE OR TWO HOURS.