BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

6.0 INDUCTION MOTOR

INDUCTION MOTOR

6.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTION MOTOR

Definition of Induction:

The process by which an electromotive force is produced in a circuit by varying the magnetic
field linked with the circuit.

Induction motors are the most commonly used electric motors.

Although it is possible to use an induction machine as either a motor or a generator, it has many
disadvantages and low efficiency as a generator and so is rarely used in that manner. The
performance characteristics as a generator are not satisfactory for most applications.

For this reason, induction machines are usually referred to as induction motors.

AC current supplied to the stator winding produces a flux through the air gap that induces currents in
the rotor windings.

 Rotor receives electric power by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of 2
winding transformer.
 Can be treated as a rotating transformer, one in which primary winding is stationary (stator)
but the secondary is free to rotate (rotor).
 Most appliances, such as washing machines and refrigerators, use a single-phase induction
machine
 For industrial applications, the three-phase induction motor is used to drive machines

Advantages

 Very simple and extremely rugged

 Low cost and very reliable
 Requires minimum of maintenance
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Disadvantages

 Speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.

 Speed decreases with increase in load

6.2 CONSTRUCTION

A machine is called induction machines because the rotor voltage (which produces the rotor current
and the rotor magnetic field) is induced in the rotor windings instead of being physically connected
by wires.

The distinguishing feature of an induction machine is that no DC field current is required to run the
machine.

Although it is possible to use an induction machine as either a motor or a generator, it has many
disadvantages as a generator and so is rarely used in that manner. For this reason, induction
machines are usually referred to as induction motor.

Two sets of electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction motor, one set of
electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply connected to the stator windings.
The alternating nature of the supply voltage induces an Electromagnetic Force (EMF) in the rotor
(just like the voltage is induced in the transformer secondary) as per Lenz’s law, thus generating
another set of electromagnets; hence the name – induction motor. Interaction between the
magnetic field of these electromagnets generates twisting force, or torque. As a result, the motor
rotates in the direction of the resultant torque.

An induction motor consists of two main parts: stator and rotor. It has the same physical
stator as a synchronous machine but with different rotor construction. There are two types of
induction motor rotors that can be placed inside the stator, i.e. squirrel -cage rotor and wound rotor.
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6.2.1 TYPES OF ROTOR

a) Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Squirrel-cage rotor, as shown below, consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots
carved in the face of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings.

Fig. 6.0: Example of Squirrel-Cage Rotor

 The rotor is cylindrical and is made of conducting bars short circuited at both ends
 It is also known as brushless induction motor.
 It is more rugged and since there are no brushes it is safer in combustible environment.
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b) Wound Rotor

Wound rotor, as shown below has a complete set of three -phase windings similar to stator
windings. Usually, it is Y-connected and the rotor coils are tied to the slip rings.

Fig. 6.1: Wound Rotor

 The rotor is cylindrical and is made up of a three phase windings with terminals brought out
to slip rings
 Wound rotor induction motors are also known as a slip-ring motors
 This type is the more complicated of the two type but it has a higher starting torque and is
more controllable
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6.2.2 STATOR

The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They are punched and
clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core) with slots as shown in Fig. 7.2. Coils of
insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping of coils, together with the core it
surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of poles) on the application of AC supply.

The number of poles of an AC induction motor depends on the internal connection of the stator
windings. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source. Internally they are
connected in such a way, that on applying AC supply, a rotating magnetic field is created.

Fig. 6.2: A Typical Stator

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6.3 PRODUCTION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

When a three phase stator winding is connected to a three phase voltage supply, three phase
currents will flow in the windings which induce three-phase flux in the stator. This flux will rotate at a

speed called as synchronous speed N s . The flux is called as rotating magnetization field. The

mathematical equation is given as:

120 f
Ns  where f  the supply frequency
p

p  no. of poles in the

machine/motor

The currents that flows in the stator are spaced 120° each other. Graphical representation is shown
in Fig. 6.3.

Fig. 6.3: 3-Phase Current

iR t   im sin t

iY t   im sint  120

iB t   im sint  120
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6.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

When a three phase current flow in a three-phase winding, rotating magnetic field (flux) will be
produced. The flux has constant magnitude and is distributed in sinusoidal form. This flux will induce
voltage in the rotor conductor by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule. By Faraday’s Law, if the rotor winding is
short-circuited, rotor current will flow in it. The reaction between rotor current and stator flux causes
the rotor to rotate in the same direction as the stator flux.

An induction motor with 2 poles can be taken to explain this phenomena. Conductor A will be
located under north pole while conductor B will be located under south pole as illustrated in Fig. 6.4.
The flux rotates in the clock-wise direction (towards the right).lf the flux is taken as the reference, the
conductors A and B are likely to move to the left. Then, from the Right Hand Fleming, voltage or
current will be induced as shown in

Fig. 6.5.

Fig. 6.4: Conductor A is located under north pole and conductor B is located under south pole

Fig. 6.5: Right Hand Fleming Fig. 6.6: Ampere Right Hand Rule
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The same process happens to conductor B.

As shown in Fig. 6.6, when current flows in the rotor circuit, flux will be induced and the direction is
anti-clock-wise. This is called Ampere Right Hand Rule. The interaction between flux produced by the
rotor current and the rotating flux will induce torque on the rotor conductor that acts to the right.
This torque causes the rotor to rotate clockwise. The illustration is shown in Fig. 6.7.

Fig. 6.7: Interaction between Rotor Current Flux and Rotating Flux

Conclusion:

Rotating field will cause the rotor to rotate at the same direction as the stator flux. The torque
direction is independent upon the conductor position. Torque direction is always the same as the flux
rotation.

At the time of starting the motor, rotor speed = 0. The rotating magnetic field will cause the rotor to
rotate from 0 speeds to a speed that is lower than the synchronous speed. If the rotor speed is equal
to the synchronous speed, there will be no cutting of flux and rotor current equals zero. Therefore, it

is not possible for the rotor to rotate at N s .

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6.5 SLIP AND SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

Slip is defined as the difference between synchronous speed (magnetic field’s speed) and rotor
speed:

Ns  Nr
s …………………………….. (3.0)
Ns

where: N s  synchronous speed in rev/min.

N r  rotor speed in rev/min.

From Eqn. 3.0, the rotor speed can be derived as N r  N s 1  s  . Slip can also be represented in

percent. When the rotor move at nr rev/sec (rps), the stator flux will circulate the rotor conductor at

a speed of ns  nr  per second. Therefore, the frequency of the rotor emf, f r is written as:

f r  ns  nr  p

 sf

where:

s  slip

f  supply frequency.

The rotor therefore runs at a speed slightly less than the synchronous speed the difference being
called slip speed.

Slip speed  N s  N r
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6.6 PER PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction motor is just like a single phase
transformer equivalent circuit. The difference is only that, the secondary winding is short-circuited
unlike in the transformer it is open-circuited as a load is to be connected later. The per-phase
equivalent circuit is illustrated in Fig. 6.8 below.

Fig. 6.8: Per-Phase Equivalent of 3-Phase Induction Motor.

The per-phase equivalent circuit referred to the stator winding is shown in Figure 7.9. This equivalent
circuit is categorized into two types: [i] actual equivalent circuit and [ii] approximate equivalent
circuit.

Fig. 6.9: Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Referred to Stator Winding.

From the equivalent circuit;

I 1  Stator phase current. : I 1  I o  I 2

= Stator line current (for stator Y-connection)

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IL
= , where I L  stator line current (for stator: Δ - connection)
3

I 2  Rotor current referred to stator winding

I o  No-load current, I o  I c  I m

I c  Core current

I m  Magnetizing current

For approximate equivalent circuit;

I1  Io  I 2

Io  Ic  Im

E s  ph  E s  ph  E s  ph 
Ic  ; Im  ; I2  ……...… (3.1)
 R2 
  R1   j  X 2  X 1 
Rc jX m
 s 

This model is normally used for analysis purposes for simplicity.

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6.7 POWER FLOW DIAGRAM

Power flow diagram is actually a flow of power right from the input to the output.

Input power = Output Power + Losses

Core Loss Iron Loss

Stator Input Power = Stator Output Power + Stator Losses

Stator Iron Losses ( SIL ) @ Stator Cooper Losses ( SCL )

Rotor Input Power ( RIP) @
Core Loss (Pcore) @ PSCL
Air-gap Power
( Normally Given )

Fig. 6.10: Power Flow Diagram

Fig. 6.10 shows the power flow diagram while Fig. 7.11 illustrates the components that involve in the
power losses calculation.

Fig. 6.11: Components Involved in Power Flow Diagram

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From the circuit shown in Fig. 6.11, the power equations can be derived as follows:

SCL occurs at Rs , then SCL  3I 2  R s

2
[i] …………….… (3.2)

RCL occurs at R2  R' R , then RCL  3I 2  R 2

2
[ii] …………….… (3.3)

[iii] Pm occurs at
R2
1  s  , then Pm  3I 2 2 R2 1  s  …………….… (3.4)
s s

, then : RIP  3I 2  2

R2 2 R
[iv] RIP occurs on …………….… (3.5)
s s

From Eqn. (3.2...3.5), we can derive the power equations in terms of slip and power, then:

From Eqn. 3.4 : Pm  3I 2 

2 R2
1  s  = RCL 1  s  = RIP 1  s  …………(3.6)
s s

Pm
RIP  3I 2 
2 R2 RCL
From Eqn. 3.5 : = = …………(3.7)
s 1  s  s

From these equations, we do not need to recalculate Pm and RIP , if RCL is known provided that

the value for slip is known.

The input power comes from the stator input, then:

Pin  3VL I L cos   3V ph I ph cos 

Where VL and I L are line voltage and line current respectively.

V ph and I ph are phase voltage and phase current respectively.

 is the angle between voltage and current.

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6.8 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency for any electrical machine is defined as:

Pout Pout
  ……………………… (3.8)
Pin Pout  total .losses

One thing should be noted that the Pout is actually the output from the rotor or motor itself while the

input power comes from the stator.

6.9 TORQUE EQUATION

Torque equation can be derived from the power equation that is expressed in mechanical formula
and electrical formula. These two formula can be equated together to obtain its relationship in terms
of circuit parameters.

Basic power equation is given as;

2N
P  T where   (speed in rad/sec)
60

N  Speed in rev/min (rpm)

T  Torque in Nm

Then torque,

60 P
Torque;T  ……………………………………….………… (3.9)
2N

Eqn. 3.9 is the general formula for torque equation. This formula can be employed to calculate the
output and mechanical torque by some formula modification.

60 Pm
For mechanical torque : Tmech @ Tm  …………………….. (3.10)
2N
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60 Pout
For output torque : To  …………………….. (3.11)
2N

6.9.1 MECHANICAL TORQUE (

Tm )

The mechanical torque is sometimes called the induced torque. The mechanical torque can be also
expressed in terms of circuit parameters.

Pm  3I 2 
2 R2
1  s   2N r Tm  r Tm
s 60

where N r  speed of the rotor and

 r  The rotor speed in rad/s

3I 2  1  s  3I 2 R 1  s  3I 2 R

2 R2
Tm  s  2 2
 2 2

r s s 1  s  s s

E s  ph  E s  ph 
But, I 2  ; so , I 2 
 R2 
  R1   j  X 2  X 1 
2
 R2 
  R1    X 
2

 s   s 

E s  ph 
Substitute I 2  , into the mechanical torque, Tm equation,
2
 R2 
  R1    X 
2

 s 

2
 
 
 E s  ph  
3 2  R2
  R2  R    X 2 
  s  3E s  ph   R2
1

2
 
Thus, Tm   ………….. (3.12)
s s  R2 
2

s s   R1    X  
2

 s  
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By simplifying the above equation, therefore, the formula for the mechanical torque, Tm is

3Es  ph  
2
sR2
Tm 
s 
R2  sR1 2  sX 2  …………………… ………….. (3.13)

where X  X 1  X 2

Fig. 6.12: Motor Torque vs Slip(Speed)

Eqn. 3.13, if we draw on the Tm versus s on the graph will be appeared as in Fig. 6.12. From the

torque-speed characteristics (Fig. 6.12.) it is observed that;

Tst : The torque required by the motor to start. Also called as initial torque.

Tmax : The max torque for the motor. Also called as stalling or pull-out torque.

S max : The slip at Tmax

TNL : No-load torque.

TFL : Full-load torque.

Ns : Synchronous speed.
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6.9.2 MAXIMUM TORQUE (

Tmax )

To obtain Tmax , differentiate the Tm to obtain smax ,

From the same curve, the max point can be obtained by differentiating Eqn. 3.13.

dTm
0:
ds

To obtain max torque, then, yield:

R2
smax  
R 
1
2
X2

Substitute s max into Eqn. 3.13, we get:

3E s  ph  
2
1
Tmax 
2 s R 
1
R    X 
1
2 2
 …………………… (3.14)
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6.9.3 STARTING TORQUE ( Tst )

Starting torque can be derived from Eqn. 3.13 with slip, s  1.0

Ns  Nr
At starting, N r  0 , therefore, s  1
Ns

As a result, the equation of the starting torque, Tst is

3Es  ph  
2
R2
Tst 
s  
R2  R1 2  X 2
………………………… (3.15)

Fig. 7.13 represents the relationship between torque and slip/speed with varying R .

Fig. 6.13: Motor Torque vs SIip(Speed)

The relationship between Tst and Tmax can be obtained by assuming stator resistance =0. From Fig.

6.13, we found that at starting, torque is proportional to the resistance.

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Tutorial

QUESTION 1
A 15 hp, 415V, 50Hz, 4 pole, thr ee-phase star connected induction motor operates at 1465 rpm when carrying
rated load. The motor parameters refer to the stator expressed in ohm per phase are:

Rs  0.3 Xs  0.83 Rr '  0.31 Xr '  1.25 Xm  31

The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be constant. At rated voltage and rated frequency,
find:

i) The motor slip

ii) The stator current
iii) The stator copper loss
iv) The power conver ted from electrical to mechanical form
v) The overall machine’s efficiency

QUESTION 2
A single phase transformer has the following circuit parameters :
20KVA, 1500/5000V, 50Hz, 0.95 lagging power factor.

R1 = 0.5Ω R2 = 1.5Ω

X1 = 2.0Ω X2 = 0.45Ω

Rc = 350Ω Xm = 500Ω

Calculate;

i) The approximate equivalent circuit parameter referred to primary side.

ii) The full-load current on the primary and secondary windings.
iii) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 5000V and 0.95 lagging power factor.
What is the transformer input voltage?
iv) What is the transformer efficiency under condition of part (3).
v) What does the power losses essentially show for the short circuit and open circuit tests.

QUESTION 3
Draw and label the related power equation for the power flow diagram of the induction motor.

QUESTION 4
A thr ee-phase 5hp, 50 Hz, 4 poles induction motor operating at rated voltage and frequency with rated load
has an efficiency of 84.5%. The stator conductor loss, rotor conductor loss and core loss are 225 W, 153 W, and
115 W respectively. Find the percent of slip and the shaft speed for this induction motor.
A 3-phase 415V, 50Hz, 4 poles induction motor running at 1450rpm. The motor is taking 70kW at 0.85 lagging
power factor. The total stator losses are 3.5KW and the friction mechanical losses are 1.5kW. Deter mine:
i) The motor input current
ii) The motor slip
iii) The rotor copper loss
v) The overall motor efficiency
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QUESTION 5
A 415 V, thr ee-phase, 8-pole, 50 Hz, star-connected induction motor runs at 5% slip. Find:
i) The speed of the rotational magnetic field.
ii) The speed of the rotor.
iii) The slip-speed of the rotor.
iv) The fr equency of the induced emf in the rotor circuit.

QUESTION 6
The motor stated in Question 1 has an output power of 20 hp at the shaft when operating on full -load when
the slip is 0,05. Its friction and windage losses are found to be 500 W, Determine;
i) The shaft power in Watts.
ii) The shaft torque.
iii) The mechanical power developed in the rotor.
iv) The induced torque,
v) The air gap power.

QUESTION 7
A three phase, star-connected 440 V, 50 Hz six-pole induction motor is rated at 100 hp. The equivalent circuit
parameters

Rs = 0.084 Ω Rr = 0.066 Ω Xm = 6.9 Ω

Xs = o.2Ω Xr' = 0.165Ω
Protor=1.5kW Pcore=1.0kW

For a slip of 0.035, find

i) The line current I1
ii) The stator copper losses
iii) The air gap power
iv) The power conver ted from electrical to mechanical form
v) The induced torque
vi) The load torque
vii) The overall machine efficiency

QUESTION 8
Prove that the speed of an induction motor Nr is given as:
Nr = Ns(1-s)
Where Ns = synchronous speed.
s= slip

QUESTION 9
State two methods of starting an induction motor.

QUESTION 10
A 3-phase 440V, 60Hz, 4 poles induction motor running at 1710rpm. The motor is
taking 60kW at 0.75 lagging power factor. The total stator losses are 2.5KW and the
friction and windage tosses are 2.0kW. Determine:
i) The motor input current
ii) The motor slip
iii) The rotor copper loss
iv) The brake horse power
v) The overall motor efficiency
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QUESTION 11
A 440V, 60Hz, six poles Y-connected induction motor is rated at 20hp. Its equivalent circuit components are:
Rs = 0.344Ω Xs = 0.498Ω Xm = 12.4Ω
Rr1 = 0.145Ω Xr' = 0.226Ω
The rotational losses including the core losses amount to 260W. The slip of the machine is 0.03. Draw the
induction machine approximate equivalent circuit.
Determine:
i) The induced electromechanical power.
ii) The output power.
iii) The output torque.

QUESTION 12
A 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, 6 poles, wye-connected induction motor has the following parameters:-
R1= 0.06Ω R2 = 0.24 Ω Xm = 7.5 Ω
X1 = 0.35 Ω X2 = 0.21 Ω

PF&W = 2.7kW PMISC = 230W

Under load, the motor operates at 950rpm. Using approximate equivalent ci rcuit, determine:-

i) stator line current

ii) stator power factor
iii) the developed torque
iv) the overall efficiency

if the induction motor connection is rearranged to operate using delta connection, determine the
stator line current