Node Analysis

• Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing

circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables.
• In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node
voltages. Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources,
the nodal analysis of the circuit involves taking the following
three steps.
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ,
… 𝑣𝑛−1 to the remaining nodes. The voltages are referenced
with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the 𝑛 − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign
voltages 𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , … 𝒗𝒏−𝟏 to the remaining nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the
reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the 𝑛 − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
• The first step in nodal analysis is selecting a node as the
reference or datum node.

The reference node is commonly

called the ground
since it is assumed to have zero
potential. Once we have selected a
reference node, we assign voltage
designations to nonreference
nodes
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ,
… 𝑣𝑛−1 to the remaining nodes. The voltages are referenced
with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the 𝒏 − 𝟏 nonreference
nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
• As the second step, we apply KCL
to each nonreference node in
the circuit
• At node 1

• Node 2
• The key idea is that, since resistance is a passive element, by
the passive sign convention, current must always flow from a
higher potential to a lower potential.
Dua persamaan dengan dua variabel yang tidak
diketahui.
Solusi : the substitution method, the elimination
method, Cramer’s rule, or matrix inversion
• R1 = 10 
• R2 = 4 
• R3 = 5 
• I1 = 20 A
• I2 = 10 A

• Cari 𝑣1 , 𝑣2
• Cari 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , 𝑖3
• R1 = 10   G1 = 0.1 ℧
• R2 = 4   G2 = 0,25 ℧
• R3 = 5   G3 = 0,2 ℧
• 𝐼1 = 20 A ; 𝐼2 = 10 A

0,35 −0,25 𝑣1 10
=
−0,25 0,45 𝑣2 10
0.35 𝑣1 – 0.25 𝑣2 = 10
-0.25 𝑣1 + 0.45 𝑣2 = 10
𝑣1 = 73.68 V
𝑣2 = 63,15 V

𝑣1
• 𝑖1 = = 7,37 A
𝑅1
𝑣1 −𝑣2
• 𝑖2 = = 2,63 A
𝑅2
𝑣2
• 𝑖3 = = 12,63 A Harus sesuai dengan
𝑅3
Dengan
I1 = 20 A
I2 = 10 A
 Soal
• R1 = 2 
• R2 = 4 
• R3 = 5 
• I1 = 20 A
• I2 = 10 A

• Cari 𝑣1 , 𝑣2
• Cari 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , 𝑖3
𝑣1 = 25.45 V 10 A
𝑣2 = 36,36 V

𝑣1
• 𝑖1 = = 12,72 A
𝑅1
𝑣1 −𝑣2
• 𝑖2 = = -2,72 A
𝑅2
𝑣2
• 𝑖3 = = 7,27 A
𝑅3

20 A
𝑣1 = 25.45 V 10 A
𝑣2 = 36,36 V

𝑣1
• 𝑖1 = = 12,72 A
𝑅1
𝑣1 −𝑣2
• 𝑖2 = = 2,72 A
𝑅2
𝑣2
• 𝑖3 = = 7,27 A
𝑅3

20 A
Latihan Soal :

•
Node 1

Node 2

KCL pada node 1

KCL pada node 2

Solusi ?
• 1. Metode Eleminasi

add
• Metode 2. Cramer’s rule

= =
• Soal :

Tiga nonreference node

Solusi
(1)
(2)
(3)
1. Metode Eleminasi
Dari (1) dan (2)

Dari (2) dan (3)

Substitusi keduanya menghasilkan :

2. Aturan Cramer
• Determinan :
• Hasil :
• Determinan : Menggunakan Minor

7 −1 −4 −1 −4 7
∆= 3 − −2 + (−1)
−3 1 2 1 2 −3

= 2( 7-3 ) + 2(-4 + 2) + (-1)(12 - 14)

= (2 × 4) + (2 × 2) + (-1 × 2 )
=8+4–2
= 10
• 3. Menggunakan Program (matlab)
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

CASE 1
If a voltage source is
connected between the
reference
node and a nonreference
node, we simply set the
voltage at the nonreference
node equal to the voltage of
the voltage source.
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

CASE 2 If the voltage source is

connected between two
nonreference nodes, the two
nonreference nodes
form a generalized node or
supernode; we apply both KCL
and KVL to determine the node
voltages
KCL :
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Contoh Soal
supernode

KCL to the supernode

Contoh Soal (1)

Mencari hubungan v1
dan v2, gunakan KVL
(2)

(1) dan (2)

 Soal 1
Find v and i in the circuit
• Find the node voltages in the circuit