Network Sensor

Experiments Report

Class Communication Engineering 151

Name ____REBINGA SIMATO_______
Student Number__9150222001_______

School of Information and Electronic Engineering

2018-9-10
1
 Experiment 1 Blinking Lights
I. Experimental purpose
1. Understand the fundamental initialization steps required to utilize any of the STM32
peripherals.
2. Understand the principle of SysTick Timer in STM32 and know the Configuration of
SysTick Timer.
II. Experimental content
1. Read the main() function in the Experiment 1 source code to understand the meaning of
several functions in it , including delay_init (), LED_Init (), delay_ms (), and so on.
2. Connect the hardware emulator to debug the source code, observe the result of the
experiment, and understand the function of GPIO_WriteBit ().
III. Experimental steps
1. Write the fundamental initialization steps required to utilize any of the STM32
peripherals.
> Enable clocks to the peripheral
> Configure pins required by the peripheral
> Configure peripheral hardware

2 Explain the following functions

2.1 Explain the meaning of every row in the delay_init() function.
void delay_init()
{
SysTick_CLKSourceConfig(SysTick_CLKSource_HCLK_Div8); // this row selects the
external clock HCLK/8
fac_us=SystemCoreClock/8000000; // this define the number of systick clocks per us

fac_ms=(u16)fac_us*1000; // this define the number of systick clocks per ms

2
2.2 Summarize the main functions of LED_Init().
void LED_Init(void)
{
GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;

RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB|RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOE,
ENABLE);
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_5;
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP;
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;
GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStructure);
GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB,GPIO_Pin_5);

// GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_5;
GPIO_Init(GPIOE, &GPIO_InitStructure);
GPIO_SetBits(GPIOE,GPIO_Pin_5);
}

.
2.3 Explain the meaning of every row in the delay_ms() function.
void delay_ms(u16 nms)
{
u32 temp;
SysTick->LOAD=(u32)nms*fac_ms; // the time loading (systick->Load=24bit)
SysTick->VAL =0x00; // defines the initial value of the systick counter=0
SysTick->CTRL|=SysTick_CTRL_ENABLE_Msk ; // enables the systick to start
do

3
 {
temp=SysTick->CTRL;
} while((temp&0x01)&&!(temp&(1<<16))); //this awaits the time to arrive
SysTick->CTRL&=~SysTick_CTRL_ENABLE_Msk; //close counter
SysTick->VAL =0x00; // rests the systick counter to 0
}

2.4 Modify the main() function to control the two LED lights on and off at the same
time.

int main(void)
{
delay_init(); //ÑÓʱº¯Êý³õʼ»¯
LED_Init(); //³õʼ»¯ÓëLEDÁ¬½ÓµÄÓ²¼þ½Ó¿Ú
while(1)
{

GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_5, Bit_RESET); //LED0=0;

GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOE, GPIO_Pin_5, Bit_RESET); //LED1=0;

delay_ms(300); //ÑÓʱ300ms

GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_5, Bit_SET); //LED0=1;

GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOE, GPIO_Pin_5, Bit_SET); //LED1=1;

delay_ms(300); //ÑÓʱ300ms
}
}

4
 Experiment 2 Buzzer and key

I. Experimental purpose
1. Understand the different structure of general purpose IOs in the STM32.
2. Understand the configuration code of GPIOs.
3. Know the method to scan a key pressing.
II. Experimental content
1. Read the main() function in the Experiment 2 source code to understand the meaning of
several functions in it , including delay_init (), LED_Init (),BEEP_Init (), and so on.
2. Connect the hardware emulator to debug the source code, observe the result of the
experiment.
III. Experimental steps
1. Write the different modes of GPIO structure and explain them .

> Input floating: the input resistance is too high to allow current to flow
> Input pull-up: is when only the upper transistor is considered to gain the input
> Input-pull-down: is when we have no high transistor so the lower is unbiased
> Analog
> Output open-drain
> Output push-pull
> Alternate function push-pull
> Alternate function open-drain

2 Explain the following functions

2.1 Explain the meaning of every row in the LED_Init () function.
void LED_Init(void)
{
GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure; // defines the data type of the GPIO

RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB|RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOE,
ENABLE); //enables the clock command for the required GPIOs

5
 GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_5; //assign the GPIO pin =pin5
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP; //defines the GPIO mode as
output mode
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz; //assign the GPIO speed to
50MHz
GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStructure); //defines GPIOB data type as initstructure
GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB,GPIO_Pin_5); //sets the bits of GPIOB to pin 5

GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_5; //assign the GPIO pin =pin5

GPIO_Init(GPIOE, &GPIO_InitStructure); //defines GPIOE data type as initstructure
GPIO_SetBits(GPIOE,GPIO_Pin_5); // sets the bits of GPIOB to pin 5
}

2.2 Summarize the main functions of BEEP_Init ().

void BEEP_Init(void)
{
GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;

RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB, ENABLE);

GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_8;
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP;
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;
// GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIO_InitStructure);
GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB,GPIO_Pin_8);
}

.
2.3 Combine LED_Init() and BEEP_Init() into one function, the total function to be
realized is unchanged, write the program code. Compile and run the project to

6
verify the correctness of the modification.
int main(void)
{
delay_init(); //ÑÓʱº¯Êý³õʼ»¯
LED_Init(); //³õʼ»¯ÓëLEDÁ¬½ÓµÄÓ²¼þ½Ó¿Ú
//BEEP_Init(); //³õʼ»¯·äÃùÆ÷¶Ë¿Ú
while(1)
{
GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_5, Bit_RESET); //LED0=0;
GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_8, Bit_RESET); //BEEP=0;

delay_ms(300);//ÑÓʱ300ms

GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_5, Bit_SET); //LED0=1;

GPIO_WriteBit(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_8, Bit_SET); //BEEP=1;

delay_ms(300);//ÑÓʱ300ms
}
}

Experiment 3 KEY
I. Experimental purpose
1. Understand the configuration code of GPIOs.
2. Know the method to scan a key pressing.
II. Experimental content
1. Read the main() function in the Experiment 2 source code to understand the meaning of
several functions in it , including delay_init (), LED_Init (),BEEP_Init (), and so on.
2. Connect the hardware emulator to debug the source code, observe the result of the

7
experiment.
III. Experimental steps
1. Write the different modes of GPIO structure and explain them .

III. Experimental steps

1．Press the button of the power switch and adjust the brightness and the focus knob to
make the scanning line bright and clear.
2. Dial the attenuation of the CH1 probe of the oscilloscope to x1 and connect it to the
calibration signal. Set the oscilloscope coupling mode DC, then regulate vertical and
horizontal knobs, channel sensitivity selector switches and horizontal knobs, so that a
stable square wave can be displayed on the oscilloscope screen.
3. Measure the deflection sensitivity of Y axis with DC power supply.
Connect the oscilloscope probe CH1 to 2V output of the DC voltage power supply, and
the vertical adjustment knob of the oscilloscope is adjusted to 0.5V, 1.0V, 2.0V, 5.0V
respectively, then measure the voltage, the measured signal voltage:
U=Y1 axis deflection sensitivity (v / cm )×the vertical distance of two points to be
measured（cm） ，and fill in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 measurement of Y1 axis deflection sensitivity
Y1 axis deflection sensitivity
0.5V 1.0V 2.0V 5.0V
(V/cm)
The reading value of Y axis
of the oscilloscope(V)
The real voltage measured
by multimeter(V)
error

4．Repeat the above steps to measure the deflection sensitivity of the Y2 and fill the
measurement results in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 measurement of Y2 axis deflection sensitivity
Y2 axis deflection
0.5V 1.0V 2.0V 5.0V
sensitivity (V/cm)
The reading value of Y
axis of the
oscilloscope(V)
The real voltage
measured by
multimeter(V)
error

Note: after each time the knob sensitivity is changed, the coupling button must be set to
the ground, the level knob should be aligned to a horizontal scale. Then the coupling
mode be set up for DC and then begin to measure.
5. Determination of horizontal deflection sensitivity
8
1）Connect the CH2 probe to the output of the signal generator, then switch on the power
supply of the signal generator, select the signal generator output waveform to be sine
wave, and the amplitude be adjusted to Up-p=1V，regulate the signal source frequency
according to the values listed in the following table. Measure the amplitude and period of
the sinusoidal signal by the oscilloscope, and fill the results in Table 3.
Table 3-3 Determination of sine wave

Signal source frequency 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.4 12.8 20

(KHz)

period（mS）

frequency（KH z）

error
2）Observe the waveforms of triangular wave, square wave and sawtooth wave, and
preserve the figures of them.

9
 Experiment 4 AC voltage
measurement

I. Experimental purpose
Understand the basic principle of AC voltage measurement, analyze the response of
several typical voltage waveforms to the voltmeter with different detection characteristics
and the conversion relationship between them, last make error analysis for the
measurement results.

II. Experimental principle

Suppose the instantaneous value of the measured AC voltage is u（t），then：

1 T
T 0
Full wave mean U u (t ) dt

1 T 2
u  t  dt
T 0
Effective value U

U
Waveform factor KF 
U

UP
Wave peak factor KP 
U
Because the measured AC voltage is mostly sinusoidal voltage, and people usually just
want to measure their effective value, therefore, unless specifically stated, the AC
voltmeter is measured with a sinusoidal wave and is determined according to the effective
value, i.e. the indication of the meter is an effective value when the sinusoidal voltage is
measured. When measuring non-sinusoidal signals, readings of voltmeter  must be
converted by waveform factor or wave peak factor:


for the mean voltmeter U 
KF

for the peak voltmeter U p  K P~  

for the effective voltmeter U 

III. Experimental instruments

1. Analog oscilloscope

10
2. Function signal generator
3. multimeter

IV. Experimental steps

1) Equal reading measurement:
Adjust the output frequency of the function signal generator to be 1KHZ, and press the
sine wave, triangle wave, and square wave button, and the output of these three kinds of
waveforms will be obtained respectively.
a. Measure the output of sine, trigonometric and square wave by multimeter, and adjusted
the amplitude knob of the signal generator to make the multimeter reading same for
different voltage waveforms.
Record reading, use oscilloscope to observe three kinds of waveforms and draw these
waveforms in which indicate the peak value of the measured voltage. Fill in Table 1 with
the readings of the multimeter and the readings of the oscilloscope.
b. According to the measurement results of three kinds of waveforms by multimeter
(reading), calculate the mean value, peak value and effective value of the measured
voltage and fill in Table 4-1, respectively. At last analyze and explain the measurement
results.
Table 4-1
triangular
Wave type sine wave square wave
wave

Multimeter reading

Peak calculated
value value

Up Oscilloscope
reading

calculated effective
value U
calculated Mean

value U

2）Equal amplitude measurement

a. Adjust the signal generator to make the output frequency 0.5KHz and output amplitude
1V (monitored by oscilloscope). Make the output to be sine wave, triangle wave and
square wave respectively. Then measure the output waveforms by multimeter, record the
readings and fill in the table 4-2.
b. According to the results of the measurement, calculate the related values of the
measured voltage and fill in Table 2, at last carry out the analysis.
Table 4-2
11
 triangular
Wave type sine wave square wave
wave

Multimeter reading
calculated peak value
UP

calculated effective

value U

calculated mean

value U

12
 Experiment 5 Measurement of time
I. Experimental purposes
1．Master the method of measuring the cycle and time by the oscilloscope.
2．Master the method of measuring time interval by oscilloscope.

II. Experimental principle

When the horizontal speed scanning knob is finely tuned to the calibration position in
oscilloscope, the tick mark of each scanning knob indicates the time value represented by
the horizontal scale on the screen. Therefore, the oscilloscope can not only be used to
display the waveform, but also be used to directly measure the time of the entire
waveform (or any part of the waveform).
1. Measurement of AC voltage cycle by oscilloscope.

Measurement of AC voltage cycle by oscilloscope，as shown in Figure 5-1.

Fig 5-1 measurement of period

[example 5-1] The measured horizontal distance between the two points on the
waveform shown in Figure 5-1 (b) is 5cm, the indication value of the time scanning knob is
0.1µs /cm, then the period of the measured waveform is T=5×0.5 =2.5 µs
2. Measurement of time interval
When measuring the time interval T of two points in the waveform of Figure 5-2 by an
oscilloscope, it can be measured by above method.

Fig 5-2 Measuring time interval of two points in a waveform

3. Measuring the rising or descending time and pulse width of a pulse by an oscilloscope

1) Measurement of pulse rising or descending time

13
Adjust the horizontal displacement to make the 10% upper end of the pulse intersected
with the vertical centerline, as shown in Figure 5-3, we can read the time T1 (t= knob
speed indication "t/cm" ×indication distance) at the horizontal centerline. Adjust the
horizontal displacement to make the 10% lower end of the pulse intersected with the
vertical centerline, as shown in Figure 5-3 again, we can read the time T2 on the
horizontal centerline. Summation of the time T1 and T2 is the rising time of the pulse.

Fig 5-3 Measurement of pulse rising Fig 5--4 Pulse width measurement
or descending time
2) Measurement of pulse width
Adjust the vertical displacement to make the midpoint of the amplitude of the pulse wave
staying at the level center, then read the distance between the front and the back along
the horizontal center line, i.e. the distance between the middle point of the front and the
back edge, as shown in Fig 5-4. The measured horizontal distance multiplied by the
indication value of the "t/cm" knob is the width of the pulse being measured.

III. Experimental instruments

1. analog oscilloscope
2. Signal generator

IV. Experimental steps

1. The measurement of the sine wave cycle
Connect the output of the signal generator to the input of the oscilloscope (such as
channel 1), and switch on the power of the oscilloscope and the signal generator. Signal
source frequency is set to 800Hz (sine wave), output amplitude to 2 volts peak-peak;
scanning line of channel 1 of the oscilloscope adjusted in the zero position, adjust the
vertical sensitivity to make displaying a complete sine wave on the screen; press the
RUN/STOP button, use the cursor to measure the cycle of the sine wave and fill the
results in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1 cycle measurement of the sine wave

Cur1 Cur2 △T 1/△T

measured value

calculated value ／ ／

14
relative error（℅） ／ ／

2. Measurement of pulse width

The frequency and amplitude of the signal source are kept constant (800Hz, 2 volt peak to
peak), and the waveform is set to square wave output. press the RUN/STOP button, use
the cursor to measure the width of the pulse and fill the results in table 5-2.
Table 5-2 measurement of the width of square wave pulse

Cur1 Cur2 △T
measured value

calculated value ／ ／

relative error （℅） ／ ／

3. Measurement of the rising edge of the pulse wave

The measurement conditions are same as (2), The trigger mode of the oscilloscope is set
to rising edge, and adjust the horizontal time scanning knob to make the rising edge of the
square wave signal obviously changing. Press the RUN/STOP button, use the cursor to
measure the rising time of the square wave and fill the results in table 5-3.
Table5-3 Measurement of the rising edge of square wave

Cur1 Cur2 △T
measured value

calculated value ／ ／

relative error （℅） ／ ／

4. Measurement of the falling edge of the pulse wave

The measurement conditions and method are same as (3), The trigger mode of the
oscilloscope is set to falling edge. Press the RUN/STOP button, use the cursor to
measure the falling time of the square wave and fill the results in table 5-4.
Table 5-4 measurement of the falling edge of square wave

Cur1 Cur2 △T
measured value

calculated value ／ ／

relative error （℅） ／ ／

15
 Experiment 6 Measurement of phase
difference and frequency
I. Experimental purposes
1. Master the method of measuring phase difference by oscilloscope;
2. learn to use the Lissajous figure to measure signal frequency and phase difference.

II. Experimental principle

1. Conversion of measurement time to measurement of phase difference
When measuring two sinusoidal waves of identical frequencies but different phases with a
dual trace oscilloscope, its waveform is shown in Figure6-1. The formula for the phase
difference of the two sine waves is: θ  D(div) 3600
T(div)

Fig 6-1 Measurement of phase difference

TEST RESULT:
R = 1K, C=84nF，f=10KHz,
Phase= - arctan(WRC) = -arctan(2πfRC) = 79)
Measured △T=21.6us, T=100us, calculated phase difference is 78︒

2. Measuring frequency and phase difference by using Lissajous figure

Almost any kind of oscilloscope can use Lissajous figure for accurate frequency
measurement. When measuring, the internal scanning generator does not work, but the
horizontal amplifier should be connected to a standard signal that is calibrated and has
variable frequency. This signal can be supplied by a standard frequency signal source.
By using Lissajous figure for frequency measurement, usually the measured signal is
connected to vertical amplifier while the standard signal with known frequency be
connected to level amplifier to carry out comparison measurement. Adjusting the

16
frequency of the signal source to show a circular or oval shape on the oscilloscope screen
indicates that the frequency of the signal is the same as that of the standard signal, but the
phase is not consistent. When the adjustable frequency range of signal source is so small
that it cannot be transferred to the accurate frequency of the measured signal, The signal
source frequency can be adjusted to a multiple or a divisor of the measured signal
frequency, i.e., only when the two frequency is an integer multiple, a stable closed loop
pattern will appear on the screen.
Figure 6-2 is a Lissajous figure with different frequency ratios and different phase
differences，If the ratio m/n can be determined from these figures and the frequency of the
standard signal source is known, the frequency of the measured signal can be calculated.

（a）Lissajous figures with same frequency

（b）Lissajous figures with standard signal frequency higher than measured signal frequency

（c）Lissajous figures with standard signal frequency lower than measured signal frequency

Fig 6-2 Frequency measurement by Lissajous figure

III. Experimental instruments

1. analog oscilloscope 1
2. Signal generator 2
3. bread board 1
4. A number of capacitors, resistors and a potentiometer
17
IV. Experimental steps
1. Measure the phase difference of the sinusoidal signal in same frequency
Connect the output end of the signal generator (frequency set to 75KHz, VP-P=3.0V) to
channel 2 of the oscilloscope and to the input of the phase shift circuit simultaneously,
while the output end of the phase shift circuit is connected with the channel 1 of the
oscilloscope.
Set the display of oscilloscope to X-Y mode, and adjust the potentiometer of the
phase-shifting circuit showing as Figure 6-2 (a) respectively，after each adjustment, set
the oscilloscope to conventional method and measure the phase difference, then fill the
measured data in table 6-1.
Table 6-1 Conventional measurement of phase difference
Calculated
graph in X-Y Distance C Distance B
phase
mode （division） （division）
difference

2. Measuring the frequency of a signal source by Lissajous graphic method

Connect a signal generator (output VP-P=3V) output to the oscilloscope channel 1, adjust
the output amplitude and frequency of another signal generator to 1000Hz, VP-P=3V
respectively; slowly adjust the first signal generator frequency (> 1000Hz) while remain
the second signal generator unchanged. When the shape of the Lissajous figure in fig 6-2
(b) is observed, record the frequency of the first signal generator in table 6-2.

Table 6-2 frequency measurement by Lissajous graphic method

first signal
graph in X-Y
generator
mode
frequency

18
slowly adjust the first signal generator frequency (< 1000Hz) while remain the second
signal generator unchanged. When the shape of the Lissajous figure in fig 6-2 (c) is
observed, record the frequency of the first signal generator in table 6-3.

Table 6-3 frequency measurement by Lissajous graphic method

first signal
graph in X-Y
generator
mode
frequency

19
Experiment 7 CMRR measurement for
3-opamp circuit
I. Experimental purposes
1. Master the principle of 3-opamp circuit;
2. Understand the definition of common mode gain and differential gain of amplifier circuit.
3. Understand the definition of common mode rejection ratio(CMRR).
4. Learn how to measure CMRR.

II. Experimental instruments

1. multimeter
2. bread board
3. A number of resistors, a potentiometers and TL084 operational amplifier.

III. Experimental steps

1. Differential amplifier
(1) The common-mode gain measurement
a. please solder all components on a hole-board according to schematic of figure
7-1.Before the soldering, first measure R6~R9 and record their precise resistance in
following table 7-1 for later use.
Table 7-1 resistance measurement

R6

R7

R8

R9

b. Measure the voltage on the negtive terminal of D1, it should be close to 5V; Adjust W1
slowly with a small screwdriver meanwhile measure the voltage of the middle terminal
until it is 2.5V, adjust W2 in the same way to get its middle terminal to 2.5V. Then connect
these two middle terminals together as shown with dashed line in the circuit, this is the
common mode voltage Uc inputting to later differential amplifier, measure and record it in
table 7-2. Measure the output voltage Uco of the last amplifier and also record the value in
table 7-2.

20
 +15V

B
R6 R7 5 TL 084
1K 1K 7
R2 20K
6
Rz
1K -15V

R4

11
20K
W1 A
R1 10K
1K R3 2 TL 084
Ud 10K 1
Ud2 R1 10K
3

R4
W2
R2

4
1K 20K
20K
C
D1 9 TL 084 +15V
1N4733 R8 R9 8
1K 1K 10

Fig 7-1

(2) The differential gain measurement

First disconnect the middle terminals of the two potentiometers as shown in figure 7-2.

Adjust W1 and make its middle terminal voltage 2.60V, while adjust W2 and make its

middle terminal voltage 2.40V, measure the precise voltage of Ud and record in table1.

Measure the output voltage and record it in table7-2.

common mode gain Gain(c) = Uco / Uc

differential gain Gain(d) = Udo / Ud

CMRR = Gain(d) / Gain(c)

Calculate above values and fill them in table 7-2.

+15V

B
R6 R7 5 TL 084
1K 1K 7
R2 20K
6
Rz
1K -15V

R4
11

20K
W1 A
R1 10K
1K R3 2 TL 084
Ud 10K 1
Ud2 R1 10K
3

R4
W2
R2
4

1K 20K
20K
C
D1 9 TL 084 +15V
1N4733 R8 R9 8
1K 1K 10

Fig 7-2.

Table 7-2 measurement of differential amplifier

Fig 7-1 1 Uc (V)

measurement
2 Uco(V)

21
 3 Gain(c)

Fig 7-2 4 Ud (V)

measurement
5 Udo(V)

6 Gain(d)

7 CMRR

22
 Experiment 8 Temperature
measurement with amplifier
I. Experimental purposes
1. Master the principle of 3-opamp circuit and know the calculation of the gain;
2. By measurement of the different points of voltage, understand deeply the working
mechanism of 3-opamp amplifier.
3. Learn to use thermometer in real circuit to measure temperature and know the basic
automatic measurement system by demonstration.

II. Experimental instruments

1. multimeter
2. bread board
3. A number of resistors, a potentiometers and PT1000 thermometer.

III. Experimental steps

1. Theoretical calculation of 3-opamp circuit
Based on the same circuit in Fig7-2 of Experiment 7, remove two potentiometers W1 and
W2 and let the circuit to be Fig8-1, then calculate the gains of two stages according to
resistances given in the circuit.
(1). Calculate the Gain of first stage G1

(2). Calculate the Gain of second stage G2

(3). total gain Gtotal = G1×G2 =

23
+15V

B
R6 R7 5 TL 084
1K 1K 7
R2 20K
6
Rz
1K -15V

R4

11
20K
A
R1 10K
R3 2 TL 084
Ud 10K 1
Ud2 R1 10K
3

R4
R2

4
20K
20K
C
D1 9 TL 084 +15V
1N4733 R8 R9 8
1K 1K 10

Fig 8-1
2. Measurement of 3-opamp circuit
Measure voltages on Ud, Ud2 and final output Vout and fill in table 8-1, calculate the
different gains according to measured values and compare them with theoretical values
calculated in 3rd step. At last measure different pins’ voltage showing in table 8-1 and
record them.
table 8-1
Pin Number Voltage(V)
Ud
Ud2
Vout
G1
G2
Gtotal
Pin5
Pin6
Pin9
Pin10
Pin2
Pin3
thinking: why pin5 and pin6, pin9 and pin10, pin2 and pin3 are almost equal
respectively?

3. measurement of temperature
1) Remove R8 in figure 8-1, add PT1000 thermal resistor into that path and make the
circuit to be figure 8-2. The circuit in the small red rectangle is the equivalent circuit of
thermal resistor PT1000.

24
+15V

B
R6 R7 5 TL 084
1K 1K 7
R2 20K
6
Rz
1K -15V

R4

11
20K
A
R1 10K
R3 2 TL 084
Ud 10K 1
Ud2 R1 10K
3
Vout
r R4
D1 R2

4
1N4733 20K
R9 20K
1K C
PT1000 9 TL 084 +15V
8
10
r
r

Fig 8-2

2) Next measure and record voltages listed in following table 8-2. Also remember that we
have got the real total gain Gtotal in step 2 which is a constant during the whole
measurement process, and the measured data in table 8-2 will again verify that result.
table 8-2
Pin Number Voltage(V)
VD1
Pin5
Pin10
Vout(corrected)
note: the corrected Vout should be the measured Vout subtracts common mode voltage UCO
recorded in table7-2.
3) According to VD1, R6( the precise resistance is already recorded in Table 7-1) and the
measured voltage in Pin5(that is also the middle voltage of left path of the Wheastone
bridge), we can calculate the current PT1000 resistance which is changing with
temperature. Record the calculated resistance into table 8-3 and lookup the Resistance
-temperature table of PT1000 to get current temperature and record it in table 8-3.
4) Put the PT1000 thermal resistor into boiling water and measure its temperature in same
process as 3), record it into table 8-3.
Every time of measuring, also record the temperature with standard thermometer and
compare them to see whether your measurement are accurate.
table 8-3 temperature record
PT1000 measured standard
resistance(Ω) temperature(℃) temperature(℃)
room environment
boiling water

5) Demonstration of automatic temperature measurement

The total gain Gtotal, VD1 and voltage in Pin10(that is also the middle voltage of right path
of the Wheastone bridge) are all constants known beforehand during the whole
measurement process, and usually the middle voltage in left path of Wheastone bridge

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cannot be measured directly in automatic measurement system, but the output voltage
Vout could be measured by AD converter for calculation by computer and it can calculate
the voltage in Pin10 from Vout. Furthermore the computer can compute temperature by
this voltage. In this way we could construct an automatic temperature measurement
system. This system will be demonstrated by teacher.

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