Indoor Air Quality

Element in ACMV
Design
Presented by:
Ir. Muhammad Fadzli B. Muhammad Saleh
Outline of Presentation
• Objectives
• Introduction
• Types of ACMV System in Malaysia
• Primary Components
• IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
Conceptual Design
Preliminary Design
Detail Design
Design Validation
• Case Study
Objectives
• Able to identify Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) parameters that
could be directly caused/affected by ACMV System
• Able to recognize primary components for various types
of ACMV in Malaysia
• Briefly understand the adaptation of IAQ element at
various levels of ACMV design process
Introduction
IAQ ELEMENT IN ACMV DESIGN
IAQ and ACMV
• Main references in IAQ subjects:
i. Industry Code Of Practice on Indoor Air Quality
(DOSH 2010)
ii. Indoor Air Quality : A System Approach (SMACNA)
iii. Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design,
Construction and Commissioning (ASHRAE 2013)
iv. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality
IAQ and ACMV
• What is IAQ :
- “The state of the environment in a space occupied, or intended to
be occupied, by human beings specifically concentrating on the
constituents in the air which are not considered to be part of
normal, fresh outside air.” (SMACNA, Jan 1998)

• How do we control the state of environment in an occupied

space?
AIR –CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (ACMV)
IAQ Parameters (COP)
• Physical Parameters
i. Air Temperature  23 – 26 oC
ii. Relative Humidity  40 – 70 %
iii. Air Movement  0.15 – 0.50 m/s
• Chemical Contaminants
i. Carbon Monoxide
ii. Formaldehyde
iii. Ozone
iv. Respirable Particulates
v. Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC)
IAQ Parameters (COP) continued..
• Biological Contaminants
i. Total Bacterial Counts
ii. Total Fungal Counts
• Ventilation
i. Carbon Dioxide Level as indicator

• Which parameters from the above are directly affected by

ACMV design?
 Physical Parameters
 Ventilation
Air-Conditioning &
Mechanical Ventilation
System (ACMV)
IAQ ELEMENT IN ACMV DESIGN
Type of ACMV in Malaysia
• Mechanical Ventilation System (Ducted or Direct)
• Conventional Split Unit System
• Multi Split Unit System
i. Conventional
ii. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
• Air Cooled Packaged System
• Water Cooled Packaged System
• Air Cooled Chiller System
• Water Cooled Chiller System
Primary Components of ACMV
• Axial Fan (Wall Type)
Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Axial Fan (for ducted installation)

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Centrifugal Fan
Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Condensing Unit
Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Indoor Unit (Fan Coil Unit)

Universal type
Wall mounted type

Concealed Duct type Ceiling Cassette type

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Indoor Unit (Fan Coil Unit)

Floor Ceiling type (ceiling expose) Floor Standing type

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Air Handling Unit

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Supply Air Diffuser

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• ACMV Ducting
Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Return Air Grill

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Water cooled Chiller

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Air Cooled Chiller

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Chilled Water Pumps

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Condenser Water Pumps

Primary Components of ACMV
continued..

• Cooling Tower
IAQ Concerns in
ACMV Design
IAQ ELEMENT IN ACMV DESIGN
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
• IAQ concerns in ACMV Design should be prescribed to meet
the objectives for improving building IAQ suggested in ‘Indoor
Air Quality Guide: Best Practice for Design, Construction, and
Commissioning’ developed by ASHRAE and SMACNA:
i. Manage the design and construction process to achieve good IAQ
ii. Control moisture in building assemblies
iii. Limit entry of outdoor contaminants
iv. Control moisture and contaminants related to mechanical system
v. Limit contaminants from indoor sources
vi. Capture and exhaust contaminants from building equipment and
activities
vii. Reduce contaminant concentration trough ventilation, filtration and
air cleaning
viii. Apply more advance ventilation approaches
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
continued ..

• IAQ concerns are addressed according to various phases of

ACMV Design.
• Conceptual Design Stage
i. Select system that could provide proper ventilation
- Wall Mounted AC Split?
- Ceiling Cassette AC Split?
- Ceiling Conceal AC Split?
- AHU?
ii. Provide a way to purge/remove out contaminated indoor air
before handing over the building to client.
- naturally
- mechanically
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
continued ..

• Preliminary Design Stage

i. FCU/AHU should be located at the area where chances for it to
be contaminated is as low as possible.
- Avoid near wet area
- Avoid near cafeteria
- Toilet / wash room
ii. Separate air-side system for high risk contaminated room. Full
height partition should be provided by the architect.
- Toilet
- Archive Room
- Cafeteria
- Laboratory
- Operation Theater
iii. Fresh air / air inlet opening for ACMV should be located away
from any contaminated or high risk contaminated room/space.
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
continued ..

• Detail Design Stage

i. Cooling Load Estimation and Air Side ACMV design should
comply to the ICOP acceptable range:
- Air Temperature  23 – 26 oC
- Relative Humidity  40 – 70 %
- Air Movement  0.15 – 0.5 m/s
ii. For good ventilation, the air side of ACMV should be designed
meet minimum recommended outdoor air-rate per person
(ASHRAE Std. 62.1):
- Office Space  5 cfm/person & 0.06 cfm/ft2
- Mall & Supermarket  7.5 cfm/person & 0.06 cfm/ft2
- Restaurant & Café  7.5 cfm/person & 0.18 cfm/ft2
- Games Arcade  7.5 cfm/person & 0.18 cfm/ft2
- Computer & Science Lab  10 cfm/person & 0.18 cfm/ft2
- Disco & Aerobics Room  20 cfm/person & 0.06 cfm/ft2
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
continued ..

• Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow (Vbz)

Vbz = Rp x Pz + Ra x Az

Where:
Rp  required outdoor airflow rate per person (cfm)
Pz  zone population (number of people)
Ra  required outdoor air flow rate per unit area (cfm/ft2)
Az  zone floor area (ft2)
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
continued ..

• Design Validation Stage

i. Carried out after the client occupied the building. (Not During
Testing and Commissioning)
ii. Very important to measure the effectiveness of the applied design
and for continuous design improvement
iii. How is it conducted?
- IAQ parameters that directly related to ACMV design are measured
and compared to the same parameters in the design stage.
- Physical parameters like dry and wet bulb, relative humidity , CO2
level and air velocity can be measured directly using measuring
instruments.
- Outdoor air-rate can be calculated using the measured parameters by
applying the formula below:

%OA = ((CSA – CRA) / (CRA – COA)) x 100

QOA = %OA x QS
IAQ Concerns in ACMV Design
continued ..

• Where :
 %OA  Percentage of Outside Air
 QOA  Volumetric Flow Rate of Outside Air in CFM
 CSA  Supply Air CO2 Concentration into the
room/space
 CRA  Return Air CO2 Concentration (in AHU
Room)
 COA  Outside Air CO2 Concentration
 QS  Total Supply Air Flow Rate into the room
Case Study
The top management of CKM has received several complaint
forms regarding the venue where trainings are usually
conducted; “Bilik Latihan”. Most of the forms state that students
are usually feeling sleepy during lecture. It is suspected that
insufficient supply of the outdoor air inside the room is the main
reason why it is happening..
As an IAQ assessor, you are asked to investigate whether or not
this ‘Bilik Latihan’ has a sufficient outdoor air supply?
• Air Flow Rate per Diffuser  350 cfm
• Measured CO2 concentration of Supply air  610ppm
• Measured CO2 concentration of Return air  650 ppm
• Measured CO2 concentration of Outdoor air  500 ppm
• Area of “Bilik Latihan”  600 ft2
Objectives
• Able to identify Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) parameters that
could be directly caused/affected by ACMV System
• Able to recognize primary components for various types
of ACMV in Malaysia
• Briefly understand the adaptation of IAQ element at
various levels of ACMV design process
Sekian,
Terima kasih
Presented by:
Ir. Muhammad Fadzli Muhammad Saleh
Jurutera Mekanikal Kanan
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Email : mfadzli@jkr.gov.my
Office no :0326189487
H/p no :0103664321