Lecture 9 PDF

Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 9: Pipe Flow
Lecture 9
Pipe Flow
Lecture Summary
n Introduction
n General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
n Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe Section
n Laminar Flow in Pipes
n Criterion for Laminar or Turbulent Flow in Pipes
n Turbulent Flow in Pipes
n Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses From Fittings
n Single Pump in a Pipeline System
n Turbulent Flow in Non-circular Conduits
9.1 Introduction
n Conduits/Pipes play very important role in
engineering
n It is used to transport fluids for various purposes
such as :
• Water distribution network
• Sewage System
• Transporting Oil
• Transporting Gas
• Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
• Controlling Operations of Machinery etc…etc…
n Thus it is extremely Important for Engineers to
understand the basic fluid mechanics of flow in pipes
9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar or Turbulent Flow

Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow
for laminar flow
for turbulent flow


Pressure and Shear Stress
9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

Section
n Velocity distribution in pipe is directly linked to the
shear stress distribution in the pipe.
n Consider a pipe section :
n Apply SFFME :
n Shear stress :
9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

Section
n Rearranging :
n Integrating wrt s for pipe of length, L and radius, R :
n In term of piezometric head drop :
n Normally head drop is given in term of f, friction

factor : Darcy-Weisbach Eqn
9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

n For the laminar flow shear stress follows the NLV.
n Integrating and Applying Boundary Conditions :

… Parabolic Profile
n The maximum velocity :
n The volume flow rate :
n The mean velocity :
n Putting in term of D
and rearranging :

n Integrating wrt s for
pipe of length L :
n Define head loss due to
friction as hf (Note that
for pipe flow mean
velocity is used :
n Equation becomes :
n Define friction Darcy-

coefficient f as: Weisbach Eqn
n For laminar flow, f:

9.5 Criterion for Laminar and

Turbulent Flow in a Pipe
n Recall Reynolds Experiment

n Critical Reynolds Number is between 2000-3000
n ReD < 2000 , Laminar … ReD > 3000 , Turbulent
n 2000 <ReD < 3000, Transition
n Most Engineering Problems Falls in Turbulent Regime
9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n Turbulence and Its Influence in Pipe Flow
n Turbulent pipe flow and turbulent BL is very similar

n Can think of turbulent pipe flow as turbulent BL flow
with BL thickness equal to the pipe radius
n Apparent shear stress in pipe follows turbulent BL
shear stress distribution
n Close to wall , turbulence effect falls to zero since
laminar viscous effect is dominant

n Velocity Distribution and
Resistance in Smooth Pipes
n Experimental data shows that

very close to the wall, the
velocity distribution follows
the law of the wall as in BL :
0 < y+ < 5
20 < y+ < 500


n Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Smooth Pipes …
n Combination of Experimental data and Analytical solutions

shows that the frictional head drop for turbulent flow is given
by :
Where :
n Another expression as given by Blausius following analogy

with laminar expression is :
4000 < ReD < 105

n Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Rough Pipes
n Experimental data shows that the velocity distribution in

rough pipe follows closely the semi-log profile
n Nikuradse (1933) performed extensive experiment on pipe
artificially roughened with sand grain. He found that the
equation is :
where y is the distance from the wall and ks is the sand grain
size.
n Nikuradse plotted graph of f against ReD for different values
of relative sand grain roughness (ks /D).

n Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Rough Pipes …
n Some Observations :
n At low Re and small ks, f
follows those of smooth
pipe. This is because the
roughness elements are
fully within the sublayer
n At high Re or high ks, f
remains constant and is
independent of Re. This is
because the roughness
element protrude into the
main stream and causes
drag.

n Velocity Distribution and
Resistance in Rough Pipes n Moody (1944) has
developed a similar
chart for
commercial pipes
known as Moody
Diagram

n If pipe materials, length, diameter and flow rate are
know…Reynolds number and relative roughness can be
calculated … Then f can be determined from the graph…
Then Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to determine the head
loss due to friction
n If the pipe materials, length, diameter and head loss are
known, but the flow rate is to be determined….Calculate Ref1/2
and Relative roughness number … Then use the graph to
determine f…Then Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to
determine the mean velocity .. Then calculate flow rate

n Example : Water is to be transported along a 1 km long pipe at

0.05 m3/s. Determine the head loss in meter if :
n 1 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
n 0.5 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
n 0.5 m diameter concrete pipe is used
n 0.6 m diameter riveted steel pipe is used
n Note that the head loss will need to be supplied by a pump of
at least the same capacity in order to deliver water at the
required flow rate.

n There is an empirical formula given by Swamee & Jain (1976)
that can be used to calculate f directly :
n It is reported that this formula differs less than 3% from those

on the Moody Diagram for 4 x 103 < ReD < 108 and 10-5 <
ks/D < 2 x 10-2.
n There are also explicit expressions for Q and D :
n Swamee and Jain (1976)
n Streeter & Wiley (1979)


n Velocity Distribution
and Resistance in
Rough Pipes …
n Using Computer Program
9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses

from Fittings
n Minor Losses Through Fittings
n Apart from pressure losses due to friction, along a pipeline
there will be other minor losses due to pipe inlet, exit, elbow
and other fittings… These are called MINOR LOSSES
n The head loss that is produced by these MINOR LOSSES is
expressed by equation :
Where … K is the minor loss coefficient
V is the reference velocity
n Thus the head loss due to these minor losses along a pipeline
system is the summation of all the losses through the fittings :
9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses from

Fittings
n The K values depends
on the shape of the
entrance.
n Round inlet … K = 0.1
n Sharp inlet … K = 0.5
n V is the mean velocity
in the pipe.
9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses
from Fittings
n Flow through a Elbow
n There will be associated
head loss through pipe bend
/elbow because of the flow
separations etc.
n The K values depends on the
shape of the elbow namely
r/D.
9.7 Flow at Pipe

Inlets and
Losses from
Fittings
n Summary of Minor Loss
Coefficients Through
Fittings
9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses from
Fittings
n Transition Losses and Grade Lines
n The EGL and HGL
will drop
accordingly across
pipe fittings and
transitions.
9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

n General Equation for Single Pipeline System
n Consider a single pipeline system :
2
n Apply the SFEE :


nGeneral Equation for Single Pipeline System
n Example : If the water surface elevation of reservoir B is 110 m,
what must be the water surface elevation in reservoir A is a flow of
0.03 m3/s is to occur in the cast iron pipe? Draw the HGL and
EGL, including relative slopes and changes in slope.

n Matching of Pump and System Characteristic
n Rearranging for hp :
For any given discharge (Q=VA), the pump need to supply

this amount of head.
n The curve of hp against Q is called the SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTIC of the pipe system
n Any given pump will have a head vs discharge curve called the
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC supplied by pump manufacturer.
n The Intersection point between the 2 curves is the
OPERATING POINT

n Referring to the
diagram :
n The head
produced will be
~ 39 m
n The discharge
deliver will be
0.27 m3/s
n In general to solve
pump matching
problem…Draw the
system curve and
obtain the
operating point

n Referring to the
diagram :
n The head
produced will be
~ 40 m
n The discharge
deliver will be
0.28 m3/s
n The pump
efficiency will be
~ 82 %

n Example : If a pump with characteristic as shown earlier is used
determine (a) the pump head (b) the flow rate (c) the efficiency (d)
the electrical power used (e) energy consumed for 24 hours
operation
9.9 Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Conduit
n For non circular conduit Darcy-Weisbach Equation is

still applicable.
n However equivalent hydraulic diameter has to be used
n The head loss is given by :

End of Chapter 9

Lecture 9 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 9 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 9: Pipe Flow

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

for laminar flow

for turbulent flow

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

n Integrating wrt s for pipe of length, L and radius, R :

n In term of piezometric head drop :

n Normally head drop is given in term of f, friction

9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

n Integrating and Applying Boundary Conditions :

9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

n The maximum velocity :

n The volume flow rate :

n The mean velocity :

9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

n Define friction Darcy-

n For laminar flow, f:

9.5 Criterion for Laminar and

n Recall Reynolds Experiment

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n Turbulent pipe flow and turbulent BL is very similar

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n Experimental data shows that

20 < y+ < 500

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n Combination of Experimental data and Analytical solutions

n Another expression as given by Blausius following analogy

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n Experimental data shows that the velocity distribution in

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n Example : Water is to be transported along a 1 km long pipe at

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

n It is reported that this formula differs less than 3% from those

n Streeter & Wiley (1979)

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses

9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses from

9.7 Flow at Pipe

9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

n Apply the SFEE :

9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

For any given discharge (Q=VA), the pump need to supply

9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

9.9 Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Conduit

n For non circular conduit Darcy-Weisbach Equation is

n The head loss is given by :

You might also like