Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1—2003
AS 2327.1
Australian Standard™
Composite structures
Australian Standard™
Composite structures
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 5338 8
AS 2327.1—2003 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-032, Composite
Construction, to supersede AS 2327.1—1996 Composite structures in structural steel and
concrete, Part 1—Simply supported beams.
This revision incorporates a number of technical and editorial changes. The principal
differences are briefly outlined in the following:
1 Shear connectors:
(a) The value of the density reduction factor (k r), used in the calculation of the
design shear capacity (f ds) of shear connectors with lightweight concrete, has
been changed to equal 1.0 for welded-studs (since the effect of lower concrete
density is already taken into account in the calculation of nominal shear
capacity (f vs) using Equation 8.3.2.1(2)), and a constant value of 0.8 for
channels and high-strength structural bolts.
(b) A procedure for calculating the nominal shear capacity (f vs) of channel or high-
strength structural bolt shear connectors during the initial part of Construction
Stage 5 when 15 ≤ f′cj < 20 MPa, previously omitted from AS 2327.1, has been
included, viz. at f′cj = 15 MPa, f vs equals 80% of the values given in Table 8.2
and Table 8.3 f′ c = 20 MPa, and linear interpolation is used for values of f′ cj
between 15 and 20 MPa.
(c) The Grade 300, 100 PFC (parallel flange channel) may now be used as a fully
equivalent shear connector to the Grade 250, 100 TFC (channel).
2 Open-rib and closed-rib profiles Distinction is made between open-rib and closed-
rib profile steel sheeting when designing the shear connection of the composite beam.
3 Welded stud locations Clause 8.4.2 clarifies that when automatically welded studs
are placed in the pans of sheeting ribs deemed to be perpendicular to the steel beam,
no more than two studs are permitted between adjacent sheeting ribs. New rules have
been written to allow shear connectors to be placed closer to steel ribs of closed-rib
profiles.
4 New reference material New reference material has been provided for designers
regarding the design of beams with large web penetrations and design for occupant-
induced vibrations.
5 Reinforcement fyr = 500. The maximum design yield strength has been increased to
500 MPa for the longitudinal shear reinforcement in the composite slab.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ are used in this Standard to define the application
of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a
Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
3 AS 2327.1—2003
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 2 MATERIALS
2.1 STEEL ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.2 CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT ................................................................... 25
2.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................. 25
Page
SECTION 11 CONSTRUCTION
11.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 76
11.2 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND LOADS ........................................................ 76
11.3 STEELWORK ........................................................................................................... 76
11.4 FORMWORK AND FALSEWORK.......................................................................... 76
11.5 REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................................. 77
11.6 CONCRETE .............................................................................................................. 77
11.7 FIRE PROTECTION MATERIAL ............................................................................ 77
Page
APPENDICES
A LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.................................................................. 81
B CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS BY SIMPLIFIED METHOD........................ 83
C SUGGESTED LIMITS FOR CALCULATED DEFLECTIONS................................ 90
D CALCULATION OF DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY (φMbv) AS A
FUNCTION OF DEGREE OF SHEAR CONNECTION (β)............................................ 91
E FLOW CHARTS ..................................................................................................... 107
F CONSTRUCTION STAGES AND MINIMUM CONSTRUCTION LOADS.......... 114
G DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLABS................................ 119
H INFORMATION FOR DETERMINATION OF ACTION EFFECTS ..................... 120
I BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES .................................................................... 123
AS 2327.1—2003 6
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Composite structures
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, detailing and construction of
simply supported composite beams composed of a steel beam and a concrete slab
interconnected with shear connectors, including applications where the slab incorporates
profiled steel sheeting, as defined in Clause 1.2.
This Standard does not cover the design of composite beams—
(a) where the elements of the steel beam are less than 3 mm thick or the value of the
yield stress (f yb ) assumed in design exceeds 450 MPa (see Note 1);
(b) where the strength grade of the slab concrete exceeds 40 MPa;
(c) where the slab is precast or prestressed;
(d) with negative design moments (see Note 2);
(e) subjected to dynamic loads;
(f) for road or railway bridges (see Note 3); or
(g) for fatigue.
NOTE:
1 This does not preclude the use of steels with a minimum yield strength greater than 450 MPa.
2 For the design of composite beams with negative design moments reference may be made to
BS 5950:3:1990, Code of Practice for Design of Simple and Continuous Composite Beams.
3 For the design of composite bridge beams, reference should be made to HB 77 the AUSTROADS
Bridge Design Code.
1.2 GENERAL
1.2.1 Components
This Standard applies only to composite beams for which the components satisfy the
requirements specified in Clauses 1.2.2 to 1.2.5.
1.2.2 Steel beam
The steel beam shall be entirely below, but in contact with, the soffit of the concrete slab,
and shall be of structural steel, symmetrical about its vertical axis (i.e., doubly symmetric
or monosymmetric), suitably proportioned (see Note) and have one of the following forms
(see Figure 1.2.2)—
(a) a hot-rolled I-section, or channel section;
(b) a welded I-section;
(c) a rectangular cold-formed hollow section;
(d) a fabricated I-section, Tee section, channel section or rectangular hollow section; or
(e) any of the above sections as appropriate with an additional plate welded to the bottom
flange.
NOTE: Steel beams with a slender section (i.e., λ e > λ ey for any top flange or web plate
element either partially or fully in compression (see Clause 5.2.3.3)) are not permitted.
When a fire resistance level (FRL) must be achieved, a fire protection material may be used
to protect the exposed surfaces of the steel beam.
1.4 DEFINITIONS
1.4.1 General
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. Definitions applying only to a
particular clause or section are given in that clause or section and referred to below.
1.4.2 Administrative definitions
1.4.2.1 Authority
A body having regulatory powers, in the area in which the structure is to be erected, to
control the design and erection of the structure.
1.4.2.2 Drawings
The drawings forming part of the project documents setting out the work to be executed.
1.4.2.3 May
Indicates the existence of an option.
1.4.2.4 Principal
The purchaser or owner of the structure being constructed or his nominated representative.
1.4.2.5 Shall
Indicates that a statement is mandatory.
1.4.2.6 Should
Indicates a recommendation.
1.4.2.7 Specification
The specification forming part of the project documents setting out the work to be executed.
1.4.3 Technical definitions
1.4.3.1 Action
The cause of stress, deformation or displacement in a structure, or in a component member
of the structure.
1.4.3.2 Action effect
The force, moment, deformation, or like effect, produced in the members of a structure
(or its foundations) by an action or combination of actions.
1.4.3.3 Capacity factor
A factor by which the nominal capacity or strength is multiplied to obtain the design
capacity or strength.
1.4.3.4 Characteristic strength
The value of a material strength, as assessed by a standard test, which has a 95% probability
of being exceeded in all such tests on the same material.
1.4.3.5 Closed-rib profile
A profiled steel sheeting where the geometry of all of the steel ribs satisfies the geometric
requirements of Figure 1.2.4 (c).
1.4.3.6 Complete shear connection (β = 1)
The condition where the moment capacity of the cross-section of the composite beam is not
governed by the strength of the shear connection.
1.4.3.7 Composite action
Interaction between the steel beam and the concrete slab to resist action effects as a single
structural member; assumed to commence when the concrete in the slab has attained a
compressive strength of at least 15 MPa (i.e., at the start of Construction Stage 5). It is
assumed to be fully developed once the compressive strength of the concrete (estimated by
f′ cj (see Clause 4.2.2)) is equal to or greater than its specified design value f′c (i.e., at or
after the start of Construction Stage 6).
1.4.3.8 Composite beam
A steel beam and a solid or composite slab, interconnected by shear connection to act
together to resist action effects as a single structural member.
1.4.3.9 Composite slab
A cast in situ concrete slab that incorporates profiled steel sheeting as permanent soffit
formwork.
1.4.3.10 Concrete
A mixture of cement, aggregates and water, with or without the addition of chemical
admixtures, which conforms to both AS 1379 and AS 3600.
1.4.3.11 Concrete slab
A slab cast monolithically with in situ concrete and reinforcement, with or without profiled
steel sheeting.
1.7 CONSTRUCTION
Composite beams designed in accordance with this Standard shall be constructed so that all
the requirements of the design, as contained in the project drawings and specification, are
satisfied.
1.8 NOTATION
The symbols used in this Standard are listed below. Symbols that occur in more than one
clause are defined below and used in the various clauses without further reference. Symbols
which occur only in one clause are defined in that clause as well as being listed below.
Unless otherwise specified, the following rules apply:
(a) Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are
expressed in identical units.
(b) The dimensional units for length, force and stress in all expressions or equations are
to be taken as millimetres (mm), newtons (N) and megapascals (MPa) respectively.
(c) The units of fractional powers of stress (e.g. f c′ ) are to be taken as those for stress.
(d) An asterisk superscript placed after a symbol (e.g. M*) denotes a design action effect
resulting from the design load for the strength limit state.
A = tributary area associated with a steel or composite beam for the
calculation of nominal live load
Af = cross-sectional area of a flange of the steel beam
A f1 , A f2 = values of A f for top and bottom flanges, respectively
As = cross-sectional area of the steel beam
A sc = cross-sectional area of the shank of a headed stud, or the minor
diameter area of a high-strength structural bolt as defined in
AS 1275
A sp.b = cross-sectional area of bottom-face reinforcement crossing a
longitudinal shear plane through the concrete flange (see
Figure 9.4.1(a))
A sp.t = cross-sectional area of top-face reinforcement crossing a
longitudinal shear plane through the concrete flange (see
Figure 9.4.1(a))
A sv = cross-sectional area of reinforcement crossing a longitudinal shear
surface through the concrete flange
A sv.min = the minimum cross-sectional area required of reinforcement
crossing a longitudinal shear surface through the concrete flange
A sv.1 , A sv.2 , A sv.3 = values of Asv corresponding to shear surface types 1, 2 and 3,
respectively
Aw = cross-sectional area of the web(s) of the steel beam
b = clear width of plate element outstand
b 1, b 2 = centre-to-centre spacing of adjacent beams or distance from centre
of steel beam to edge of slab outstand (see Figure 5.2.2.1)
bb = width of opening at base of steel rib in a composite slab (see
Figure 1.2.4(a))
b cf = effective width of the concrete slab compression flange (see
Figure 5.2.2.1)
b cr = width of the concrete rib in a composite slab at mid-height of the
steel ribs
= s r – bsr
b e1 , be2 = concrete slab effective width outstands on opposite sides of steel
beam centre-line (see Figures 5.2.2.1 and 9.5)
bf = width of a steel beam flange
bs = support width
b sf1 = effective width of steel beam top flange
b sf2 = overall width of steel beam bottom flange
b sr = width of steel rib in a composite slab at its mid-height (see
Figure 1.2.4(a))
bx = overall width of shear connectors at a beam cross-section (see
Figure 9.4.1)
b y1 , b y2 = segment lengths of shear surface perimeter (see Figure 9.4.2.5)
c 1, c2 = constants (see Paragraph B3.2, Appendix B)
Db = overall depth of a composite beam
Dc = overall depth of a concrete slab including the thickness of any
profiled steel sheeting if present
Ds = overall depth of a steel beam
d1 = clear depth between flanges of a steel beam ignoring fillets or welds
db = nominal diameter of a reinforcing bar (see Clause 9.7.3)
d bs = nominal shank diameter of a headed-stud or a high-strength
structural bolt shear connector
dc = depth of the assumed uniform compressive stress block in the
concrete slab at the strength limit state
dh = calculated depth of the compressive zone below the top of the
concrete slab at the strength limit state
d sg = distance from the top of the concrete slab to the centroid of the steel
beam
d sr = distance from the top of the concrete slab to the line of action of
either Fst or Fstf
Ec = elastic modulus of the slab concrete
Is = second moment of area of the steel beam about its centroid of area
It = second moment of area of transformed section with respect to steel
I ti = transformed second moment of area of a composite beam
cross-section under immediate loads, taken about the centroid of the
transformed area
Itl = transformed second moment of area of a composite beam
cross-section under long-term loads, taken about the centroid of the
transformed area
k = elastic neutral axis parameter
k 0 to k 6 = regression coefficients (see Section 10)
kn = a load-sharing factor (see Clause 8.3.4)
ksm = exposed surface area to mass ratio
ksm1 = exposed surface area to mass ratio above a penetration
ksm2 = exposed surface area to mass ratio below a penetration
L = distance between the centre-lines of adjacent members supporting a
composite beam; or
= distance available for reinforcement anchorage (see Clause 9.7.3)
L ef = effective span of a composite beam (see Clause 5.3.3); or
= effective span of profiled steel sheeting (see Paragraph C2,
Appendix C)
Ln = clear distance between the flanges of adjacent steel beams spanning
in the same direction
Q = live load
Ru = nominal capacity of a composite member, or a component of the
member, to resist action effects at the strength limit state
Rs = nominal capacity of a composite member, or a component of the
member, to resist action effects at the serviceability limit state
re = elastic neutral axis parameter measured from below the steel beam
top flange (see Table 5.1)
rf = maximum value along the length of the beam of the ratio of the
design bending moment (M*) under design load for fire to the
design moment capacity (φM bv) at room temperature
rp = plastic neutral axis parameter (see Table 5.1)
rl = the corner outside radius of a rectangular hollow section (see
Figure 8.4.3.1)
S* = design action effects in general
s = standard deviation
sc = longitudinal spacing of shear connectors between adjacent groups
sr = transverse spacing of steel ribs in a profiled steel sheet (see
Figure 1.2.4(a))
T = steel temperature in degrees Celsius
Tl = limiting steel temperature in degrees Celsius
t = plate element thickness; or
= time
tf = thickness of the flange of a steel beam
t f1 , t f2 = values of t f corresponding to the top and bottom flanges,
respectively
tw = thickness of the web(s) of a steel beam
t′ w = effective thickness of non-compact web(s) of a steel beam (see
Figure 5.2.3.3(b))
u = perimeter length of a shear surface
u 1, u 2, u 3 = values of u corresponding to Type 1, 2 and 3 shear surfaces (see
Figure 9.4.2.5)
V* = design vertical shear force acting at a composite beam cross-section
V* L = design longitudinal shear force per unit length acting on a
longitudinal cross-section of a concrete slab flange
V* L.tot = total design longitudinal shear force per unit length of beam
VL = nominal longitudinal shear capacity per unit length of the concrete
slab at the strength limit state
Vu = nominal vertical shear capacity of a composite beam cross-section
at the strength limit state
ρc = density of concrete
φ = capacity factor relevant to a strength limit state (see Clause 3.3.1)
ψ = value of β corresponding to complete shear connection of a
composite beam ignoring the presence of the steel beam web(s)
= F ccf /Fcc (see Paragraph D3.3, Appendix D)
ψl = long-term live load factor used in assessing the design load for the
serviceability limit state
ψs = short-term live load factor used in assessing the design load for the
serviceability limit state
2.1 STEEL
2.1.1 Structural steel
Structural steel used in the steel beam component of the composite beam shall comply with
AS 1163, AS/NZS 1594, AS 3678, AS 3679.1 or AS 3679.2, as appropriate. Cold-formed
rectangular hollow steel sections manufactured in accordance with AS 1163 shall be grades
C350, C350L0, C450 or C450L0.
2.1.2 Bolts, nuts and washers
Bolts, nuts and washers used for fabricating and erecting the steel beam shall comply with
AS 1110, AS 1111, AS 1112 or AS/NZS 1252, as appropriate.
2.1.3 Welds and welding
Welding consumables, deposited weld metal and welding used to fabricate the steel beam or
attach channel shear connectors to the top flange shall comply with AS 1554.1, and welding
of headed-stud shear connectors shall comply with AS 1554.2.
2.1.4 Shear connectors
Shear connectors shall comply with AS 1554.2, AS/NZS 1252 or AS 3679.1, as appropriate.
Alternatively, shear connectors not complying with the above may be used, provided that—
(a) their mechanical and other physical properties are not inferior; and
(b) they comply with the other relevant requirements of this Standard.
2.1.5 Profiled steel sheeting
The steel strip used to produce the profiled steel sheeting shall comply with AS/NZS 1365
and AS 1397. As an additional requirement, the amount of oil residue on the surface of
profiled steel sheeting after manufacture shall not exceed 200 mg/m2 .
(d) Shear connectors of the following types (see also Clause 8.2.1):
(i) Channels AS/NZS 3679.1.
(ii) Headed studs AS 1554.2.
(iii) High-strength structural bolts (Grade 8.8) AS/NZS 1252.
(e) Concrete and reinforcement AS 3600 and AS/NZS 4671.
(f) Galvanized steel strip for profiled steel sheeting AS 1397.
3.1 DESIGN
3.1.1 Aim
The aim of structural design in accordance with this Standard is to provide a composite
beam that has adequate strength, is serviceable, stable, durable and fire-resistant (if
required), and satisfies other objectives such as economy and ease of construction.
A structural member has adequate strength and is serviceable if the probabilities of
structural failure and of loss of serviceability throughout its intended life are acceptably
low.
A structural member is stable overall if it does not overturn, tilt or slide throughout its
intended life.
A structural member is durable if it withstands the expected wear and deterioration
throughout its intended life without the need for undue maintenance or repair.
3.1.2 Requirements
The design of a composite beam and its components shall take into account, as appropriate,
the limit states of stability, strength, serviceability, fire resistance and any other relevant
design criteria, in accordance with the procedures specified in this Section.
Prior to the commencement of composite action, the design of the composite beam
components shall be in accordance with Clause 3.1.3.
NOTES:
1 A flowchart showing the sequence of the overall design process with respect to the various
limit states and construction stages is given in Appendix E.
2 Relevant construction stages are described in Appendix F.
3.1.3 Design of composite beam components
3.1.3.1 Steel beam
Prior to the development of composite action (i.e., Construction Stages 1 to 4), the steel
beam shall be designed in accordance with AS 4100 for the loads and other actions
specified in Clause 3.2. During construction and the in-service condition, end supports and
connections of the steel beam shall satisfy the relevant requirements of AS 4100.
NOTE: Where the formwork consists of profiled steel sheeting, the degree of lateral restraint
provided to the steel beam by the sheeting will depend on, amongst other things, the flexural
stiffness of the sheeting, the orientation of the sheeting ribs and the strength of the connection
between the sheeting and the beam.
3.1.3.2 Concrete slab
The concrete slab may be either a solid slab, or a composite slab (see Clause 1.2.3). The
slab shall be designed in accordance with AS 3600 if it is either a solid slab, or a composite
slab but no composite action between the concrete and the profiled steel sheeting is
considered. When composite action between the concrete and the profiled steel sheeting is
taken into account in design, appropriate design information shall be used.
NOTE: Design provisions for composite slabs are currently being prepared. In the interim, the
proprietary literature of profiled steel sheeting manufactures may be used, provided it is
supported by adequate test data.
φRu ≥ S *
where
φ = an appropriate capacity factor not greater than the value given in
Table 3.1
Ru = the relevant nominal capacity determined in accordance with Sections 6,
8 and 9
S* = the corresponding design action effect determined in accordance with
Section 5 for the appropriate design loads
TABLE 3.1
CAPACITY FACTOR FOR THE STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
Type of action effect Capacity factor ( φ)
Bending
(a) Propped construction: Construction Stage 5 0.70
(see Clause 4.2.3)
(b) All other cases 0.90
Vertical shear 0.90
Longitudinal shear
(a) Concrete slab 0.70
(b) Shear connectors 0.85
4.1 GENERAL
4.1.1 Actions
The design of the member for the limit states specified in Clause 3.3 shall take account of
the action effects directly arising from the following actions:
(a) Permanent and imposed, wind, snow and earthquake loads determined in accordance
with AS/NZS 1170.1, AS/NZS 1170.2, AS/NZS 1170.3 and AS 1170.4, respectively.
(b) Construction loads, determined in accordance with Appendix F.
(c) Other specific loads, as required.
Uniformly distributed imposed loads for the in-service condition may be reduced in
accordance with Clause 4.1.3.
4.1.2 Other actions
Any other action that may significantly affect the stability, strength, or serviceability of the
member, including but not limited to the following, shall be taken into account:
(a) Removal of construction props.
(b) Foundation movement.
(c) Temperature changes and gradients.
(d) Transient dynamic actions.
(e) Shrinkage or creep of concrete.
4.1.3 Reduction of uniformly distributed imposed loads
Uniformly distributed imposed loads acting on the composite beam during the in-service
condition may be reduced, when appropriate, in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.1, taking
into account the magnitude of the tributary area (see Clause 5.3.5).
NOTE: Tributary area (A) should be calculated in accordance with Clause 5.3.5 considering
whether the concrete slab exhibits either one-way or two-way action.
4.1.4 Design loads
Except as noted herein, the design loads for the relevant limit state shall be determined
from the appropriate combinations of actions specified in AS/NZS 1170.0 and AS 1170.4
and, if applicable, shall include any other actions, appropriately factored.
where
f′ cj = the estimated characteristic compressive strength of concrete at j days
fcmj = the average compressive strength of sample cylinders after j days of site
curing
s = the standard deviation of sample strengths of the grade of concrete used
2 The 7 day mean strength of normal class concrete can be estimated using AS 1379. For
example, if the concrete has been continuously moist cured, an average compressive
strength of not less than 15 MPa may be expected in 7 days by Grades N32 and stronger
grades; however, if 15 MPa is required at a time less than 7 days, special class concrete
may need to be specified.
4.2.3 After development of composite action
Once the concrete in the slab has attained a compressive strength of 15 MPa, development
of composite action between the steel beam and the concrete may be assumed. This
encompasses Construction Stages 5 and 6, which are distinguished as follows:
(a) Stage 5 Period from the end of Construction Stage 4 until the characteristic strength
of the slab concrete reaches its specified design value (f′c ) (see Note 1).
(b) Stage 6 Period following the end of Construction Stage 5 to the end of construction
immediately prior to the in-service condition (see Note 2).
NOTES:
1 Props to either the concrete slab or steel beam may be removed during Construction Stage 5,
provided the strength of the composite beam is checked in accordance with Clause 3.3.1.
2 By the end of Construction Stage 6 any props present should have been removed.
3 The construction stages defined in Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 assume that the principal
construction activities and processes are as shown in Figure F1, Appendix F.
5.1 GENERAL
The effective section of a composite beam cross-section shall be determined in accordance
with Clause 5.2 and used for strength design in accordance with Section 6. The effective
section shall be determined for each potentially critical cross-section defined in Clause 6.3,
except at the ends of the beam where the steel beam alone shall be assumed to act.
The design action effects arising from the design loads specified in Clause 4.1.4 for the
strength limit state after the development of composite action, (i.e., Construction Stages 5
and 6 as defined in Clause 4.2.3 and for the in-service condition) shall be determined in
accordance with the procedure given in Clause 5.3.
NOTE: The design action effects relevant here are the design vertical shear force V* and the
design bending moment M*.
(c) in the case of a concrete slab that spans between two steel beams (i.e., either an edge
beam or internal beam situation), either half the centre-to-centre distance between the
steel beams or 8 times the overall depth D c of the concrete slab plus half the width of
the steel beam flange bsf1 .
When a slab has pockets or cut-outs within its effective width then, at the cross-sections of
concern, bcf shall be reduced by the width they encroach into this region.
(b) for the portion of the slab within the depth of the ribs, shall be taken as the value
obtained from (a) multiplied by the factor λ, where—
λ = 1.0, for 0 < θ ≤ 15°; . . .5.2.2.2(1)
λ = (b cr cos2 θ)/s r , for 15° < θ ≤ 60°;
λ = 0, for θ > 60°; and
θ = the acute angle between the sheeting ribs and the longitudinal axis of
the steel beam (see Figure 5.2.2.2 including Note).
NOTE: The value of θ should be determined for each side of the beam where the orientation of the sheeting is
different.
b fy
λe = . . . 5.2.3.3(1)
t 250
where
b = clear width of the element outstand from the face of the supporting
plate element or the clear width of the element between faces of
supporting plate elements
t = element thickness
fy = yield stress of plate element used in design
Steel beams with slender plate elements shall not be used (see Note 1). The effective
portion of a steel beam with either compact (see Note 2) or non-compact (see Note 3) plate
elements shall be calculated according to the following:
(a) If the top flange and web are compact, the entire steel section shall be assumed to be
effective.
(b) If the outstand of the flange is non-compact, the effective flange width shall be the
maximum width for which the flange is compact.
(c) If the web is non-compact, the effective portion of the web may be determined in
accordance with Figure 5.2.3.3(a) in which the length ‘x’ is ineffective. Alternatively,
the effective portion of the web may be determined approximately as shown in
Figure 5.2.3.3(b) where the effective thickness of the effective web (t ′w) is calculated
ignoring the ineffective portion of the web in the compressive zone. Cold-formed,
rectangular hollow steel sections, manufactured in accordance with AS 1163, shall
have a compact top flange, calculated in accordance with Table 5.1 and assuming a
uniform compressive stress distribution across the width of the flange.
NOTES:
1 It is assumed that the entire width of the bottom flange will be effective.
2 Slender plate elements are such that λe > λ ey, where values of the yield slenderness limit
λ ey are given in Table 5.1.
3 Compact plate elements are such that λ ep ≥ λe, where values of the plasticity slenderness
limit λep are given in Table 5.1.
4 Non-compact plate elements are such that λey ≥ λe > λep.
TABLE 5.1
PLATE ELEMENT PLASTICITY AND YIELD SLENDERNESS LIMITS
For For
1.0≥rp ≥0.5: 1.0 ≥ re ≥0.5:
111 322
Web Both any
( 4.7 rp − 1) (3.6re + 1)
LEGEND:
SR = stress relieved
HR = hot-rolled or hot-finished
CF = cold-formed
LW = lightly welded
HW = heavily welded
NOTES:
1 Welded members with compressive residual stresses of less than 40 MPa may be considered to be lightly
welded.
2 The value of the parameter re , which defines the position of the elastic neutral axis, should be calculated from
the elastic stress distribution for the steel section alone, ignoring the presence of the concrete slab.
6.1 GENERAL
A composite beam shall be designed for strength in accordance with Clause 6.2 using the
effective section(s) determined in accordance with Section 5 and the degree of shear
connection (β ) defined in Clause 1.4.3 and calculated as shown in Figure 6.1.
6.2 DESIGN
6.2.1 General
The design shall be conducted to satisfy the limit state requirements specified in
Clause 6.2.2 following the procedure defined in Clause 6.2.3.
6.2.2 Limit state requirements
The composite beam shall be designed so that at every transverse cross-section—
(a) the design vertical shear capacity (φV u ) is not less than the design vertical shear force
(V*) (i.e., φV u ≥ V*); and
(b) the design moment capacity (φM bv ) is not less than the design bending moment (M*)
during construction and for the in-service condition (i.e. φM bv ≥ M*).
The above requirements shall be deemed to be satisfied at every cross-section if they are
shown to be satisfied at each of the relevant potentially critical cross-sections defined in
Clause 6.3.
6.2.3 Design procedure
6.2.3.1 General
A composite beam shall be designed for strength in accordance with either one of the
following, as appropriate:
(a) The general procedure given in Clause 6.2.3.3.
(f) For the appropriate range and value of γ, calculate the relationship between
φM bv and β in accordance with Clause 6.4.2 at each corresponding potentially critical
cross-section (see Note 2).
(g) From Clause 6.5, calculate the minimum degree of shear connection (β i) at each
potentially critical cross-section (i) so that φM bv ≥ M* in accordance with
Clause 6.2.2(b), where φM bv and M* are the appropriate values at the particular
cross-section. The degree of shear connection at the cross-section of maximum
bending moment β m shall not be less than 0.5 (see Clause 6.6).
(h) With the values of β i determined from Step (g), calculate Fcp.i from Paragraph D2.3.3
of Appendix D with the applicable value of Fcc.i from Paragraph D2.3.2 for each
potentially critical cross-section (i).
(i) Calculate the nominal shear capacity of a single shear connector (f vs) in accordance
with Section 8, and hence determine the minimum number of shear connectors (n i )
required between each potentially critical cross-section for which M* > 0 and the
ends of the steel beam from the following relationship (see Note 3):
n i = F cp.i/f ds . . . 6.2.3.3(1)
(j) Distribute the shear connectors along the beam in accordance with Clause 6.6.
(k) Determine the required quantity of longitudinal shear reinforcement in accordance
with Section 9.
NOTES:
1 Use of the general design procedure is illustrated in Reference 1, Appendix I.
2 M bv is the general symbol for nominal moment capacity either in the presence or absence of
vertical shear, and may be used to represent symbols such as Mb , and M bc.
3 This Equation only holds if all the shear connectors have the same design shear capacity f ds. If
not, the equation will need to be modified accordingly. Also, in accordance with Clause 8.3.4,
f ds is a function of ni and hence the calculation of ni is an iterative process.
≥ 0
(b) For ψ < β i
(1 − ψ )[M * −2(1 − γ )φM b.ψ − (2γ − 1)φM bfc ]
βi = ψ +
2(1 - γ )(φM bc − φM b.ψ )
. . . 6.5.3(2)
excess of the number required to develop complete shear connection at that cross-section,
shall be ignored when calculating ni′ .
NOTE: Particular attention should be paid to satisfying this latter requirement when the steel
beam is non-prismatic due to the presence of a notch, web penetration or flange plate. Then the
calculation is performed by successively considering segments of the beam between adjacent
potentially critical cross-sections, moving out from a beam end as demonstrated by the example
in Figure 6.6.3.
NOTES:
1 PCC stands for potentially critical cross-section.
2 The number of shear connectors contributing to the design moment capacity at PCCs 3, 4 and 5 is
influenced by the reduced cross-sectional area of the steel beam at the web penetration.
3 It has been assumed that at least 25 connectors are effective and contribute to the design moment capacity
of the maximum moment cross-section on the right-hand side of PCC 5.
7.1 GENERAL
Composite beams shall be designed for serviceability by limiting vertical deflection and
controlling cracking and vibration in accordance with Clauses 7.2 to 7.4 respectively.
8.1 GENERAL
Shear connectors for attachment to the top flange of the steel beam shall comply with the
requirements of Clause 8.2. Their design shear capacity shall be determined from
Clause 8.3, and they shall be detailed in accordance with Clause 8.4. The strength grade of
the slab concrete shall not exceed 40 MPa.
NOTE: A limit is placed on the strength grade because shear connector ductility tends to reduce
as concrete compressive strength increases.
The shear connectors may be used in the presence of profiled steel sheeting. The profiled
steel sheeting shall be defined as either closed-rib or open-rib (see Clause 1.4.3) which can
affect the strength (see Clause 8.3.3) and the detailing of the shear connectors (see
Clause 8.4).
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
where
f uc = characteristic tensile strength of shear-connector material, not to exceed
500 MPa when substituted into Equation 8.3.2.1(1)
E c = elastic modulus of slab concrete corresponding to the relevant value of f′cj
= ρ 1.5 0.043 f cj′
c
During Construction Stage 6 and the in-service condition, the values for the nominal shear
capacity (f vs) of headed-stud shear connectors in normal-weight concrete, of a standard
strength grade (f′c = 20, 25, 32 or 40 MPa), are as given in Table 8.1 for the standard shank
diameters of 15.9 mm and 19.0 mm.
During Construction Stage 5 (15 MPa ≤ f′cj < f′c), the value for f vs shall be calculated
either—
(a) as the lesser value directly from Equations 8.3.2.1(1) and 8.3.2.1(2) for both normal-
weight and lightweight concrete; or
(b) for normal-weight concrete, from Table 8.1 by linear interpolation between the values
of f vs in the two adjacent columns between which f′cj falls.
TABLE 8.1
NOMINAL SHEAR CAPACITY f vs OF HEADED-STUD SHEAR
CONNECTORS IN NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE
Stud diameter f vs (kN) for f vs (kN) for f c′ (MPa) of —
dbs (mm) f cj′ = 15 MPa 20 25 32 40
19.0 60 75 89 93 93
15.9 42 53 62 65 65
NOTE: The tabulated values of f vs have been calculated from Equations 8.3.2.1(1) and 8.3.2.1(2)
assuming ρc = 2400 kg/m 3 and using the minimum value permitted by AS 1554.2 for fuc, which is
410 MPa.
8.3.2.2 Channels
During Construction Stage 6 and the in-service condition, the values for the nominal shear
capacity (f vs) of channel shear connectors in normal-weight concrete, of a standard strength
grade (f′c = 20, 25, 32 or 40 MPa), shall be determined from Table 8.2.
During Construction Stage 5 (15 MPa ≤ f′cj < f′ c), the value for f vs in normal-weight
concrete shall be calculated from Table 8.2 by linear interpolation between the values of f vs
in the two adjacent columns between which f′ cj falls.
For channels in lightweight concrete, f vs shall be taken as 80% of the value determined
above for normal-weight concrete of the same grade.
TABLE 8.2
NOMINAL SHEAR CAPACITY f vs OF CHANNEL SHEAR CONNECTORS IN
NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE
TABLE 8.3
NOMINAL SHEAR CAPACITY f vs OF HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLT
SHEAR CONNECTORS IN NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE
(
k n = 1.18 − 0.18 / n ) . . . 8.3.4(2)
The number of shear connectors (n) shall be taken as the lesser number of shear connectors
provided between each end of the beam and the cross-section being designed.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
(c) Proximity to ribs of open-rib profiles Where the slab is composite with the profiled
steel sheeting ribs passing over the steel beam, and automatically welded headed
studs are used, the distance between adjacent faces of a shear connector and a
sheeting rib measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam shall be not less
than 60 mm (see Figure 8.4.1(B)).
(d) Proximity to ribs of closed-rib profiles Where the slab is composite with the profiled
steel sheeting ribs passing over the steel beam, and automatically welded headed
studs are used, there shall be no restriction on the distance between adjacent faces of
a shear connector and a sheeting rib measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
beam.
NOTE: There should be sufficient clearance between adjacent faces of the steel sheeting rib
and the stud being welded to permit the ceramic ferrule used in the welding operation to fit
flat on the sheeting pan, and avoid any conflict of the welding gun with the steel rib.
8.4.2 Transverse detailing
Each transverse cross-section of the beam where shear connectors are placed shall be
detailed according to the following requirements:
(a) Maximum number of shear connectors per transverse cross-section or sheeting
pan The number of shear connectors per transverse cross-section (n x ) shall not
exceed the maximum values given in Table 8.4 according to the type of shear
connector and whether the slab is solid or composite.
For composite slabs incorporating an open-rib profile with the sheeting ribs deemed
perpendicular to the steel beam (see Clause 9.4.2.2), and automatically welded headed
studs are fired through the sheeting, the tabulated values are the maximum number of
connectors permitted between any two consecutive ribs.
TABLE 8.4
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS PER CROSS-SECTION (n x )
Shear connector type Solid slab Composite slab
Automatically welded headed studs 3 2
Manually welded headed studs 3 2
High-strength structural bolts 2 2
Channels 1 1
(b) Transverse spacing of headed studs or high-strength structural bolts Headed studs
and high-strength structural bolts shall be spaced transversely so that the clear
distance between their heads is not less than 1.5 times the shank diameter of the shear
connector (dbs).
(c) Proximity to profiled steel sheeting Where the slab is composite, the minimum
clearance between the shear connector and the nearest part of a sheeting rib or end of
an open-rib profile shall be—
(i) for automatically welded headed studs, in accordance with Figure 8.4.2(a);
(ii) for manually welded headed studs and high-strength structural bolts, in
accordance with Figure 8.4.2(b) and (c); and
(iii) for channels, in accordance with Figure 8.4.2(d).
NOTE: For closed-rib profile steel sheeting, the limits on minimum distance in Figure 8.4.2
do not apply.
(c) High-strength
structural bolts
(d) Channels
NOTE: For Cases (b), (c) and (d), the sheeting is discontinuous on both sides of the shear connector.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TABLE 8.5
MINIMUM TOP COVER TO SHEAR CONNECTORS
Exposure f ′ c = 20 25 32 40
classification MPa
A1 20 20 20 20
A2 — 25 20 20
B1 — — 30 25
B2 — — — 35
9.1 GENERAL
Sufficient longitudinal shear reinforcement shall be provided in the concrete flange to
prevent longitudinal shear failure of the flange arising from the transfer of longitudinal
forces through the shear connectors.
The reinforcement may be designed in accordance with Clause 9.3. Alternatively, the
reinforcement, including any contribution of the profiled steel sheeting, may be designed by
load testing two or more prototype beams in accordance with Clause 12.3, using appropriate
design loads determined from Clause 4.1.
NOTE: Throughout the Section it is assumed that all the shear connectors in a beam have the
same nominal shear capacity f vs . If this is not the case, the design procedure given in Clause 9.3.2
can be readily modified.
9.2 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Section, the definitions below apply.
9.2.1 Connector group
The shear connectors grouped at a transverse cross-section of a beam.
9.2.2 Connector set
The shear connectors between a transverse cross-section and an end of a beam.
9.2.3 Longitudinal shear plane
A plane in a slab over which a longitudinal shear failure can potentially occur.
9.2.4 Longitudinal shear surface
A surface comprising either a single longitudinal shear plane, or two or more intersecting
longitudinal shear planes, over which a shear failure can possibly occur leading to part of
the concrete slab separating from the composite beam.
9.2.5 Longitudinal shear reinforcement
Reinforcement (not necessarily horizontal) that crosses one or more longitudinal shear
planes.
9.3 DESIGN
9.3.1 Limit state requirement
The longitudinal shear reinforcement in a slab shall be designed so that at any longitudinal
shear surface, the design longitudinal shear capacity per unit length of beam (φV L ) shall not
be less than the design longitudinal shear force per unit length of beam (V* L )
(i.e., φV L ≥ V* L ).
This requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied at every conceivable longitudinal shear
surface located within the effective width of a slab, provided it can be shown to be satisfied
at every occurrence of the relevant types of shear surfaces defined in Clause 9.4.1.
Reinforcement for Types 1, 2 and 3 longitudinal shear surfaces shall satisfy the
requirements of Clause 9.3.2. Reinforcement for Type 4 longitudinal shear surfaces shall
satisfy the requirements of Clause 9.8.
(d) Type 4 A horizontal plane that passes across the tops of the steel sheeting ribs in a
composite slab in which the sheeting ribs are deemed perpendicular to the beam,
locally avoiding the shear connectors by passing over their tops, and which extends
from the outside vertical face of a slab outstand in a composite edge beam and
continues some distance into the adjacent slab.
NOTE: Type 4 longitudinal shear failure is described in Reference 5, Appendix I.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
9.8.2 Detailing
Longitudinal shear reinforcement provided at the locations specified in Clause 9.8.1 and
detailed in accordance with the following shall be deemed to develop the required
resistance across Type 4 shear surfaces. Alternative detailing may be used provided that it
can be demonstrated, by adequate test data, that the alternative prevents this mode of
failure.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 9.8.2 TYPE 4 LONGITUDINAL SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
10.1 REQUIREMENTS
This Section applies to composite beams, with either a solid or composite slab, required to
have a fire-resistance level (FRL).
For protected composite beams, the thickness of protection material (h i ) shall be not less
than that required to attain the period of structural adequacy (PSA) specified by the
required FRL.
For unprotected composite beams, the exposed surface area to mass ratio (ksm ) shall be not
greater than that required to attain the PSA specified by the required FRL.
The period of structural adequacy (PSA) for a composite beam shall be determined in
accordance with Clause 10.3.
Connections and web penetrations shall be designed and constructed so that the fire-
resistance level of the composite beam is not impaired. This may be achieved by complying
with the requirements of Clause 10.9.
10.2 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Section, the definitions below apply.
10.2.1 Exposed surface area to mass ratio
The ratio of the surface area exposed to the fire to the mass of steel, noting that in the case
of members with fire protection material applied, the exposed surface area is to be taken as
the internal surface area of the fire protection material.
10.2.2 Fire exposure condition
(a) Three-sided fire exposure condition A composite beam in which the top face of the
steel beam is in contact with a solid or composite slab in a specific configuration (see
Clause 10.8).
(b) Four-sided fire exposure condition A steel member or element exposed to fire on all
sides.
10.2.3 Fire protection system
The fire protection material and its method of attachment to the composite member.
10.2.4 Fire-resistance level (FRL)
The fire-resistance periods for structural adequacy, insulation and integrity, expressed in
that order in minutes, which are specified by the authority for the member or element.
10.2.5 Fire-resistance period
The elapsed time, in minutes, for a prototype member, or element of building construction,
to reach the relevant failure criterion specified in AS 1530.4, when tested in accordance
with that Standard.
10.2.6 Insulation
The ability of a fire separating member to limit the surface temperature on one side of the
member when exposed to fire on the opposite side.
10.2.7 Integrity
The ability of a fire separating member to resist the passage of flames or hot gases through
the member when exposed to fire on one side.
10.2.8 Period of structural adequacy (PSA)
The time (t), in minutes, for the member to reach the limit state of structural adequacy.
10.2.9 Prototype
A test specimen representing a member and its fire protection system, which is subjected to
the standard fire test.
10.2.10 Standard Fire Test
The fire-resistance test specified in AS 1530.4.
10.2.11 Stickability
The ability of the fire protection system to remain in place as the member deflects under
load during a fire test, as specified in AS 1530.4.
10.2.12 Structural adequacy
The ability of the member to maintain its structural function when exposed to fire.
A regression equation obtained using prototypes with a four-sided fire exposure condition
may be conservatively applied to a composite beam provided that stickability has been
demonstrated for the three-sided fire exposure condition.
where
t = time from the start of the test, in minutes
T = steel temperature, in degrees Celsius, 500°C ≤ T ≤ 750°C
ksm = exposed surface area to mass ratio, in square metres per tonne, 2 ≤ ksm ≤ 35
For temperatures below 500°C, linear interpolation shall be used based on the time at 500°C
and an initial temperature of 20°C at t = 0.
largest in group
(b) For slab depth (Dc ) : ≤ 1.25
smallest in group
Blocking of rib voids in profiled steel sheeting which passes over the steel beam may be
ignored for grouping purposes.
This thickness shall be applied over the full beam depth and shall extend each side of the
penetration for a distance at least equal to the steel beam depth and not less than 300 mm.
11.1 GENERAL
The requirements of this Section, where appropriate, shall be satisfied for each of the six
construction stages defined in Clause 4.2. Due allowance shall be made for differential
deflections between structural elements to avoid uncertain load distributions, possible
damage, or undue distortion.
11.3 STEELWORK
11.3.1 Fabrication and erection
Fabrication and erection of steelwork shall be in accordance with AS 4100.
11.3.2 Site fixing of shear connectors
Site fixing of shear connectors shall comply with the following:
(a) The thickness of the steel flange shall satisfy the requirements of Clause 8.4.3.1.
(b) The distance between the edge of a shear connector, and either the end or the side of
an adjacent steel rib of an open-rib profile, shall be not less than as shown in
Figure 8.4.2.
NOTE: For closed-rib profiles see Note to Clause 8.4.1(d).
(c) The surface of the parent material, in the areas to which the shear connectors are to be
welded, shall be free of scale, rust, moisture, paint, mud, sand, grease or other
injurious material to the extent necessary to obtain satisfactory welds. The suitability
of the surface conditions for stud welding shall be assessed in accordance with the
requirements of AS 1554.2.
NOTE: A thin film of manganese zinc silicate paint may be acceptable.
(d) Automatic stud welding procedures through profiled steel sheeting shall be in
accordance with AS 1554.2. Studs shall not be welded through longitudinal stiffeners
and ceramic ferrules shall not come into contact with the stiffeners or sheeting ribs
during the welding operation.
(e) The different types of shear connectors shall be attached in accordance with
Clause 8.4.3. In particular, their proximity to profiled steel sheeting shall be in
accordance with Clause 8.4.
Removal of slab formwork/falsework and props to beams shall not commence until the
concrete has attained a characteristic compressive strength f′ cj of 15 MPa, i.e., end of
Construction Stage 4 (see Clause 4.2). The minimum period of time before stripping forms
or removing props shall be not less than that given in the project drawings or specification.
All dirt, excess water, ceramic ferrules and other deleterious matter accumulated during
construction shall be removed from the top surface of the formwork prior to concrete
placement. Oil shall not come into contact with the surface of profiled steel sheeting.
11.4.2 Solid slabs
Formwork and falsework for solid slabs shall comply with AS 3610.
11.4.3 Composite slabs
The manufacturer’s recommendations regarding the installation of profiled steel sheeting
shall be followed. The maximum deflection of the sheeting while it supports the plastic
concrete shall not exceed the value assumed in design.
NOTE: Suggested limits are given in Appendix C, Paragraph C2.
11.5 REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement shall be supplied and fixed in accordance with AS 3600.
NOTE: When fabricating and placing the transverse reinforcement, special attention should be
given to the detailing requirements of Clause 9.7.1.
11.6 CONCRETE
11.6.1 Materials, manufacture and delivery
Concrete materials, manufacture and delivery shall be in accordance with AS 1379
including quality assessment for concrete as supplied.
11.6.2 Concrete after delivery
Handling, placing, compacting, curing and protection of plastic concrete after delivery shall
be in accordance with AS 3600, including determination of in situ strength at various stages
of construction.
12.1 GENERAL
12.1.1 Purpose of testing
Beams designed by calculation in accordance with other parts of this Standard are not
required to be tested. Tests may be accepted as an alternative to calculation, or may become
necessary in special circumstances, in order to satisfy the requirements of Clause 3.3.1 with
respect to strength and Clause 3.3.2 with respect to deflection.
Beams may be either—
(a) proof tested in accordance with Clause 12.2 to ascertain the structural characteristics
of an existing structure, substructure or individual member; or
(b) prototype tested in accordance with Clause 12.3, to ascertain the structural
characteristics of a particular class of beams which are nominally identical to the
beams tested.
12.1.2 Test set-up
All measuring equipment shall be calibrated and chosen to suit the range of measurements
anticipated in order to obtain accurate results. Care shall be exercised to ensure that no
artificial restraints are applied to a test specimen. All necessary precautions shall be taken
to prevent the collapse of any part of a structure being proof tested.
NOTE: In the case of prototype testing, it is suggested that if the details of the end connections
are also known, then the beams should also be tested with their connections.
12.1.3 Test load
The test load shall simulate the design loads for the relevant limit states. The test load shall
be applied gradually at a rate as uniform as practicable and without impact. The distribution
and duration of forces applied in the test shall represent those forces to which the structure
is deemed to be subjected under the requirements of Section 4.
12.1.4 Test deflections
The maximum vertical deflections of the beam shall be measured with respect to an
appropriate datum. Deflections shall, as a minimum requirement, be recorded at the
following times:
(a) During the application of the test load.
(b) Immediately the full test load has been applied.
(c) Immediately prior to removing the test load.
(d) After the removal of the test load.
TABLE 12.1
FACTORS TO ALLOW FOR
VARIABILITY OF STRUCTURAL UNITS
Number of similar Strength Serviceability
units to be tested limit state limit state
2 1.4 1.2
3 1.3 1.2
4 1.3 1.1
5 to 9 1.3 1.1
10 or more 1.2 1.1
APPENDIX A
LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
(Normative)
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1110 ISO metric hexagon precision bolts and screws (all parts)
1111 ISO metric hexagon commercial bolts and screws (all parts)
1112 ISO metric hexagon nuts, including thin nuts, slotted nuts and castle nuts (all
parts)
1163 Structural steel hollow sections
1170 Minimum design loads on structures
1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake loads
1275 Metric screw threads for fasteners
1379 Specification and supply of concrete
1397 Steel sheet and strip—Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated
1530 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures
1530.4 Part 4: Fire-resistance test of elements of building construction
1554 Structural steel welding
1554.2 Part 2: Stud welding (steel studs to steel)
3600 Concrete structures
3610 Formwork for concrete
3610Supp 2 Formwork for concrete—Commentary
3784 Coatings for fire protection of building elements
3784.1 Part 1: Guide to selection and installation of sprayed mineral coatings
4100 Steel structures
AS/NZS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.0 Part 0: General principles
1170.1 Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions
1170.3 Part 3: Snow and ice actions
NOTE: At the time of publishing the Building Code of Australia (BCA) references the
AS 1170.3—1990 edition
1252 High-strength steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for structural
engineering
1365 Tolerances for flat-rolled steel products
1554 Structural steel welding
1554.1 Part 1: Welding of steel structures
1554.4 Part 4: Welding of high-strength quenched and tempered steels
1594 Hot-rolled steel flat products
3678 Structural steel—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs
APPENDIX B
CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS BY SIMPLIFIED METHOD
(Normative)
B1 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Design for deflection in accordance with the simplified method defined in Clause 7.2.4
shall be performed as follows (see Figure B1):
(a) Determine which of the deflection components defined in Paragraph B2 are relevant
to the design, and calculate the corresponding serviceability design loads.
(b) Identify the different cross-sections along the steel beam during Construction
Stages 1 to 3, and along the composite beam during Construction Stages 5 and 6 and
the in-service condition. Calculate their elastic section properties, which in the case
of the composite beam shall initially be performed assuming full interaction in
accordance with Paragraph B3.
(c) Calculate the maximum stress (f max ) that occurs in the steel beam during Construction
Stages 1 to 6 and the in-service condition in accordance with Paragraph B4, and
check that it does not exceed 0.9 f yb in magnitude.
(d) Identify the maximum moment cross-section of the composite beam during the in-
service condition and calculate the degree of shear connection β m at this cross-section
in accordance with Section 6 (see Note 1).
(e) Calculate the effective second moment of areas Ieti and Iet l of the different composite
beam cross-sections identified in Step (b) accounting for the degree of shear
connection β m calculated at Step (d), in accordance with Paragraph B3.4.
(f) Calculate the magnitude of the relevant deflection components assuming linear-elastic
behaviour, accounting for changes in cross-section along the length of the beam and
the magnitude and distribution of applied loads.
(g) Calculate the corresponding values of the total and incremental deflections according
to the following equations as appropriate:
(i) Total deflection measured from slab top face:
δ tot = δ C5.6 + δ Ii + δ Il + δ Ish . . . B1(1)
(ii) Total deflection measured from steel beam soffit (see Note 2):
δ tot = δ C1.3 + δ C5.6 + δ Ii + δ Il + δ Ish − precamber . . . B1(2)
(h) Check that the limits chosen for the total and incremental deflections are not
exceeded.
NOTES:
1 If the maximum moment occurs at more than one cross-section, then the degree of shear
connection β m is calculated as the maximum degree of shear connection that occurs for
any of these cross-sections.
2 Advice on limits for cambering steel beams is given in Reference 8, Appendix I.
3 In the derivation of this equation it is assumed that 40% of the shrinkage deflection δ Ish
occurs before the attachment of brittle elements. A different allowance may be made by
adjusting the value of the coefficient of δ Ish.
kDb =
d sg
2
[ αc (αc + 4) − αc ]
1 1 1 . . . B3.2(1)
bcf (kDb )3
It = + I s + As (dsg − kDb ) 2 . . . B3.2(2)
3α
where
kDb =
d sg
2
[ αc (αc + 4) − αc ]
1 1 1 . . . B3.2(3)
b (kDb )
3
+ I s + As (d sg − kDb )
2
I t = cf . . . B3.2(4)
3α
(ii) Neutral axis in concrete between sheeting ribs (i.e. (Dc − h r) < kD b ≤ Dc)
b b
kDb = cf (Dc − hr ) + As d sg / cf (Dc − hr ) + As
2
. . . B3.2(5)
2α α
kDb =
d sg
2
[ αc (αc + 4) − αc ]
1 1 1 . . . B3.2(7)
. . . B3.2(8)
b (kDb )
3
+ I s + As (d sg − kDb )
2
I t = cf
3α
(ii) Neutral axis in concrete between sheeting ribs (i.e., (D c − hr ) < kD b ≤ D c)
b D2 b D
kDb = cf c + As dsg / cf c + As . . . B3.3(1)
2α α
b (D − h ) b (D − hr )
3
I t = I s + As (d sg − kDb ) (2kDb − Dc + hr )2
2
+ cf c r + cf c
12α 4α
2
λbcf hr3 λbcf hr h . . . B3.3(4)
+ + kDb − Dc + r
12α α 2
APPENDIX C
SUGGESTED LIMITS FOR CALCULATED DEFLECTIONS
(Informative)
C1 BEAMS
The deflection limit chosen should not exceed the relevant value given in Table C1 unless it
can be shown that exceeding these values will not impair the serviceability of the member.
TABLE C1
SUGGESTED LIMITS FOR CALCULATED DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Deflection limitation Deflection limitation
Deflection to be
Type of member ∆ /Lef ) for span (see
(∆ ∆ /Lef ) for cantilevers
(∆
considered
Note 1) (see Note 2)
All members The total deflection 1/250 1/125
Members The incremental 1/500 where provision 1/250 where provision is
supporting brittle deflection that occurs after is made to minimize the made to minimize the
elements the addition or attachment effect of movement, effect of movement,
of the elements otherwise 1/1000 otherwise 1/500
NOTES:
1 Deflection limits given may not safeguard against ponding of water.
2 For cantilevers, the values of ∆/Lef given in this Table apply only if the rotation at the support is
included in the calculation of ∆.
APPENDIX D
CALCULATION OF DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY ( φMbv) AS A FUNCTION OF
DEGREE OF SHEAR CONNECTION (β )
(Normative)
D1 GENERAL
In accordance with Clause 6.4, the design moment capacity (φMbv ) shall be calculated as a
function of the degree of shear connection β from—
(a) Paragraph D2 if γ ≤ 0.5; or
(b) Paragraph D3 if 0.5 < γ ≤ 1.
NOTE: The steel section has been modelled on a mono-symmetric I-section. For other types of
steel sections, the same equations can be used noting that—
(a) for sections with multiple webs, the I-section web thickness should be taken as the sum of
the effective thicknesses of the webs; and
(b) for sections without a bottom flange, the bottom flange area (Af2) should be taken as zero.
(d) Any profiled steel sheeting does not support either longitudinal tensile or compressive forces
in the spanning direction of the beam.
(e) A uniform compressive stress of 0.85f ′ c develops in the concrete over the slab effective width
directly below the top surface of the slab.
(f) The orientation of the sheeting ribs with respect to the longitudinal axis of the steel beam
affects the transfer of longitudinal compressive forces in the concrete between the sheeting
ribs (see Paragraph D2.3.2).
(g) The compressive force in the concrete cannot exceed the longitudinal shear force, which can
be transferred by the shear connection between the steel beam and the concrete slab at the
strength limit state.
(h) The part of the effective portion of the steel beam in tension is stressed uniformly to the yield
stress of either the flanges (fyf) or webs (f yw) as appropriate.
(i) Any part of the steel beam in compression is stressed uniformly to the yield stress of either the
flanges (f yf) or webs (fyw) as appropriate, and the strain gradient across the plastic neutral axis
is infinite, i.e., strain-compatibility is ignored.
(j) The resultant tensile force in the steel beam equals the compressive force in the concrete slab
and, therefore, the force in the concrete cannot exceed the tensile capacity of the steel beam.
D2.3.2 Nominal moment capacity Mbc (β = 1.0)
The nominal moment capacity at a cross-section of a composite beam with complete shear
connection (M bc) shall be determined in accordance with the procedure below, referring to
Figure D2.3.2 for notation. It should be noted that the equations for the unusual case when
the compressive stress zone falls within the bottom flange of the steel beam have not been
formulated.
(a) Calculate—
(i) F st = (A f1 + A f2) f yf + Aw f yw; and . . . D2.3.2(1)
(ii) d sr
where
F st = tensile force in steel beam, assuming that the entire cross-sectional area
is yielded in tension
d sr = depth at which Fst acts below the top surface of the slab, noting that dsr
equals dsg unless the section is monosymmetric and f yf does not equal
f yw
(b) Calculate the following compressive forces:
Fc1 = 0.85 f c′bcf ( Dc − hr ) . . . D2.3.2(2)
Fc2 = 0.85 f c′λbcf hr . . . D2.3.2(3)
Fscf = f yf bsf 1tfl . . . D2.3.2(4)
where
F c1 = longitudinal compressive capacity of concrete cover slab within slab
effective width
F c2 = longitudinal compressive capacity of concrete between steel ribs
within slab effective width
F scf = compressive capacity of top flange of steel beam
λ = as defined in Clause 5.2.2.2
NOTES:
1 h r = 0 for solid slabs.
2 F c2 = 0 if steel sheeting ribs are perpendicular to steel beam, i.e., θ = 90°.
(c) Calculate dc , d h , Fcc and finally M bc from the appropriate case of those that follow
defined by the bounds on F st:
(i) Case 1 Fst ≤ Fc1
If Fst ≤ Fc1 , then d h ≤ (Dc − h r); and
dc = d h = (D c − h r) F cc/Fc1 . . . D2.3.2(5)
F cc = F st
M bc = Fcc (d sr − dc/2) . . . D2.3.2(6)
(ii) Case 2 Fc1 < Fst ≤ (Fc1 + Fc2)
If Fc1 < Fst ≤ (Fc1 + F c2), then (Dc − h r) < d h ≤ Dc; and
dc = d h = (D c − h r) + [h r(F st − F c1)/Fc2] . . . D2.3.2(7)
F cc = Fst
M bc = F c1[dsr − (D c − h r)/2]+(Fcc − F c1)[dsr − d h/2 − (D c − h r)/2] . . . D2.3.2(8)
(iii) Case 3 (Fc1 + Fc2) < Fst ≤ (Fc1 + F c2 + 2F scf )
If (Fc1 + Fc2) < Fst ≤ (F c1 + F c2 + 2Fscf ), then D c < dh ≤ (Dc + t f1); and
dc = Dc
F cc = F c1 + Fc2; Fsc = Fst − F cc . . . D2.3.2(9)
dh = D c + t f1 Fsc/(2Fscf ) . . . D2.3.2(10)
M bc = F c1 [d s − (Dc − h r)/2] + F c2 (d sr − Dc + h r/2)
. . . D2.3.2(11)
+ Fsc [dsr − (D c + d h )/2]
(iv) Case 4 (Fc1 + Fc2 + 2F scf ) < Fst
If (Fc1 + Fc2 + 2Fscf ) < Fst, then (D c + t f1) < d h ≤ d sr; and
dc = Dc
F cc = F c1 + Fc2
Calculate compressive force component in steel beam web(s) Fb:
Fb = F st − Fcc − 2Fscf . . . D2.3.2(12)
dh = D c + t f1 + F b/(2f ywt w) . . . D2.3.2(13)
M bc = F c1 [d sr − (Dc − h r)/2] + Fc2 (dsr − Dc + h r/2)
. . . D2.3.2(14)
+ 2F scf (dsr − Dc − t f1/2) + F b[dsr − (Dc + t f1 + d h )/2]
D2.4 Nominal moment capacity M b (0 < β < 1.0)
The nominal moment capacity of a cross-section of a composite beam with partial shear
connection (M b) shall be determined in accordance with the following procedure, referring to
Figure D2.3.3 for notation:
(a) Calculate Fst and dsr from Paragraph D2.3.2(a).
(b) Calculate Fc1, Fc2 and Fscf from Paragraph D2.3.2(b).
(c) Calculate Fcc from Paragraph D2.3.2(c) for the applicable case corresponding to
complete shear connection.
(d) Calculate Fcp from either—
(i) when the strength of the shear connection is known—
F cp = n i f ds . . . D2.3.3(1)
< F cc (otherwise the cross-section has complete shear connection); or
www.standards.com.au Standards Australia
AS 2327.1—2003 96
where
F ccf = compressive force in the concrete slab corresponding to complete shear
connection (β = 1.0) when the web of the steel beam is ignored (i.e.,
γ = 1.0), calculated using Paragraph D3.4.2
F cc = compressive force in the concrete slab corresponding to complete shear
connection (β = 1.0) when the whole of the effective portion of the steel
beam is included (i.e., γ ≤ 0.5), calculated using Paragraph D2.3.2
Second, calculate φMb and φM bf from either of the following pairs of equations
depending on the magnitude of β with respect to ψ:
(i) For 0 < β ≤ ψ
φM b = [ φMs (ψ − β ) + φM b.ψ β ] / ψ . . . D3.3(2)
φM bf = [ φMs (ψ − β ) + φM bfc β ] / ψ . . . D3.3(3)
APPENDIX E
FLOW CHARTS
(Informative)
E1 OVERALL DESIGN
Figure E1 shows the overall design process in the form of a flow chart. The shaded boxes
indicate the relevant Section of the Standard in which the particular requirements are located.
The horizontal dashed lines indicate the limits of the design procedures of the Standard
(except for Section 4), and dotted flows outside these limits refer to design in accordance
with the other Standards noted.
APPENDIX F
CONSTRUCTION STAGES AND MINIMUM CONSTRUCTION LOADS
(Normative)
F1 CONSTRUCTION STAGES
The construction stages used for the purposes of assessing construction loads and the
initiation and development of composite action shall be as defined in Clause 4.2 and shown
diagrammatically in Figure F1(A) and pictorially in Figure Fl(B). The nominal minimum
construction loads associated with each stage shall be determined in accordance with
Paragraph F2.
APPENDIX G
DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLABS
(Normative)
G1 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Appendix, the definitions given in Clause 10.2 shall apply.
G2 SOLID SLABS
Solid slabs shall be designed to achieve their required fire-resistance level in accordance with
AS 3600.
G3 COMPOSITE SLABS
Composite slabs shall be designed to achieve their required fire-resistance level in terms of
structural adequacy, insulation and integrity.
The period of structural adequacy of a composite slab shall be predicted by a recognized
method of calculation (see Note).
A composite slab shall be deemed to have one of the fire-resistance periods for insulation
given in Table G1, if the overall depth of the slab (Dc) is not less than the appropriate value
given in the Table.
TABLE G1
REQUIREMENTS FOR INSULATION PERIOD OF COMPOSITE SLAB
A composite slab shall be deemed to have integrity maintained for a particular fire-resistance
period provided the profiled steel sheeting forms a continuous membrane with the lap joints
being cast into and sealed by the concrete.
NOTE: An acceptable method of calculation is given in Reference 7, Appendix I.
APPENDIX H
INFORMATION FOR DETERMINATION OF ACTION EFFECTS
(Informative)
H2 TRIBUTARY AREAS
The area of formwork or slab contributing load to a beam may be taken as one of the
following as appropriate:
(a) A solid slab shall be assumed to exhibit two-way action (Figure H2(a)).
(b) A composite slab shall be assumed to exhibit one-way action in the direction of the
sheeting ribs (Figure H2(b)).
(c) The presence of any props supporting a composite slab from below shall be considered
(Figure H2(c)).
APPENDIX I
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
(Informative)
Attention is drawn to the following documents referred to in various Notes:
1 PATRICK M., DAYAWANSA P.H., WILKIE R. AND WATSON K.B., Partial Shear
Connection Strength Design of Simply-Supported Composite Beams—Draft Revision
of AS 2327, Part 1. Steel Construction, Australian Institute of Steel Construction,
Sydney, March 1994, pp 2-23.
2 PATRICK M. and WILKIE R., Tubeline and DuraGal Structural Steel Hollow-Section
Composite Beams. BHP Research Report No. BHPR/SM/R/013, March 1995.
3 PATRICK M., EADIE I. AND WATSON K.B., Development of a Suitable Semi-
Rigid Composite Connection. 4th Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Singapore,
October 1995.
4 WYATT T.A., Design Guide on the Vibration of Floors. Publication 076, The Steel
Construction Institute (UK), Ascot, Berks, 1989.
5 PATRICK M., DAYAWANSA P.H. and WATSON K.B., A New Reinforcing
Component for Preventing Longitudinal Shear Failure of Composite Edge-Beams. 4th
Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Singapore, October 1995.
6 PATRICK M., et al., Australian Composite Structures Standard AS 2327, Part 1:
Simply-Supported Beams. Steel Construction, Australian Institute of Steel
Construction, Vol. 29, No. 4, December 1995, pp. 2-40.
7 BENNETTS I.D., PROE D.J., PATRICK M. AND POON S.L., Design for Fire
Resistance of Composite Slabs Incorporating BONDEK II. 1994 Australasian
Structural Engineering Conference, Sydney, September 1994, Vol. 2, pp 651-656.
8 Composite Beam Design and Safe Load Tables. Australian Institute of Steel
Construction, Sydney 1989.
9 CHICK DAYAWANSA, D and PATRICK, M, ‘Strength Design of Simply-Supported
Composite Beams with Large Steel Web Penetrations’, Proceedings, Australasian
Structural Engineering Conference (ASEC-98), Auckland, September, 1998, pp159-
166.
10 MURRAY T.M., ALLAN, D.E. and UNGAR E.E., Floor Vibrations Due to Human
Activity, American Institute of Steel Construction and Canadian Institute of Steel
Construction, 1997.
NOTES
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