Chapter 6 Bending

Russell C.
Hibbeler
ll bb l
Ch
Chapter 6: Bending
6 B di
Shear Force And Bending Moment
Beams and shafts are very important structural and

mechanical elements in engineering.
Objectives:
 Determine the stress in these members caused byy
bending.
 To establish the shear and moment diagram (SMD) –
SMD provide a useful means for determining the
largest shear and moment in a member, and they
specify where these maximum occur
occur.
Shear and Moment Diagrams
 Members with support loadings applied perpendicular
to their longitudinal axis are called beams.
beams
 Beams classified according to the way they are
supported.
supported
Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Types of Loadings
Point Load Couple
Uniformly Distributed Load Linearly Varying Distributed Load

Chapter 6: Bending
Shear and Moment Diagrams
 Shear and moment functions can be plotted in graphs called shear
g
and moment diagrams.
 Positive directions indicate the distributed load acting downward on
the beam and clockwise rotation of the beam segment on which it
acts.
Chapter 6: Bending
Determine the value of shear force and bending moment
at a cross section 0.5 m to the right of point A and B.
Example 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown
shown.
Example 3
g
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Example 4
g moment diagrams
Sketch the shear force and bending g for
the beam shown below.
Graphical Method
Why graphical Method?
 Simpler method for constructing the Shear and

Bending Moment Diagrams
 In cases where a beam is subjected to several
different loadings, determining V and M as functions
of x and then plotting these equation become quite
t di
tedious
A. Regions of distributed load
• Relationship between load and shear:
Slope of shear diagram = - distributed load intensity

dV
 w at each point at each point
dx
• Relationship between shear and bending moment:
dM Slope of moment diagram = shear at each point

 V at each point
dx
Distributed loading:
+ve and increases from zero
to wB
Shear Diagram:
Curve that has a –ve
ve slope,
increasing from zero to -wB
dV
 w
dx
• Slope of the Moment Diagram
is equal to the shear.
• Shear Diagram: Shear start at
+VA, decreases to zero and then
becomes –ve and decreases to
dM –VVB
V
dx Moment Diagram: Have an
initial slope of +VA which
decreases to zero
zero, then the
slope becomes –ve and
decreases to -VB
Can be rewritten,
w(x)dx a
dV = -w(x)dx d
and dV
 w
dM = V dx, where dx
w(x)dx and V dx
represent differential areas
under distributed loading
and shear diagram dM
respectively  V
dx
For area under C and D:
ΔV = - ∫w(x)dx
Change in shear = - area ΔM = - ∫V(
∫V(x)dx,
) ,
under distributed loading Change in moment =area under shear diagram
B. Regions of concentrated force and moment
FBD of a small segment under
concentrated force,
+ ΣFy = 0, V – F - (V + ΔV) = 0
ΔV = - F
(Note:
(N t If F actt downwards,
d d ΔV iis –ve, shear
h
will jump downward)
Moment:
+ ΣMo = 0, M + ΔM – Mo – VΔx – M = 0
For Δx 0, ΔM = Mo
(Note: If Mo is applied CW, ΔM is +ve, so
the moment diagram will jump upward
upward.
Likewise, when Mo acts CCW, the jump ΔM
will be downward)
Some common loading, shear and moment diagram
N
o
t
t
o
b
e
m
e
m
o
r
i
z
e
d
Example 1
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown
Example 2
Draw
D the
th shear
h and
d momentt diagrams
di for
f the
th beam.
b The
Th
bearing at A and B only exert vertical reactions on the
beam.
Example 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
Example 4
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loadingg shown
Example 5
beam and loading shown
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
 Cross section of a straight beam remains plane when the
beam deforms due to bending.
bending
 There will be tensile stress on one side and compressive
stress on the other side.
Chapter 6: Bending
L it di l strain
 Longitudinal t i varies
i linearly
li l from
f zero att the
th neutral
t l axis.
i
 Hooke’s law applies when material is homogeneous.
 Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross-sectional area
for linear-elastic material.
Chapter 6: Bending
The Flexure Formula
 Resultant moment on the cross section is equal to the
moment produced by the linear normal stress distribution
about the neutral axis.
My
 
I
σ = normal stress in the member
M = resultant
lt t internal
i t l momentt
I = moment of inertia
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis
 By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

since it acts in the negative
g x direction.
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 9
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stress in
the beam (a) and (b) if it is subjected to a moment of M= 2 kNm.
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 10
The beam has a rectangular cross section shown
shown. If P = 1
1.5
5 kN,
kN
determine the maximum bending stress in the beam
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 11
g
If the beam has a rectangular cross section with a width 200 mm
and a height 400 mm, determine the absolute maximum bending
stress in the beam
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 12
The simply supported beam has the cross sectional area as shown
cross-sectional shown.
Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross section at this location.
Chapter 6: Bending

Chapter 6 Bending

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Russell C.

Beams and shafts are very important structural and

Point Load Couple

Uniformly Distributed Load Linearly Varying Distributed Load

 Simpler method for constructing the Shear and

• Relationship between load and shear:

Slope of shear diagram = - distributed load intensity

• Relationship between shear and bending moment:

dM Slope of moment diagram = shear at each point

 By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

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