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SHORT BRACED
SLENDER UN-BRACED
Classification of column
b
Types of column cross-section
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP
PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA,UTHM
Braced or un-braced columns
Braced if shear walls or other bracing used to cope with lateral loads
due to wind for example.
Shear Walls
Columns Braced in both directions
x
Shear Walls
Modes of failure
where n = NEd /(0.67 bhf ck ) = ratio of the axial column load to the
strength of the concrete.
When the actual l0 / b ratio is not more than the limiting value, then
the column is short not slender. In practice, most reinforced columns
are short not slender, and in this module does not cover the design of
slender columns.
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
Calculations Results
The clear height is 3500 – 550 Clear height = 2950 mm
l 0 / b = 2213/300 l 0 / b = 7.4
Calculations Results
The clear height is 3400 -650 = 2750 mm Clear height = 2750 mm
l0 / b = 2063/300 l0 / b = 6.88
L1
L1
1
A B C D
L1 L1 L2
Positions of column
B2 - Category 1
C2 - Category 2 only if loads are UD and beams
spans differ by less than15%
A2, B1, B3, C1, C3 and D2 - Category 3 axial + Uniaxial Bending
A1, A3, D1and D3 - Category 3 axial + Biaxial Bending
Example
Calculations Results
b = 250 mm
From data given h = 300 mm
h z z
Mzz
The chart in Figure 3.30 shows dashed lines labelled for different
values of Kt . These relate to the position of the neutral axis and are
not required for the examples used in this module.
EXAMPLE
From Table 3.29 , area of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than
Note the additional H12 side bars, shown as open circles. These are not required
for strength but are provided so that the maximum spacing between longitudinal
bars does not exceed 150mm
Cross-section of column
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP
PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA,UTHM
BIAXIAL BENDING OF SHORT COLUMNS
For most columns, biaxial bending will not govern the design. The
loading patterns necessary to cause biaxial bending in a building’s
internal and edge columns will not usually cause large moments in
both directions. Corner columns may have to resist significant
bending about both axes, but the axial loads are usually small and a
design similar to the adjacent edge columns is generally adequate.
To ensure that a column is to be designed as biaxial bending check
the following eccentricities condition:
ez e y e y ez
/ 0.2 and / 0.2
h b b h
h'
M’z = Mz + β x My
b'
Mz M
(b) if < y
h' b'
b'
M’y = My + β x Mz
h'
N ED
The coefficient β = 1 -
bhf CK
EXAMPLE
thus
Check
ez e y
/ 0.2
h b
e y ez
/ 0.2
b h
b'
M’y = My + β x Mz
h'
N ED
= 1200 x 103/(300 x 350 x 25) = 0.46
bhfck
Thus,
MEd/bh2fck = 116.6 x 106 / 350 x (300)2 x 25 = 0.15
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.47
EXAMPLE
The Figure below shows a frame of a building for which the centre
columns along line PQ are to be designed. The frames at 4 m
centres, are braced against lateral forces, and support the following
floor loads:
Answer
Column loads
Axial Loading
Moment on column
144x6=864 kN
kcol 54x4 = 216 kN
A
C
B
kcol
kAB/2 kBC/2
Therefore,
At third floor
0.53
Therefore column moment, MEd = (432 – 72) = 82.6 kNm
2.31
Dimension d2 = 30 + 8 + 25/2
d2 /h = 50.5/400
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.15
As = 0.15 x 300 x 400 x25/500 = 900 mm2
Use H6 mm link
Note: The link spacing is reduced to 0.60 x 225 = 135 mm for 400
mm above and below each floor level and at laps below 1st floor level.
175 kNm
400mm
CHART NO 1
CHART NO 2
CHART NO 4
(iii) Design the column reinforcements at section A-A and sketch the
detailing.
(9 marks)
5m
300 mm
A A
300 mm 250 mm
Section A-A
Fig. 2(b)
b) (i)
Design load on beam = 1.4 x 12 + 1.6 x 20
= 48.8 kN/m
Total design load = 48.8 x 5 = 244 kN
Reaction on each column = 244/2 = 122 kN ( 2 marks)
(ii)
Design moment due to eccentricity = 122 x 0.35 = 42.7 kNm ( 3 marks)
(iii)
HJ ROSLAN BIN KOLOP
PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA,UTHM
Clause 3.8.2.4, Mmin = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 2122 x 0.3 = 31.83 < 42.7kNm OK
(0.5 mark)
N/bh = 2122 x 103/250 x 300 = 28.3 N/mm2
( 1 marks)
M/bh2 = 42.7 x 106/250 x 3002 = 1.9 N/mm2
( 1 marks)
d = 300 – 30 – 8 – 25/2 = 249.5 mm
(0 .5 mark)
d/h = 249.5/300 = 0.83 ( use 0.85 say)
( 0.5 mark)
Use chart No. 28
( 0.5 mark)
From the chart,
100As/bh = 5 ( 1 mark)
1 mark