EE303 Solutions PDF

Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and
Use
Solutions to Problems
James L. Kirtley Jr.
c
2010 John Wiley & Sons
Introduction Herein are solutions to problems for each of the chapters of Electric Power Prin-
ciples: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use. I believe them to be correct, but
errors may have crept in. Use them with caution, and please check them before grading
student’s homework!
There are a number of Matlab scripts in an accompanying directory structure. There is a
subdirectory for each chapter of the book for which there are scripts. (Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6
and 8 through 15). (The scripts are named for the chapter and problem, so that ’p6 5.m’is
a script that solves all or part of Problem 5 of Chapter 6. There are some auxiliary scripts
that are required for some problems. They are located in the appropriate subdirectory and
their identity is made clear in the main scripts that use them. The scripts are known to run
under Matlab Version 7.10.0.499 (R2010a).
Chapter 1
1. 240v × 50A = 12kW

12kW × 3, 414BTU/kWh = 40, 968BTU/h
3,414
2. R = .5 = 6, 828BTU/kWh
3. Assume Coal energy content is 30,870 BTU/kg.
If R=11,000 BTU/kWh, then coal consumption is:
11, 000BTU/kWh
ṁ = ≈ 0.3563kg/kWh
30, 870BTU/kg
Then, if P = 1000M W = 106 kW ,
Ṁ = 106 kW × .3563 = 3.563 × 105 kg/h
×365.25 × 24 = 3.12 × 109 kg/yr = 3.12 × 106 Tonnes/yr
4. If R = 30, 890BTU/kWh,
9, 500BTU/lWh
ṁ = ≈ .3075kg/kWh
30, 890BTU/kg
×2.959kg CO2 /kg fuel = 0.9kg CO2 /kWh
×600, 000 × 24 × 365.25 = 4.79 × 109 kg CO2 /yr = 4.79 × 106 T CO2 /yr
3414
5. R = .53 = 6, 441BTU/kWh
6, 441BTU/kWh
ṁ = .127kg/kWh
50, 780BTU/kg
= ×2.75 = .349kg CO2 /kWh
×600, 000 × 24 × 365.25 = 1.83 × 109 kg CO2 /yr = 1.83 × 106 Tonnes CO2 /yr
6. The fraction of fuel converted to energy is:

1 1
f= × .04 × × 1235 ≈ 2.128 × 10−5
2 5
Then energy released per kg of fuel is:
E = 2.128 × 10−5 × 9 × 101 6 ≈ 1.915 × 1012 J/kg

3,414
If R = 12, 000BTU/kWh, then thermal efficiency is η = 12,000 ≈ .2845, and electrical
output per kilo of enriched fuel is:
Ee = 1.95 × 1012 × .2845 ≈ 5.548 × 1011 J/kg
1, 000MW yr = 106 kW yr = 3.6 × 1012 × 365.25 × 24 ≈ 3.16 × 1016 J

So total fuel required is:
3.16 × 1016 J
≈ 56, 881kg
5.548 × 1011 J/kg
7. Power per unit area is:
P 1 1
= ηρv 3 = × 1.2 × .4 × 103 = 240W/m3
A 2 2
P π 2
Then since power is P = A 4D , required diameter is:
s
4 1.5 × 106
D= ≈ 89.2m
π 240
8. P = ρgv̇hη, so required flow is:
100 × 106
v̇ = ≈ 637m3 /s
1000 × 20 × 9.812 × .8
J.L. Kirtley Jr: Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use 2
Chapter 2
1.
Rth = 4 + 8||8 = 4 + 4 = 8
8
Vth = 10 × 8||8 + 10 × = 40 + 5 = 45
8+8
2. The first (left-hand) circuit has the following impedance matrix:
" #
3 2
Z=
2 3
The right-hand circuit has the following admittance matrix:

1
+ R12 − R12
" #
Y= R1
− R12 1
R3 + R2
1
If we invert the impedance matrix for the first circuit:

" # " #
3
1 3 −2 − 52
Z−1 = = 5
5 −2 3 − 25 3
5
This makes R2 = 2.5 and then

1 1 3 2 1
= + − =
R1 R3 5 5 5
So R1 = R3 = 5.
3. This one is easily done by recognizing that the thevenin equivalent circuits for the sources
and vertically aligned (totem pole style) resistors is as shown in Figure 1. The thevenin
equivalent voltage is derived from the voltage divider between the two resistors and the
equivalent resistance is the same: 4||1 = 45 . Then the problem is reduced to what is
shown in Figure 2. The output voltage is:
4 1 1 18

vo = − × 18 × 8 = =6
5 5 1+ 5
3
4. The trick to this ’magic ladder’ problem is to see that the driving point impedance of
a section can be deduced to be 2R and the transfer relationship is defined by a simple
voltage divider to be 21 . This is true for each of the ’cells’ of the ladder network. Thus
5 7
the open-circuit output voltage V = V2 × 21 + V1 × 1
2 . Then, at that point, the
thevenin equivalent voltage is the open circuit voltage:
V1 V2
Vth = +
128 32
The thevenin equivalent resistance is
2
Rth = R||2R = R
3
4
5
1
4
18 18
5
4
4
5
4
1
18
18 5
1
Figure 1: Solution to Problem 3

4 4
1
5 5
+ v − 1
4 o 18
18 5
5
5. While this one looks odd (the voltage source controls the voltage across the current
source and the current source controls current through the voltage source, it is a pretty
good approximation of the interface between solar and some wind generators and the
power system. In such situations, the system ’acts like’ a voltage source and the power
electronics of the generators emulates a current source.
Real power is:
1 n o 1
P = V IRe ejψ = cos ψ
2 2
and Imaginary power is:
1 n o 1
Q = V IIm ejψ = sin ψ
2 2
Instantaneous power is, with the voltage phase being zero:
p = 2P cos2 ωt + Q sin 2ωt
The phasor diagrams corresponding with ψ = 0 and ψ = π2 are shown in Figure 3, and
instantaneous power is plotted for ψ = 0 in Figure 4 and for psi = π2 in Figure 5.
6. The voltage drops across the resistance and reactances are, respectively:
10 1 2

V R = 120 = 120 −j
10 + j20 5 5
j20 4 2

VX = 120 = 120 +j
10 + j20 5 5
V V
I
I
ψ=0 ψ = π/2
Figure 3: Phasor Diagram for Problem 5
Chapter 2, Problem 5, psi = 0

2500
2000
1500
W
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Phase om * t
Figure 4: Instantaneous real power for phase angle of zero
Current is:
VR 1 2

I= = 12 −j
10 5 5
Complex power is:
1 2

∗
P + jQ = V I = 120 × 12 +j
5 5
1440 2880
or P = 5 = 288W and Q = 5 = 576VARs
7. The resistance and reactance are in parallel, so:
Vs 120
IR = = = 12
R 10
Vs 120
IX = = = −j6
jX j20
A phasor diagram that shows this is in Figure 6

Real and reactive power are:
P + jQ = V I ∗ = 1440 + j720
Chapter 2, Problem 5, psi = pi/2
1500
1000
500
W
0
−500
−1000
−1500
0 2 4 6 8 10
Phase om * t
Figure 5: Instantaneous real power for phase angle of -90 degrees

IR= 12
I = 12 − j 6
S
IX = − j 6
8. Maximum impedance magnitude will occur if the capacitive admittance balances (and
thus cancels) the inductive admittance, so the condition for maximum voltage magnitude
1
is XC = −j10Ω, or C = 10×2×π×60 ≈ 265µF
The phasor diagram for the maximum voltage condition is shown in Figure 7
Impedance is:
1 1
Z = R||jωL|| = 1 1
jωC R + jωL + jωC
The magnitude of voltage is shown as a function of capacitance in Figure 8

9. This is the series analog of Problem 8. The capacitance to maximize voltage across the
resistance is the one that balances (cancels) inductor impedance, and this is the same as
in Problem 8, namely 265µF . The phasor diagram for voltages is, at resonance, shown
in Figure 9.
Voltage across the resistance is given by a voltage divider:
R
VR = VS 1
R + jωL + jωC
Ic = j 10
Ir = 10
I l = −j 10
Figure 7: Phasor Diagram for Maximum Voltage

Chapter 2, Problem 8
100
95
90
V, RMS
85
80
75
70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
C, microfarads
Figure 8: Voltage Magnitude
The magnitude of this is plotted in Figure 10

10. The two phasor diagrams are shown in Figure 11
Source voltage is:
V = Vs + jXI
The locus of this voltage, with arbitrary phase angle of I is shown in Figure 12.
And the range of source voltage magnitudes is:
90 < |V | < 110
11. Inductive reactance is X = 2π × 60 × .02 ≈ 7.54Ω, so receiving end voltage is
R R2 − jXR
Vr = Vs = Vs 2 ≈ 76.6 − j57.7V
R + jX R + X2
A phasor diagram of this case is shown in Figure 13.
Vx
Vr
Vc
Figure 9: Voltage Phasors at Maximum Output Voltage
With the capacitor in place, the ratio of input to output voltages is:
1
R|| jωC 1 jωL
Vr = Vs 1 = Vs 2
+
R|| jωC + jωL 1 − ω LC R
To make the magnitude of output voltage equal to input voltage, it is necessary that:
2
ωL
2
2
1 − ω LC + =1
R
Or noting X = ωL and Y = ωC
2
X

(XY )2 − 2XY + =0
R
This is easily solved by:

s
2
1 1 1

Y = ± −
X X R2
With X = 7.54Ω and R = 10Ω, this evaluates to Y = .0455S, so that C = .0455377 ≈ 120µF .
To construct the phasor diagram, start by assuming the output voltage is real (Vr = 120),
Then the capacitance draws current Ic = .0455j × 120 ≈ j × 5.46A. Current through the
inductance is Ix = 12+j5.46, and the voltage across the inductance is Vx = −41+j90.48.
Source voltage is Vs = 78.8 + j90.48, which has magnitude of 120 V (all of this is RMS).
The resulting phasor diagram is shown in Figure 14.
Maximum voltage at the outupt is clearly achieved when ω 2 LC = 1, when C = 351.8µF .
R
Maximum output voltage is Vr = Vs ωL ≈ 1.33 × 120 ≈ 159V. A plot of relative output
vs. input voltage is shown in Figure 15
120
100
80
Resistor Voltage
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Capacitance, Microfarads
Figure 10: Resistor Voltage Magnitude

V = 100 + j10
Vx = j10
I=1 Vs = 100
Vs = 100 V=110
Vx = 10
I=−j
Figure 11: Phasor Diagrams for Problem 10
12. The situation is shown in the phasor diagram of Figure 16. In complex terms, V =
V s + jXI. In this situation, we know the magnitude of V s and the angle between V
and I. To find the magnitude of V , we invoke the law of cosines:
Vs2 = V 2 + (XI)2 − 2V XI cos θ
Now, since θ = ψ + π2 ,
Vs2 = V 2 + (XI)2 + 2V XI sin θ
This quadratic is solved by (for the most reasonable value of voltage:

s
2 2
V XI XI XI

= 1− + sin ψ − sin ψ
Vs Vs Vs Vs
This is plotted in Figure 17. To plot this against real power, all that needs to be noted
is that P = V I cos ψ. It should be noted that this system cannot make the specified
amount of real power for some of the power factor cases. This is shown in Figure 18.
Locus of Input V
Vs = 100
|I|=1
Figure 12: Locus of Current and Voltage Phasors
VS = 120
VR = 76.6 −j 57.7
VX = 43.4 + j 57.7
Figure 13: Phasor Diagram: Uncompensated
VS = 78.8 + j 90.4
Vx = −41.2 +j 90.4
VR = 120
Figure 14: Phasor Diagram: compensated to equal voltage
Chapter 2, Problem 11, vr vs. C
1.4
1.3
1.2
Voltage magnitude ratio

1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
C, microfarads
Figure 15: Voltage transfer ratio vs. Capacitance
ψ V
θ
jXI
Vs
Figure 16: Phasor Diagram: Terminal Voltage
12000
10000
8000
V, RMS
6000
4000
2000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
A, RMS
Figure 17: Source Voltage vs. Current
12000
10000
8000
V, RMS
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
W 6
x 10
Figure 18: Source Voltage vs. Power
Chapter 3
q
1. Since Z0 = L
and phase velocity is u = √1 , L = uZs2 , or
C LC
L = .18355 × 108 m/s × (30.3Ω)2 ≈ 0.165µH/m
In the steady state,
V = V+ + V− = 63.6kV
V+ V−
I= − = 325A
Z0 Z0
This solves for:
V+ = 36.7kV
V− = 26.9kV
I+ = 1212A
I− = 887A
At the instant of the switch opening, I+ + I− = 0, so I− = −1212A, and V− = 36.72kV.

Total voltage is V = V+ + V− ≈ 73.4kV. When the excitation gets back to the sending
end, at time ∆T = 50×108 m ≈ 272.7µs, the forward going voltage is defined by
3
1.8355 m/s
Vs = V+ + V− , or
V+ = Vs − V− = 63.6kV − 36.72kV ≈ 26.9kV
So current is:
V+ V−
I= − ≈ −325A
Z0 Z0
This is shown in Figure 19
Vr
73.4
63.6
53.4
t
Is ∆t 2∆ t
325
t
∆t 2∆ t
−325
Figure 19: Voltage Transients
2. Complex amplitude of voltage along the line is:
V = V + e−jkx + V − ejkx
V + −jkx V − jkx
I = e − e
Z0 Z0
open) then V − = V + . At the sending end of the line,

If current is zero at x = 0 (line
x = −l, Vs = V + e + ejkl −jkl = 2V + cos kl, and then receiving end (x = 0) voltage is:
Vs
Vl = 2V + =
cos kl
At the source,
V + jkl V Vs
I= e − e−jkl = 2j + sin kl = j tan kl
Z0 Z0 Z0
1.84×108 m/s
In this case, wavelength is λ = 60s ≈ 3.1 × 106 m, and l = 50km = 5 × 104 m, so
4
kl = 2π×5×10
3.1×106 ≈ 0.103. Then:
Vl ≈ 45.24kV (RMS)
Is ≈ 153A (RMS)
If the line is loaded with a unity power factor load with current IL , the relationship
between forward and reverse going components is:
V + − V − = Z0 IL
or
V − = V + − Z0 IL
At the source end:
V + − V − = Z0 IS
V + + V − = VS
Some algebra is required to find:
VS + Z0 IL e−jkl
V+ =
2 cos kl
VS − Z0 IL ejkl
V− =
2 cos kl
Source current is:

1 Z0 IL

IS = jVS tan kl +
Z0 cos kl
This would imply a limit on IL that is:
s
2
Vs

IL < (Is cos kl)2 − sin kl
Z0
This evaluates to IL < 285.1A. Power factor is:

IL
cos kl
cos ψ = ≈ 0.88
Is
3. Inductance and capacitance are:
1 1
C = = ≈ 1.33 × 10−11 = 13.3pF/m
Z0 c 250 × 3 × 108
Z0 250
L = = ≈ 8.333 × 10− 7H/m
c 3 × 108
If the current is introduced in the middle of the line, we will have V+ = V− and I+ = −I−
propagating away from the source, with I+ = −I− = 10, 000A and V+ = V− = 250 ×
10, 000 2.5MV
At the shorted end, the current will double as voltage goes to zero. At the matched end
the voltage will appear as it is in the initial propagating wave, with no reflection. The
result is shown in Figure 20.
I
L
20 kA
20 µ s
VR 2.5 MV
1 ms
Figure 20: Voltage Transients

8
4. Wavelength is λ = 3×10 6 300
60 = 5 × 10 m, so for a 300 kilometer line, kl = 2π × 5000 ≈ .377.
Vs 500
Then open circuit sending end voltage is Vr = cos kl = .93 ≈ 537.8kV. Sending end
current is I = Vs tan kl = 500kV × tan 0.37 ≈ 792A
s Z0 250Ω
For source impedance of zero, voltage and current along the line are:
ZL
Z0 cos kx − j sin kx
V (x) = Vs ZL
j sin kl + Z0 cos kl
Vs cos kx − j ZZL0 sin kx

I(x) =
Z0 ZZL cos kl − j sin kl
0
Evaluated for ZZL0 = 0.8
1 1
, 1.0 and 1.2 ,and with source voltage of 500 kV, receiving end
voltage (at x = 0) is evaluated to have magnitude of 512.7 kV, 500 kV and 485.7 kV.
Sending end current (at x = −l) is 1702 A, 2000 A and 2283 A, respectively.
Using the same formulae, with varying receiving end resistance, voltage is plotted in
Figure 21.
5 Chapter 3, Problem 4, Voltage vs. Loading
x 10
5.4
5.35
5.3
5.25
V, RMS
5.2
5.15
5.1
5.05
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Real Power, W 8
x 10
Figure 21: Receiving End Voltage
To estimate the effect of compensation, we assume a capacitance in parallel with the

receiving end, with a capacitive admittance of Yc = V2Q2 . This is placed in parallel with
the receiving end resistance. The voltage at the receiving end is calculated in the normal
way and is shown in Figure 22. Note there are three curves, corresponding to the three
levels of real load. Note also that the case of surge impedance loading (2,000 A) has
nominal voltage with zero compensation.
5 Chapter 3, Problem 4, Compensation
x 10
5.6
5.4
5.2
V, RMS
4.8
4.6
4.4
−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Compensation, VARs 8
x 10
Figure 22: Receiving End Voltage
Chapter 4
√ ia ib
2π
ic
2π
Load A √2 cos ωt cos(ωt − 3 ) cos(ωt + 3 )
2π 2π
Load B q 2 cos ωt cos(ωt −
q 3 ) cos(ωt + 3 )
2 2
1. Load C 3√cos(ωt + π6 ) − 3cos(ωt + π6 ) 0
Load D 2 cos ωt cos(ωt − 2π
3 ) cos(ωt + 2π
3 )
√ q
2
q
2
Load E 2 cos ωt − 3cos(ωt + π6 ) − 3 cos(ωt − π6 )
√
Load F 2 cos ωt cos(ωt − 2π
3 ) 0
2. Voltage magnitude is RI = 500 volts. The voltages across the three phase resistances
are just current times resistance. The voltage across the ground (neutral) resistor is
the resistance times the sum of the three phase currents, which is always either plus or
minus the peak amplitude. The results are shown in Figure 23
π
3
va
500 v
ωt
v
b 500 v
ωt
v
c 500 v
ωt
v
g 500 v
ωt
Figure 23: Resistor voltages
3.
2 2
1 1 2 1

vn = va + vb 2 3 + vc 2 3 = va − = va
2 3 + 2 3 + 2 2 5 10
4. Neutral voltage is the average of the three sources, which will have amplitude of ± 100
3 V.
Voltage across the individual resistors will be the difference between phase voltage and
neutral voltage, and this is shown in Figure 24.
vn
va
ia
ib
ic
Figure 24: Phase Currents
Chapter 5
2
1. Inductance is L = µ0 Ng A , where g is total gap: g = 2 × .0005 = .001 m and A =
.02 × .025 = 5 × 10−4 m2 . Then:
L = 4π × 10−7 × 1002 × 5 × 10−4 /.001 ≈ 6.28mH

µ0 N I
Since flux density in the gap is Bg = g , current required to make 1.8 T would be:
Bg g 1.8 × .001
I= = ≈ 14.3A
µ0 N 4π × 10−7 × 100
To make an inductance of 10 mH, and noting that the gap on either side is half of the
total gap:
1 1 µ0 N 2 A 4π × 10−7 × 104 × 5 × 10−4

gs = g = = ≈ .000314m
2 2 L .01
As a check: note that inductance is inversely proportional to gap dimension, so that
L1 g1 = L2 g2 , or the required gap would be:
6.28mH
g2 = × .0005m
10mH
2. Gap area is A = Rθg L, where L is the axial length. Then maximum inductance is,
noting that there are two gaps in series:
N 2 Rθg L 502 × .05 × π6 × .1

L = µ0 = 4π × 10−7 × ≈ 10.3mH
2g 2 × .0001
If fringing can be ignored, the area for calculation of inductance falls linearly with
rotational angle until the rotor pole is completely disengaged from the stator pole at
θ = 30◦ . The inductance vs. angle is shown in Figure 25.
10.3 mHy
o o o o
−30 30 150 180
Figure 25: Solution to Problem 2, part b
3. This problem has two gaps. The axial (variable) gap has reluctance:
x
Ra =
µ0 πR2
The radial clearance gap is, if the gap itself can be considered to be ’small’(for parts (a)
and (c):
g
Rg1 =
µ0 2πRW
If, on the other hand, the gap is not small, the reluctance is:
Ro
log Ri
Rg2 =
µ0 2πW
The rest is documented in the atlab script p5 3.m. Inductances limited by the radial
gap are:
2
Part a) L = RNg1 ≈ 15.79mH
N2
Part b) L = Rg2 ≈ 2.28mH
N2 N2
With nonzero axial gap, the inductances are L = Ra +Rg1 or L = Ra +Rg2 .
These are plotted in Figure 26.
0.016
Part c
Part d
0.014
0.012
0.01
Inductance, H
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
Gap, m
Figure 26: Solution to Problem 3, parts c and d
4. This problem involves a radius ratio large enough that a single path length cannot be
assumed. Flux density is:
µ0 µr N I
Bφ =
2πr
Flux in the core is: Z Ro µ 0 µ r N I R0
Φ=D Bφ dr = ln
Ri 2π Ri
Inductance is then
NΦ µ 0 µ r N 2 Ro
L= = ln
I 2π Ri
For the parameters and dimensions of this problem: Ri = .02m, Ro = .05m, D = .01m,
µr = 200, N = 100, this evaluates to:
L = 3.665mH
Current required to saturate the core at radius r is:
1 2πrBs
I=
N µ0 µr
This evaluates to 6 A at r = .02 m and 15 A at r = .05 m.
5. This problem has three gaps, with reluctances:
g
RL =
µ0 D(x0 − x)
g
RR =
µ0 D(x0 + x)
g
RC =
µ0 Dx0
Straightforward circuit manipulation will give the flux in the center leg:
1 RR 1 RL

Φc = N I −
RL + Rc ||RR RC + RR RR + Rc ||RL RC + RL
A bit of manipulation is required to put this into the form:

RR − RL

Φc = N I
Rc (RL + RR ) + RR RL
Inserting the definitions (above) for the reluctances and manipulating,
µ0 D 2
Φc = N I x
g 3
Voltage induced in the central coil is

µ0 D 2
V = ωNc Φc = ωNc = N I x
g 3
Evaluated at x = .01 this is 105 V (peak). Plotted in Figure 27 is the absolute value
(magnitude) of this. In a real application this voltage would be synchronously detected
so that the sign of x could be detected.
105 V
x
.01 .01
Chapter 6
24kVA
1. Secondary IX = 240V
= 100A
Primary IH = 2424kVA
kV = 1A
Number of primary turns NH = 100 × 26 = 2, 600
2402
Loaded on the low voltage side, RX = 24,000 = 2.4Ω
Referred to the high side, RH = N 2 × RX = 24kΩ
2. Note that this is an approximate analysis that is very close to being correct if the core
elements are large (low loss) and the series elements are very small (also low loss).
Referred to the high side,
8, 0002
Rc = = 640kΩ
100
8, 0002
Xc = = 64kΩ
1000
Referred to the low side,
2402
Rc = ≈ 576Ω
100
2402
Xc = ≈ 57.6Ω
1000
Rated current is 3 A on high side or 100 A on low side, so that if the series resistor is
on the high side it would be: R = 1,200 1,200
32 ≈ 133Ω, or on the low side: r = 1002 ≈ .12Ω
345
3. Voltage on the X side of each transformer is 128 kV. On the H side it is VH = √
3
≈
128
199kV, so that the turns ratio is N = 199 ≈ 0.643.
The phasor diagram showing primary and secondary voltages, both line-line and line-
neutral, is shown in Figure 28.
100
Magnitudes of the high side current will be IH = 3×199 = 167.5A. Since the inverse
cosine of 0.8 is 36.9◦ , and since the primary (H) side is at an angle of −30◦ , the three
primary currents will have angles of −6.9◦ , −126.9◦ and 113.1◦ . Currents in the low
100
side leads will have magnitude IX = 3×128 ≈ 451.2A, and their angles will be −36.9◦ ,
◦
−156.8 and 83.1 . ◦
4. Line-neutral voltage on the X side is 208

√ = 120, so the turns ratio is N = 600 = 5.
3 120
The phasors for input and output voltage are shown in Figure 29.
If it is assumed that high side voltage in phase A has angle of zero, the secondary side
pi π
voltage is VAX = 120ej 6 so that IAX = 12ej 6 . then high side currents will be:
12 j π
IAH = e 6
5
12 −j 5π
IBH = e 6
5
VcaH
VcH VcaX
VaH
VcX
V
bcX V VaX
bX
VabX
VbcH
VabH
V
bH
Figure 28: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 3, Phasors
Real and reactive power on the high side are:

600 12 π
PAH = √ cos ≈ 720W
3 5 6
600 12 π
PBH = √ cos − ≈ 720W
3 5 6
600 12 π
QAH = −√ sin ≈ −416VAR
3 5 6
600 12 π
QBH = √ sin ≈ 416VAR
3 5 6
The phasor diagram for the high side voltage and current is shown in Figure 30.
5. Let’s assume that VA has an angle of zero. The three low-side voltages will be:
VA = 277
2π
VB = 277e−j 3
2π
VC = 277ej 3
Then the three currents on the load side are:

π π
√
IA = 100 ej 6 + e−j 6 = 3 × 100 ≈ 173.2A
π 5π
IB = −100ej 6 = 100e−j 6
π 5π
IC = −100e−j 6 = 100ej 6
Script p6 5.m finishes the problem, and the detailed answers are:
VcH VcaH
VaX
VcX
V VaH
bcH
VbX
V VabH
bH
Figure 29: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 4, Part b
Problem 6_5
Secondary (LV)
VA = 277.128 + j 0 = 277.128 angle 0 deg
VB = -138.564 + j -240 = 277.128 angle -120 deg
VC = -138.564 + j 240 = 277.128 angle 120 deg
IA = 173.205 + j 0 = 173.205 angle 0 deg
IB = -86.6025 + j -50 = 100 angle -150 deg
IC = -86.6025 + j 50 = 100 angle 150 deg
Primary (HV)
VA = 6900 + j -3983.72 = 7967.43 angle -30 deg
VB = -6900 + j -3983.72 = 7967.43 angle -150 deg
VC = 9.09495e-13 + j 7967.43 = 7967.43 angle 90 deg
IA = 5.21739 + j -1.00409 = 5.31313 angle -10.8934 deg
IB = -5.21739 + j -1.00409 = 5.31313 angle -169.107 deg
IC = 0 + j 2.00817 = 2.00817 angle 90 deg
Secondary Complex Power
A = 48000 + j 0
B = 24000 + j 13856.4
C = 24000 + j -13856.4
Primary Complex Power
A = 40000 + j -13856.4
B = 40000 + j 13856.4
C = 16000 + j -1.82642e-12
Total Secondary = 96000 + j 0
Total Primary = 96000 + j 1.63635e-11
I aH
VaH
IbH
V
bH
Figure 30: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 4, Part c
Figure 31 shows the voltage and current phasor diagrams for both primary and secondary.
See script p6 5.m, which uses two auxiliary functions dispc.m and dispp.m.
6. The turns ratio is N = √13,800 ≈ 16.5988.
3×480
Using V0 as the magnitude of the primary voltage, the secondary voltages will be:
V π
Va = √0 N e−j 6
3
V0 5π
Vb = √ N e−j 6
3
V π
Vc = √0 N ej 2
3
The currents have amplitude 100 A and so are:
π
Ia = 100e−j 6
5π
Ib = 100e−j 6
π
Ic = 100ej 2
Currents on the primary side of the transformers will then be:
1 100 −j 5π
IB = N Ib = e 6
N
100 −j π
IC = − N1 Ia = e 6
N
These are shown in Figure 32
Low Voltage (X)
V
c
High Voltage (H)
100 V
VC 100 A 1 kV
IC
Ic 1A
VA
I Ia
b
IB
Vb V
VB a
Figure 31: Solution to Chapter 6, Problem 5

c
IC
IB
b a
100
Currents in Load Currents in Primary
Figure 32: Solution to Problem 6, Problem 6, Part c
The primary currents and their phasor relationship to the primary voltage is shown in
Figure 33. Primary power is:
480
P = 3 × 100 × √ ≈ 83138W
3
Secondary power is:

13, 800 100 π
P =2× √ × cos ≈ 83138W
3 16.5988 6
Incidentally, the resistors must have value R = 277 100 ≈ 2.77Ω, so when the ground is
lifted, all of the primary voltage appears across the two transformer legs, putting current
through two of the resistors: I = −j13,800 1 −j150
16.5988 2.77 ≈ −j150A Primary current is 16.5988 ≈
−9.0368A
7. This problem is done by Matlab script p6 7.m. There are three cases to be solved:
VC
1 kV
IC
1A
V
A
IB
VB
Figure 33: Solution to Problem 6, Problem 6, Part d
(a) Star point of the resistors connected to the neutral of the supply, in which case the
currents can be calculated independently and the problem is simple,
(b) Star point of the resistors is unconnected to the neutral of the supply. In this case,
it is straightforward but tedious to convert the wye to a delta, calculate line-line
voltages, obtain current in the legs of the delta, add those to get terminal currents,
transform them across the transformer and add transformer currents together to get
terminal currents on the delta side, and
(c) Star point is grounded through a resistor. This is handled by calculating the
impedance matrix:
   
Va Ra + Rg Rg Rg ia
 Vb   Rg Rb + Rg Rg   ib 
   
Vc Rg Rg Rc + Rg ic
In principal, this matrix can be inverted to find the currents, since voltages are
known. To check, it is possible to set Rg = 0, in which case the third case should
equal the first case. Or to set Rg to a very large number, in which case the third
case should approach the second case.
The answer for the problem as posed is:
Part a: solidly grounded
Secondary
ia = 5.54256 + j 0 = 5.54256 angle 0 deg
ib = -4.6188 + j -8 = 9.2376 angle -120 deg
ic = -4.6188 + j 8 = 9.2376 angle 120 deg
Primary
iA = 2.03077 + j -1.59882 = 2.58462 angle -38.2132 deg
iB = -2.03077 + j -1.59882 = 2.58462 angle -141.787 deg
iC = 0 + j 3.19763 = 3.19763 angle 90 deg
Part b: ungrounded
Secondary
ia = 6.39526 + j 0 = 6.39526 angle 0 deg
ib = -3.19763 + j -8 = 8.61538 angle -111.787 deg
ic = -3.19763 + j 8 = 8.61538 angle 111.787 deg
Primary
iA = 1.91716 + j -1.59882 = 2.49634 angle -39.8264 deg
iB = -1.91716 + j -1.59882 = 2.49634 angle -140.174 deg
iC = -1.77504e-16 + j 3.19763 = 3.19763 angle 90 deg
Part c: Grounded through 1000 ohms
Secondary
ia = 6.38554 + j 1.75423e-15 = 6.38554 angle 1.57402e-14 deg
ib = -3.21384 + j -8 = 8.62141 angle -111.887 deg
ic = -3.21384 + j 8 = 8.62141 angle 111.887 deg
Primary
iA = 1.91846 + j -1.59882 = 2.49734 angle -39.8074 deg
iB = -1.91846 + j -1.59882 = 2.49734 angle -140.193 deg
iC = 3.55008e-16 + j 3.19763 = 3.19763 angle 90 deg
Chapter 7
1. Reactance X = ω (L − M ) ℓ = 377 × 9 × 10−7 × 100 × 103 ≈ 34Ω.

Resistance R = 1.2 × 10−6 × 105 = 0.12Ω
Impedance Z = 0.12 + j34Ω
100MVA
2. Base current is: IB = √P3VB = √ = .418kA = 418A
B 3138kV
VB2 1382
Base impedance is: ZB = Pb = 100 =≈ 190.4Ω
0.12+j34
3. Per-Unit Impedance is: z = 190.4 = .0006 + j.1786
4. Reactance X = 0.4Ω/km × 50km = 20Ω
Line-neutral voltage V = 138
√ = 79.67kV
3
V 79.67
Current |I| = X = 20 ≈ 3.984kA = 3984A
5. Line impedance is ZL = 50 × (j.35 + .02) = j17.5 + 1Ω
79.67
Current I = 1+j17.5 ≈ 0.259 − j4.538kA
Current magnitude |I| ≈ 4545A
6. Put this on 100 MVA base:
Generator: x = 100
200 × .25 = .125
The transformer is already on this base: x = .05
2
Line impedance Z = j17.5 + 1 and base impedance ZB = 138 100 = 190.44Ω, so per-unit
line impedance is: zℓ = j.092 + .005
Total impedance is z = j (.125 + .05 + .092) + .005 = j.267 + .005
1
Fault current is iF = j.267+.005 ≈ .07 − j3.745
|iF | ≈ 3.745
Base currents are:
100
At generator: √3×13.8 ≈ 4184A
On the line: √ 100 ≈ 418.4A
3×138
So fault currents are:
At generator: 418.4 × 3.745 ≈ 1566.7A
On the line: 4184 × 3.745 ≈ 15667A
7. Put this on on 100 MVA base. The impedances are:
Generator: xg = .125
First Transformer: xt1 = .05
Line: zℓ = j.092 + .005
Second Transformer: xt2 = 100
20 × .07 = 0.35
Base currents are:

Generator: 4184 A
Line: 4182 A
At fault: 24,056 A
Impedance to the fault is: z = j (.125 + .05 + .092 + .35) + .005 = j.617 + .005
|z| ≈ 0.617
Fault current is |iF | ≈ 1.621per-unit
In amperes:
IF = 6782A (generator)
= 678.2A (line)
= 38995A (at fault)
8. Put this one on a 100 MVA base. The impedances are: Generator: xg = 100 500 × .25 = .05
100
Transformer: xt = 500 × .05 = .01
50 km of line (see problem 6): zℓ = j.092 + .005
The problem can be represented as shown in the circuit diagram of Figure 34. The
generator and transformer are lumped together to form a reactance of 0.6 per-unit. The
upper line and right-hand part of the lower line are in series with an impedance of three
times the left-hand side of the lower line. Total impedance from the source to the fault
is: z = j.06 + zℓ ||3zℓ ≈ j.129 + .00375. Currents through the two line segments are
determined by a current divider:
1
i1 = iF
4
3
i2 = iF
4
i i1
s j.06 .015 j.276
+
1 i
.005 j092 f
− i
2
Figure 34: Fault Situation

Then the per-unit currents are:
1
iF = ≈ .225 − j7.743
j.129 + .00375
1
i1 = iF ≈ .05625 − j1.93575
4
3
i2 = iF ≈ .16875 − j5.80725
4
To convert to ordinary variables, we need base currents:
100
IBH = √ = 167A
3345
100
IBG = √ = 2406A
324
Then the currents are:
fault (345 kV) 37.6 − j1293A

transformer (345 kV) 37.6 − j1293A
upper line (345 kV) 9.4 − j323A
lower left line (345 kV) 28.2 − j970A
generator (24 kV) 541 − j18630A
√
9. GMD = .78 × .06 × .5 ≈ .140m
µ0 µ0 100
L = 2π log R0 R′ = 2π log .140 ≈ 1.314 × 10−6 H/m
√
10. GMD = 4 .78 × .06 × 13 ≈ .456m
11. GMD of the bundles is 0.140 m (see Problem 9)
µ0 10
(L − M )adjacent = × log ≈ 8.54 × 10−7 H/m
2π .14
µ0 20
(L − M )outside = × log ≈ 9.92 × 10−7 H/m
2π .14
2 1
(L − M )average = (L − M )adjacent + (L − M )outside ≈ 9/times10−7 H/m
3 3
1 1
Resistance of the aluminum conductors is: R = 2 π×.032 ×3×107 ≈ 5.895 × 10−6 Ω/m
Then, since 10 km is 104 m, Z = .05985 + j3.393Ω
Chapter 8
1. 3,000 RPM is 314.16 Radians/second, so Torque is:

1, 000W
T = ≈ 3.183N − m
314.16
Since T = 2πR2 Lτ , and if L = 2R, and if τ = 4, 000P a,
s
3
3.183
R= ≈ .03986m
4π × 4, 000
Then D = L = 7.97 cm.
2 2 i2 µ0 N 2 A
2. L = µ0 Ng A and F e = i2 ∂L
∂g = − 2 g2
so
f e = 251.3N
N2 g x
3. Inductance is L = Rg +Rx , where Rg = µ0 2πRW and Rx = µ0 πR2 . Then force is found
to be:
µ0 πR2 N 2 i2
fe = gR 2
(x + 2W )
Ni Φ
Since flux is Φ = Rg +Rx and Bx = πR2 , current is:
Bx gR

i= x+
µ0 N 2w
A Matlab script p8 3.m calculates force. The naive calculation is shown in Figure 35.
Logarithmic coordinates are used because the force goes so high.
5
10
4
10
3
10
Force, N
2
10
1
10
0
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Displacement x, m −3
x 10
Figure 35: Solution to Problem 3: Naively derived force
Current to achieve flux big enough to approach saturation of the magnetic circuit is
shown in Figure 36.
With this figure, you should ’smell a rat’, because the magnetic circuit is very highly
saturated with 10 A at small gaps. The force is limited to about what would be achieved
with 1.8 T, just over 100 Newtons. With that limit, the actual achievable force is shown
in Figure 37.
80
70
60
50
Current, A
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
Figure 36: Solution to Problem 3: current to achieve saturation flux density

120
100
80
Force, N
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
Figure 37: Solution to Problem 3: more realistic force
4. If L = L0 + L2 cos 2θ, then
I 2 ∂L I2
T = = − L2 sin 2θ
2 ∂θ 2
Then, if I = I0 cos ωt,
I02
T =− L2 cos2 ωt sin 2(ωt + δ)
2
What is interesting about this is the time average: using cos2 x = 12 + 21 cos 2ωt and
sin x cos y = 12 sin(x + y) + 12 sin(x − y), time average torque is found to be:
I02
< T >= L2 sin 2δ
4
5. The inductance was estimated in Chapter 5, and is, for θ > 0,
µ0 R(θ0 − θ)N 2
L=
2g
Torque is
I 2 ∂L µ0 RN 2 I 2
Te = =±
2 ∂θ 4g
or zero.
This is shown for the region of angle around zero in Figure 38. For the values given in
the problem statment, torque amplitude is:
µ0 × .02 × 10002
Tm = = 4π ≈ 12.57N m
.002
L
max
o o
−30 30
T
m
Figure 38: Solution to Problem 4: Inductance and Torque
6. Surface current K = ID0 and force can be found using any of several methods (Principle
Of Virtual Work, Maxwell Stress Tensor being the most convenient). It is:
µ0 2 µ0 2 W
fe = K WD = I
2 2 0D
Voltage is found using velocity of the block (projectile) u:
dΦ W
V = = µ0 KW u = µ0 I0 u
dt D
e
f 1 Fe 2
That velocity will be u = M t, so block position is x(t) = 2 Mt .
Power converted into mechanical motion is:
µ0 2 W
P m = f eu = I u
2 0D
Power out of the source is
W
P e = V I0 = µ0 I02 u
D
Comparing the two,
Pm 1
η= e
=
P 2
√
7. Core area is A = .25m×.25m = .0625m2 , and peak terminal voltage is Vp = 2400× 2 ≈
3394V , so that peak flux density in the core is:
3394
Bp = ≈ 1.5T
377 × .0625 × 96
Eyeballing the data given in Figures 8.19 and 8.20, we may estimate core loss to be about
3.2 watts/kilogram and exciting power to be about 19.3 VA/kilogram. The volume of
active material in the core is just about:
Vc = 1m × .75m × .25m − 2 × (.25m × .5m × .25m) = .125m3

If the core material density is 7,700 kg per cubic meter, this means the mass of active core
material is 962.5 kilograms. Thus the core loss is Pc = 962.5×3.2 ≈ 3041 watts. Exciting
power is Pa = 962.5 × 19.3 ≈ 18576 VA. Exciting current is then about 7.7 Amperes.
8. Ampere’s Law in the gap region gives the relationship:
∂Hy
g = Ks
∂x
or
−jkgH y = K zs
then
j

Hy = Re Kzs ej(ωt−kx)
kg
Force on the lower plate will be vertically upward:
1
Tyy = µ0 Hy2
2
and will have the average value of:
µ0 |Kzs |2
< Tyy >=
4 (kg)2
9. From the prior problem, y- directed magnetic field in the gap is seen to be:
j

jkx0 j(ωt−kx)
Hy = Re K zs + K zr e e
kg
Vertical force on the lower surface is:
µ0
Tyy = |Hy |2
2
And this will have average value:
µ0 1 n
jkx0

−jkx0
o µ0 2 2

< Tyy >= Re Kzs + Kzr e Kzs + Kzr e = Kzs + kzr + 2k k
zs zr cos kx0
4 (kg)2 4(kg)2
Shear stress is Txy = µ0 Hx Hy . The y-ndirected o field is found already. The x- directed
field at the lower surface is Hx = −Re Kzr e jkx 0 . Shear stress is then found to be:
µ0 n o µ0
< Txy >= − Re j Kzs + Kzr ejkx0 Kzr e−jkx0 = − Kzs Kzr sin kx0
2kg 2kg
R 1 1
10. DC resistance per unit length is ℓ = σA = .01×.05×5.81×107 ≈ 3.44 × 10−5 Ω/m =
34.4µΩ/m
At 60 Hz the skin depth is
s
2
δ= ≈ 0.852cm
377 × 4π × 10−7 × 5.81 × 107
For really deep linear material, resistance and reactance are equal:
R X 1 1
= = = 7
≈ 2.02 × 10−4 = 202µΩ/m
ℓ ℓ σδw 5.81 × 10 × .00852 × .01
For material with some limited depth, use the expression for surface impedance:
ω
Z s = jµ0 coth γh
γ
In this case, where the wavenumber k can be taken to be zero, the propagation constant
is:
p 1+j
γ = jωµ0 σ =
δ
and the surface impedance is:
1+j h
Zs = coth(1 + j)
σδ δ
The script that calculates this as a function of frequency is p8 10.m. The results are
shown in Figure 39. Not surprisingly, since this is actually a fairly deep slot (compared
with the skin depth), the resistance and reactance are not far from the infinitely deep
case, with R = 201.914µΩ/m and X = 201.919µΩ/m.
−3
10
Ohms/meter
−4
10
Resistance
Reactance
−5
10 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency, Hz

q
2H0
11. With saturating iron, the skin depth is: δ = ωσB0 . With the data given in the problem,
s
20, 000
δ= ≈ .00297m = 2.97mm
377 × 6 × 106 × 1
Surface impedance is
8 1
Zs = (2 + j) ≈ 4.76 × 10−5 (2 + j)Ω
2π σδ
Then power per unit area is
1
× 10, 0002 × 2 × 4.758 × 10−5 ≈ 4758W/m2
2
The solution to this is plotted for a range of current density from 10,000 to 100,000
amperes per square meter in Figure 40.
4 Chapter 8, Problem 11
x 10
16
14
12
10
W/m2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A/m 4
x 10
See Matlab script p8 11.m.

12. Skin depth in Aluminum is:
s
2
δ= ≈ .01886m
377 × 3 × 107 × 4π × 107
Then surface impedance is:

1
≈ 2.81 × 10−6 Ω
σδ
With surface current dentisy of 1, 000A/m2 , loss is about 140.5 watts per square meter.
Loss density in linear material is proportional to the square of current density, as is
shown in Figure 41
5
10
4
10
W/m2
3
10
2
10 4 5
10 10
A/m
Chapter 9
q
2
1. Peak phase voltage is Vph,pk = 3 × 26, 000 ≈ 21, 229V , and since this is Vph,pk =
ωM If nl ,
21, 299
M= ≈ 46.9mH
377 × 1, 200
If si
Per-unit synchronous reactance is xd = If nl = 2.0.
V2 262
Base impedance is ZB = Bℓ−ℓ
PB = 1,200 ≈ 0.5663Ω, so synchronous reactance is: Xd =
2 × .5633 ≈ 1.127Ω and then
1.127
Ld = ≈ 2.99mH
377
2. Driven by current, torque is T e = − 23 M Ia If sin δi and this is:
T e = 1.5 × .056 × 1, 000 × 3, 1113 sin δi ≈ −2, 613, 492 sin δi

V E
Driven by voltage, power is P e = − 32 aXdaf sin δ and torque is T e = ωp P e .
Synchronous reactance is Xd = ω(La − Lab ) = 377 × .0036 ≈ 1.3573Ω, to power is:
1.5 × 21, 229 × 21112
Pe = sin δ ≈ −4.95 × 109 sin δ
1.3572
Torque is then:
4.95 × 108
Te = − sin δ ≈ −1, 313, 908 sin δ
377
The rest of this problem is implemented Matlab script p9 2.m, which generates the
following output:
Chapter 9, Problem 2: 60 Hz
Phase Voltage = 15011.2 RMS
Phase Current = 22205.7 A, RMS
Phase Reactance X = 1.35717 Ohms
Internal Voltage Eaf = 33668.5 RMS
Field Current I_f = 2255.38 A
Voltage Torque Angle = 63.5221 degrees
Current Torque Angle = 206.478 degrees
Check on power = 1e+09 and 1e+09
Torque = 2.65258e+06 N-m
A phasor diagram of this machine operation is shown in Figure 42
3. The solution to this problem is implemented in Matlab script p9 3.m. Phasor diagrams
for unity power factor operation are shown in Figure 43 and Figure 44.
Eaf = 33668 v
V =30,136 v
x
o
δ =63.5
Current (motor sense) V=15011 v

Current (generator Sense)
Internal Flux
δ =206.5o
i
Figure 42: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 2
Chapter 9, Problem 3 f = 60
Part a:Ifnl = 49.9806
Part b:Ifsi = 102.009
Power Factor = 1
Power Factor Angle = 0 degrees
Angle delta = -53.7004 degrees
Current Angle = 53.7004 degrees
Terminal Voltage = 2424.87
Internal Voltage E1 = 4096.02
Internal Voltage Eaf = 5424.17
Current I_d = -110.787
Current I_q = 81.3799
Angle of Max Torque = -78.12 degrees
Breakdown Torque = 11902.6 N-m
Id
Ia V
δ
Iq
d axis j XqIa
E
af
Figure 43: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 3: Unity Power Factor

q
2
4. Peak phase voltage is Vph,pk = 3 × 13, 800 = 11, 267.7V, Peak.
11, 267.7
M= ≈ 299mH
377 × 100
2
Base impedance is: ZB = 13.8
100 ≈ 1.9044Ω
Then, base inductance is: LB = 1.9044Ω
377 ≈ 5.04mH
Thus:
Ld = 2 × 5.05mH = 10.1mH
Lq = 1 × 5.05mH = 5.05mH
To understand torque stability, note that:

!
veaf v2 1 1
T = sin δ + − sin 2δ
xd 2 xq xd
Then the stability point is defined by:

!
∂T veaf 1 1
=− cos δ − v 2 − cos 2δ
∂δ xd xq xd
Id
Ia
ψ
V
Iq δ
jX I
q a
E1
E af
Figure 44: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 3: 0.8 Power Factor, Overexcited

xd
At δ = 0 and v = 1, this yields eaf = − xq − 1 = −1. The resulting vee curve is
shown in Figure 45.
p
5. For the specified operating condition, eaf = (1 + 2 × .6)2 + (2 × .8)2 = 2.72 Thus
If = 2720A.
ve
Since, for a round rotor machine, p = xaf d
sin δ, and for a round rotor machine the
stability limit is when sin δ = 1,
So, for a given power level, the stability limit is reached when sin δ = 1, and then
veaf = pxd .
The rest of this problem is worked in Matlab script p9 5.m. The Vee curves are shown
in Figure 46.
6. First, we need to get current to make the motor produce exactly 1,000 kW. At unity
power factor, we can define a voltage ’inside’ the stator resistance: call it Vi . Power will
be P = 3Vi I = 3Vi − 3Ra I 2 , then required current is:
s
V V 2 P
I= − ( ) −
2Ra 2Ra 3Ra
The rest of this problem is worked in Matlab script p9 6.m. Note that to produce the
plot of efficiency vs. load, the core loss and friction and windage are added to mechanical
load. That efficiency vs. load is shown in Figure 47. Summary output is:
Converted Power = 1.003e+06 W
Phase Current = 138.67 A
Output Power = 1e+06 W
|I a|
5920.8
I
100 200 300 f
−100
Figure 45: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 4: Zero Power Vee Curve

4 Chapter 9, Problem 5, Vee Curve
x 10
2.5
2
Armature Current, A RMS
1.5
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Field Current, A DC
Figure 46: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 5: Vee Curve
Torque Angle = -45.4144 degrees

Internal voltage E1 = 3434.61 V
Internal voltage Eaf = 4305.68
Field Current = 177.563 A
Armature Loss = 5768.79 W
Field Loss = 9458.6 W
Core Loss = 2000 W
F and W loss = 1000 W
Input Power = 1.01823e+06 W
Full Load Efficiency = 0.982099
7. Referring to that figure, note that xad = xd − xaℓ = 1.9per-unit.
Transient reactance is x′d = xaℓ + xad ||xf ℓ , or:
xad xf ℓ
= 0.3
xad + xf ℓ
Using xad = 1.9 in this,
0.3 × 1.9
xf ℓ = = 0.35625
1.9 − 0.3
0.99
0.985
0.98
0.975
0.97
Efficiency 0.965
0.96
0.955
0.95
0.945
0.94
0 2 4 6 8 10
Power Output (W) 5
x 10
Figure 47: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 6: Synchronous Motor Efficiency
and xf = 1.9 + 0.35625 = 2.25625.

Field resistance is:
xf 2.25625
rf = ′ = ≈ 0.0012
ω0 Tdo 377 × 5
In ordinary variables, the rotor elements, referred to the stator will be related by the
base impedance, which is:
242
ZB = = 1.152Ω
500
then
ZB xad 1.152 × 1.9
Lad = = = 5.81mH
ω0 377
ZB xf ℓ 1.152 × 0.35625
Lf ℓ = = = 1.09mH
ω0 377
To get these parameters on the field side, we need to find the field circuit base impedance.
To start, note that Vf B If B = 32 VB IB = PB . This means that the field circuit base
impedance Zf b = IP2B .
fB
To find the field circuit base current, note that if nl xad = 1, so that if nl = x1ad . This
means that base current for the field circuit is If B = If nl xad = 500 × 19 = 950A. This
means Zf B = 500MVA 2 = 554Ω.
.95KA
Then field inductance and resistance are:
554Ω × 2.25635
Lf = = 3.760H
377
3.760H
Rf = = 0.753Ω
5s
8. See the Matlab script p9 8.m for the solution to this problem. Some iteration was
required to find the critical clearing time, which turns out to be about 252 mS, as
opposed to the equal area criteria time of about 203 mS.A near-critical swing followed
by a short setup time is shown in Figure 48.
Transient Simulation: Clearing Time = 0.252
3
2.5
Torque Angle, radians

2
1.5
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
seconds
Figure 48: Solution to Chapter 9, Problem 8: Near-Critical Swing
Transient Stability Analysis

Initial Conditions:
Torque Angle delta = 0.830584
Direct Axis Flux psid = 0.674445
Quadrature Axis Flux psiq = -0.738325
Direct Axis Current I_d = 0.912004
Quadrature Axis Current I_q = 0.410181
Torque = 0.95
Required Internal Voltage E_{af} = 2.49845
Field Flux psif = 1.0122
Equal Area T_c = 0.202796
Chapter 10
1. part a : I1 = I3 , I2 = 3I , I0 = I
3
part b : I1 = 3I a2 , I2 = I3 a, I0 = I
3
part c : I1 = − √j3 I, I2 = √j I,
3
I0 = 0
2. positive sequence : Ia = I, Ib = a2 I, Ic = aI
negative sequence : Ia = I, Ib = aI, Ic = a2 I
zero sequence : Ia = I, Ib = I, Ic = I
Phasor diagrams are in Figure 49.

c b
a a a b c
b c
Part b: I 2 Part c: I 0
Part a: I
1
Figure 49: Phasor Diagrams for Chapter 10, Problem 2
277 27.7
3. Ia = 10 ≈ 27.7A, so I1 = I2 = I0 = 3 ≈ 9.23A
4. Vbc = −j480 so Ib = −j48 and Ic = j48 √
π π π π
Then, noting that −ja2 = ej 6 and ja = ej 6 and ej 6 + e−j 6 = 3
then:
48
√
I1 = 3 3 = 27.7
48
√
I2 = −3 3 = −27.7
I +0 = 0
5. Assume that we can set the time reference so that phase A voltage on the ’X’ side to
have a phase angle of zero. Then, on the ’X’ side, Ia = 277
10 ≈ 27.7A
27.7
Then I1 = I2 = I0 = 3 ≈ 9.23A.
The voltage ratio is N = 2400
480 = 5
So on the primary side, positive and negative sequence currents are rotated by 30◦ and
π π
thus are: I1 = 1.85e−j 6 and I2 = 1.85ej 6 Then, on the ’H’ side:
Ia = I1 + I2 = 3.2A
Ib = a2 I1 + aI2 = −3.2A
Ic = 0
6. Assume tht we can set the time reference so that Phase A voltage on the ’X’ side to
have a phase angle of zero. Then, on the ’X’ side, Ia = 0, Ib = −j48A and Ic = j48A.
The symmetrical component currents are:
1
aIb + a2 Ic = 27.7

I1 = 3
1
a2 Ib + aIc = −27.7

I2 = 3
I0 = 0
2400
On the ’H’ side since the voltage ratio is 480 = 5, the symmetrical component currents
are:
π
I1 = 5.54e−j 6
π
I2 = 5.54ej 6
I0 = 0
Reconstructing phase currents:
Ia = I1 + I2 = −j5.54
Ib = a2 I1 + aI2 = −j5.54
Ic = aI1 + a2 I2 = j11.08
7. Since the neutral of the source is directly connected to the neutral of the resistors,
currents are found directly:
2π 2π
Ia = 27.7 = 23.1 + 4.6, Ib = 23.1e−j 3 , Ic = 23.1ej 3
The symmetrical component currents are simply:
1
I1 = 23.1 + 3 × 4.6 = 24.63
1
I2 = 3 × 4.6 = 1.53
I0 = 1.53
8. If the star point is grounded, its voltage is:

Rb ||Rc Ra ||Rc Ra ||Rb
Vn = Va + Vb + Vc
Ra + Rb ||Rc Rb + Ra ||Rc Rc + Ra ||Rb
Taking advantage of the b-c symmetry:
Rb ||Rc Ra ||Rc 6 5.54

Vn = Va − = 277.1× − ≈ 0.063×277.1 ≈ 17.4V
Ra + Rb ||Rc Rb + Ra ||Rc 16 17.5
Then the three phase currents are:
277.1−17.4
Ia = 10 = 25.97 = 23.09 + 2.88A
2π 2π
277.1e−j 3
Ib = 12
−17.4
= 23.09e−j 3 − 1.45A
j 2π 2π
277.1e
Ic = 12
3 −17.4
= 23.09ej 3 − 1.45A
Then the symmetrical components are:

1
Ia + aIb + a2 Ic = 23.09 + 31 (2.88 + 1.45) ≈ 24.53A

I1 = 3
1
I2 = 3 (2.88 + 1.45) ≈ 1.44A
I0 = 0
2π 2π
9. The voltages can be written as: Va = 277 + 3, Vb = 277e−j 3 and Vc = 277ej 3 then the
symmetrical component currents will be:
Grounded:
I1 = 27.7A, I2 = 0.1A, I0 = 0.1A
Ungrounded:
I1 = 27.7A, I2 = 0.1A, I0 = 0
10. The transmission line has phase impedance:

 
20 8 5
Zph = jω  8 20 8 
 
5 8 20
Matlab script that p10 10.m solves this problem. The solution proceeds as follows:
First, get the symmetrical component impedance matrix by doing Zs = T Zph T −1 . This
is readily inverted to get the line admittance matrix. Note that in this situation, real
power is P = V1 V2 Y sin δ, where the admittance variable Y is the reactive admittance
(this is a lossless situation) for positive sequence. By inverting that expression
we find

phase angle δ. Then positive sequence current across the line is just Vd = V ejδ − 1 ,
and that is used with the full admittance matrix to find currents. The script is also used
to find real power to confirm that the angle is right. Here is the summary output:
Xs =
13.0000 - 0.0000i 1.0000 + 1.7321i -0.5000 + 0.8660i
1.0000 - 1.7321i 13.0000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.8660i
-0.5000 - 0.8660i -0.5000 + 0.8660i 34.0000
Ys =
0.0000 - 0.0790i -0.0107 + 0.0062i -0.0023 - 0.0013i
0.0107 + 0.0062i 0.0000 - 0.0790i 0.0023 - 0.0013i
0.0023 - 0.0013i -0.0023 - 0.0013i -0.0000 - 0.0296i
delt = 0.0958
Vdiff = -0.5276 +11.0027i
Ic =
0.8696 + 0.0417i
-0.0737 + 0.1146i
0.0136 + 0.0263i
S = 1.0000e+02 + 4.7948e+00i
>> abs(I2) = 0.1362

11. With a single phase fault, total reactance is x = x1 + x2 + x0 = 0.9, and then fault
current is if = 1/(j0.9) ≈ −j1.11 per-unit. Current in Phase A is ia = i1 + i2 + i0 = 3.33
100
Base current is IB = √3×138 ≈ .4184kA = 418.4A.
Then phase A current is: Iaf = 3.33 × 418 ≈ 1361.3A
For the line-line fault, x = x1 + x2 = √0.5. Fault current is if = −j2. The three
phase currents are ia = 0, |ib | = |ic | = 2 3 ≈ 3.46 per-unit. Then the fault current is
|Ib | = |Ic | ≈ 1, 449A
12. Symmetrical component reactances are x1 = 0.55, x2 = 0.55 and x0 = 0.45.
1
Fault current for a line-ground fault is: i1 = i2 = i0 = j1.55 = −j.645.
At the fault, ia = i1 + i2 + i0 = −j1.935, ib = ic = 0. At the generator side of the
transformer,
π π

ia = −j.645 e−j 6 + ej 6 = −j1.117
−j π6 j π6

ib = −j.645 a2 e + ae = j1.117
π π

ic = −j.645 ae−j 6 + a2 ej 6 = 0
For the line-line fault at the fault: total reactance is x = x1 + x2 = 1.1, so that i1 =
1
−i2 = j1.1 ≈ −j.91. then, at the fault,
ia = 0
√
a2

ib = −j.91 − a = −j.91 × −j 3 = −1.575
√
= −j.91 a − a2 = −j.91 × j 3 = 1.575

ic
On the generator side

π π

ıa = −j.91 e−j 6 − ej 6 = −.91
π π

ıb = −j.91 a2 e−j 6 − aej 6 = −.91
−j π6 j π6

ıc = −j.91 ae − a2 e = 1.82
Base current at the fault is 418.4 A and at the generator is 4184 A, so the current
magnitudes are:
Line Line-Neutral (A) Line-Line (A)
Phase A 809.6 0
Phase B 0 659.0
Phase C 0 659.0
Generator
Phase A 4674 3807
Phase B 4674 3807
Phase C 0 7615
13. Do this one on the line base of 100 MVA, 345 kV on the line and 24 kV at the generator.
On that base, generator reactance is xg = 100600 × .25 ≈ .042 and transformer reactance
100
is xt = 600 × .07 ≈ .012. Positive and negative sequence reactances are then x1 = x2 =
.25 + .042 + .012 = .314 Zero sequence reactance is x0 = .40 + .012 = .412.
For the line-neutral fault, z1 = z2 = j.314 and z0 = j.412. Total impedance to the
1
fault is z = j1.04, so that fault current is if = j1.04 ≈ −j.961. So at the fault: ia =
i1 + i2 + i0 = −j2.88, ib = ic = 0.
On the generator side:
π π
√
ia = −j.961 e−j 6 + ej 6 = 3 × −j.961 = −j1.66
π π
√
ib = −j.961 a2 e−j 6 + aej 6 = − 3 × −j.961 = j1.66
π π

ic = −j.961 ae−j 6 + a2 ej 6 =0
For the line-line fault, z = j.628 so that fault current is if ≈ j1.59. At the fault, the
phase currents are:
ia = 0
a2

ib = −j1.59 − a ≈ −2.76
= −j1.59 a − a2 ≈ 2.76

ic
On the generator side, the currents are:

π π

ia = −j1.59 e−j 6 − ej 6 = −1.59
−j π6 j π6

ib = −j1.59 a2 e − ae = −1.59
π π

ic = −j1.59 ae−j 6 − a62ej 6 = 3.18
Base currents are 2406 A at 24 kV and 167 A at 345 kV, so the currents, in amperes
are:
Line Line-Neutral (A) Line-Line (A)
Phase A 481 0
Phase B 0 461
Phase C 0 461
Generator
Phase A 3993 3826
Phase B 3993 3826
Phase C 0 7651
14. Since this is a rather routine calculation, we resort to using Matlab to work it. See Script
p10 14.m. The results are:
Problem 10_14
Base Currents: Generator 4183.7 Line 167.348 Fault 1673.48
Per-Unit Currents, line-neutral in Phase a
Fault i_a = 0+j-2.34375
Line i_a = 0+j-1.35316 i_b = 0+j1.35316 i_c = 0+j-1.73472e-16
Generator i_a = 0+j-0.78125 i_b = 0+j1.5625 i_c = 0+j-0.78125
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 3922.22 Ib = 0 Ic = 0
Line I_a = 226.449 I_b = 226.449 I_c = 2.90302e-14
Generator I_a = 3268.51 I_b = 6537.03 I_c = 3268.51
Problem 10_14
Per-Unit Currents, line-line in Phases b and c
Fault i_a = 0+j0 i_b = -1.41971+j0 i_c = 1.41971+j0
Line i_a = -0.819672+j0 i_b = -0.819672+j0 i_c = 1.63934+j0
Generator i_a = -1.41971+j0 i_b = -5.46011e-16+j0 i_c = 1.41971+j0
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 0 Ib = 2375.86 Ic = 2375.86
Line I_a = 137.17 I_b = 137.17 I_c = 274.341
Generator I_a = 5939.65 I_b = 2.28435e-12 I_c = 5939.65
15. This problem is worked by Matlab script p10 15.m. The answers are:
Problem 10_15
Base Currents: Generator 4183.7 Line 167.348 Fault 1673.48
Fault i_a = 0.0731707+j-2.34146
Line i_a = 0.0422451+j-1.35184 i_b = -0.0422451+j1.35184 i_c = 5.41572e-18+j-1.73303
Generator i_a = 0.0243902+j-0.780488 i_b = -0.0487805+j1.56098 i_c = 0.0243902+j-0.7
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 3920.3 Ib = 0 Ic = 0
Line I_a = 226.339 I_b = 226.339 I_c = 2.90161e-14
Problem 10_15
Fault i_a = 0+j0 i_b = -1.41819+j-0.046498 i_c = 1.41819+j0.046498
Line i_a = -0.818792+j-0.0268456 i_b = -0.818792+j-0.0268456 i_c = 1.63758+j0.053691
Generator i_a = -1.41819+j-0.046498 i_b = -5.48173e-16+j0 i_c = 1.41819+j0.046498
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 0 Ib = 2374.59 Ic = 2374.59
Line I_a = 137.097 I_b = 137.097 I_c = 274.193
Generator I_a = 5936.46 I_b = 2.29339e-12 I_c = 5936.46
16. This one is solved by Matlab script p10 16.m. The solution is in the output of that
script is:
Problem 10_16
Base Currents: Generator 4183.7 Line 418.4
Fault i_a = 0.000+j -2.727
Generator i_a = 0.000+j -1.575 i_b = 0.000+j 1.575 i_c = 0.000+j -0.000
Currents in Amperes\
Fault I_a = 1141.0 Ib = 0.0 Ic = 0.0

Fault i_a = 0.000+j 0.000 i_b = -2.038+j 0.000 i_c = 2.038+j 0.000
Generator i_a = -1.176+j 0.000 i_b = -1.176+j 0.000 i_c = 2.353+j 0.000
Currents in Amperes
Fault I_a = 0.0 Ib = 852.5 Ic = 852.5\
17. This problem is solved by Matlab script p10 17.m.
Chapter 10, Problem 17: Currents in Per-Unit

Line-Neutral Fault
Close
i_a = 1.667 i_b = 0.000 i_c = 0.000
Far
i_a = 1.111 i_b = 0.000 i_c = 0.000
Line-Line Fault
Close
i_a = 0.000 i_b = 1.575 i_c = 1.575
Far
i_a = 0.000 i_b = 1.083 i_c = 1.083
Chapter 11
6
1. Real power flow through the line is P = V1XV2 sin δ = 10
10 sin δ
So maximum power flow is 100 kW.
Since the sine of 30◦ is 1/2, real power flow is 50 kW.
2
Reactive power flow with equal voltage magnitudes is Q = VX (1 − cos δ) and 1−cos30◦ ≈
.134, then reactive power flow is about 13.4 kVAR.
To get 75 kVAR to flow in the line, sin δ = .75 or δ ≈ 48.6◦
2
2. Real power flow in this three-phase line is P = 138
40 sin δ ≈ 476.1 sin δ(MW)
◦
So when δ = 10 , P ≈ 82.7MW
When δ = 30◦ , P ≈ 238MW
100
For 100 MW, δ = sin−1 476.1 ≈ 12.1◦
With that angle, Q = 476.1 (1 − cos 12.1◦ ) ≈ 10.6MVAR
3. If sending and receiving end power are the same, real and reactive power at sending and
receiving ends are:
V2
(P + jQ)S = 1 − ejδ
R − jX
V2
(P + jQ)R = e−jδ−1
R − jX
These are easily evaluated by Matlab script p11 3.m. Note the solution to the problem of
finding the proper power angle for a given receiving end real power is nonlinear, but the
Matlab routine fzero() can be used to solve that problem with an auxiliary function.
The answers are:

Angle = 10 degrees
Sending end P = 82.5715 MW Q = -1.02412 MVAR
Receiving end P = 81.1392 MW Q = -15.3469 MVAR
Angle = 30 degrees
Sending end P = 242.008 MW Q = 39.5845 MVAR
Receiving end P = 229.378 MW Q = -86.7231 MVAR
Seeking 100 MW at receiving end
Angle = 12.3843 degrees
Receiving end P = 100 MW Q = -21.0783 MVAR
4. With a capacitance of 6.6µF , admittance is Yc = jωC = j2.49 × 10−3 S, or QC =

1382 × 2.49 × 10−3 ≈ 47.4MVAR
For a phase angle of 30◦ ,
V2
P = X sin δ = 238MW
V 2
Q = X (1 − cos δ) = 16.4MVAR
100 V2
To get 100 MW in the line, δ = sin−1 476.1 ≈ 12.125◦ , for which Q = X (1 − cos δ)−Qc ≈
10.6 − 47.4 = −36.8MVAR
5. The power circle called for in the problem is shown in Figure 50. It was generated by
Matlab script p11 5.m.
800
600
sending
400
200
Vars
−200
−400
receiving
−600
−800
−1000 −800 −600 −400 −200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Watts
Figure 50: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 5: Power Circle
6. This problem is solved by Matlab script p11 6.m. The situation in which it is carrying
10 kW is shown in Figure 51. the specific numbers are:

Center of Power Circle = 1980.2 + j 19802
Radius of Power Circle = 19900.7
Seeking 10 kW at receiving end
Angle = 31.3025 degrees
Receiving end P = 10000 MW Q = -3911.28 MVAR
7. The phasor diagram without compensating capacitors is shown, to pretty good scale, in
Figure 52
To find the required capacitance for receiving end voltage to be of the same magnitude
as sending end, see that:
R||jXc
VR = VS
R||jXc + jXl
4 Chapter 11, Problem 6
x 10
1.5
0.5
VARS
0
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Watts 4
x 10
Figure 51: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 6: Partial Power Circle

Vs = 8000
|V |=986
X
|VR|=7941
Figure 52: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 6: Uncompensated Line
1
If we note Yc = Xc and take into account the sign of complex numbers, the condition
for VR = VS is: s
2
1 1 1

Yc = − −
Xl Xl R2
This evaluates to Yc ≈ 7.843 × 10−4 S or C = 2.1µF .
Voltage vs. capacitance is shown in Figure 53. This was calculated by Matlab script
p11 7.m.
8. The Matlab scripts that evaluates this load flow program are p11 8.m, p11 8a.m and
p11 8b.m. An auxiliary script, p11 8disp.m creates output for all variants of the script.
The first part of the program is represented by the following:
Simple Minded Load Flow Problem

Line Impedances:
Z( 1) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 2) = 0.01 + j 0.1
Z( 3) = 0.005 + j 0.15
Z( 4) = 0.001 + j 0.05
Z( 5) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 6) = 0.005 + j 0.2
Z( 7) = 0.01 + j 0.3
Z( 8) = 0.005 + j 0.05
8060
8040
8020
Resistor Voltage
8000
7980
7960
7940
7920
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Compensating Capacitor, µ F
Figure 53: Solution to Chapter 11, Problem 6: Receiving End Voltage vs. Compensating capaci-
tance
Here are the voltage Magnitudes and angles

Voltage at Bus( 1) = 0.928 angle 8.313 (deg)
Voltage at Bus( 2) = 0.921 angle -0.817 (deg)
Complex Power at the buses

At Bus( 1) P = 2.000 Q = -0.000
At Bus( 2) P = -2.000 Q = -0.500
At Bus( 3) P = 1.000 Q = 0.800
At Bus( 4) P = 0.023 Q = 0.184
At Bus( 5) P = 0.000 Q = 0.000
At Bus( 6) P = -1.000 Q = 0.000
Line Current Magnitudes are

Line( 1) = 1.471
Line( 2) = 0.532
Line( 3) = 0.698
Line( 4) = 0.767
Line( 5) = 0.747
Line( 6) = 0.539
Line( 7) = 0.186
Line( 8) = 0.503
So if we insert Q = 0.5 into bus 5, the answer becomes:
Line Impedances:
Z( 1) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 2) = 0.01 + j 0.1
Z( 3) = 0.005 + j 0.15
Z( 4) = 0.001 + j 0.05
Z( 5) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 6) = 0.005 + j 0.2
Z( 7) = 0.01 + j 0.3
Z( 8) = 0.005 + j 0.05


At Bus( 1) P = 2.000 Q = -0.000
At Bus( 2) P = -2.000 Q = -0.500
At Bus( 3) P = 1.000 Q = 0.325
At Bus( 4) P = 0.020 Q = 0.094
At Bus( 5) P = 0.000 Q = 0.500
At Bus( 6) P = -1.000 Q = 0.000

Line( 1) = 1.422
Line( 2) = 0.534
Line( 3) = 0.676
Line( 4) = 0.764
Line( 5) = 0.573
Line( 6) = 0.478
Line( 7) = 0.096
Line( 8) = 0.425
And then, when Line 1 is removed, the distribution is:

Line Impedances:
Z( 1) = 0.01 + j 0.1
Z( 2) = 0.005 + j 0.15
Z( 3) = 0.001 + j 0.05
Z( 4) = 0.005 + j 0.1
Z( 5) = 0.005 + j 0.2
Z( 6) = 0.01 + j 0.3
Z( 7) = 0.005 + j 0.05


At Bus( 1) P = 2.000 Q = 0.000
At Bus( 2) P = -2.000 Q = -0.500
At Bus( 3) P = 1.000 Q = 1.693
At Bus( 4) P = 0.067 Q = 0.356
At Bus( 5) P = -0.000 Q = -0.000
At Bus( 6) P = -1.000 Q = -0.000

Line( 1) = 1.246
Line( 2) = 2.446
Line( 3) = 1.481
Line( 4) = 1.214
Line( 5) = 0.798
Line( 6) = 0.362
Line( 7) = 1.207
Chapter 12
qv

1. Since diode current is (ignoring resistance) i = I0 e kT − e , solving for v we find:
kT i

v= log +1
q I0
kT 1.38×10−23 ×299
At 299 K, q = 1.6×10−19 ≈ 25.2mV
For part a, = log(5×1015 ) ≈ 36.15 and for part b, log( Ii0 +1) = log(5×1016 ) ≈
log( Ii0 +1)
38.45
So the answers are: Part a) v = .0252 × 36.15 ≈ .911V and Part b) v = .0252 × 38.45 ≈
.969V.
Matlab script p12 1.m was written to get voltage vs. current and the resulting plot is
shown in Figure 54.
1.15
1.1
1.05
Forward Voltage
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10 10
Current, A
Figure 54: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 1: Diode Voltage vs. Current
2. At 40 C, T = 313K and kT kT
q = 27mV. At 0 C, T = 273K and q = 23.5mV, so Part a)
v = .027 × 36.15 ≈ .976V, and Part b) v = .0235 × 36.15 ≈ .851V
Matlab script p12 2.m generates voltage vs. temperature as shown in Figure 55.
3. Part a): Vo = DVin = 21 × 48 = 24V
Part b): ∆I = (Vin − Vo ) DT .5×10−4
L = 24 × 6×10−3 = 0.2A. This is sketched in Figure 56.
To get voltage ripple, see that the difference between input and output current (to the
capacitor) is a triangle wave. For the half period starting when the current reaches a
maximum until it reaches a minimum,
dvc 1 2

= Im 1 − t
dt C T
Where Im = VinL−Vo DT is the maximum value of ripple current: the difference between
inductor current and output current. Capacitor ripple voltage is:
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
Forward Voltage
1.05
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature, C
Figure 55: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 2: Diode Voltage vs. Temperature
DT ∆I
i
L
T
t
Figure 56: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 3: Ripple Current
!
1 t2
vR = Im t − .
C T
For the next half cycle the situation is just reversed, with a negative voltage excursion.
Matlab script p12 3.m does the evaluation and plots both ripple voltage and current.
The maximum voltage ripple excursion is about 0.25 V.
4. Load voltage is VL = DVs and change of current from start to end of the ’on’ part of
the cycle is:
DT T
∆I = (Vs − VL ) = Vs D − D2
L L
This is evaluated by the Matlab script p12 4.m and a plot, for this converter is shown
in Figure 59
5. To find the limits to the ripple, solve the simple circuit problem:
DT DT

vmax = vmin e− τ + Vs 1 − e− τ
(1−D)T
vmin = vmax e− τ
Chapter 12, Problem 3: Ripple
0.4
Ripple Voltage
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−4
x 10
0.2
Ripple Current
0.1
0
−0.1
−0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time, s −4
x 10
Figure 57: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 3: Ripple Voltage and Current
L
where the time constant is just τ = R. This set can be solved:
DT
1 − e− τ
vmax = Vs T
1 − e− τ
Once the limits are found, voltage as a function of time is straightforward: During the
ON interval:
t t

v = vmin e− τ + Vs 1 − e− tau
and during the OFF interval:

t
v = vmax e− τ
Matlab script p12 5.m carries out these calculations and repeats the waveform for a few
cycles to make it more easily visible. The resulting output volgate is shown in Figure 60.
6. The output voltage is just the input voltage rectified, and the rectifier has the effect of
taking the absolute value of the input voltage. At the same time, it converts the current,
so that, for this case,
vl = |Vs sin ωt|

is = IDC sign(sin ωt)
Shown in Figure 61 are output voltage and input current for the full wave bridge rectifier.
In Figure 62 are input and output power (neglecting diode forward drop). Plotted on
the same scale, they are the same.
According to the model of Problem 1, forward drop in each of the diodes is about
0.911 volts, leading to about 18 watts total dissipation, distributed over the four diodes
of the bridge.
See Matlab script p12 6.m for details.
Chapter 12, Problem 3: Capacitor Voltage
25
20
Capacitor Voltage
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time, s −4
x 10
Figure 58: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 1: Capacitor Voltage
7. There are actually three important numbers related to the load voltage output from the
three-phase
p rectifier. They are the peak voltage, which is the peak of√line-line voltage:
Vpeak = (2)×480 = 679V , the average load voltage, which is VL = π3 2×480 ≈ 648V ,
√
and the minimum voltage which is Vmin = 480 2 cos π6 ≈ 588V . The actual waveforms
are shown in Figure 63. Current in Phase A is positive whenever Phase A is most positive
and negative when Phase A is most negative. Since there is a large filter reactor on the
DC side, current is constant.
Accouning for commutation reactance, the reactive voltage drop appears to be accounted
for by the fictitious resistor:RX = π3 ωLℓ π3 × 377 × .003 ≈ 1.08Ω. With a load current of
10 A, VL = 648 − 10 × 1.08 ≈ 637.2V Load voltage as a function of current is shown in
Figure 64.
8. Assuming the leakage inductance is negligible, average load voltage is:
1 π 2 2√
Z
< VL >= Vp sin ωtdωt = Vp = 2 × 120 ≈ 108V
π 0 π π
In the single phase rectifier, load voltage is zero during commutation and rate of change
of current in the leakage inductance is:
diL Vp
= sin ωt
dt Lℓ
And since current in the leakage inductance starts at −IL , current at the end of the
commutation interval is
Vp
iL = −IL + (cos ωt − 1))
ωLℓ
The commutation interval tc is then determined by:
Vp
(cos ωtc − 1) = 2IL
2Lℓ
Chapter 12, Problem 4: Inductor Current Ripple
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
A 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Duty Cycle
Figure 59: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 4: Ripple current vs. duty cycle
Chapter 12, Problem 5: Buck Converter Voltage Output
350
300
250
200
V
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
t, s −3
x 10
Figure 60: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 5: Buck Converter Output
Average voltage is, since output voltage during the commutation interval is zero:
1
Z π 1
Z π 1
Z ωtc 2 1
< VL >= Vp sin ωtdωt = Vp sin ωtdωt− Vp sin ωtdωt = − Vp (cos ωtc − 1)
π ωtc π 0 π 0 π π
Vp
And, since ωLℓ (cos ωtc − 1) = 2IL ,
2 2
< VL >= Vp − ωLℓ IL
π π
Here, if Lℓ = 5mH, RX = π2 × 377 × .005 ≈ 1.2Ω

Voltage drop is shown in Figure 65
9. Average output voltage in continuous conduction is:
Chapter 12, Problem 6: Full Wave Bridge Output Voltage
200
150
Volts
100
50
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Source Current, A 10
−5
−10
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
t, s
Figure 61: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 6: Full Wave Rectifier Output Voltage and Input
Current
VS 12
Vout = = = 24
1−D .5
Current ripple is:
VS 12 × .5 × 2 × 10−5
DT = ∆I = = .5A
L 240 × 10−6
Voltage ripple is found from output current:
I0 (1 − D) T 1 × .5 × 2 × 10−5
∆V = = = 1V
C 10 × 10−6
10. Equivalent load resistance is found from power
V2 1202
R= = = 1.2kΩ
P 12
2L
Since R = D2 T , s s
2L 2 × 72 × 10−6
D= = ≈ 0.11
RT 1200 × 10−5
11. Matlab scripts p12 11a.m and p12 11b.m generate the fourier series amplitudes of the
waveform. Construction of the PWM waveform is shown in Figure 66 and harmonic
amplitudes are plotted in Figure 67.
12. The commutation effective resistance is RX = π3 × 1.5 ≈ 1.432Ω. Then the voltage drop
√
is VX = 1.432 × 5, 000 ≈ 7, 162V . Rectified open circuit voltage is π3 Vp = π3 × 2 × 330 =
445.7kV . DC voltage is 400kV = 445.7 cos α − 7.162kV , or firing angle is:
407.2
cosα = ≈ .913
445.7
Chapter 12, Problem 6: Input and Output Power
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Time, s
Figure 62: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 6: Full Wave Rectifier Power

Then α = 24◦ . Overlap angle is u = cos−1 cos α − 2XI
Vp
L
− α. Since 2XIL
Vp = 2×1.5×5
√
330× 2
≈
.032,
u = cos−1 (.913 − .032) − 24◦ ≈ 4.25◦
At the inverter end:
400 − 7.162
cos α = ≈ .881
445.7
α = 28.2◦
u = cos−1 (.881 − .032) − 28.2◦ ≈ 3.7◦
Finally, time harmonics: the period of conduction for pulses on the AC side is 120◦ , for
which the harmonic amplitudes can be readily calculated:
4 π π
In = IDC ∗ sin n sin n
nπ 2 3
This is an odd harmonic series that evaluates to, for IDC = 5, 000A,
Harmonic Number 1 Amplitude 5513.3

Harmonic Number 3 Amplitude -0.0
Chapter 12, Problem 7: Three Phase Rectifier
Dc Side Voltage, V
600
400
200
0
−0.015 −0.01 −0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
10
Phase A current, A
5
−5
−10
−0.015 −0.01 −0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
Time, s
Figure 63: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 7: Three Phase Bridge Voltage and Current
Vdc
648
637.2
Idc
10
Figure 64: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 7: Voltage vs. Load Current

Discounting the signs of the harmonics, the first four nonzero harmonics are 5, 7, 11 and
13, with amplitudes of 1103, 788, 501 and 424 A, respectively. In a twelve pulse system,
the fifth and seventh harmonics cancel as do the 17th and 19th. Each of two inverters
handles half the current, so the surviving harmonics are of half amplitude, but they add
so we get back the factor of two. Then the harmonics are of order 11, 13, 23 and 35,
with amplitudes of 501, 424, 240 and 221 A, respectively.
VL
108
102
5A
Figure 65: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 8: Voltage vs. Load Current
Generation of PWM Signal
1
Comparator Inputs
0.5
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
1
PWM Output
0.5
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Time
Figure 66: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 11: Generate PWM Waveform

0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
Harmonic Ampliude
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Harmonic Frequency
Figure 67: Solution to Chapter 12, Problem 11: Harmonic Amplitudes
Chapter 13
1. A simplification to the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 68.

j2.5 j2 j2 j2
+ +
.4 .4
j10 160
200 s s
− −
Figure 68: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 1: Simplified Equivalent Circuit
Deriving a thevenin equivalent on the voltage source, armature leakage and magnetizing
branch as shown in Figure 68, it is clear the resistance Rs2 is looking at a source impedance
magnitude of 4Ω. Dissipation is maximized when Rs2 = 4Ω, and this happens when s =
0.1. For a four pole machine operating at 50 Hz, speed is N = 0.9 × 1, 500 = 1, 350RPM.
At that speed, torque is:
1602 × 4 2
T = 2 2
× ≈ 21.73N-m
4 +4 100π
2. Matlab script p13 a.m works problems 2 through 9. The first computation is the torque-
speed curve, shown in Figure 69.

250
200
Torque, N−m
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
RPM
Figure 69: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 2: Torque-Speed
3. Current is calculated as a byproduct of torque-speed and that is shown in Figure 70

4. Breakdown torque is, for the purposes of this problem, generated by using Matlab’s
max() function. It and associated current and power factor are:
Breakdown torque = 246.344 N-m at 1603.07 RPM
Current at Breakdown = 86.4064 Power Factor = 0.711948
140
120
100
Current, A
80
60
40
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
RPM
Figure 70: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 3: Current-Speed
5. Running light could be calculated by looking at the smallest value of slip, but in the
script the rotor branch is discounted and impedance of the magnetizing and armature
brances was used:
Problem 5: Running light current = 5.45245

Real Power = 402.042 Reactive Power = 4515.22
6. Locked rotor conditions involve s = 1, for which the machine impedance can be calcu-
lated and a voltage to achieve specified current is then easy to estimate. The results
are:
Problem 6: Locked rotor voltage = 49.6024

Locked Rotor Torque = 1.8263
Input Real and Reactive Power = 216.345 + j 1089.83
7. The trick to estimating machine operation with fixed voltage and frequency is to find
the limiting values of slip at either end. A crude search was made to find those values
of slip. The rest is straightforward and the results are shown in Figure 71
8. This problem asks for multiple torque-speed calculations, and the only thing to remember
about this is to adjust the reactive elements for frequency, but the resistors stay constant.
Note the lower breakdown torques for low frequencies, shown in Figure 72.
9. This problem uses some brute-force computation, but even using an interpreter like
Matlab, computation is not expensive. In this calculation, operational curves similar to
those shown in Figure 72 were estimated for frequencies separated by 1 Hz. Then a search
was made to find two points that bracket the desired torque. Then linear interpolation
was used to approximate operation at the desired torque. Not shown is a curve that
was drawn of torque vs. speed to estimate how well this interpolation worked. Results
for input and output power are shown in Figure 73 and efficiency and power factor are
shown in 74.
Problem 7: Efficiency and Power Factor
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Per−Unit
0.6
0.5
0.4
Efficiency
0.3 Power Factor
0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Output Power, Watts 4
x 10
Figure 71: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 7: Efficiency and Power Factor
10. Matlab script p13 b.m does the calculations for problems 10 and 11. The torque-speed
curve for the motor operating with fixed voltage and frequency is shown in Figure 75
Small correction is required for stray load loss. Once the end points are determined,
getting efficiency and power factor is done over slip. This is shown in Figure 76.
11. Several torque/speed curves for different frequency and voltage levels are calculated by
the same script and shown in Figure 77
And then it is not difficult to generate an idea of operation by sweeping over frequency
and finding the correct power point along each curve. Resulting efficiency and power
factor are shown in Figure 78
12. The winding plan is shown in Figure 79. Note this did not really need to be a ’consequent
pole’ winding since groups with turns of 17, 9 and 8 turns, respectively, could have been
wound around each of four poles.
To find the winding factor, we use the weighted average of the individual coil pitch
factors:
PN γ
k=1 Ns (k) sin( 2 nNc (k))
kwn = PN
k=1 Ns (k)
where N is the total number of coils (6), n is the harmonic number, Nc is the coil throw
for each coil and Ns is the number of turns in each coil.
This evaluates to kw1 = .9720.
Synchronous reactance is:
3 4 Na2 RLkw1
Xs = ωLs ωµ0
2π p2 g
And this evaluates to about 85.5 Ohms.
Peak flux density is found from the voltage expression:
Problem 8: Volts/Hz Curves
250
200
Torque, N−m
150
100
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
RPM
Figure 72: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 8: Volts/Hz Control
Vp = 2ωm RLNa kw1 Bp

ω
where ωm is mechanical rotational speed so that ωm R is surface speed. ωm = p. Then:
Vp
Bp = ≈ .748T
2ωm RLNa kw1
13. This problem and the next are about the same machine. Referred to the stator side, the
inductances are:
3 LaA 16.59
Magnetizing Lm = 2 N = 1.5 × 3 ≈ 8.295mH
Armature Leakage Laℓ = La − Lab − Lm = 5.6 + 2.8 − 8.295 ≈ 0.105mh
LA −LAB 50.4+25.2
Rotor Leakage Lrℓ = N2 = 9 ≈ 0.105mh
The impedances at 60 Hz are Xa = ωLaℓ ≈ .0396Ω, Xm = ωLm ≈ 3.127Ω and, as it

turns out, Xr ≈ Xa .
In this problem, we ignore any winding losses in the doubly fed machine, so, as we
expect, rotor input power Pr = sPs , where Ps is stator output power. Total generated
Pm
power is Pm = Ps + Pr , so that Ps = 1−s .
Stator current can be computed to be Is = Ps +jQ
Vs
s
. Then we can compute voltage across
the magnetizing branch: Vm = Vs + jXa Is .
Vm
The next step is to compute current through the magnetizing branch: Im = jX m
.
Finally rotor current, referred to the stator is: Ir = Is + Im , and rotor voltage is
Vr = Vm + jXr Ir . Rotor input power is Pr + jQr = 3sVr Ir∗
Matlab script p13 c.m computes two discrete points for Problem 13 and two curves for
Problem 14. The results are:
4 Problem 9: Input and Output Power
x 10
2.5
1.5
Watts
1
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
RPM
Figure 73: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 9: Input and Output Power
Problem 13: Referred Reactances

Magnetizing Inductance = 0.008295
Stator Inductance = 0.0084
Rotor Inductance = 0.0084
Stator Leakage = 0.000105
Rotor Leakage = 0.0084
Impedances at Rated Frequency
Stator Leakage = 0.0395841
Magnetizing = 3.12714
Rotor Leakage = 0.0395841
Rotor Input at 30 % slip
Positive Slip: P_r = 360000 Q_r = 444392
Negative Slip: P_r = -360000, Q_r = 444392
14. The results of the previous problem are generalized in the script that follows to a picture
of power balance, in Figure 80 and of reactive power input to the rotor, Figure 81
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
Per−Unit
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82 Efficiency
Power Factor
0.8
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
RPM
Figure 74: Solution to Chapter 13, Problem 9: Efficiency and Power Factor
Problem 10, Part A

1200
1000
800
Torque
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
RPM
Figure 75: Solution to Problem 10: Torque-Speed
Problem 10, Part B: Efficiency and Power Factor
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
Per−Unit
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6 Efficiency
Power Factor
0.55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4
Output Power, Watts x 10
Figure 76: Solution to Problem 10: Efficiency and Power Factor
Problem 11: Volts/Hz Curves

1200
1000
800
Torque, N−m
600
400
200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
RPM
Figure 77: Solution to Problem 11: Volts/Hz Torque-Speed
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
Per−Unit
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
Efficiency
0.85 Power Factor
0.84
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
RPM
Figure 78: Solution to Problem 10: Variable Frequency Efficiency and Power Factor
Figure 79: Solution to Problem 12: Winding Plan
5 Problem 14: Doubly Fed Machine Power

x 10
12
Stator Output
Rotor Input
10 Total
6
Watts
−2
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
RPM
Figure 80: Solution to Problem 14: Real Power Balance in the DFM
5 Problem 14: Doubly Fed Machine Power
x 10
6
4
VARS into Rotor
0
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
RPM
Figure 81: Solution to Problem 14: Rotor Reactive Power in the DFM
Chapter 14
110 60
1. Since Va = GΩIf , Ω = 1×1 = 110 radians/second. N = 2π × 110 ≈ 1050.4 RPM.
If torque is 10 N-m, armature current must be Ia = 10 A. Internal voltage is: Eb =
GΩIf = 110 − 10 = 100 V, so that Ω = 100radians/second, or just about 955 RPM.
Power in is about Pmboxin = 110×11 = 1210 Watts while power out is Pout = 100×10 =
1000 Watts. This implies efficiency of 82.6 %.
For the last part,
T
Pin = V If + V
GIf
!
V T
Pout = ΩT = −R T
GIf GIf
Pout
η =
Pin
This is plotted in Figure 82
Chapter 14, Problem 1, Part d

3000
2000
Watts
1000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1
Efficiency
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N−m
Figure 82: Solution to Problem 1: Power and Efficiency
1 95
2. Back voltage is Eb = 100 2 × 10 = 95V, so that G = 180 ≈ 0.528. Torque is T = GIIf =
5.28n-m
3. Back voltage must be Eb = 50,000
100 = 500V, so that resistance is R =
600−500
100 = 1Ω, and
500
motor constant is G = 100×200 = 0.026H
4. Output power is
GΩV 2 .625 × 6002
Pout = GΩI 2 = = = 400kW
(R + GΩ)2 .625 + .125
600
Current is I = .625+.125 = 800A, so
Pin = 600 × 800 = 480kW
5. If the motor is producing 400 kW, its back voltage must be:
400kW
Eb = GΩI = = 500V
800A
And, since 1,000 RPM is 104.7 Radians/second,

500
G= ≈ .00596Hy
104.7 × 800
To get speed vs. voltage we must make power converted by the motor equal to power
absorbed by the load:
GV 2 Ω Ω 3

= P0
(R + GΩ)2 Ω0
Matlab script p14 5.m uses the Matlab function fzero() to solve the nonlinear equation
and plot speed vs. voltage (see Figure 83). It also does a check calculation (figure not
shown here).

1100
1000
900
800
RPM
700
600
500
400
300
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Applied Voltage, V
Figure 83: Solution to Problem 5: Speed vs. Voltage
800 500
6. The back voltage is Eb = GΩIf = 550 − 16 = 500V. So GIf = 104.7 ≈ 4.776Wb
In this problem the equality is:
3
V − GΩIf Ω

GΩIf = P0
Ra Ω0
This is solved by Matlab script p14 6.m and the results are shown in Figure 84.
1100
1000
900
800
700
RPM
600
500
400
300
200
100
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Applied Voltage, V
Figure 84: Solution to Problem 6: Speed vs. Voltage
7. The initial part of the piecewise linear voltage vs. field current curve has a slope of
V Ω N
= × 200 = × 200
If Ω0 N0
Then, the speed that will result in self-excitation will be:
75 1200
N = N0 × = × 75 = 450RPM
200 200
At 1,500 RPM, if the machine is on the third segment (If > 2A), V = 270.8 + 12.5If .
Running light:V = 270.8 + 12.5If = 75If , or:
270.83 1
If = ≈4 A
62.5 3
and V = 352V.
Loaded,
V = V0 + GΩIf − Ra Ia
V
If =
Rf
Over a limited range of Ia , this becomes:

V0 − Ra Ia
V =
1 − GΩ
Rf
This evaluates to
V = 325 − 2Ia Ia < 6.25A
To compound the generator, Gs Ω = 2. Then, comparing with the shunt field, Ns =
2
Nf × 12.5 = 80Turns.
8. 800 RPM = 83.775 Radians/Second, so that
600
G= ≈ 3.581Hy
87.775 × 2
Connected with no series field winding,
V − GΩIf
Ia =
Ra
Te = GIf Ia
In long shunt:
V
If =
Rf
V − Gs Ia Ω − GIf Ω
Ia =
Ra + Rs
2
Te = Gs Ia + Gf If Ia
In short shunt, we have this set of linear expressions:
If (Rf + Rs ) + Rs Ia = V
If (Rf − GΩ) − (Gs Ω + Ra ) Ia = 0
And, as before,
T e = GIf Ia + Gs Ia2
These calculations are carried out by Matlab script p14 8.m. Torques are shown in
Figure 85 and currents in Figure 86.
Comparison of Torques
2000
Long Shunt
1800 Short Shunt
No Shunt
1600
1400
1200
N−m
1000
800
600
400
200
0
500 550 600 650 700 750 800
RPM
Figure 85: Solution to Problem 8: Torque
Comparison of Currents
900
Long Shunt
800 Short Shunt
No Shunt
700
600
500
N−m
400
300
200
100
0
500 550 600 650 700 750 800
RPM
Figure 86: Solution to Problem 8: Current
Chapter 15
1. The next several problems all use the following:
Hm hm + Hg g = 0
Bm Am = Bg Ag
hm Br
Bg =
g 1 + Pu
So for this one, hm = 5mm.

40
2. hm = 3
3. Am = 50cm2
4. The previous problem just happened to hit the optimum:
hm = 10mm
Am = 50cm2
√
5. Br = 4 × 50 × 106 ≈ 1.414T
14,0002
6. Emax = 4×1.05 ≈ 46.66Mg-Oe
12
7. V = KΩ, so Ω = .001 = 12, 000Rad/s ≈ 114, 591RPM.
12
8. 6,000 RPM is about 628 Radians/second, so K = 628 ≈ .0191Wb.
V 12
9. No load speed is Ω = K = .02 = 6, 000Radians/second (about 5,730 RPM).
10. Since P = ΩK V −ΩK
R , we have a quadratic to find speed:
(ΩK)2 − ωKV + Pm R = 0
There are actually two speeds at which the thing will make 12 watts: want the faster
one:
 s 
2
1 V V

Ω= + − Pm R ≈ 473Rad/s
K 2 2
That is about 4519 RPM.

√ 10
When making 10 W, ΩK = 6 + 62 − 20 = 10V. Then Ω = .02 = 500Radians/s (4775
RPM), and current is I = 1A. Torque is T = /f rac10500 = .02N-m.
10
Voltage is V = 10 + 2 = 12V, so efficiency is η = 12 = 0.8333.
12
11. 3,000 RPM is 314.16 Radians/second, so K = 314.16 ≈ .0382Wb. With 10 A, torque is
.382 N-m.
2
With a 12 volt supply the maximum converted power is Pmax = V4R = 36W. At that
condition, I = 6A, and Pin = 12 × 6 = 72W, so η = 0.5. Speed is 1,500 RPM.
12. 4,000 RPM = 66 2/3 Hz. 3×662/3 = 200, so the thing has six poles. Electrical frequency
is ω = 2π × 200 ≈ 1257Radians/s
√
2×120
Flux λ0 = 1257 ≈ 0.135Wb.
13. T = 23 pλ0 I = 1.5 × 2 × 0.4 × 4 = 4.8N-m.
4,000 RPM is 418.9 Radians/second. So PB = 4.8 × 418.9 ≈ 2011W.
At 4,000 RPM, ω = 837.8, so internal voltage is Eb = .4 × 837.5 ≈ 335.1V (peak).
Reactance is X = .05 × 837.8 ≈ 41.9Ω. 4 × 41.9 ≈ 167.6V. Assuming we are driving
the thing for maximum √ torque per unit of current, internal power factor is unity and
terminal voltage is V = 335.12 + 167.62 ≈ 375V (peak).
Note xd = .05×4
.4 = .5, which is less than one, so there will be a zero-torque speed. It is
375
when ω = .05×4 ≈ 1873Radians/s,or about 8944 RPM.
14. Here, we use the definitions given in the text:
3
Base Torque TB = pλ0 I0
2
Ld I0
d- axis reactance xd =
λ0
Lq I0
q- axis reactance xq =
λ0
per-unit torque te = (1 − (xq − xd ) id ) iq
Then use expressions 15.15 and 15.16 to find id and iq at the rating point (ia = 1). At
the rating point:
ψd = 1 + xd id
ψq = xq iq
Voltages are:
Vd = ω0 λ0 (ra id − ψq )
Vq = ω0 λ0 (rq iq + psid )
q
Voltage is V = Vd2 + Vq2 and input power is Pin = 32 (Vd Id + Vq Iq ).
Output power is Pout = ωp TB te .
All of this has been implemented in Matlab script p15 13.m and the results for the two
cases are:

Internal Flux = 0.01
xd = 7.5 xq = 22.5
id = -0.690637 iq = 0.723202
Developed Torque = 11.0906
Power Rating = 3484.21
Efficiency = 0.962699
Power Factor = 0.503211
>> p15_13
Internal Flux = 0.1
xd = 0.75 xq = 2.25
id = -0.559816 iq = 0.828617
Developed Torque = 20.5798
Power Rating = 6465.32
Efficiency = 0.979546
Power Factor = 0.786977
15. The whole story is told by Matlab script p15 14.m, which uses the expressions cited for
the previous problem. The optimal locus for the axis currents is shown in Figure 87.
The other elements of operation are:
part b) Base Speed = 1642.93 RPM
part c) Maximum Torque = 37.0145 N-m
part d) Power Factor at Base = 0.687784

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
q− axis per−unit
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0
d− axis per−unit
Figure 87: Solution to Problem 14: Optimal Current Locus
The torque/speed and power/speed curves are shown in Figure 88.
40
30
N−m
20
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
10000
W
5000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
RPM
Figure 88: Solution to Problem 14: Torque and Power vs. speed curves

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Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and

1. 240v × 50A = 12kW

Then, if P = 1000M W = 106 kW ,

Ṁ = 106 kW × .3563 = 3.563 × 105 kg/h

×365.25 × 24 = 3.12 × 109 kg/yr = 3.12 × 106 Tonnes/yr

6. The fraction of fuel converted to energy is:

E = 2.128 × 10−5 × 9 × 101 6 ≈ 1.915 × 1012 J/kg

Ee = 1.95 × 1012 × .2845 ≈ 5.548 × 1011 J/kg

1, 000MW yr = 106 kW yr = 3.6 × 1012 × 365.25 × 24 ≈ 3.16 × 1016 J

8. P = ρgv̇hη, so required flow is:

The right-hand circuit has the following admittance matrix:

If we invert the impedance matrix for the first circuit:

This makes R2 = 2.5 and then

Figure 1: Solution to Problem 3

Figure 2: Solution to Problem 3

p = 2P cos2 ωt + Q sin 2ωt

Figure 3: Phasor Diagram for Problem 5

Chapter 2, Problem 5, psi = 0

Figure 4: Instantaneous real power for phase angle of zero

A phasor diagram that shows this is in Figure 6

Figure 5: Instantaneous real power for phase angle of -90 degrees

Figure 6: Solution to Problem 7

The magnitude of voltage is shown as a function of capacitance in Figure 8

Figure 7: Phasor Diagram for Maximum Voltage

Figure 8: Voltage Magnitude

The magnitude of this is plotted in Figure 10

90 < |V | < 110

11. Inductive reactance is X = 2π × 60 × .02 ≈ 7.54Ω, so receiving end voltage is

Figure 9: Voltage Phasors at Maximum Output Voltage

This is easily solved by:

Figure 10: Resistor Voltage Magnitude

Figure 11: Phasor Diagrams for Problem 10

Vs2 = V 2 + (XI)2 − 2V XI cos θ

Vs2 = V 2 + (XI)2 + 2V XI sin θ

This quadratic is solved by (for the most reasonable value of voltage:

Figure 12: Locus of Current and Voltage Phasors

Figure 13: Phasor Diagram: Uncompensated

Figure 14: Phasor Diagram: compensated to equal voltage

Voltage magnitude ratio

Figure 15: Voltage transfer ratio vs. Capacitance

Figure 16: Phasor Diagram: Terminal Voltage

Figure 17: Source Voltage vs. Current

Figure 18: Source Voltage vs. Power

L = .18355 × 108 m/s × (30.3Ω)2 ≈ 0.165µH/m

In the steady state,

This solves for:

At the instant of the switch opening, I+ + I− = 0, so I− = −1212A, and V− = 36.72kV.

V+ = Vs − V− = 63.6kV − 36.72kV ≈ 26.9kV

Figure 19: Voltage Transients

 open) then V − = V + . At the sending end of the line,

At the source end:

Some algebra is required to find:

Source current is:

This evaluates to IL < 285.1A. Power factor is:

Figure 20: Voltage Transients

Vs cos kx − j ZZL0 sin kx

Figure 21: Receiving End Voltage

To estimate the effect of compensation, we assume a capacitance in parallel with the

Figure 22: Receiving End Voltage

Figure 23: Resistor voltages

Figure 24: Phase Currents

L = 4π × 10−7 × 1002 × 5 × 10−4 /.001 ≈ 6.28mH

1 1 µ0 N 2 A 4π × 10−7 × 104 × 5 × 10−4

open) then V − = V + . At the sending end of the line,