The Problem and Its Scope

1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale of the Study
Chickens are still the most common poultry animal in our society. Poultry farmers and
even ordinary people are raising chickens as a source of income and food. On the other hand,
people cannot deny the fact that commercial feed contains a wide range of contaminants and
toxins arising from anthropogenic and natural sources that are carcinogenic to the animals as
well as to humans when ingested.
In concern to the problem, the researchers want to conduct a study using an alternative
feed that is organic, more nutritious, healthier and can make the chickens grow faster. The
researchers decided to use sesame seeds (Sesamumindicum) and cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao)
as an alternative feed.
According to (https://www.builtlean.com/2012/04/12/raw-chocolate/) cacao seeds
contains many important vitamins and minerals including:4 Magnesium, and other essential
minerals including calcium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, potassium, and manganese Polyphenols
called flavonoids, with antioxidant properties Vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B5, B9. According to
(http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=84#healthbenefits), sesame
seeds are an excellent source of copper and a very good source of manganese, but they are also a
good source of calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, zinc, molybdenum, selenium,
and dietary fiber. In addition to these important nutrients, sesame seeds contain two unique
substances: sesamin and sesamolin.

2
Statement of the Problem
This study will investigate the effectiveness of sesame seeds and cacao seeds as an
alternative feed for white leghorn chicks.
This study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the effects of sesame seeds and cacao seeds to the white leghorn chicks in terms of :
1.1 Weight gain (g)
1.2 Height gain (m)
1.3 Lateral width (m)
1.4 Anterior width (m)
2. How effective is the alternative feeds in terms of week?
2.1 1 week
` 2.2 2 weeks
2.3 3 weeks
2.4 4 weeks
3
Significance of the Study
This study is beneficial to the following entities:
Fast Food Chains. The outcome of this will benefit them for they can use an organic
chicken.
Poultry Owners. The result of this study will give information to them that cacao seeds and
sesame seeds can be used as feeds for chickens.
Poultry Workers. The outcome of this study will benefit them for they will have the idea on
feeding cacao seeds and sesame seeds for chicken.
Consumers. The result of this study will benefit them for they can consume an organic and
nutritious chicken.
Department of Agriculture. The agency will introduce sesame seeds and cacao seeds to the
public not only because it can be used as feed for chicken but also it can also make the
chicken healthier to eat.
Entrepreneurs. The product will give a great interest which they can have a healthier and
organic chicken.
Future Researchers. This study will help the researchers to know more about feeding
chicken and it also helps them expand their knowledge about using seeds as an alternative
feeds for chicken.

4
Hypothesis of the Study
Ha: There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the alternative feeds
compare to the commercial feed in terms of weight and height of the white leghorn.
Ho: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the alternative feeds
compare to the commercial feed in terms of weight and height of the white leghorn.
Scope and Delimitation
The study dealt with the effectiveness of using sesame seeds(Sesamum indicum) and
cacao seeds(Theobroma cacao) to the growth of the white leghorns.
It focused on the height (cm), weight (g), lateral width (cm) and anterior width (cm)
which was exposed to the different set ups specifically set up A which is the alternative feeds
composed of 50% sesame seeds and 50% cacao seeds and set up B which is the commercial
feeds. The experiment was done in one of the researchers’ place to determine the
effectiveness of the alternative feeds to the growth of the white leghorn.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this investigatory project proposal and to facilitate the comprehension
of this work, the terms hereafter mentioned are hereby defined operationally:
Feed - it refers to the commercial feeds and sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) and cacao
seeds (Theobroma cacao) which are used as feeds for the white leghorns.
Growth – refers to the improvement of height, weight, lateral width and anterior width of the
white leghorns.
5
White Leghorns – refers to the chickens fed by commercial feeds and sesame seeds
(Sesamum indicum) and cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao).
Week – it refers to the time the chickens are going to be fed.

6
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter states the related literature and related studies of the “Effectiveness of
Sesame Seeds (Sesamumindicum) and Cacao Seeds (Theobroma cacao) to the Growth of White
Leghorn” done by the researchers.
Review of Related Literature
Feed ingredients for poultry diets are selected for the nutrients they can provide, the
absence of anti-nutritional or toxic factors, their palatability or effect on voluntary feed
intake, and their cost. The key nutrients that need to be supplied by the dietary ingredients
are amino acids contained in proteins, vitamins and minerals. All life functions also require
energy, obtained from starches, lipids and proteins(www.poultryhub.nutrition).
Feed ingredients are broadly classified into cereal grains, protein meals, fats and oils,
minerals, feed additives, and miscellaneous raw materials, such as roots and tubers. These
will be discussed in separate headings below. More information on measuring the nutrient
composition of ingredients and the process of formulating poultry feeds is available in the
section on feed formulation(http://www.poultryhub.org/nutrition/feed-ingredients/).
Cacao seeds are known to have more than 300 healthful compounds. Some of these
include,phenylethylamine, theobromine, and many polyphenols, like flavonoids.
Cacaoseedsalso contain many vitamins and minerals as well as healthy doses of potassium,
copper, and iron. Calcium and magnesium is also found in cacao
seeds(https://www.herbwisdom.com/herb-cocoa.html).
7
Chicken is the ubiquitous food of our era, crossing multiple cultural boundaries with
ease. With its mild taste and uniform texture, chicken presents an intriguingly blank canvas for
the flavor palette of almost any cuisine(https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-
chicken-conquered-the-world-87583657/#usDvYhZqLc6dZyfo.99).
Sesame seeds are derived from a plant of the Sesamum genus and bear the scientific
name of Sesamum indicum. These seeds are considered the oldest oilseed crop in the world and
have been cultivated for more than 3,500 years. Evidence of their native forms in Africa and
India. The sesame plant is extremely resilient and grows in places where many other crops fail,
which is why it is heavily relied on for ages(https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/seed-
and-nut/sesame-seeds.html).
Sesame seeds are excellent source of copper and a very good source of manganese, but
they are also a good source of calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, zinc,
molybdenum, selenium, and dietary fiber. In addition to these important nutrients, sesame seeds
contain two unique substances: sesamin and sesamolin. Both of these substances belong to a
group of special beneficial fibers called lignans, and have been shown to have a cholesterol-
lowering effect in humans, and to prevent high blood pressure and increase vitamin E supplies in
animals(http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=84#healthbenefits).
Cacao seeds contains many important vitamins and minerals including:4 Magnesium, and
other essential minerals including calcium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, potassium, and manganese
Polyphenols called flavonoids, with antioxidant properties Vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B5,
B9(https://www.builtlean.com/2012/04/12/raw-chocolate/).
8
White leghorn chickens originate from Italy, being sent to America around 1830. It is
quite often thought of as an American bird since it was refined and perfected into a stable breed
in the United States before being shipped back to Europe. It arrived in the UK in 1869. White
Leghorns have been the main Egg producers in North America, as the American marketplace has
demanded white eggs and has been used extensively in battery cage systems over there.
Commercial strains of white Leghorns can be very good egg layers, laying around 250 or more
eggs per year. Show strains will lay far less than this though. Even though Leghorns started off
as the same birds in the US and UK back in the 1870’s, and there were many shipments to and
from America of different colour varieties and gradually over time, they went in opposite
directions according to the fashions of the time(https://poultrykeeper.com/chicken-
breeds/leghorn-chickens/).
Sesame seeds are a good source of many different minerals, fiber and even protein. A
serving of two tablespoons of whole sesame seeds contain a substantial amount of iron,
magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper and manganese. This same size serving also has
about two grams of dietary fiber and three to four grams of protein, which given the small
serving size is more protein than many other protein foods like nuts and
seeds(https://draxe.com/sesame-seeds/).
The cacao bean is full of antioxidants, fat, carbohydrates, protein, polyphenols like
flavanoids that are antioxidants, minerals like calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, iron, zinc and
potassium, oleic acid which is a heart-healthy essential monounsaturated fat, fiber and vitamins
E, B2, B1, B5, B3 and B9(https://www.thesuperfoods.net/cacao/cacao-nutritional-facts)

9
Chicken’s diet is a beautiful balancing act between vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and
of course protein. Protein, as many of us know, is basically the building blocks of existence,
including eggs for that matter. Like most things in chicken world that answer isn’t entirely in
black and white but there may be some truth to this. It’s very important to understand that
chickens need a lot of proteins(https://www.backyardchickencoops.com.au/give-your-chickens-
a-protein-kick).
Review of Related Studies
Wadasen(2011) conducted to determine the growth performance of broilers
supplemented with Hot Red Pepper (Capsicum Annum). It was conducted at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet. A total of 120 day old Cobb broiler chicks were used in this stud. The treatments were:
T0- pure feeds (control); T1- 0.5% of hot red pepper (500g/100kg of feeds); T2- 1% of hot red
pepper (1000g/100kg of feeds); T3- 1.5% of hot red pepper (1500g/100kg of feeds). The same
care and management practices were given to all four treatments.
Results showed that there was no significant difference on initial weight, mean total feed
consumed, and mortality rate among the different treatment. The treated group (T1, T2 and T3)
showed a significantly higher mean weekly gain in weight, mean total gain in weight, mean final
weight, mean feed conversion efficiency and return of investment as compared to the control
group (T0). However the treated group were not significantly different from each other. No
adverse side effects were observed from the use of hot red pepper as feed supplement to the
experimental broilers.
10
Additionally, Lawan(2013) conducted to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed graded
levels of baobab (Adansoniadigitata) Pulp-seed meal. The study was carried during the starter
and finisher phases of growth, during each phase lasting for four weeks. Three hundred Anak
broiler chicks were allotted to five treatments replicated thrice with 20 birds per replicate in a
completely randomized design. The inclusion levels of the test material in the diets were 0, 10,
20, 30 and 40% baobab pulp-seed meal for treatment 1 (Control), 2, 3, 4 and 5. Data collected
were subjected to analysis of Variance and significant differences among treatment means were
compared using the Dunnet Test.
The results of experiment during the starter phase showed significantly (P<0.05) higher
feed intake of 46.03g in birds fed 40% BPSM. Higher (P<0.05) average daily weightgain
(24.89g and 25.01g) were recorded in birds fed 10% and 20% BPSM and birds fed 10% and 20%
BPSM were more efficient in feed utilization than other groups. During the finisher phase,
significantly (P<0.05) higher average daily feed intake of 144.95g was recorded in birds fed 40%
BPSM while significantly (P<0.05) higher daily weight gain of 52.25g was recorded in birds fed
20% BPSM. Birds fed the test diet were more efficient in feed utilization compared to 0%
BPSM, 30% and 40% BPSM. Higher feed cost and mortality were recorded in birds fed 0%
BPSM in both phases. Significantly (P<0.05) higher apparent nutrients digestibility were
recorded in birds fed test diets. The best (P<0.05) carcass characteristics were recorded among
birds fed 20% BPSM. The kidney showed congestion and inter-tabular space 3, 2, 1, 2 and 1 out
of 6 kidney samples from birds fed 0% BPSM, 10% BPSM, 20% BPSM, 30% BPSM and 40%
BPSM respectively. The result of this study showed that BPSM is a suitable alternative feed
ingredient for broiler chickens and that the optimum level of inclusion is 20% BPSM.
11
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
a. Sesame seeds a. Weight of the

and Cacao White Leghorn
seeds b. Height of the
White Leghorn
c. Anterior width of
the White leghorn
d. Lateral Width of
the White Leghorn
White Leghorn
In figure 1, the conceptual framework of the study is being shown. The independent and
dependent and variables are still demonstrated. The difference is the variables are specified. The
sesame seeds and cacao seeds are the independent variables. The weight, height, anterior width
and lateral width of the White Leghorn is being tested in the study, proving as the dependent
variable. The kind of chicken be fed by the feeds is a White Leghorn, which is the intervening
variable.
12
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Two-group design was used wherein the researchers divided the subjects into two groups
which is the Set Up A (50% Cacao seeds and 50 % sesame seeds) and Set Up B ( Commercial
Feeds) and the compared its results.
Research Locale
This study will be conducted in Tac-an Budla-an, Cebu City. The White Leghorns will be
placed in cages and will be studied for 4 weeks in the said area considering that its
environmental perimeter suits for the type of chickens.
Research Subject
The research subjects are white leghorns chicks. The researchers are going to use 36
white leghorns in all. 18 white leghorns for the setup A which is the alternative feeds and 18
white leghorns also for the setup B which is the commercial feeds.
Research Instrument
The researchers are going to use tools designed in measuring the weight and height of the
white leghorns. The researchers are going to use weighing scale in measuring the weight
improvement of the white leghorns. The researchers will also use tape measure and ruler for
measuring the growth of the white leghorns.

13
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers measured the weight (g), height (cm), lateral width (cm) and anterior
width (cm) weekly. The present result was subtracted by the previous result to get the weight (g),
height (cm), lateral width (cm) and anterior width (cm).
Research Procedure
A. Making the cages
The researchers made a cage for the 18 chickens with 9 compartments for set up A and 9
compartments for set up B. In making the cages, the researchers used the needed materials such
as nails (1’x1’), woods and screens. The exact size of each compartment is measured 40 inches
width, 40 inches length and 60 inches height.
B. Labelling the cages and chickens
The researchers labelled the cages with the specific set up, trials and replicates in each
compartment. In the 9 compartment it were labelled each as; {(Set up A) (Trial 1) ( replicate 1)}
{(Set up A) (Trial 1) ( replicate 2)}, {(Set up A) (Trial 1) ( replicate 2)}, {(Set up A) (Trial 2) (
replicate 1)}, {(Set up A) (Trial 2) ( replicate 2)}, {(Set up A) (Trial 2) ( replicate 3)}, {(Set up
A) (Trial 3) ( replicate 1)}, {(Set up A) (Trial 3) ( replicate 2)}, {(Set up A) (Trial 3) ( replicate
3)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 1) ( replicate 1)} {(Set up B) (Trial 1) ( replicate 2)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 1)
( replicate 2)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 2) ( replicate 1)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 2) ( replicate 2)}, {(Set up
B) (Trial 2) ( replicate 3)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 3) ( replicate 1)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 3) ( replicate
2)}, {(Set up B) (Trial 3) ( replicate 3)}. Since there are two white leghorn chicks in every
14
replicate, the chicken 1 is labeled with a green marker while the chicken 2 is labeled with a black
marker.
C.Preparing the feeds
The feeds being prepared are commercial feeds and the alternative feeds which is 50%
sesame and 50% cacao seed. The sesame and cacao were boiled to make it soften and the cacao
were pounded so that the chickens can easily eat it. The
D.Feeding the white leghorn chicks
The researchers used the free choice method wherein the chickens are fed as much as
they want to.The researchers monitored the feeds of the the chicken every 3 hours .Every
after putting the feeds,it is always followed with water .
Statistical Treatment
The study utilized the TWO-WAYANOVA. The ANOVA TWO- WAY factor involves 2
or more independent variable as basis for classification.

15
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis,discussion and interpretation of data gathered from the
white leghorns that are fed with the alternative feeds which is the 50% Cacao seeds and 50%
Sesame seeds and commercial feeds.It also discusses the findings in relation to the problems.
Table 1.1 Height gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in
Set Up A
Height gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A
Trials Compartment Before the Number of weeks

Total Mean
experiment
1 2 3 4
Chicken1 7 cm 7 cm 9 cm 11 cm 13 cm 47 cm 9.4 cm
1
Chicken 2 7 cm 9 cm 9 cm 10 cm 13 cm 48 cm 9.6 cm
1 2
Chicken 1 8 cm 9 cm 10 cm 10 cm 13 cm 50 cm 10 cm
3
1
Chicken 1 8 cm 10 cm 10 cm 11 cm 14 cm 53 cm 10.6cm
2
2
3
1
2
16
3 Chicken 2 7 cm 9 cm 9 cm 10 cm 14 cm 49 cm 9.8 cm
3
Mean 7.39 cm 8.39 cm 9.44cm 10.11cm 12.67cm 48.89cm 9.78 cm
Table 1.1 shows the height gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and
50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A.Based on the results,the chicken 2 in the trial 2 which is located in
compartment 2 has the highest gained height with a mean of 10.6 cm.The total mean is 9.78 cm.
Table 1.2 Weight gained in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao
seeds in Set Up A
Weight gained in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in
Set Up A
Trials Compartment Before the Number of weeks Total Mean
experiment 1 2 3 4
1 Chicken1 40 g 75 g 110 g 150 g 250 g 625 g 125 g
Chicken 2 40 g 50 g 100 g 125 g 200 g 515 g 103 g
2 Chicken 1 40 g 50 g 75 g 100 g 300 g 565 g 113 g
1 Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 125 g 175 g 200 g 640 g 128 g
3 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 125 g 150 g 275 g 665 g 133 g
Chicken 2 40 g 75 g 100 g 150 g 225 g 590 g 118 g
1 Chicken 1 40 g 100 g 125 g 175 g 200 g 640 g 128 g
Chicken 2 40 g 50 g 75 g 100 g 225 g 490 g 98 g
2 Chicken 1 40 g 50 g 75 g 100 g 300 g 565 g 113 g
2 Chicken 2 40 g 75 g 100 g 150 g 225 g 590 g 118 g
3 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 100 g 175 g 325 g 715 g 143 g
Chicken 2 40g 50 g 100 g 125 g 200 g 515 g 103 g

17
1 Chicken 1 40 g 100 g 125 g 150 g 300 g 715 g 143 g
Chicken 2 40 g 50 g 75 g 100 g 300 g 565 g 113 g
2 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 125 g 150 g 250 g 640 g 128 g
3 Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 125 g 175 g 300 g 740 g 148 g
3 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 100 g 125 g 250 g 590 g 118 g
Chicken 2 40 g 75 g 125 g 175 g 225 g 640 g 128 g
Mean 40 g 72.22g 104.72g 141.67g 236.11g 611.39g 122.28g
Table 1.2 shows the weight gained in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and
50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A. Based on the results, the chicken 2 in the trial 3 which is located
in compartment 3 has the highest gained weight with a mean of 148 g .The total mean is 122.28
g.
Table 1.3 Lateral width gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao
seeds in Set Up A
Lateral width gained in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A
experiment 1 2 3 4
1 Chicken 1 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm 10 cm 14 cm 45 cm 9 cm
1 Chicken 2 6 cm 9 cm 10 cm 12 cm 17 cm 54 cm 10.8cm
18
Mean 5.67 cm 7.67cm 8.67cm 10.17cm 15.83cm 48.01cm 9.6 cm
Table 1.3 shows the lateral width gained in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame
seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A. Based on the results, the chicken 2 in the trial 1 which
is located in compartment 2 has the highest gained lateral width with a mean of 10.8 cm .The
total mean is 9.6 cm.
Table 1.4 Anterior width gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao
seeds in Set Up A
Anterior width gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A
experiment 1 2 3 4
19
Mean 3.78 cm 4.56cm 4.78 cm 6.05cm 7.56 cm 26.73cm 5.35cm
Table 1.4 shows the anterior width gain in each compartment fed with 50 % Sesame
seeds and 50% Cacao seeds in Set Up A. Based on the results, the chicken 1 in the trial 2 which
is located in compartment 3 has the highest gained anterior width with a mean of 7cm .The total
mean is5.35 cm.
Table 1.5 Height gain in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial Feeds Set Up B
Height gain in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial Feeds
Set Up B
experiment 1 2 3 4
20
Mean 7. 34 cm 15.23cm 16.5cm 15.56cm 18.61cm 73.28cm 14.66cm
Table 1.5 shows the height gain in each compartment fed with 100%
Commercial Feeds Set Up B. Based on the results, the chicken 1 in the trial 2 which is
located in compartment 3 and the chicken 2 in the trial 3 which is located in compartment has the
highest gained height with a mean of 16cm .The total mean is 14.66 cm.
21
Table 1.6 Weight gain in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial Feeds Set Up B
Weight gain in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial Feeds
Set Up B
experiment 1 2 3 4
1 Chicken 1 40 g 100 g 175 g 225 g 300 g 840 g 168 g
Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 150 g 225 g 250 g 765 g 153g
2 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 200 g 275 g 325 g 915 g 183 g
1 Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 150 g 225 g 275 g 790 g 158 g
3 Chicken 1 40 g 125 g 150 g 250 g 300 g 865 g 173 g
Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 125 g 200 g 275 g 740 g 148 g
1 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 175 g 250 g 300 g 840 g 168 g
Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 150 g 275 g 350 g 915 g 183 g
2 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 125 g 200 g 250 g 690 g 138 g
2 Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 150 g 200 g 275 g 765 g 153 g
3 Chicken 1 40 g 125 g 200 g 275 g 300 g 940 g 188 g
Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 225 g 300 g 350 g 915 g 183 g
1 Chicken 1 40 g 100 g 200 g 275 g 250 g 865 g 173 g
Chicken 2 40 g 75 g 175 g 225 g 275 g 790 g 158 g
2 Chicken 1 40 g 100 g 150 g 225 g 300 g 815 g 163 g
3 Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 175 g 275 g 325 g 915 g 183 g
3 Chicken 1 40 g 75 g 150 g 225 g 250 g 740 g 148 g
Chicken 2 40 g 100 g 175 g 275 g 325 g 915 g 183 g
Mean 40 g 95.83g 158.83g 231.94g 293.06g 819.66g 163.93g

22
Table 1.6 shows the weight gained in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial
feeds in Set up B. Based on the results, the chicken 1 in the trial 2 which is located in
compartment 3 has the highest gained height with a mean of 188 g .The total mean is 163.93 g.
Table 1.7 Lateral width gain in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial Feeds in Set Up B
Lateral width gain in each compartment fed with 100% Commercial Feeds in
Set Up B
Compartment Before the Number of weeks Total Mean
experiment 1 2 3 4
23
Mean 6.39 cm 10.28cm 13.5cm 16.17cm 22.5cm 68.84cm 13.77cm
Table1.7 shows the lateral width gain in each compartment fed with 100%
Commercial Feeds in Set Up B. Based on the results, the chicken 1 in the trial 1 which is located
in compartment 1 has the highest gained lateral width with a mean of 14.4 cm .The total mean is
13.77cm.
Table 1.8 Anterior width gained in each compartment fed with100% Commercial Feeds in Set
Up B
Anterior width gained in each compartment fed with100% Commercial Feeds in
Set Up B
Compartment Before the Number of weeks Total Mean
experiment 1 2 3 4
2 Chicken 1 4cm 5 cm 6 cm 6 cm 9 cm 30 cm 6 cm
2 Chicken 2 4 cm 4 cm 7 cm 8 cm 9 cm 32 cm 6. 4 cm
3 Chicken 1 4 cm 5 cm 6 cm 7 cm 9 cm 31 cm 6. 2 cm
24
Mean 4.22 cm 4.61cm 5.61cm 6.72cm 9.06 cm 29.56cm 8.59cm
Table 1.8 shows the anterior width gained in each compartment fed with100%
Commercial Feeds in Set Up B.Based on the results,Based on the results,the chicken 2 in trial 2
which is located in compartment 2 has the highest anterior width gained with a mean of 6.4
cm.The total mean is 8.59 cm.
Table 1.9 Summary of the total mean of the height,weight,lateral width and anterior width of the
white leghorns in each set up.
Set ups Height Weight Lateral Anterior Mean
Width Width
Set up A (50% sesame seeds 9.78 122.28 9.6 5.35 36.75
and 50% cacao seeds)
Set up B (100% commercial 14.66 163.93 13.77 8.59 50.24
feeds )
Mean 12.22 143.11 11.69 6.97 43.50
Table 1.9 shows the summary of the total mean of the height,weight,lateral width and
anterior width of the white leghorns in each set up.Based on the results, the chickens in set up B
that is fed by 100% commercial feeds has a higher gained height,weight,lateral width and
anterior width.
25
Table 2.1 Measurements of the white leghorns subtracted week by week in Set up A
Trials Compartment Height X2 Weight X2 Lateral X2 Anterior X2 Total Mean
Width Width
1 1 0 0 35 1225 1 1 1 1 37 9.25
2 2 4 10 100 3 9 1 1 16 4
2 1 1 1 10 100 2 4 1 1 14 3.5
1 2 0 0 60 3600 3 9 1 1 64 16
3 1 1 1 35 1225 2 4 1 1 44 11
2 2 4 35 1225 2 4 1 1 45 11.25
1 1 2 4 60 3600 2 4 0 0 68 16
2 1 1 10 100 2 4 1 1 18 3.5
2 1 2 4 10 100 2 4 1 1 13 3.75
2 2 2 4 35 1225 2 4 0 0 39 9.75
3 1 0 0 35 1225 2 4 0 0 37 9.25
2 0 0 10 100 2 4 0 0 12 3
1 1 2 4 60 3600 3 9 1 1 66 16.25
2 0 0 10 100 0 0 1 1 11 2.75
2 1 0 0 35 1225 1 1 1 1 37 9.25
3 2 2 4 60 3600 2 4 1 1 61 16.25
3 1 1 1 35 1225 2 4 1 1 39 9.75
2 0 0 35 1225 3 9 1 1 39 9.75
Mean 0 1.78 32.22 1197.78 2 4.56 0.78 0.78 36.56 9.14
Table 2.1 shows the Measurements of the white leghorns subtracted week by week in Set
up A. Basedon the results ,chicken 1in trial 3 which is located in compartment 1 has the highest
mean which is 16.25.The total mean is 9.14 which is lower than the total mean of set up B.
26
Table 2.2 Measurements of the white leghorns subtracted week by week in Set up B
Trials Compartment Height X2 Weight X2 Lateral X2 Anterior X2 Total Mean
Width Width
1 1 7 49 60 3600 6 36 0 0 73 18.25
2 6 36 60 3600 5 25 1 1 72 18
2 1 6 36 35 1225 6 36 1 1 48 12
1 2 3 9 60 3600 4 16 0 0 67 16.75
3 1 6 36 85 7225 5 25 1 1 97 24.25
2 9 81 60 3600 4 16 0 0 73 18.25
1 1 7 49 35 1225 6 36 2 4 50 12.5
2 4 12 60 3600 5 25 2 4 71 17.75
2 1 8 64 35 1225 5 25 2 4 50 12.5
2 2 8 64 60 3600 4 16 0 0 72 18
3 1 8 64 85 7225 4 16 1 1 98 24.5
2 7 49 60 3600 5 25 1 1 73 18.25
1 1 7 49 60 3600 4 16 1 1 72 18
2 7 49 35 1225 3 9 2 4 47 11.75
2 1 9 81 60 3600 2 4 1 1 72 18
3 2 7 49 60 3600 4 16 1 1 72 18
3 1 8 64 35 1225 4 16 1 1 48 12
2 8 64 60 3600 5 25 2 4 71 18.75
Mean 6.94 50.28 55.83 3343.06 5.06 21.28 1.06 1.61 68.33 17.08
Table 2.2 shows the Measurements of the white leghorns subtracted week by week in Set
up A. Basedon the results ,chicken 1in trial 32which is located in compartment 3 has the highest
mean which is 24.5.The total mean is 17 .08 which is higher than the total mean of set up B.
27
Table 2.3Anova: Two-Factor With Replication
Lateral Anterior
SUMMARY Height Weight width width Total
Set Up A
Count 18 18 18 18 72
Sum 176 2201 172.8 97.6 2647.4
Average 9.777778 122.2778 9.6 5.422222 36.76944
Variance 0.215948 201.1536 0.268235 0.474771 2523.026
Set Up B
Count 18 18 18 18 72
Sum 267.2 3004 239.8 106 3617
Average 14.84444 166.8889 13.32222 5.888889 50.23611
Variance 0.529673 231.0458 0.264183 0.07634 4667.016
Total
Count 36 36 36 36
Sum 443.2 5205 412.6 203.6
Average 12.31111 144.5833 11.46111 5.655556
Variance 6.963302 721.6786 3.821302 0.323683
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Sample 6528.64 1 6528.64 120.3357 1.89E-20 3.910747
Columns 491374.1 3 163791.4 3018.997 3.4E-124 2.671178
Interaction 11740.42 3 3913.472 72.13299 5.62E-28 2.671178
Within 7378.484 136 54.25356
Total 517021.6 143

Table 2.3 shows that the F cri t is2.671178 which is larger than the P-value which is
3.4E-124.This means that the researchers has to accept the null hypothesis and reject the
alternative hypothesis.
28
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study aims to analyze and determine the effectiveness of sesamae seeds (Sesamum
indicum )and cacao seeds(Theobroma cacao) to the growth of white leghorn chicks.
The study was conducted at Tac-an Budla-an,Cebu City.The cages were built in at the
researcher’s house at Tac-an Budla-an,Cebu City.The commercial feeds were bought at Cepe’s
Agrivet and the alternative feeds were prepared at the researcher’s house at Tac-an Budla-
an,Cebu City.
The methods used were making the cages,labelling the cages and chickens,feeding the
chickens,and measuring the chickens.
Specifically, this sudy tested if there is a significant different between the alternative
feeds which is the sesamae seeds(Sesamum indicum )and cacao seeds(Theobroma cacao) and
commercial feeds.
The data gathered were tabulated and computed using the Two-Way Anova with
Replication to determine whether there are significant differences between the alternative feeds
which is the sesamae seeds(Sesamum indicum )and cacao seeds(Theobroma cacao) and
commercial feeds.
The study revealed that there were no significant differences between the total mean of
the weight leghorns after feeding the two set ups.The data gathered that the chickens in set up B
that are fed by the commercial feeds has a higher higher gained height,weight,lateral width and
anterior width.
29
Conclusions
Within the limits of this study,the following conclusions were drawn:
1.Based on the results of this study,the chickens in the set up B that are fed by commercial feeds
has a higher height during the 1st week,2ndweek,3rd week,4th week.
2.Based on the resulst of this study,the chickens in the set up B that are fed by commercial feeds
has a heavier weight during the 1st week,2ndweek,3rd week,4th week.
3.Based on the resulst of this study,the chickens in the set up B that are fed by commercial feeds
has a higher lateral width during the 1st week,2ndweek,3rd week,4th week.
4.Based on the results of this study,the chickens in the set up B that are fed by commercial feeds
has a higher anterior width during the 1st week,2ndweek,3rd week,4th week.
Recommendations
Based on the findings the researchers recommend the following:
1. Increasing the ratio of the alternative feeds can possibly increase the nutritional value of
the homegrown feeds.
2. Other researchers can study other kind of seeds.
3. Other researchers may include soybean for additional nutrient content.
4. Adding bone meal for calcium content.
5. Other researchers can study other kind of chicken.
6. Adding ingredients vitamins and minerals can possibly improve the nutritional value of
the feeds.
30
7. Other researchers may not boil and pound the ingredients because these processes can
cause the loss of protein and other nutrients needed.

31
References
Internet sources
www.poultryhub.nutrition
http://www.poultryhub.org/nutrition/feed-ingredients/
https://www.herbwisdom.com/herb-cocoa.html
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-chicken-conquered-the-world-
87583657/#usDvYhZqLc6dZyfo.99
https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/seed-and-nut/sesame-seeds.html
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=84#healthbenefits
https://www.builtlean.com/2012/04/12/raw-chocolate/
https://poultrykeeper.com/chicken-breeds/leghorn-chickens/
https://draxe.com/sesame-seeds/
https://www.thesuperfoods.net/cacao/cacao-nutritional-facts
https://www.backyardchickencoops.com.au/give-your-chickens-a-protein-kick
Unpublished Materials
Ewing, S. A., Lay, D. C. Jr. and Borell, E. V. (1999). Farm Animal Well – Being. Simon
& Schuster Company, New Jersey.
Adebayo, O.O. and Adeola, R. G. (2005).Socio economic factors affecting poultry
producers in Eigbo Local Government area of Osun State.Journal of Human
Ecology. 18(1): 39 – 41.
Adeosun., S.I., Ogundipe., S.O. and Omage, J.J. (2013). Effects of synthetic ascorbic acid
and baobab fruit pulp meal supplementation as source of ascorbic acid for layers
diets during cool wet season (Livestock improvement and health management).
32
Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology. 1(2): 24 – 27.
Aduku A.O. (2005). Tropical Feeding stuff Analysis Table. Department of Animal
Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Anene, A., Olivia, C.A. and Chison, O. (2012). Nutritive value and utilization of baobab
(Adansoniadigitata) seed meal as plant protein source in the diet of Juveniles of
clariasgariepinus. Journal of Research in Biology 2(4): 348 – 354.
Al-Kassie, G.A.M., Al-Nasrawi, M.A.M., Ajeena, S.J. (2011b). The effects of using hot
red pepper as a diet supplement on some performance traits in broiler. Pakistan
Journal of Nutrition, 10(9), 842-845.
Fayed, R.H., Abeer, H., Razek, A., Jehan, M. (2011).Effect of dietary garlic
supplementation on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in broiler
chickens. Parameters, 100, 1000-1004.
Amoozmehr, A., Dastar, B. (2009). Effects of alcoholic extract of two herbs (garlic and
thymus) on the performance and blood lipids of broiler chickens. Journal of
Agricultural Science and Nutritional Research, 16, 62-68.
Amouzmehr, A., Dastar, B., GhassemiNejad, J., Sung, K.I., Lohakare, J., Forghani, F.
(2012). Effects of garlic and thyme extracts on growth performance and carcass
characteristics of broiler chicks. Journal of Animal Science and Technology,
54(3), 185-190.
Fadlalla, I.M.T., Mohammed, B.H., Bakhiet, A.O. (2010). Effect of feeding garlic on the
performance and immunity of broilers. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 4, 182-
189.
33
APPENDICES
34
DOCUMENTATION
Appendix A
A.Making the cages
B.Labelling the cages
C.Preparing and creating the alternative feeds
a.Boiling the cacao and sesame seeds

35
b.Pounding the cacao seeds c.Preparing the commercial feeds
C.Feeding the white leghorns
D.Measuring the white leghorns
a.Heightb.Weight
36
c.Lateral width d.Anterior width
Appendix B
Expenses
Cage 9 compartments for set up a P 700.00

and 9 compartments for
Commercial Feeds 13 kg P 429.00

Sesame seeds 6 kg P 900.00
White Leghorns 36 chicks P 90.00
Total P 2,119.00
37
September 14, 2017
Dear Mrs. Mitzi Yara,
The researchers from Grade 9-St.Johnwho are currently doing the study entitled “The
Effectiveness of Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) and Cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao) to
the growth of White Leghorn chicks”
In this regard, the researchers would like to request you to be their adviser.
Thank you for sharing your time and expertise.
Sincerely Yours,
Charles Jave Retanal
Secondel Borres
Ma. Crisitna Galang
Students/ Researchers
Noted by:
Farah C. Ceniza
Research II Teacher
Confirmed by:
Mitzi Yara
38
39
CURRICULUM VITAE
I. PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Charles Jave M. Retanal
Home Address : Tac-an Budla-an, Cebu City
Age : 16 years old
Date of Birth : November 18, 2001
Place of Birth : Cebu City, Cebu
Parents
Father : Christopher B. Retanal
Mother : Marilyn M. Retanal
II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Eleementary : Talamban Elementary School
Borbajo St., Talamban, Cebu City
S.Y. 2009-2015
Honorable Mention
Secondary : Talamban National High School
S.Y. 2015 – Present

40
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Secondel C. Borres
Home Address : Banica Talamban, Cebu City
Age : 15 years old
Date of Birth : November 5, 2002
Parents
Father : Nestor B. Borres
Mother : Perla C. Borres
Eleementary : Talamban Elementary School
S.Y. 2009-2015
Honorable Mention
S.Y. 2015 - Present

41
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Ma. Crisitna C. Galang
Home Address : Candarong Pulangbato, Cebu City
Age : 15 years old
Date of Birth : December 22, 2002
Parents
Father : Norman B. Galang
Mother : Delia C. Galang
Eleementary : Pulangbato Elementary School
Pulangbato, Cebu City
S.Y. 2009-2015
S.Y. 2015 - Present

42

The Problem and Its Scope

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THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

well as to humans when ingested.

According to (https://www.builtlean.com/2012/04/12/raw-chocolate/) cacao seeds

substances: sesamin and sesamolin.

Statement of the Problem

alternative feed for white leghorn chicks.

This study sought to answer the following questions:

1.1 Weight gain (g)

1.2 Height gain (m)

1.3 Lateral width (m)

1.4 Anterior width (m)

2. How effective is the alternative feeds in terms of week?

Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the following entities:

sesame seeds can be used as feeds for chickens.

feeding cacao seeds and sesame seeds for chicken.

chicken healthier to eat.

feeds for chicken.

Hypothesis of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

cacao seeds(Theobroma cacao) to the growth of the white leghorns.

effectiveness of the alternative feeds to the growth of the white leghorn.

(Sesamum indicum) and cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao).

Week – it refers to the time the chickens are going to be fed.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Leghorn” done by the researchers.

Review of Related Literature

absence of anti-nutritional or toxic factors, their palatability or effect on voluntary feed

energy, obtained from starches, lipids and proteins(www.poultryhub.nutrition).

section on feed formulation(http://www.poultryhub.org/nutrition/feed-ingredients/).

include,phenylethylamine, theobromine, and many polyphenols, like flavonoids.

copper, and iron. Calcium and magnesium is also found in cacao

the flavor palette of almost any cuisine(https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-

which is why it is heavily relied on for ages(https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/seed-

directions according to the fashions of the time(https://poultrykeeper.com/chicken-

E, B2, B1, B5, B3 and B9(https://www.thesuperfoods.net/cacao/cacao-nutritional-facts)

chickens need a lot of proteins(https://www.backyardchickencoops.com.au/give-your-chickens-

Review of Related Studies

Wadasen(2011) conducted to determine the growth performance of broilers

care and management practices were given to all four treatments.

compared using the Dunnet Test.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

a. Sesame seeds a. Weight of the

Feeds) and the compared its results.

environmental perimeter suits for the type of chickens.

measuring the growth of the white leghorns.

Data Gathering Procedure

height (cm), lateral width (cm) and anterior width (cm).

A. Making the cages

width, 40 inches length and 60 inches height.

B. Labelling the cages and chickens

C.Preparing the feeds

D.Feeding the white leghorn chicks

after putting the feeds,it is always followed with water .

or more independent variable as basis for classification.

PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Trials Compartment Before the Number of weeks

Mean 7.39 cm 8.39 cm 9.44cm 10.11cm 12.67cm 48.89cm 9.78 cm

Trials Compartment Before the Number of weeks Total Mean

1 Chicken1 40 g 75 g 110 g 150 g 250 g 625 g 125 g

Chicken 2 40 g 50 g 100 g 125 g 200 g 515 g 103 g