Abstract:

This paper proposes a new explicit method for heat conduction equation and It predicts results with an
accuracy comparable with or better than that obtainable by other methods.Stability of operation can be
extended to any desired degree by subdividing the basic time step and increasing the number of nodes

Introduction:

One-dimensional heat transfer in a homogeneous material, of thermal conductivity k, density p

and specific heat c is subject to the diffusion equation

where a, u, t and x denote the diffusivity, temperature difference, time and the distance of the point

of reference from the origin, respectively.

In seeking a numerical solution to the above equation , a thickness length L of the material is supposed

to be divided into n sections each of length 1 = L/n. The junctions of these n finite sections and the

two ends give a total of n +1 nodes, as shown in the model of Figure l(a). Similarly, the time is

expressed in discrete intervals of  notated by the nodes 1,2,. . . ,j,j+1 , . . . , etc. Node 1 corresponds
to time t = 0 and the node ,j +1 corresponds to time j .

the diffusion equation has a solution for u(x, t ) as a product of a polynomial in

x and a polynomial in t:

The boundary condition imposed is:

 v( x,0)   ( x); i.e. (0)  1
We denote v(x, 0) and q(x, 0) at node (i,j) by Vi,j and Mi,j respectively.

v i , j  1  v i , j ex p (  M i, j r)

Where

M i , j  (2vi , j  vi 1, j  vi 1, j ) / vi , j r   / l 2

and
The non-dimensional quantity Mi,j will be called the drive number.
Subinterval time step elimination:

The above Equation have some advantages as they stand over the Euler equation, which they
resemble, but their use can be considerably improved by subdividing the main time step z into

equal subintervals. Suppose that the temperature Vi,j + is arrived at from V,,J in two equal sub

Intervals,intervals of time each of size  /2. Thus, for the first semi-increment

This values of r up to a little over 1.0 to be used without introducing instability.

The process can be extended and, if the time step is sub-divided into m+1 intervals, m multipliers
will be needed.
FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS :

All the finite diffcrence equations in common use appear to be expressible as special cases of the
basic exponential solution, equation .

exp[  M i , j r ]  1  M i , j r

To arrive at the part implicit forms we write down the time gradient of v(0, ) at time levels j and
j+1 by differentiating equation

 v  
    M i , jVi , j exp( M i , j r )

 i , j l 2

The average time gradient between time levels j and j+1 can be written as
   v   v  
(Vi , j 1  Vi , j ) /       (1   )   
   i , j   i , j 1 
The coefficient c determines the extent to which changes in the temperature v are explicit (based on

Level j at which temperatures are known), and implicit (based on level j+1 at which temperatures
are yet to be found). Three cases may be noted.

1.  = 1. Changes in v are wholly explicit. With the approximation exp( - Mi,jr) = 1, we simply

have the Euler explicit equation again.

2.  = 0. Changes in v are wholly implicit. Use of the approximation exp ( - Mi,j+1r) = 1 leads to

the well-known fully implicit diffcrence equation

Vi , j  (1  2r )Vi , j 1  r (Vi 1, j 1  Vi 1, j 1 )

3.  =1/2. Use of the two exponential approximations illustrated at cases 1 and 2 above leads to
the general Crank -Nicolson scheme

Results and validation:

Basic accuracy
With a small value of r, all finite difference methods give broadly satisfactory estimates. The
precentage accuracy of change for the three finite difference forms during cooling is shown in

Figure 4(a). The comparison is based on a value of r = 0.25 so that no time step subdivision is

needed in using the exponential form.

It will be seen that the exponential finite difference equation gives better basic accuracy than

does either the Euler or the Crank-Nicolson forms. The errors due to using the Crank Nicolson or

the exponential forms tend to zero with increase in time. The Euler equation appears to yield a

constant error at large time.