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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The translation is very important in today's global life. We can relate
to the outside world with the translation from the source language into the
target language. Different people with our language, it will be helped by the
translation. In addition, a variety of knowledge from different corners of the
world can we know with the translation. The translation is very important in
all areas of life.
As we know, the language and the translation involves a fairly
complex linguistic systems that must evolve and differ from one language to
another language. Because not all translators know the system prevailing in
the source language, it certainly makes its own difficulties for a translator to
translate.
To overcome the difficulties in translation we must first understand
the science of translation. After that when we will translate the information or
text from a source language into the target language, we have to know and
learn the language system prevailing in the source language as appropriate.
Then, as a translator, we were required to keep track of a particular source
language. That way, at least the difficulties and problems of translation would
be slightly reduced. The translation is important in any aspect of life was.
However, sometimes translator is difficulties due to the complexity of the
system of a language. Thus, a translator also needs to understand very well
about it. If a translator has to have a good understanding in dealing with a
problem of translation, the translation process will be easier.
1.2 Problem of Formulation
Based on the background of the above problems, the authors
formulate the problems as follows:
1. What is the definition of translation?
2. What are processes in translation?
3. What are the poblems in translation?

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1.3 The Purpose of Writing

In line with the above formulation of the problem, the paper is organized
with the aim to identify and describe:
1. Definition of translation
2. Processes in translation
3. Problems in translation
1.4 Benefits of Writing
The benefits of writing this paper is that people know the definition of
translation, processes and problems in translation.
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Translation
There are some definitions of translation. Nida states that translation
consist of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. Newmark in Rudi Hartono states that translation is
rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the
author intended the text.
Newmark (1981: 7) defines translation as “a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the
same message and/or statement in another language”.
From the definition above the translation has the same term
“equivalence”. The meaning, context, though, or message of both source of
reproducing in the receptor language, the closest natural are equivalent to the
message of source language. The first is meaning and secondly is style. The
message of source language must equivalent. The reader of translation who
knows the target language only will be confused if the target language is
influenced by the source language.
Meanwhile the result of translation must be transferring the meaning
of the source language clearly. In order to make the clear meaning of source
language, it is expected that the meaning of target language can be understood
by the readers. So, the result of translation must be readable. In target
language, readability is needed, because it makes the readers easier to catch
the content of the translation text, conversely when the translation text is not
readable. It will make the readers difficult to understand the content of the
text well.
Based on many definitions above, the writer assumes that the
translation is a process of transferring thoughts and message from the source
language to the target language, in the form of written or spoken.

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Translation is an activity change information from the source

language into the target language.
a. Simatupang (2000 : 2) says that translation is a shift of meaning contained
in the source language into the target language and make it happen again in
the target language with forms as natural as possible in accordance with the
applicable rules.
b. Wills (1982 : 112) says that translation is a procedure that is performed to
guide the realization of the transfer of the source language text is written to
the target language text.
c. Bassnett (1991 : 2) says that what is generally understood as a process of
translation involves referral source language text (SL = Source Language)
into the target language.
d. Larson (1984 : 3) says that the translation includes translating the source
language into the language of the recipient, which begins the first language of
form towards the form of a second language using semantic language
structure. In this case meaning are transferred and must be adhered to. Only
the shape is changed.
e. Newmark (1982:7) states that translation is a skill that consists of efforts to
change the message and or a written statement from one language to the
message and or similar statements in other languages.
2.2 The Processes In Translation
Steps in Translation Process According to Ronald H. Bathgate (1983)
states that there are seven steps in translation process:
1. Tuning
First, tuning means the translator try to get the context of the text, the
language style and understand it. It can be done through reading and
digging information in discussion as much as you can about the content
and context.
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2. Analysis
In this step, translators analyse the text in the sentence level. It can be
done by breaking the Source Language text into clauses and phrases and
examining the syntactical relation one another.
3. Understanding
In this step, translators try to catch the overall meaning of the text and be
equipped with his vast knowledge of the text.
4. Terminology
Terminology: an effort to find equivalent and appropriate terms for the
transfer from Source L anguage to Target Language.
5. Restructuring
In this step, translators try to make new structure in TL after the SL text
has been splitted structurally and semantically into clauses, phrases and
words.
6. Checking
Checking means proofreading. Translators check the final draft and then
consult it to experts or editor, etc.
7. Discussion
After having review from experts or editors, then it goes to the last step.
In this step, the final draft in Target Language is ready to be published
and criticized by public.
2.3 The Problems In Translation
Translators usually have to deal with six different problematic areas in
their work, whether they are translating technical documents or a sworn
statement. These include:
1. Lexical-semantic problems
Lexical-semantic problems can be resolved by consulting dictionaries,
glossaries, terminology banks and experts. These problems include
terminology alternatives, neologisms, semantic gaps, contextual synonyms
and antonyms (these affect polysemic units: synonyms and antonyms are
only aimed at an acceptance which depends on the context to determine
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which meaning is correct), semantic contiguity (a consistency procedure

which works by identifying semantic features common to two or more
terms) and lexical networks.
2. Grammar
Grammatical problems include, for example, questions of temporality,
aspectuality (the appearance indicates how the process is represented or
the state expressed by the verb from the point of view of its development,
as opposed to time itself), pronouns, and whether to make explicit the
subject pronoun or not.
3. Syntax
Syntactical problems may originate in syntactic parallels, the direction of
the passive voice, the focus (the point of view from which a story is
organized), or even rhetorical figures of speech, such as a hyperbaton (the
inversion of the natural order of speech) or an anaphora (repetition of a
word or segment at the beginning of a line or a phrase).
4. Rhetoric
Rhetorical problems are related to the identification and recreation of

figures of thought (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche,

oxymoron, paradox, etc.) and diction.

5. Pragmatic

Pragmatic problems arise with the difference in the formal and informal

modes of address using “you”, as well as idiomatic phrases, sayings, irony,

humor and sarcasm. These difficulties can also include other challenges;

for example, in the translation of a marketing text from English into

French, specifically with the translation of the personal pronoun “you”.

The translator must decide whether the formal or the informal “you” is

more appropriate, a decision which is not always clear.

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6. Cultural problems
Cultural issues may arise from differences between cultural references,

such as names of food, festivals and cultural connotations, in general. The

translator will use language localization to correctly adapt the translation

to the culture targeted. A very simple example is a financial translation

which includes dates. If the text is in English, it is most likely, but not

absolutely certain, that 05/06/2015 will mean June 5. However, as

everyone knows, the same sequence in another language refers to May 6.

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CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Based on the explanation in the previous chapter, we can conclude
that the translation is the process of transferring information from a source
language into a target language, with due regard to the prevailing system in
the source language.
Due to the complexity of the translation process enough so that the
translator may face various difficulties. In this case the translation techniques
are useful to overcome the difficulties that may be encountered when
translation takes place.
3.2 Suggestion
The translation is essential for today's global life. However, the
translation process is often faced several difficulties. For that, we need to
deepen our knowledge in translation and of course we need to know and
understand the language system prevailing in the source language. It was
intended that the information conveyed in the source language remains intact
despite significant has been translated into different languages.

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REFERENCES
http://arnisariningsih-ilmuku.blogspot.com (access on 22nd September 2018,
20:00 WIB)
file:///D:/English/step-step-translation-new.pdf (access on 22nd September 2018,
21:15 WIB)
https://culturesconnection.com/6-translation-problems/ (access on 23rd September
2018, 15:45 WIB)