Consoli, N. C. et al. (2014). Géotechnique 64, No. 2, 165–170 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.

168]

TECHNICAL NOTE

Mohr–Coulomb failure envelopes of lime-treated soils

N. C . C O N S O L I  , L . DA S I LVA L O P E S J R † , B. S . C O N S O L I  a n d L . F E S T U G ATO 

The aim of this study is to quantify the influence of amount of lime and porosity in the assessment of
the Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope of lime-treated soils based on unconfined compressive strength
(óc ) and splitting tensile strength (ót ) of such materials, without the necessity of carrying out triaxial
testing. Based on a previously established concept that the ót /óc relationship is unique for each
specific fine-grained soil and lime blend, it is shown that the effective angle of shearing resistance of
a given lime-treated soil is independent of the porosity and the amount of lime of the specimen and
that effective cohesion intercept is a direct function of óc (or ót ) of the improved soil; this in turn
depends on the porosity and volumetric amount of lime in the soil–lime blends. Finally, the concepts
are successfully tested for clayey sand treated with lime at two distinct curing time periods, consider-
ing weak to moderate cementation levels.

KEYWORDS: failure; shear strength; soil stabilisation

INTRODUCTION failure and then drawing a tangent to these semi-circles. As

Determination of Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope para- presented in Fig. 1, in such theory, ô of a given material is
meters of lime-treated soils requires carrying out triaxial assumed, considering effective stress conditions, to vary
tests (e.g. Consoli et al., 1997, 2001), among many other linearly with ó9, according to two parameters: c9 and ö9, as
complex and time-consuming tests. shown in equation (1).
An alternative methodology to assess such parameters of t ¼ c9 þ ó 9 tan ö9 (1)
lime-treated soils is suggested in the present study. The
concept is to carry out basic tests, such as unconfined Using unconfined compression and splitting tensile tests
compression and splitting tensile tests. In addition, the principal stress states at failure – in which the minimum
methodology presented allows increasing reliability and a effective principal stress (ó 39 ) and maximum effective princi-
widening range of validity of the results; once the set-up of pal stress (ó 19 ) are, respectively, zero and óc for unconfined
the basic tests has been carried out for a given fine-grained compression and ót and 3ót (Jaeger et al., 2007) for
soil and a specific lime, the effective cohesion intercept (c9) splitting tensile tests – it is possible to establish the follow-
and the effective angle of shearing resistance (ö9) can be ing equations for unconfined compression (equation (2)) and
determined for any specific condition falling inside the range splitting tensile (equation (3)) test results.
of porosity and amount of lime employed during basic ó c =2
testing. sin ö9 ¼   (2)
óc c9
Linear failure envelopes, such as Mohr–Coulomb, were þ
used in the present research since they usually fit perfectly 2 tan ö9
well the ultimate behaviour of artificially cemented soils at 2ó t
relative low stress levels, which includes the majority of sin ö9 ¼   (3)
c9
practical geotechnical applications involving such geomater- ót þ
tan ö9
ials.
All the concepts developed herein were successfully tested
for clayey sand treated with lime for two distinct curing time In the development of a rational dosage methodology for
periods, considering weak and moderate cementation levels.

MOHR–COULOMB FAILURE THEORY τ

The Mohr–Coulomb failure theory is represented in the φ
shear strength (ô) against effective normal stress (ó9) space
by plotting Mohr semi-circles representing stress states at

c
Manuscript received 7 November 2012; revised manuscript accepted
11 October 2013. Published online ahead of print 4 December 2013. σc /2
Discussion on this paper closes on 1 July 2014, for further details see
p. ii. 2σt
 Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande
σ
do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. σ 3t  σ t σ 3c  zero σ 1t  3σ t σ 1c  σ c
† Formerly Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; now Multisolos Piles and InSitu Testing, Fig. 1. Mohr–Coulomb envelope based on Mohr circles from
Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. splitting tensile and unconfined compression tests

165

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 166 CONSOLI, DA SILVA LOPES, CONSOLI AND FESTUGATO
soil–lime, Consoli et al. (2012) have shown that the Table 2. Studied lime characteristics
porosity/lime ratio (ç/Liv ), defined as the porosity of the
compacted mixture divided by the volumetric lime content, Calcium oxide + magnesium oxide: % 84.3
is an appropriate parameter to evaluate the unconfined Loss on 10008C ignition: % 12.8
compressive strength (óc ) and the splitting tensile strength Passing no. 30: % 100.0
Passing no. 200: % 92.0
(ót ) of fine-grained soils treated with hydrated lime. The
Specific gravity 2.49
ót /óc ratio was shown to be a scalar for the studied
mixtures, being independent of ç/Liv : As a consequence,
dosage methodologies based on rational criteria can con-
centrate either on tensile or compression tests, once they
are interdependent. Further studies by Consoli et al. (2010, characteristics are presented in Table 2. Its slow gain of
2013) have corroborated that the ót /óc ratio is also a scalar strength demanded the adoption of curing time periods of 90
for other soils and cementing agents. Considering such and 360 days for lime-treated soils.
findings, it is proposed herein to consider that ót ¼ îóc , Tap water was used for moulding specimens for all tests.
where î is a scalar usually found in the range of 0.09–
0.18; when this is introduced into equations (1) and (2), ö9
and c9 are then given by equations (4) and (5). Methods and procedures
  Moulding and curing of specimens. Cylindrical specimens
1  4î
ö9 ¼ arcsin (4) 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm high were used. After the
1  2î
   clayey sand, lime and water were weighed, the soil and lime
1  4î were mixed to a uniform consistency. The water was then
óc 1  added, continuing the mixing process until a homogeneous
1  2î
c9 ¼    (5) paste was created. The amount of lime for each mixture was
1  4î
2 cos arcsin calculated based on the mass of dry soil.
1  2î The specimen was statically compacted in three layers
inside a cylindrical metallic split mould so that each layer
As a consequence, it can be observed that for a given soil reached the specified dry density. The specimens were cured
and cementing agent, î is a scalar and ö9 is a constant, and in a humid room at 238  28C and a relative humidity above
consequently is independent of óc and ót , as well as of the 95% for 90 or 360 days.
lime content, porosity or porosity/lime ratio of the studied
blend, being a function only of the ót /óc ratio. On the other
side, the c9 value of the blend is a function of î and óc , the
Unconfined compression and splitting tensile tests. The
latter being a function of ç/Liv : Consequently, c9 is a func-
unconfined compression tests used in this study followed
tion of î, ç and Liv :
Brazilian standard NBR 5739 (BSA, 1980), which is in
accordance with ASTM C39 (ASTM, 2012), being
simple and fast, while also reliable and inexpensive to
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
carry out.
In order to check the accuracy of the presented method-
Splitting tensile tests followed Brazilian standard NBR
ology, it is applied to experimental results carried out in the
7222 (BSA, 1983), which is in accordance with ASTM
present work using clayey sand treated with hydrated lime.
C496 (ASTM, 2011).
A series of unconfined compression and splitting tensile tests
Before testing, the specimens were submerged in a water
were conducted to establish the influence of the amount of
tank for 24 h to achieve saturation and to minimise suc-
lime and the porosity on compressive and splitting tensile
tion.
strength of compacted soil–lime specimens. Then a number
of triaxial compression tests were undertaken on specimens
within a range of confining pressures, porosities, quantity of
lime and curing time periods. Triaxial compression tests. The static drained triaxial tests
were carried out under full saturation, for the confining
pressures of 20, 200 and 400 kPa. The back-pressure
Materials saturation procedure ensured B-values of at least 0.90 for
The soil samples used in the present study were derived the lime-treated specimens. Previous works by Schnaid et al.
from weathered sandstone (C horizon) and obtained from the (2001) and Consoli et al. (2001) on triaxial response of
region of Porto Alegre, in southern Brazil. The soil charac- cemented soils have shown that B-values of about 0.90 or
teristics are presented in Table 1. The soil is classified as higher result in negligible suctions, if any.
clayey sand (SC), according to the unified soil classification Full drainage during shear was guaranteed by using a rate
system (ASTM, 2000). of deformation of 0.0173 mm/min. Pressure transducers mon-
Hydrated lime was used as the cementing agent. Its itored the pore pressure and confining stress, while the
deviator load was measured with a load cell with a capacity
of 10 kN and a resolution of 0.005 kN, located within the
Table 1. Studied soil characteristics triaxial chamber. The axial strains were measured by means
of two independent systems: an internal system, using Hall
Medium sand: % 16.1 effect sensors (Clayton & Khatrush, 1986), allowed the meas-
Fine sand: % 45.5 urement of the initial strains with a resolution smaller than
Silt: % 33.4 1 ìm and an externally mounted linearly variable differential
Clay: % 5.0 transformer with a resolution smaller than 10 ìm measured
Specific gravity 2.64 the relative displacement between the triaxial chamber and
Liquid limit: % 23
Plastic limit: % 13
the loading piston. For the calculation of the applied stresses,
Unified soil classification system Clayey sand the area corrections proposed by La Rochelle et al. (1988)
were adopted.

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 MOHR–COULOMB FAILURE ENVELOPES OF LIME-TREATED SOILS 167
Programme of tests 1000 L  3%
L  5%
The experimental programme was carried out to evaluate 900 L  7%
the influence of both dry unit weight and lime content. The 800 L  9%
specimens were moulded with dry unit weights ranging from L  11%
700 ---- σc  8·67  106[η/(Liv)0·12]3·00
16.0 to 18.8 kN/m3 with the same moisture content (14%). 600 R2  0·95

σc: kPa
The lime percentages ranged from 3 to 11%. These percen-
500
tages were chosen considering both the international and
400
Brazilian experience with soil–lime mixtures (e.g. Mitchell,
1981; Consoli et al., 2001, 2009a, 2009b, 2011, 2012), in 300
both experimental and practical work. 200
Nine drained triaxial compression tests were carried out 100
on lime-treated specimens, details of which are given in 0
Table 3, with lime contents ranging from 5.0 to 10.0% and 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
porosities from 26.8 to 42.5%. η/(Liv)0·12
(a)

2400 L  3%
TESTING RESULTS AND ANALYSIS L  5%
According to Consoli et al. (2009a, 2009b, 2012), the L  7%
2000 L  9%
relations óc and ót against ç/Liv suggest that ç/Liv includes L  11%
the distinct effects of both variables (ç and Liv ) in a unique 1600 ---- σc  2·10  107[η/(Liv)0·12]3·00
factor controlling both óc and ót : This means that ç and R2  0·95

σc: kPa
1/Liv affect separately both óc and ót and that the effect on 1200
both óc and ót of increasing values of porosities can be
counteracted by increasing values of volumetric lime con- 800
tents, ending up with ç/Liv governing both óc and ót :
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) present the unconfined compressive 400
strength for 90 and 360 days of curing, respectively, as a
: 0
function of the adjusted porosity/lime ratio (ç/(Liv )0 12 ) for 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
the lime-treated soil studied (according to Consoli et al.
η/(Liv)0·12
(2009a, 2009b, 2012) the application of a power is suggested (b)
to be used on Liv and the optimum fit was found by applying
a power equal to 0.12), highlighting distinct lime contents Fig. 2. Variation of óc with adjusted porosity/lime ratio (ç/(Liv )0 12 )
:

used. Best-fit curves for óc for 90 days (equation (6)) and for lime-treated soil at (a) 90 days of curing and (b) 360 days of
360 days (equation (7)) of curing present reasonable correla- curing
:
tions (coefficient of determination, R2 ¼ 0.95) with ç/(Liv )0 12
for the studied soil–lime mixture.
 3:00 Figure 3 presents the deviatoric stress–axial strain–
ç
ó c (kPa) ¼ 8:67 3 106 : (6) volumetric strain curves for the drained triaxial tests on
(Liv )0 12 :
lime-treated soil (T-01 for ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 21, T-02 for 26, T-03
 3:00 for 30 and T-04 for 35) (see Table 3) and 90 days of curing
ç
ó c (kPa) ¼ 2:10 3 107 : (7) at confining pressure of 20 kPa. Fig. 4 presents the deviatoric
(Liv )0 12
1200
Results of splitting tensile strength (ót ) carried out in the
present study were divided by unconfined compressive 1000 η/(Liv)0·12  21
strength (óc ) at the same conditions of moulding and curing, η/(Liv)0·12  26
σ1  σ3: kPa

800
yielding î ¼ ót /óc ¼ 0.15 for both 90 and 360 days of η/(Liv)0·12  30
curing. Thompson (1966) studied the split tensile strength of 600 η/(Liv)0·12  35
lime-reactive soils and observed that the ratio of split tensile
to unconfined compressive strength of the mixtures was 400
approximately 0.13 for all of the soil–lime mixtures studied. 200

0
Table 3. Summary of the triaxial compression tests on lime- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
εa: %
treated soil
(a)
: 6
Specimen Curing ó 39 : ç: % L: % ç/(Liv )0 12 ó 19  ó 39 :
time kPa kPa 5
period: 4
days η/(Liv)0·12  21
3 η/(Liv)0·12  26
εv: %

T-01 90 20 26.8 10 21.2 1007 2 η/(Liv)0·12  30

T-02 90 20 33.4 9 27.1 649
T-03 90 20 35.5 5 30.8 398 1 η/(Liv)0·12  35
T-04 90 20 42.0 7 35.7 238 0
T-05 90 200 42.2 7 35.8 538 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T-06 90 400 42.1 7 35.7 1054 1 εa: %
T-07 360 20 42.5 7 36.1 627 (b)
T-08 360 200 42.4 7 35.9 905
T-09 360 400 42.3 7 35.9 1115 Fig. 3. (a) Deviatoric stress and (b) volumetric strain against axial
strain curves for 90 days of curing at confining pressure of 20 kPa

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 168 CONSOLI, DA SILVA LOPES, CONSOLI AND FESTUGATO
1200
Inserting the î value (0.15) into equations (4) and (5)
1000 yields the ö9 value of 34.98 and c9 of 0.26óc :
For 90 days of curing, inserting equation (6) into 0.26óc
800 results in c9 being given by equation (8).
σ1  σ3: kPa

 3:00
600 ç
c9 (kPa) ¼ 0:26ó c ¼ 2:254 3 106 : (8)
400 20 kPa (Liv )0 12
200 kPa
:
200
400 kPa For ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 21, 26, 30 and 35, c9 is respectively
244.3 kPa, 128.7 kPa, 83.8 kPa and 52.8 kPa.
0
0 5 10 15 Figure 6 presents the Mohr semi-circles of triaxial peak
εa: % shear strength in a ô–ó stress space (considering 90 days of
:
(a) curing and confining pressure ¼ 20 kPa) for ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 21,
2
26, 30 and 35 (see Table 3), as well as the Mohr–Coulomb
:
failure envelopes for each specific ç/(Liv )0 12 : It can be
0 observed in Fig. 6 that the Mohr–Coulomb failure envelopes
0 5 10 15
depicted are a sound representation of the tangent to the
Mohr semi-circles drawn based on triaxial testing, at a
εv: %

2 20 kPa
200 kPa specific effective confining stress, of the studied clayey
400 kPa sand–lime blends.
4 For 360 days of curing, c9 is given by equation (9).
 3:00
ç
6
c9 (kPa) ¼ 0:26ó c ¼ 5:460 3 106 0:12
(9)
εa: % (Liv )
(b)
:
For ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 35, c9 is 127.8 kPa.
Fig. 4. (a) Deviatoric stress and (b) volumetric strain against axial
: Figures 7 and 8 present the Mohr semi-circles of triaxial
strain curves for ç/(Liv )0 12 35 and 90 days of curing
peak shear strength in a ô–ó stress space (considering

stress–axial strain–volumetric strain curves for the drained 1500 η/(Liv)0·12  21

:
triaxial tests (T-04 to T-06) for ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 35 (see Table 3) c  244·3 kPa
and 90 days of curing at confining pressures of 20, 200 and φ  34·9°
400 kPa. Fig. 5 presents the deviatoric stress–axial strain– η/(Liv)0·12  26
volumetric strain curves for the drained triaxial tests (T-07 to 1000 c  128·7 kPa
:
T-09) for ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 35 (see Table 3) and 360 days of φ  34·9°
τ: kPa

curing at confining pressures of 20, 200 and 400 kPa. The η/(Liv)0·12  30
confining pressures were chosen so as to comprehend the c  83·8 kPa
stress levels of the majority of practical geotechnical prob- 500 φ  34·9°
lems in which artificially cemented soils are used. η/(Liv)0·12  35
c  52·8 kPa
1200 φ  34·9°
35 30 26 21
0
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
800 σ: kPa
σ1  σ3: kPa

600 Fig. 6. Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope (using methodology

developed in present research) in ô2ó9 stress space for 90 days
400 20 kPa of curing at confining pressure of 20 kPa
200 kPa
200 400 kPa
1500
0
0 5 10 15
εa: %
(a)
6 1000
20 kPa
4
τ: kPa

200 kPa
c  52·8 kPa
400 kPa φ  34·9°
2
0 5 10 15 500
εv: %

2 400 kPa
200 kPa
4 20 kPa
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
6 εa: % σ: kPa
(b)
Fig. 7. Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope (using methodology
Fig. 5. (a) Deviatoric stress and (b) volumetric strain against axial developed in present research) in ô2ó9 stress space for triaxial
: :
strain curves for ç/(Liv )0 12 35 and 360 days of curing specimens considering ç/(Liv )0 12 35 and 90 days of curing

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 MOHR–COULOMB FAILURE ENVELOPES OF LIME-TREATED SOILS 169
1500 1500

1000 1000 c  118·6 kPa

φ  35°
τ: kPa

τ: kPa
c  127·8 kPa
φ  34·9° c  118·6 kPa
φ  25°
500 500

400 kPa

20 kPa 200 kPa 400 kPa 200 kPa

0 20 kPa
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
σ: kPa σ: kPa
Fig. 8. Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope (using methodology Fig. 9. Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope (using typical practical
developed in present research) in ô2ó9 stress space for triaxial relationships (Mitchell, 1981)) in ô2ó9 stress space for triaxial
:
specimens considering ç/(Liv )0 12 35 and 360 days of curing :
specimens considering ç/(Liv )0 12 35 and 90 days of curing

:
ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 35, confining pressures of 20, 200 and 400 kPa 1500
and curing time periods of 90 days (T-04 to T-06) and 360
days (T-07 to T-09)), as well as the Mohr–Coulomb failure c  201·8 kPa
envelopes. It can be seen in Figs 7 and 8 that the Mohr– φ  35°
Coulomb failure envelopes depicted are a fair representation 1000
of the tangent to the Mohr semi-circles drawn based on c  201·8 kPa
τ: kPa

triaxial testing of the studied clayey sand–lime blends. The φ  25°

poorest representation of the failure envelopes obtained
using the proposed methodology was observed at high con-
fining pressures. In such cases the Mohr semi-circles are 500
below the failure envelopes obtained based on the method-
ology developed herein, which can be explained by probable
cementitious bonding breakage (yielding) occurring during
20 kPa 200 kPa 400 kPa
application of confining stresses, as explained by Consoli et 0
al. (2000) and Dalla Rosa et al. (2008) and/or acknowl- 0 500 1000 1500 2000
edging that in this situation the failure envelope is probably σ: kPa
curved rather than a straight line. It is important to point out
Fig. 10. Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope (using typical practical
that two of the stress–strain curves in Fig. 4 seem not to
relationships (Mitchell, 1981)) in ô2ó9 stress space for triaxial
have reached a peak strength and this could also be one :
specimens considering ç/(Liv )0 12 35 and 360 days of curing
reason for lack of fit of the data in Fig. 7.

Comparison with typical practical relationships. According
to Mitchell (1981), an alternative way to assess the Mohr–
Coulomb failure envelope parameters (ö9 and c9) is by using
ö9 ranging from 258 to 358 and c9 given by the following
practical relationship (equation (9)), which is valid for
compacted lime-treated soils
c9 (kPa) ¼ 60 þ 0:29ó c
in which óc (kPa) was considered (in the present study) after
equations (6) and (7) for 90 and 360 days of curing, respec-
tively.
Figures 9 and 10 present the Mohr semi-circles of triaxial
peak shear strength in a ô–ó9 stress space respectively for
:
ç/(Liv )0 12 ¼ 35 and 90 and 360 days of curing, as well as
the Mohr–Coulomb failure envelopes considering parameters
obtained using practical relationships suggested by Mitchell
(1981). It can be observed in Figs 9 and 10 that the Mohr–
Coulomb failure envelopes drawn using the effective angle
of shearing resistance range (ö9 ¼ 258 to 358 for all curing
time periods) and effective cohesion intercept c9 ¼ 118.6 kPa
and 201.8 kPa are a fair representation (mainly the lower
bound of the variation range) of the tangent to the Mohr
semi-circles drawn based on triaxial testing of the studied
soil–lime blends.
Results of ö9 and c9 obtained by a typical practical
relationship suggested by Mitchell (1981) and by the method-
ology presented herein are in the same range of variation
:
(ö9 ¼ 258 to 358 against ö9 ¼ 34.98 for all ç/(Liv )0 12 and
c9 ¼ 118.6 kPa and 201.8 kPa against c9 ¼ 52.8 kPa and
127.8 kPa).
(10) CONCLUSION
From the data presented in this manuscript the following
conclusions can be drawn.
• A methodology for establishing Mohr–Coulomb failure
envelope parameters based on unconfined compressive
strength (óc ) and splitting tensile strength (ót ) of lime-
treated soils has been proposed and successfully tested.
• The methodology developed herein allows increasing
reliability and widening range of validity of the results,
once the set-up of the basic (unconfined compression and
splitting tensile) tests has been carried out for a given soil
and a specific hydrated lime; this permits the determina-
tion of c9 and ö9 for any specific condition falling inside
the range of porosity and amount of lime employed
during basic testing, without the necessity to carry out
triaxial testing or any other complex and time-consuming
tests. However, the present study was limited solely to the
soil and lime selected for the research; further studies are
still necessary to ascertain whether the methodology

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 170 CONSOLI, DA SILVA LOPES, CONSOLI AND FESTUGATO
could be extended to other soils, as well as to other ments in soil and pavement mechanics (ed. M. S. S. Almeida),
cementing agents. pp. 217–222. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Balkema.
Consoli, N. C., Rotta, G. V. & Prietto, P. D. M. (2000). Influence of
curing under stress on triaxial response of cemented soils.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Géotechnique 50, No. 1, 99–105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/
geot.2000.50.1.99.
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Brazilian Consoli, N. C., Prietto, P. D. M., Carraro, J. A. H. & Heineck, K. S.
MCT/CNPq (projects Produtividade em Pesquisa, Iniciação (2001). Behavior of compacted soil–fly ash–carbide lime–fly
Cientı́fica, Edital Universal and INCT-REAGEO) for finan- ash mixtures. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Engng, ASCE 127, No. 9,
cial support to the research group. 774–782.
Consoli, N. C., Lopes Jr, L. S., Foppa, D. & Heineck, K. S.
(2009a). Key parameters dictating strength control of lime/
NOTATION cement-treated soils. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs – Geotech. Engng
c9 effective cohesion intercept 162, No. 2, 111–118.
L lime content Consoli, N. C., Lopes, L. S. Jr. & Heineck, K. S. (2009b). Key
Liv volumetric lime content parameters for the strength control of lime stabilized soils. J.
R2 coefficient of determination Mater. Civ. Engng 21, No. 5, 210–216.
åa axial strain Consoli, N. C., Cruz, R. C., Floss, M. F. & Festugato, L. (2010).
åv volumetric strain Parameters controlling tensile and compressive strength of artifi-
ç porosity cially cemented sand. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Engng, ASCE
ç/Liv porosity/lime ratio 136, No. 5, 759–763.
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ç/(Liv )0 12 adjusted porosity/lime ratio Consoli, N. C., Dalla Rosa, A. & Saldanha, R. B. (2011). Variables
î ót /óc ratio governing strength of compacted soil–fly ash–lime mixtures.
ó9 effective normal stress J. Mater. Civ. Engng 23, No. 4, 432–440.
óc unconfined compressive strength Consoli, N. C., Johann, A. D. R., Gauer, E. A., Santos, V. R.,
ót splitting tensile strength Moretto, R. L. & Corte, M. B. (2012). Key parameters for
ó 19 maximum effective principal stress tensile and compressive strength of silt–lime mixtures. Géotech-
ó 39 minimum effective principal stress nique Lett. 2, No. 3, 81–85.
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