ELEC 6040 Mobile Radio

Communications

Lecturers: Dr. S. D. Ma and Dr. T. I. Yuk

(sdma@eee.hku.hk, tiyuk@eee.hku.hk)
Date & Time: Wednesday: 7:00 - 9:30pm
Place: CYC (Chow Yei Ching Building ) -B

Notes can be obtained from:

http://www.eee.hku.hk/~sdma/elec6040_2010/
p. 1 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Objective: To gain an understanding of mobile radio communications.
Contents
Introduction to Mobile Radio Communications Systems :
• Overview of mobile radio communications
• Overview of digital communication systems:
• Model of a digital communication system; a brief review of digital modulation,
source coding and channel coding.
• Mobile radio propagation characteristics
• Error performance over radio links
• Multiple access methods
• An introduction to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

p. 2 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Contents

Mobile Radio Communications Engineering :

• Introduction to cellular systems
• Basic cellular system; performance criteria; cellular planning
• Elements of cellular systems design
• concept of frequency reuse; cell coverage; desired S/I from an omni-directional
antenna; handoff mechanism; co-channel interference and power control; channel
allocation schemes; cell splitting and traffic consideration.
• Mobile communication standards
– 2G and 2.5G systems
– 3G systems
– beyond 3G and 4G systems
– appreciation of GPRS, EDGE, IEEE 802.11a/b wireless LANs and HIPERLAN/2,
Bluetooth, WiMax, LTE, etc.

p. 3 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 References

• Theodore S. Rappaport, "Wireless Communications: Principles & Practice", 2/e,

Prentice Hall, 2002.
• John G. Proakis, "Digital Communications", 4th ed., McGraw Hill, 2001.
• William C. Y. Lee, "Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals", John Wiley
& Son, Inc. 1992.
• Siegmund M. Redl et al. "An Introduction to GSM", Boston : Artech House, c1995.
• H. Holma and A. Toskala, "WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation
Mobile Communications", 3rd ed. Chichester : Wiley, c2004.
• H. Holma and A. Toskala, "HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for
Mobile Communications"
• IEEE standards
• Journal and magazine articles as appropriate

p. 4 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Assessment
• Assignments: 30%
• Final Examination: 70%

p. 5 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Lecture Notes

• Part 1. Introduction

• Part 2. Cellular System Engineering

• Part 3. Multiple Access Methods

• Part 4. Communications over Wireless Channels

• Part 5. 2G and 2.5G Systems

• Part 6. 3G Systems

• Part 7. B3G and 4G systems

p. 6 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Part 1. Introduction

p. 7 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 It All Started Like This

• First telephone call – Alexander Bell,

March 10, 1876 "Mr. Watson--come here
-- I want to see you.”
• 1897: Guglielmo Marconi firstly
demonstrated radio's ability to provide
continuous contact with ships sailing in
the English channel.
• Beginning of 20th century: Short wave
radio communications were used in
marine secure operation systems.
• 1921: The first car mounted radio
telephone

p. 8 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Going Further
•1934 – Municipal police radio systems in the US (AM)
•1946 – First commercial mobile radio-telephone service by
Bell and AT&T in Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex
(FM)
•1968 – AT&T proposed the cellular concept to the FCC
•1973 – First handheld cellular phone – Motorola.
•1978 – First cellular net Bahrein
•1980’s – 1G (1st generation mobile communication systems)
– Employed cellular technique for capacity enhancement
– Features: Used analog modulation (FM in majority),
voice service
– Examples: E-TACS (UK), NMT (Northern European
countries), AMPS (US), JTACS (Japan)
– Well-known names: AT&T, etc.

p. 9 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Historical Review on the Development of Mobile Radio
Communications (3)
• 1990’s: 2G (2nd generation mobile communication systems)
– Motivation: Increase the capacity, use the frequency spectrum
efficiently
– Technical Features: Digital modulation is used. DSP techniques (e.g.,
channel equalization, source coding, channel coding) are also used.
Higher capacity than 1G (e.g., USDC versus AMPS: 3 times)
– Service: mainly voice, text message
– Political issues: Intense debate on whether CDMA or TDMA was better,
during the first half of 1990’s.
– Examples: USDC (some parts of US; TDMA), IS-95 or cdmaOne (some
parts of US, Korea, HK, China, Japan’s KDD, etc.; CDMA), GSM &
DCS-1800/PCS (most part of the world; TDMA), GSM-1900 (some parts
of US; TDMA), PDC & PHS (Japan’s NTT DoCoMo; TDMA)
– Well-known names: Ericsson, Nokia, Qualcom, A. J. Viterbi

p. 10 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Historical Review on the Development of Mobile Radio
Communications (4)

• Late 1990’s: 2.5G

– Why 2.5G?
data service: the data rate of 2G is low
new standard: a long time replacing 2G systems with 3G systems:
huge amount of investment on 2G
Î Solution: 2.5G, based on the existing 2G systems, increase the
data rate
– Standards: GPRS (up to 114kbps; for GSM networks), EDGE (up
to 384kbps; for GSM and DCS-1800/1900 networks), IS-95B (IS-
95’s data-transmission extension)
– Well-known names: i-mode, WAP (Wireless Application
Protocol), Multimedia messaging service (MMS)

p. 11 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Historical Review on the Development of Mobile Radio
Communications (5)
• 2000’s: 3G (3rd generation mobile communication systems)
– Feature 1: Initially intended to support multimedia communications;
currently targeted to support Internet access, mobile TV, games etc
– Feature 2: Employs all sorts of capacity enhancement techniques: turbo
codes (invented in 1993), multiuser detection (invented in 1986), transmit
diversity (invented in ~1993), fast power control (invented in ~1993), smart
antennas (long-known technique).
– Political issues: Initial attempt to unify all mobile radio communications
into a single standard; not successful due to disagreements among major
players
– Data-transmission rate: from 144kbps (vehicular environments) to
2Mbps (indoor environments)
– Approved standards: WCDMA, cdma2000, TD-SCDMA
– Market status: CDMA2000 first commercial service at Seoul in late 2000
and WCDMA in Tokyo in May 2001
– Well-known names: NTT DoCoMo, Qualcom, Ericsson, Nokia, 3GPP,
3GPP2
p. 12 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Frequency Allocation
Standard Year of Multiple Access Frequency Band Modulation Channel
Intro. Bandwidth
NMT-450 1981 FDMA 450-470 MHz FM 25kHz
AMPS 1983 FDMA 824-894 MHz FM 30kHz
E-TACS 1985 FDMA 900 MHz FM 25kHz
NMT-900 1986 FDMA 890-960 MHz FM 12.5kHz
JTACS 1988 FDMA 860-925 MHz FM 25kHz
NAMPS 1992 FDMA 824-894 MHz FM 10kHz

USDC 1991 TDMA 824-894 MHz π/4-DQPSK 30kHz

GSM 1990 TDMA 890-960 MHz GMSK 200kHz
DCS-1800 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 MHz GMSK 200kHz
DCS-1900 1994 TDMA 1.85-1.99 GHz GMSK 200kHz
IS-95 1993 CDMA 824-894 MHz; 1.8-2.0GHz QPSK / BPSK 1.25MHz
PACS 1994 TDMA / FDMA 1.85-1.99 GHz π/4-DQPSK 300kHz
PDC 1993 TDMA 810-1501 MHz π/4-DQPSK 25kHz
PHS 1993 TDMA 1895-1907 MHz π/4-DQPSK 300kHz
DECT 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 MHz GFSK 1.728MHz

WCDMA CDMA 1.9-2.1 GHz QPSK / BPSK 5MHz

cdma2000 CDMA 1.9-2.1 GHz QPSK / BPSK 5MHz

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p. 15 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
p. 16 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Roadmap

Big gap needed

Date rate requirement increases to be filled.
Data rate
exponentially due to high desire Revolutionary
(Mbps) stage3:
of better user experience • HDTV, technologies
x000 • Virtual reality, 3 should be
• etc… explored.
stage2:
• On-line game,
• Video conference,
x00 • Tele-Medicare,
stage1: • etc…
• Email, 2
• File transfer, Maximum
x0 • Web browse, Data Rate
• Voice-over-ip,
• etc… Capacity bottle neck due to 3G 2 Mbps
• Rare radio resource
x 1 3.5G 14 Mbps
• Power limitation
• Impairments of wireless channel
.x
95’ 05’ 15’ Year
Source: NTT DoCoMo
p. 17 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Targets and Achievable Data Rate in Cellular Systems
Peak data rate
14 M
3G & 3.5G
10 M Maximum value Average data rate
in specification 2 to 4 M
2M HSPA+
Data rate (bit/second)

DL:56 M
1M GPRS EDGE UL:22M
171 k 384 k
2G & 2.5G HSDPA
(High-Speed
100 k W-CDMA Downlink Packet
32 k 1X Access)
144k
9.6 k PHS
10 k
cdma2000 High-rate data services in
GSM megabit/second class are
possible using HSDPA
1k
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Year
p. 18 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Targets for Systems Beyond 3G
Mobility

High New 100 Mbps

mobile
3G Enhanced access Systems beyond
3G
3G .
Enhancement
1 Gbps
New nomadic / Local
Low area wireless access

1 10 100 1000
Peak useful data rate (Mb/s)

Extracted from ITU-R.1645

p. 19 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 3.5G and LTE
• Beyond 3G (B3G)
– Existing 3G: uplink/downlink: 200/500kbps, much lower than expected
– Improving existing 3G systems to support data rates up to 10Mbps
Mid-term evolution:
WCDMA Î uplink/downlink: HSUPA/HSDPA, up to 5.76/14Mbps
cdma2000 Î cdma2000 1xEV-DO Rel. 0 Î Rev A Î Rev B
– Commercial service:
2003: Verizon Wireless, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, the United States
2003: KDDI, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, Japan
May 2006: SK Telecom, the world first HSDPA service, Korea
Aug. 2006: NTT DoCoMo, HSDPA, Japan
Sept. 2006: Smartone, HSDPA (3.6 Mbps), Hong Kong
– 3GPP LTE (long term evolution): using 4G technologies (MIMO,
OFDMA, etc.) on 3G systems
uplink/downlink: 170/320Mbps

p. 20 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 4G Mobile Communications (1)
• Research ongoing: 4G
– 4G: replacing existing 3G systems
– Objectives: a fully IP-based integrated system; being capable of providing
between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium
quality and high security.
– Feature 1: totally new broadband frequency spectrum is needed, 100M
– Feature 2: A mixture of different communication systems, including:
broadcasting systems, cellular networks, wireless LANs (WLANs),
wireless personal-area networks (WPANs), and fixed networks. Inter-
system handover required. Billing among different operators more
difficult.
– Feature 3: IP-based; packetized communications.
– Enabling technologies: MIMO, OFDM, space-time coding, smart
antennas, channel-dependent scheduling, link adaptation, relaying
– Well-known names: NTT DoCoMo, Samsung, Nokia, Sony-Ericsson,
Philips, Huawei, Northern European countries
p. 21 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 4G Mobile Communications (2)
• Research target of 4G

4G wireless network

Isolated-cell
Cellular system environment
local area coverage
wide coverage
low mobility
full mobility
3G: current 4G: target
data rate data rate
1Gbps
14Mbps
100Mbps

p. 22 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 4G Mobile Communications (3)
• Asymmetric data traffic

Typical service: watching HD movie in real

time
Uplink: Relatively narrow
light traffic, bandwidth: 40MHz
low data rate

send
in g
Downlink: or de
rs
heavy traffic
vide
high data rate o str e
ams

Broad bandwidth: 100MHz

p. 23 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 4G Mobile Communications (4)
• Broadband wireless access

Cellular system

Same air Local area

interface environment

To reduce
network cost

All IP-based core network

p. 24 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 HK Economic Journal June 21 2006

In 2007, NTT DoCoMo announced it achieved a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5Gbps
in the downlink using 100MHz frequency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10km/h, the world's
first 5Gbps packet transmission in 4G Field Experiment .

p. 25 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Wireless Networks

1G~4G

WiMax, 802.16e

IEEE 802.15

p. 26 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Wireless LAN (1)
•WLAN
– utilizes spread-spectrum/OFDM technology based on radio waves to enable
communication between devices in a limited area
– gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still
be connected to the network

•Different WLAN Standards

– various version of IEEE 802.11
by vendors joined IEEE
– HIPERLAN
5GHz standard
by researchers in ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
no strong vendor influence

p. 27 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Wireless LAN (2)

•IEEE 802.11a - 6~54 Mbps, in unlicensed 5-GHz radio band

•IEEE 802.11b - older, up to 11 Mbps, in 2.4 GHZ radio band
•IEEE 802.11d – to add support for "additional regulatory domains".
This support includes the addition of a country information element to beacons, probe requests, and probe responses.

•IEEE 802.11e - QoS (quality of service) issue in LANs

•IEEE 802.11g - to increase the speed of 802.11b - 54 Mbps in 2.4 GHz band
•IEEE 802.11x - security and other class of service specifications.
•IEEE 802.11n - for very high-speed WLANs (200-500 Mbps) over short distances.
•IEEE 802.11p - WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment
p. 28 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 IEEE 802.11 / IEEE 802.11b
Approved & • 1997 (IEEE 802.11)
standardized • early 2000 (IEEE 802.11b)
Major market players • Intersil, Agere, etc.
Rates • 1Mbps, 2Mbps (IEEE 802.11)
• 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps (IEEE 802.11b)
Carrier frequency • 2.4GHz (unlicensed ISM band) [NA for infrared]
Transmission • Direct-sequence spread spectrum (802.11 & 802.11b)
techniques • Frequency-hopped spread spectrum (802.11)
• Infrared (802.11)
Source of external • BluetoothTM devices
interference • Microwave ovens
European counterpart • HIPERLAN/1 (no commercial products!)
IEEE 802.11g • Up to 54 Mbps adopt 802.11a technique in 802.11b

p. 29 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 IEEE 802.11a

Approved & • end of 1999

standardized
Major market players • Atheros, Intersil, etc.
Rates • 6Mbps – 54Mbps
Carrier frequency • 5.2GHz (unlicensed band called UNII)
Transmission • OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
techniques
Source of external • other IEEE 802.11a access points or mobile stations
interference • no other known interference up to now
European counterpart • HIPERLAN/2 (standard published)
Japanese counterpart • MMAC (published)

p. 30 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Summary of IEEE 802.11a/b WLANs and HIPERLAN/2

ˆ HIPERLAN/2 is better than IEEE 802.11a in QoS support and security.

Source: J. De Vriendt, P. Lainé, C. Lerouge and X. Xu, “Mobile network evolution: a revolution
on the move,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 104-111, Apr. 2002.
p. 31 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 WiMax

•IEEE 802.16 (2001) - point to multi-point broadband wireless transmission

in the 10-66 GHz band, using single carrier physical standard
•IEEE 802.16a - for 2 ~ 11 GHz, adding OFDM/OFDMA
•IEEE 802.16d (IEEE 802.16-2004) –fixed WiMax (supersedes the earlier amendments)
•IEEE 802.16e - mobile WiMax, OFDM and MIMO techniques, full mobility support
WiMax is very different from WiFi
WiMax: over many kilometers, stronger encryption, less interference
WiFi: short range (10's of meters), WEP/WPA encryption, suffer from interference

p. 32 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 • Bluetooth
– an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs).
– provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such
as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game
consoles via a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency
– proposed by Ericsson
named after Harald Bluetooth, a king of Denmark and Norway in 10th
century, known for his unification of previously warring tribes
Bluetooth: intended to unify different technologies like computers and
mobile phones.
– technical information:
2.4G ISM band, low power consumption, short range (<100m)
low-cost transceiver, data rate (<1Mbps)

p. 33 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 • Typical Applications
– Wireless control of and communication between a cell phone and a hand
free headset
– Wireless control of a games console
Nintendo's Wii and Sony's PlayStation 3
– Wireless communications with PC input and output devices
mouse, keyboard and printer

a Bluetooth mobile phone headset Apple wireless keyboard and mouse

p. 34 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Other Wireless Network: WSN (1)
• WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)
– A wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous
devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental
conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or
pollutants, at different locations
– Standards: ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA100, etc.,
all based on IEEE 802.15)

p. 35 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Other Wireless Network: WSN (2)

• WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)

– originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield
surveillance
– civilian applications: environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare
applications, home automation, and traffic control

the size of a sensor environment and habitat monitoring

p. 36 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Future Wireless World

Computer
Accessories PDA
Vehicle
Laptop Handset

Mobile
Home
Phone
Appliance
Wireless Access
Network

p. 37 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Important Technologies

• Important technologies for the flourish of mobile communications

– Cellular concepts:

the ability to provide mobile radio communications to an entire population

detailed illustration in Part 2

– Digital communications:

digital techniques such as source coding, channel coding, digital modulation...

capacity improvement over analog systems: USDC three times AMPS

p. 38 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Overview of Cellular Concepts (1)
• Early-day mobile radio
communications:
– Objective: achieve a large
coverage by using a single,
high powered transmitter
– Macro-cell system: one
central base station served
all mobiles
– Advantage:
large coverage:
a thousand square miles
– Disadvantages:
small number of supported users
(capacity)
impossible to reuse frequency
high transmit power
p. 39 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Overview of Cellular Concepts (2)
• Cellular Mobile Systems: Introduced by AT&T during 1960’s.
• Made use of signal attenuation after traveling a certain distance; so that
the same carrier frequency can be reused after a certain distance.
• Capacity is greatly increased.

p. 40 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Terminologies Used in Cellular Systems (1)

• Base Station (Access Point, Node B in WCDMA)

– A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication
with mobile stations
• Mobile Station
– A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion at
unspecified locations
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
– Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large service
area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base
stations and the mobiles to the PSTN (Public switched telephone
network)
• Roaming
– A MS which operates in a service area other than that from which
service has been subscribed

p. 41 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Terminologies Used in Cellular Systems (2)

•Dual Band
–allowed to use different frequency bands, e.g., GSM900 and GSM1800
•Dual Mode
–allowed to use different air interfaces, e.g., WCDMA and GSM
•Forward Channel
–downlink channel, BS→MS
•Reversed Channel
–uplink channel, MS→BS
•Control Channel
–radio channels used for transmission of call setup, call request, call
initiation, or control purposes

p. 42 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Terminologies Used in Cellular Systems (3)

•Traffic Channel
–radio channels used for transmission of user voice or data
•Full Duplex
–Transmission (TX) and Receiving (RX) are allowed simultaneously, e.g.,
GSM, WCDMA
•Half Duplex
–TX or RX is allowed at any given time, e.g., police radio
•Simplex
–only one-way transmission, e.g., paging

p. 43 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Overview of Digital Communication Systems
• Analog Communication System
1G is an analog radio communication system with FM modulation

p. 44 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Digital Communication System

Information Source Channel

Modulation
Source Encoding Encoding

Transmitter

Waveform
Domain
Digital

Analog
Physical
Channel

Receiver

Information Source Channel

Demodulation
Sink Decoding Decoding

p. 45 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Elements of Digital Communication Systems (1)
• Information source:
– voice signals for 1G and 2G systems
– voice and/or video signals for 3G and B3G systems
– Internet data for 2.5G, 3G and B3G systems

• Source coding:
– To remove redundancy in source signals before transmission.
– Transmission efficiency is improved.
– Also known as data compression.
– Examples: code excited linear prediction (CELP), MPEG.

p. 46 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Elements of Digital Communication Systems (2)
• Channel coding:
– To add redundancy in the digital signal so that the signal can be
recovered even in the presence of noise and interference.
– Transmission reliability is improved.
– Examples: repetition code, Reed-Solomon code, BCH code,
convolutional code.

• Modulation and Demodulation:

– Modulation (demodulation) maps (retrieves) the digital information into
(from) an analog waveform appropriate for transmission over the
channel.
– Generally involve translating (recovering) the baseband digital
information to (from) a bandpass analog signal at a carrier frequency that
is very high compared to the baseband frequency.
– Examples: BPSK, QPSK, π/4-DQPSK, GMSK, OFDM

p. 47 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Elements of Digital Communication Systems (3)
• Communication channels:
– The physical medium used to send
the signal from the transmitter to the
receiver.
– Essential feature: the transmitted
signal is corrupted in a random
manner
– Examples:
o Wireline channels
o Fiber-optic channels
o Wireless electromagnetic
channels
o Underwater acoustic channels
o Storage channel

p. 48 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 A Simple Example of Source Coding

Original Picture (2M TIF file) Highly compressed picture (177k JPEG file)

p. 49 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Example of Channel Coding: Convolutional Code used for
IS95 Forward Links

Coded symbols
+

Data

+
Forward link; rate = 1/2; Coded symbols
constraint length = 9

p. 50 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Example of Channel Coding: Convolutional Code used for
IS95 Reverse Links
Coded symbols
+

Data

+
Coded symbols

Reverse link; rate = 1/3; +

constraint length = 9 Coded symbols

p. 51 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU

 Example of Channel Coding: Coding Gains of the Convolutional
Good for voice communications Code used for IS95

Good for
video
transmission

Source: CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, pp. 914-915.

p. 52 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU
 Examples of Digital Modulations

Popular for mobile communications (IS-95, WCDMA)

p. 53 ELEC6040 Mobile Radio Communications, Dept. of E.E.E., HKU