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ABSTRACT
Due to the global environmental concerns, increasing 2020, nearly 371% increase from 2009. By 2030, that
energy demands and developments in renewable figure will reach 2182 TW h almost doubling the year
energy technologies present a new opportunity to 2020 production [1]. Due to the intermittent nature of
implement renewable energy sources. Wind energy is wind power, the wind power integration into power
the most prominent among renewable sources, as it is systems brings inherent variability and uncertainty.
an inexhaustible resource and its exploitation has thus The impact of wind power integration on the system
far been ecologically friendly. The potential amount stability and reliability is dependent on the penetration
of wind energy is considerably greater than current level [2]. From the reliability perspective, at a relative
worldwide energy demands. Wind energy nergy has been low penetration level, the net-load
net fluctuations are
developing more rapidly than the other renewable comparable to existing load fluctuations [3], and the
energy sources for the last few decades. The best way Conventional Generators (CGs), such s as thermal or
to harvest the wind energy is wind turbines. This hydro units, have sufficient load tracking capability
paper presents a study on wind energy in the form of a without requiring additional operating reserve. As the
stand-alone and hybrid power generation
ration system used wind penetration level increases, the response time of
to electrify off-grid
grid locations. The stand
stand-alone wind- committed CGs should be short enough during sudden
diesel system developed here is intended to be used to and large changes of wind nd power production and load
power a single house or a small community and it also due to random failures and wind gusts, and more
functions as a mini-grid,
grid, generating power in places operating reserves will be required. From the stability
where adequate wind speed peed is available throughout perspective, different from synchronous generators,
the year. However, many places throughout the world Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) provide only small
experience unsteady amounts of wind speed and in or even no contribution on to frequency stability [4]. The
those places, a hybrid wind-diesel
diesel system is the most wind power variation can also degrade the grid
efficient solution for electrification. The main benefit voltage stability due to the surplus or shortage of
of the hybrid system
ystem is that the weakness of one power [5]. An Energy Storage System (ESS) has the
source is covered by the other source. This paper also ability of flexible charging and discharging. Recent
presents some comparative case studies, project development and advances ances in the ESS and power
examples and demonstrations of stand stand-alone wind electronic technologies have made the application of
diesel hybrid systems implemented at various energy storage technologies a viable solution for
locations throughout the worldorld over the last twelve modern power application [6]. The potential
years. applications mainly cover the following aspects.
Through time-shifting,
shifting, the power generation can be
Keyword: Battery energy storage system, Micro grid, regulated to match the loads. The ESS can also be
Frequency control, Single-phase
phase inverter used to balance the entire grid through ancillary
services, load following and load leveling [7].
I. INTRODUCTION Moreover, it can meet the increasing requirement of
Wind energy has achieved rapid development and reserves to manage the uncertainty of wind generation
growth. According to the estimation of International [8] which can increase the system operation
Energy Agency (IEA), the annual wind wind-generated efficiency, enhance power absorption, achieve fuel
electricity of the world will reach 1282 TW h by cost savings and reduce CO2 emissions. Additionally,
Fig.
Fig.1. Energy storage classification
A. Pumped storage
Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) The PHS is the largest process. In the discharging process, water from the
and most mature energy storage technology available upper reservoir is released and flows through hydro
[15]. It represents nearly 99% of the worldwide turbines which are connected to generators, producing
installed electrical storage capacity with over 120 GW electrical energy [14]. As illustrated in Table 2, the
[10, 16]. The conventional PHS consists of two water PHS has the largest power and energy rating, long
reservoirs. The water body at the relatively high lifetime, high efficiency and very small
s discharge
elevation represents the potential or stored energy. losses. The main applications of the PHS for wind
During off-peak
peak hours, it pumps water from the lower power integration are energy management via time-time
reservoir to the upper one, considered as a charging shifting, frequency control and non-spinning
non reserve