Composite materials especially the polymer matrix materials are well acknowledged for their applications in aerospace, automotive and structural applications They are considerably light weight and offers high strength weight ratio Epoxy is one of the widely used matrix material in PMCs Polymer matrix composite due to its exceptional bonding capabilities, it finds applications in the field of coating, adhesives and composite materials Graphene is a novel material in the field of composite materials it offers high strength, very high electrical conduction and heat transfer The composites of Epoxy and Graphene hybrids exhibit very high mechanical and thermal properties Sandesh K S | Mahesh V M | Muralidhara B K "Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced Epoxy Nano Composits" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17139.pdf
Original Title
Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced Epoxy Nano Composits
Composite materials especially the polymer matrix materials are well acknowledged for their applications in aerospace, automotive and structural applications They are considerably light weight and offers high strength weight ratio Epoxy is one of the widely used matrix material in PMCs Polymer matrix composite due to its exceptional bonding capabilities, it finds applications in the field of coating, adhesives and composite materials Graphene is a novel material in the field of composite materials it offers high strength, very high electrical conduction and heat transfer The composites of Epoxy and Graphene hybrids exhibit very high mechanical and thermal properties Sandesh K S | Mahesh V M | Muralidhara B K "Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced Epoxy Nano Composits" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17139.pdf
Composite materials especially the polymer matrix materials are well acknowledged for their applications in aerospace, automotive and structural applications They are considerably light weight and offers high strength weight ratio Epoxy is one of the widely used matrix material in PMCs Polymer matrix composite due to its exceptional bonding capabilities, it finds applications in the field of coating, adhesives and composite materials Graphene is a novel material in the field of composite materials it offers high strength, very high electrical conduction and heat transfer The composites of Epoxy and Graphene hybrids exhibit very high mechanical and thermal properties Sandesh K S | Mahesh V M | Muralidhara B K "Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced Epoxy Nano Composits" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17139.pdf
Review on Recent Advancements in the Field of Reinforced
Epoxy Nano Composits Sandesh K S1, Mahesh V M2, Muralidhara B K3 1 Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, 3Professor Research Scholar Department of Mechani Mechanical Engineering 1,2 JSS Science and Technology University University, Mysore, Karnataka, India 3 Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT II. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
Composite materials especially the polymer matrix A. Classification Based on Reinforcements materials are well acknowledged for their applications 1. Particle-reinforced reinforced composites in aerospace, automotive and structural applications. 2. Fiber-reinforced reinforced composites They are considerably light weight and offers high strength weight ratio. Epoxy is one of the widely used Composites in which the dispersed reinforcing phase matrix material in PMCs (Polymer matrix composite) is present in the form of particles is called particle- particle due to its exceptional bonding capabilities, it finds reinforced composites. Composites in which the applications in the field of coating, adhesives and dispersed reinforcing phase in the form of fiber are composite materials. Graphene is a novel material in called fiber reinforced composites (FRC). the field of composite materials it offers high strength, very high electrical conduction and heat tr transfer. The B. Classification lassification Based on Matrix composites of Epoxy and Graphene hybrids exhibit 1. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) very high mechanical and thermal properties. 2. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) 3. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) Keywords: composites, polymer matrix, Epoxy, Graphene, hybrid, mechanical, thermal In polymer matrix composites, the matrix phase is polymer and the reinforcing phase may be fibers or I. INTRODUCTION ceramic particles. These materials are used in various A composite is a material made from two or more composite applications, and also in large quantities different constituent materials having different because of their low cost and ease of fabrication. physical or chemical properties which do not merge in the finishing structure, i.e., the individual constituents In metal matrix composites, the matrix is a ductile retain their properties. In recent years, poly polymeric metal or alloy and the reinforcing medium is based composites materials are being used in many continuous like fibers off carbon, silicon carbide, application such as automotive, sporting goods, boron and alumina. Discontinuous reinforcement marine, electrical, industrial, construction, household includes silicon carbide whiskers, chopped fibers of appliances, etc Polymeric composites have high carbon and alumina, particulates of silicon carbide strength and stiffness, light weight, and high cocorrosion and alumina. resistance. In ceramic matrix composites, particulates, fibers or In engineering and material science, composites are whiskers of one ceramic material are embedded into defined as physical mixtures of chemically different the matrix of another ceramic material. These ceramic materials that are insoluble in each other and are thus composites have improved fracture toughness and present as distinct phases: usually a continuous phase high stress application compared to the ceramic (matrix), and a discontinuous phase. material alone. Ceramic composite materials are
Oct 2018 Page: 570 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 2456 meant for high temperature applications like heat material terial which is then reinforced by fiber. Typical shield of re-entry spacecrafts. fiber reinforcements include glass, carbon, Kevlar, and boron. III. GRAPHENE Graphene is a semi-metal metal with small overlap between V. LITERATURE REVIEW the valence and the conduction bands. It is an A literature review has been carried out about the allotrope (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer recent applications in the field of Epoxy, Graphene of carbon atoms arranged anged in a hexagonal lattice. It is composites with emphasis mphasis on new processing the basic structural element of many other allotropes techniques and novel applications of the composite of carbon, such as graphite, diamond, charcoal, material carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. Mahesh et al. [1] studied hybrid graphene multiwall Graphene has many interesting properties properties. It is the carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy composites strongest material ever tested, efficiently conducts fabricated with different weight fraction of the heat and electricity, and is nearly transparent. reinforcements. The composites are subjected to Graphene shows a large and nonlinear diamagnetism, hardness test ass well as tensile test. The mechanical greater than that of graphite. Graphene has a properties of these composites are investigated and theoretical specific surface area (SSA) of 2630 m2/g. increase in hardness and young’s modulus with This is much larger than that reported ted for carbon increased weight fraction of the reinforcements is black (smaller than 900 m2/g) or for carbon nanotubes observed. (from ≈100 100 to 1000 m2/g) and is similar to activated carbon. Applications of graphene include lightweight, Mahesh et al., [2] developed carbon nanotube thin, flexible materials, lightweight electric/photonics reinforced epoxy hybrid materials for enhanced wear circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and resistance. The reinforcement of carbon nanotube industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of showed positive effect on the wear resistance of the new graphene materials. composite. The wear rate decreased with increased weight fractions of the reinforcements. einforcements. IV. EPOXY RESIN Epoxy resins are low molecular weight pre pre-polymers Czél, Jalalvand and Wisnom, [3] proposed a novel or higher molecular weight polymers which normally approach for eliminating stress concentration in contain at least two epoxide oxide groups. The epoxide tensile and compressive testing of unidirectional group is also sometimes referred to as a glycidyl or Epoxy-carbon carbon composites, an hybrid specimen is oxirane group. As with other classes of thermo set proposed to reduce the stress concentration at the polymer materials, blending different grades of epoxy grips of the testing apparatus ratus and to protect the resin, as well as use of additives, plasticizers or fillers underlying composite from failure. The developed is common to achieve the desired processing or final specimen produced consistent gauge sections. properties, or to reduce cost. Use of blending, additives and fillers is often referred to as Leopold et al., [4] studied died the size effect of formulating. unmodified and Graphene nanoparticle modified matrix, fibres is experimentally investigated. Neat The applications for epoxy-based based materials are matrix fibres show a clear size effect of increasing extensive and include coatings, adhesives and tensile strength with decreasing volume due to a composite materials rials such as those using carbon fiber statistical defect distribution. The nanoparticle and fiberglass reinforcements. The chemistry of modified matrix shows no significant size effect.. The epoxies and the range of commercially available maximum stress in specimen of small volume variations allow cured polymers to be produced with a depends on Graphene layer orientation, so that very broad range of properties. In general, epoxies are ideally, the covalent bonds of the nanoparticles should known for their heir excellent adhesion, chemical and heat be orientated in loading direction. resistance, good mechanical properties and electrical insulating properties. Many properties of epoxies can Ervina, Mariatti and Hamdan, [5] studied the effect of be modified by adding the modifiers. In the composite filler loading on the tensile properties of Multi-walled Multi production, epoxy is used as a structural matrix Carbon Nanotube and Graphene nanopowder filled
Oct 2018 Page: 571 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 2456 Epoxy Composites, In this work, multi--walled carbon Hallad et al.,[9] investigated the behaviour of a nanotube (MWCNT) and Graphene nanopowders polymer matrix beam reinforced with graphene and (GNP) filled Epoxy composites were fabricated via carbon fibres at nano and micro level reinforcements, ultrasonication and casting method. The experimental respectively, to study the strength aspects for results prove that the strength and modulus of filler structural applications.. Reinforcement of polymer (MWCNT and GNP) filled epoxy composites ar are beams with graphene alone by weight of the polymer lower as compared to clean epoxy. However, the matrix showed enhanced results when compared to addition of GNP at 0.8 vol% had slightly increased carbon fibres alone, while the use of combined nano the composite tensile modulus which was and micro reinforcements showed performance lying approximately. Thus, in general it indicates that the in between nano and micro fillers fi in the polymer. addition of filler (MWCNT and GNP) had reduced the Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion mechanical properties of Epoxy composites. X-ray ray spectroscopy was conducted to examine the interfacial surface adhesion between the fillers and the Shi et al., [6] calculated the Influence of polymer matrix. microstructural features on thermal expansion coefficient in Graphene/Epoxy composite composites. Jarosinski et al., [10] examined the possibility of Theoretical calculations were conducted to determine increasing the thermal conductivity of the filled epoxy the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The resin systems, applicable for electrical el insulation, by influences of microstructural features were the use of composites filled with graphene investigated. Calculated results demonstrated strong nanoplatelets. It is remarkable that the addition of anisotropy of CTE when all Graphene sheets in the only 4 wt.% of graphene could lead to 132 % increase composite were aligned in the in-plane plane direction due in thermal conductivity. The obtained results show to the large difference between the elastic moduli of potential for application of the graphene the graphene and epoxy. nanocomposites for electrical insulation with enhanced thermal conductivity. Lu et al., [7] made a comparison of the elastic properties of graphene and fullerene reinforced Jiang et al., [11] developed Composites of polymer composites with varying filler size and epoxy/graphene modified diamond filler for f enhanced morphology. By systematically vary varying filler thermal conductivity and high electrical insulation. concentration, morphology, and size, they clearly Performance of the epoxy was improved by identified clear trends in composite stiffness with incorporating diamond microparticles that were reinforcement. Spherical fullerenes provided a nearly covered with few-layer layer graphene sheets on surfaces it size-independent independent level of reinforcement. In contrast, not only improved dispersion of diamond in the two-dimensional graphene flakes induceuce a strongly polymer lymer matrix but it also decreased the interfacial size-dependent response. thermal resistance between the diamond and Epoxy while preserving an excellent electrical insulation. Leopold et al., [8] calculated the Influence of carbon nanoparticle modification on the mechanical and Gresil et al., [12] studied the thermal diffusivity electrical properties of epoxy in small volumes. Three mapping of graphene Based polymer nanocomposites. types of particles, les, representing spherical, tubular and Majidian et al., [13] evaluated the role of the particle layered morphologies are used. A clear size effect of size, polydispersity in the electrical conductivity of increasing true failure strength with decreasing carbon nanotube- Epoxy composites. volume is found for neat and carbon black modified epoxy. The results show the possibility to detect Zabihi et al., [14] proposed a new method of large internal damage mage in small volumes by measuring scale manufacturing of engineered graphene like electrical resistance and therefore indicate to the high nanomaterials for development of high-performance high potential for using carbon nano tube modified polymer nanocomposites. They Th introduced a quick polymers in fibre reinforced plastics as a and cost-effective effective approach to scalable production of multifunctional, self-monitoring monitoring material with functionalized graphite nanoplatelets using “kitchen improved mechanical properties. blender” approach and Diels-Alder Alder chemistry.
Oct 2018 Page: 572 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 2456 Watson et al., [15] studied the Tensile and Flexural of polymer graphene composites the applications are Properties of Hybrid graphene oxide / epoxy carbon ever increasing. fibre reinforced composites. Nano sized graphene oxide sheets were homogenously mogenously dispersed via VII. REFERENCES sonication methods in Epoxy followed by vacuum 1. V. M. Mahesh, esh, B. K. Muralidhara, and R. George, resin infusion for the fabrication of the epoxy, “Influence of Different Nanomaterial on The graphene oxide (GO) and micro-sizedsized carbon fibre Mechanical Properties Of Epoxy Matrix reinforced nanocomposites (EP/CF/GO). graphene Composites -AA Comparative Study,” Int. J. Innov. oxide concentrations ranging from 0.1 – 0.5 wt. % Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. (An ISO Certif. Organ., Organ. were studied to investigate the effect on tensile and vol. 3297, no. 7, 2007. flexural strength. It was observed that the tensile 2. V. M. Mahesh, B. K. Muralidhara, R. George, and strength of the EP/CF decreased with the addition of Trisha. K, “Study of Wear Test on Hybrid GO but increased with GO weight concentration for Material Reinforced Epoxy Based Composites,” the inclusion of 0.1 to 0.5 wt.% GO respectively. Int. J. Res. Advent Technol., Technol. vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 2321–9637, 2014. Ramos-Galicia et al., [16] studied the enhancement of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene 3. G. Czél, M. Jalalvand, and M. R. Wisnom, nanocomposites. Two types of Epoxy composite were “Hybrid specimens eliminating eliminatin stress developed which are epoxy /graphene ene nanocomposite concentrations in tensile and compressive testing and epoxy/modified graphene nanocomposite. The of unidirectional composites,” Compos. Part A, fabrication of graphene was going through thermal Volume 91, Part 2, pp.436-447, pp.436 Dec. 2016. expansion and sonication process. Chemical 4. C. Leopold, W. V. Liebig, H. Wittich, and B. modification was only done for modified graphene Fiedler, “Size effect of graphene nanoparticle where Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is modified epoxy matrix,” Compos. Sci. Technol., used. ed. The mechanical properties of both vol. 134, pp. 217–225, 225, Oct. 2016. nanocomposite, such as Young’s modulus and maximum stress were investigated, for maximum 5. J. Ervina, M. Mariatti, and S. Hamdan, “Effect of stress, neat Epoxy showed the best result compared to Filler Loading on the Tensile Properties of Multi- Multi both nanocomposite due to the changes of material walled Carbon Nanotube and Graphene properties when adding thee filler into the matrix. Nanopowder filled Epoxy Composites,” Procedia Chem.,, vol. 19, no. 19, pp. 897–905, 897 2016. Zhang et al., [17] developed a novel method for 6. Z. Shi et al.,, “Influence of microstructural mi features preparing polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites by on thermal expansion coefficient in using two-step step strategy composed of in situ graphene/epoxy composites,” Heliyon, vol. 2, polymerization and melt process. Pickering emulsion emulsion- 2016. templated polystyrene (PS)/graphene oxide (GO) composite microspheres were prepared pared using surface surface- T. Lu, A. Weerasinghe, D. Maroudas, and A. 7. C.-T. functionalized silica as the stabilizer. These Ramasubramaniam, “A Comparison of the Elastic preformed polymer/GO composite microspheres were Properties of Graphene- and Fullerene-Reinforced Fullerene then melt-blended blended into polymer matrix to prepare Polymer er Composites: The Role of Filler nanocomposite ma- terials in a short minute using Morphology and Size,” Nat. Publ. Gr., Gr. 2016. HAAKE torque rheometer. 8. C. Leopold, T. Augustin, T. Schwebler, J. Lehmann, W. V Liebig, and B. Fiedler, “Influence VI. CONCLUSION of carbon nanoparticle modification on the From the above literature survey it is clear that the mechanical and electrical properties of epoxy epox in polymer composites’ applications are increasing small volumes,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Sci. vol. 506, rapidly, and graphene as a novel material is being pp. 620–632, 2017. used extensively in newer applications. Graphene as a 9. S. A. Hallad et al.,, “Experimental investigation for filler material significantly improves the proper properties of graphene and carbon fibre in polymer-based polymer the composite material developed. Although multiple matrix for structural applications,” J. Appl. Res. extensive researches are being carried out in the field Technol.,, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 297–302, 29 Jun. 2017.
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