Eia

Version 2
STANDARDS/MANUALS/
GUIDELINES FOR
SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
General –
Environmental Impact Assessment for Small Hydropower
Projects
Sponsor: Lead Organization:
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Alternate Hydro Energy Center

Govt. of India Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
May 2011
CONTENTS
TITLE Page No.
SECTION 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEED FOR EIA 1

OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
1.1 Small Hydro – Potential and Prospects 1
1.2 Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Projects 2
1.3 Positive Impacts 4
1.4 Requirement of EIA for Small Hydropower Projects 5
1.5 Need of Guidelines for EIA of Small Hydropower Projects 6
SECTION 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS AND PROCEDURES FOR 8

CLEARANCE OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN INDIA
2.1 Environmental Acts 8
2.2 Procedure for Obtaining Environmental Clearance 10
2.2.1 Requirements for Environmental Clearance 10
2.2.2 General Conditions 10
2.2.3 Documents Required with the Project Proposal 11
2.2.4 Stages in Environmental Clearance 11
SECTION 3 BASELINE DATA 16

3.1 Land Environment 16
3.1.1 Land Use 16
3.1.2 Drainage Pattern 17
3.1.3 Soils 18
3.1.4 Catchment Profile (Directly Draining) 18
3.1.5 Geomorphology/Geology 18
3.2 Air and Water Environment 18
3.2.1 Water Quality Parameters 18
3.2.2 Hydrological Data 19
3.2.3 Meteorology 19
3.2.3.1 Seasonal-monitored data (monthly basis) 19
3.2.4 Air Quality 19
3.2.5 Noise 20
3.3 Biological Environment 20
3.3.1 Aquatic 20
3.3.2 Terrestrial 20
3.3.2.1 Flora 20
3.3.2.2 Fauna 20
3.4 Socioeconomic Environment 21
3.4.1 Demographic Profile (gender based details of the population) 21
3.4.2 Details of Villages to be Affected 21
3.4.3 Village wise Land Details 21
3.4.4 Details of Families to be Displaced 22
3.4.5 Infra Structure Development 22
3.4.6 Cultural Sites 22
3.4.7 Health Profile 22
SECTION 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 23
4.1 Levels of EIA 23
4.2 EIA Procedure 23
4.2.1 Screening 24
4.2.1.1 Thresholds 24
4.2.1.2 Locational Criteria 24
4.2.1.3 Positive and negative lists 24
4.2.1.4 Initial environmental evaluation 25
4.2.2 Scoping (Depth of Analysis) 25
4.3 Methods for Impact Identification and Assessment 25
4.3.1 Checklists 25
4.3.2 Interaction matrices 25
4.3.3 Overlays 26
4.4 Socio-Economic Assessment 28
SECTION 5 WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 29
5.1 Effects on Water Quality 29
5.2 Purpose of Water Quality Monitoring 30
5.3 Sampling Design 31
5.3.1 Duration 31
5.3.2 Sampling frequency 31
5.3.3 Sampling Locations 32
5.3.4 Sample and Data Analysis 32
5.3.5 Reporting 33
5.4 Interpretation of Monitoring Results 33
SECTION 6 STAKE HOLDERS IN EIA PROCESS 36
6.1 Ways to Identify Stakeholders and Group Representatives 36
6.2 Involving Stakeholders 37
6.3 Public Consultation 38
SECTION 7 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 39
7.1 Meaning of Environment Management Plan 39
7.1.1 Key Elements of Management Plan 39
7.1.2 Environment Safeguards 39
7.1.3 Construction Impacts 40
7.2 Plantations (Including Green Belt/Compensatory etc.) 40
7.3 Catchment Area Treatment Plans 41
7.4 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan 41
7.5 Health Plan 42
7.6 Seismicity and Rim Stability 42
7.7 Environmental Flow 43
7.8 Flora, Fauna, Carrying Capacity and Plan for Felling 43
7.9 Fisheries Conservation 44
7.10 Potential Environmental Ameliorative Measures 45
7.11 Disaster Management 45
7.12 Environmental Management Plan Implementation 45
7.13 Monitoring and Reporting Procedures 45
SECTION 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND AUDITING 47
8.1 Environmental Monitoring 47
8.1.1 Types of Monitoring 47
8.1.2 Intensity of Monitoring 47
8.1.3 Development of Monitoring Indicators 48
8.2 Environmental Auditing 48
8.2.1 Types of Audit 48
8.3 Implementation of Environmental Management Plan 48
8.3.1 Activities Concerning Impact Monitoring 49
8.3.2 Formulation of Monitoring Plan/Schedule 49
8.3.3 Information Required for Environmental Auditing 49
8.3.4 Formulation of Auditing Plan/Schedule 51
SECTION 9 PREPARATION OF TERMS OF REFERENCES 57
9.1 Basic Objectives and Purpose 57
9.2 Good Practice Criteria for the Preparation of Tor 58
9.2.1 Name and Address of the Person/Institution Preparing the Report
9.2.2 General Introduction of the Proposal 58
9.2.3 Data Required for Preparation of EIA Report and Methodology of
Data Collection 59
9.2.4 Policies, Laws, Rules, and Directives 59
9.2.5 Report Preparation Requirements 59
9.2.5.1 Time 59
9.2.5.2 Estimated budget 60
9.2.5.3 Specialists/Experts 60
9.2.6 Approved Scope for the Preparation of the Report 60
9.2.7 Likely Environmental Consequences 60
9.2.8 Mitigation Measures, Environmental Management Plan and
Auditing Plan 60
9.2.9 Monitoring Plan 61
9.2.10 Relevant Information 61
Annexure I : USEFUL REFERENCES 62

Annexure II : ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS PRESCRIBED BY CENTRAL 63-65
POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Annexure III : FORMAT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 66-67
DOCUMENT
Annexure IV : ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL QUESTIONNAIRE 68-72
SECTION 1
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEED FOR EIA OF

SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
Developing countries need increased energy supplies in order to bring about

improvement in the quality of life of their people. Sustainable and environmentally
sound progress towards energy self reliance is probably best achieved through
development of renewable energy sources as these will eventually be the only sources
available to sustain the societies. Out of various renewable energy sources, small
hydropower is the only source which has sufficient potential to accommodate remote
area needs. Although the adverse environmental impacts of individual small hydropower
project (SHP) may not be significant and yet, the aggregate impact of several such
projects in vicinity could be of a magnitude to cause significant damage to the
environment.
EIA study should provide information based on scientific analysis and adequate data
basis as such information is to be placed in public domain and is subject to critical
review by public. As a scientific analysis of the environmental constraints the EIA
constitutes an important part of pre-project study which helps in improving project
standard.
EIA study is aimed at protecting the environment by integrating the environmental issues
in planning process.
1.1 Small Hydro – Potential And Prospects

Small hydro is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. In
India, depending on the capacities, small hydropower projects are categorized as Micro, Mini and
Small hydro projects as under.
Micro hydro - 10 KW to 100 KW
Mini hydro - 100 KW to 5,000 KW
Small hydro – 5,000 KW to 25,000 KW i.e 5 MW to 25 MW
Depending on the head, SHPs may be further classified as low head (below 3 meters), medium
head (from 30 – 75 meters) and high head (above 75 meters).
The estimated potential of small hydro power in India is about 15,000 MW. Thus far about 4250
potential sites have been identified aggregating to a capacity of 10,000 MW. However, so far 466
projects in 29 states aggregating to 1530 MW have been installed and projects amounting to 610
MW are under implementation. This offers a tremendous potential of small hydro power to be
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects
tapped in India. A very large number of villages have potential for setting up mini, micro and
small hydroelectric projects. It presents a huge business potential for investors and equipment
manufactures.
Potential available - 15,000 MW
Installed so far - 1530 MW; Projects under implementation - 610 MW
1.2 Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Projects

A hydropower scheme entails change in use of land and water. Magnitude of such change
depends on the selected site configuration. An illustrative site configuration is shown below. The
environmental impacts of SHPs are positive (favourable) and negative (undesirable) in nature.
Figure 1.1: Physical components of small hydropower project

The environmental impacts of small hydropower project may be summarized as follows:
Table 1.1: Environmental impacts of small hydropower projects
Activity Adverse Impact
Construction of road, 1. Reservoir sedimentation and deterioration of water quality
dam, surface power 2. Air and noise pollution and disturbance to flora and fauna by
house and switch yard, work force
diversion tunnel, channel 3. Visual intrusion caused by construction activity
4. Disturbance of recreational spots (e.g. waterfalls) and activities
5. Soil erosion due to removal of vegetation and excavation of
construction material
6. Alteration in ground water flow

Construction of 1. Damaging flora due to right of way clearing
transmission line 2. Endangering the lives of fauna
3. Visual intrusion
Stream diversion 1. Loss of habitat of fish and other aquatic flora and fauna
through channel and 2. Decrease in dilution capacity of stream
conduit 3. Depletion in ground water recharge where diversion is taken off
from effluent stream
4. Loss of waterfalls and other recreational activities
Ponding 1. Flow disruption
2. Channel degradation during generation or spilling and flushing
of silt from dam
3. Trapped nutrients and sediments, eutrophication
4. Changed water temperature
5. Changes in land uses: (a) submergence of agricultural and forest
land (b) submergence of human settlement and displacement of
population (c) submergence of monuments/sites of historic
importance (d) loss of whitewater recreation
6. Change in aquatic plant life and fish species
7. High evaporation rate
8. Sedimentation adversely affects fish spawning areas by burying
them
9. Provides increased habitat for mosquitoes and snails which are
vectors of diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue,
encephalitis and schistosomiasis
Operation of 1. Increase in pollution concentration in the downstream due to
hydropower station release of pollutants from residential areas, hydropower plant
2. Released water containing low dissolved oxygen
3. Fish mortality from turbine passage
4. Sonic impact: noise level may increase
Peaking operation of 1. Damage to fish spawning ground and nesting ground for water
power station fowls and other aquatic birds
2. Erosion of banks
3. Transport of nutrients from the shallow water to deeper water in
pond
4. Affects recreational facilities due to fluctuating water level
5. Exposure of drawdown zone creates visual intrusion

1.3 Positive Impacts
Positive environmental impacts of hydropower projects are somehow ignored as a routine
probably due to the fact that these projects are conveniently considered as demanding an
environmental price. It is equally important to highlight and quantify (to the extent possible)
positive environmental impacts of SHPs.
Positive Socio-Economic Impacts
1. No transmission loss due to commercial availability of power at customers’ door step
2. Multiplier effect of electricity on economy of the area especially in remote areas such as agro-
industrial units
3. Improvement of agricultural produce through lift irrigation which requires energy
4. Project related infrastructure (roads, health facilities, education facilities will help the local
people as well as project affected people. There will be net improvement in community health
5. Improvement in living standard of local people
6. Creation of reservoir will increase potential for fish and fisheries (catch and income)
7. Generation of employment opportunities locally. Direct employment during construction and
indirect employment in allied activities
8. Motivation of higher literacy
9. Check on migration from villages to towns, thereby checking urban concentration of population
10. Increasing tourism potential – water sports, boating, fishing etc.
11. It helps in checking deforestation which is taking place to meet food, fodder and fuel demands in
rural, remote areas.
12. It is significant for off-grid, rural, remote area applications in far flung isolated communities
having no chances of grid extension for years to come. It is operationally flexible, suitable for
peaking support to the local grid as well as for stand alone applications in isolated remote areas.
13. Small hydro does not require much expertise to build and operate. Components of small hydro
projects are simple and fairly visible at site. They can become centre of education.
14. In specific cases SHPs are eligible for carbon credits through reduction in CO2 emission and
adding sink for CO2 via plantation schemes.
Positive Ecological/Environmental Impacts

1. Clean and renewable source of energy. SHPs result in saving of non-renewable fuel resources
such as coal, liquid fuels and gases.
2. It is benign source of power generation, harnessing only gravitational potential of water to make
it yield energy in a continuum
3. Decrease of pollution in the area (hydro replacing diesel generation, electricity replacing
polluting energy sources)

4. Increased water surface creates habitat for aquatic life in or near the reservoir. Receiving waters
create dry mudflats which provide feeding sites for migratory birds and breeding habitat for
resident species.
5. Improved ground water table enhancing greenery all around
6. Improvement towards vegetation and plantation associated with the project (compensatory
afforestation) and thus providing sink for CO2 emission
7. Improved habitat
8. Lake shore environment in otherwise dry areas
9. Modification of micro climate due to storage and regulation of water to a more or less uniform
pattern. This also leads to a somewhat stabilizing impact on local environment influencing flora
and fauna – aquatic as well as terrestrial.
10. SHPs are environmentally more friendlier than conventional large hydro plants:
a. Non-involvement of setting up of large dams and thus not associated with problems of
deforestation, submergence or rehabilitation
b. Non-polluting and environmentally benign. It is one of the least CO2 emission
responsible power sources, even by considering full energy chain right from the impact
of production of plant equipment etc.
c. Least impact on flora and fauna (aquatic and terrestrial) and biodiversity due to localised
nature of activities
11. There may be overall improvement in biodiversity due to creation of habitats.
1.4 Requirement of Eia For Small Hydropower Projects

EIA is an activity designed to identify, predict and describe in appropriate terms the primary and
secondary changes due to a proposed action (policies, plans, programmes and projects). EIA is
required not only for a particular hydropower project but also for a set of projects (existing and
proposed) under a plan or a programme.
The MOEF Gazette Notification dated 14th September, 2006 specifies screening criteria for new
projects and for expansion/modernization of existing projects. According to the MOEF
specification, a small hydropower project (capacity<25 MW) does not require environmental
clearance from the regulating authority. However, there are conditions under which EIA and
environmental clearance may become necessary. These conditions are
a) If the project is located in side or within 10 km distance from boundary of
i) Protected area under wild life (protection) Act
ii) Critically protected area
iii) Notified ecosensitive area
iv) International boundary

b) If expansion or modernization of existing unit results in increase in plant capacity beyond 25
MW threshold limit. The MOEF notification detailed 14th September 2006 states:
All applications seeking prior environmental clearance for expansion with increase in
the production capacity beyond the capacity for which prior environmental clearance has
been granted under this notification or with increase in either lease area or production
capacity in the case on mining projects or for the modernization of an existing unit with
increase in the total production capacity beyond the threshold limit prescribed in the
Schedule to this notification through change in process and or technology or involving a
change in the product-mix shall be made in Form I and they shall be considered by the
concerned Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee within
sixty days, who will decide on the due diligence necessary including preparation of EIA and
public consultations and the application shall be appraised accordingly for grant of
environmental clearance.
c) If the cumulative impacts of proposed project in conjunction with existing or proposed
hydropower projects in vicinity are expected to be significant.
d) If the funding agency specifies EIA as a precondition for funding of the project. For example,
an international funding agency may specify such condition.
1.5 NEED OF GUIDELINES FOR EIA OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

A series of standards, guidelines and manuals have been brought out by various agencies dealing
with environmental impact assessment of large river valley/hydropower projects. However, such
literature for small hydropower projects is not available. There is an urgent need to develop and
adopt simplified guidelines for SHPs.
Guidelines have been issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) for diversion of
forest land for non-forest purposes and for EIA of river valley projects. These guidelines are
exhaustive covering wide range of environmental subjects. Small hydropower projects may not
require same type of scrutiny as that required by large projects. Further, in depth study of some
of environmental aspects may not be necessary.
Basic physical character of SHP and the local factors influencing the environment are to some
extent similar to those of large projects; the only difference is in terms of magnitude of change in
the use of land, water and other resources. Further there are certain positive impacts (socio-
economic and environmental) unique to small hydropower. Several of the positive socio-
economic impacts are intangible in nature (i.e. not quantifiable) and yet could be significant.
Intangibility does not imply insignificance.
There is an urgency to accelerate development of small hydro and remove regional imbalances in
economic development. Private sector has a big role to play in development of SHPs. Standards

and guidelines are required to help concerned agencies in carrying out EIA in a systematic and
scientific manner and thus avoiding delay in clearance of the projects.
Keeping the above in view, these guidelines have been prepared to address needs of SHPs. The
following aspects are covered in this manual:
various acts and decision making process as followed in India for obtaining environmental
clearance.
baseline data required as per environmental indicators
the EIA methodology
procedure for water quality monitoring and auditing
methods and procedures for engaging stake holders
monitoring and auditing plan
environmental management plan (mitigation measures)
the preparation of terms of references and good practice criteria
Useful references (Annexure I)
standards of environmental parameters used in India (Annexure II)
prescribed format of EIA document (Annexure III)
Environmental Appraisal Questionnaire as prescribed in Appendix I – Form I of EIA notification
(MOEF, 2006) (Annexure IV)

SECTION 2
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS AND PROCEDURES FOR CLEARANCE OF

HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN INDIA
2.1 Environmental Acts

TABLE 2.1: KEY ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS AND GUIDELINES
Operational
Name Scope and objective Key areas
agencies/key players

2.2 Procedure for Obtaining Environmental Clearance
2.2.1 Requirements for Environmental Clearance
2.2.2 General Conditions

2.2.3 Documents Required with the Project Proposal
2.2.4 Stages in Environmental Clearance
Stage (I) – Screening

Stage (II) – Scoping
Stage (III) – Public consultation

Stage (IV) – Appraisal

Is SHP located in vicinity of ecosensitive area?
Is 25 MW threshold exceeded due to
expansion?
Is EIA required as condition for financing SHP?
Is cumulative impact of proposed SHP in
conjunction with other projects in vicinity
expected to be significant?
Yes No
EIA not required

APPRAISAL

SECTION 3
BASELINE DATA
Baseline data is required to describe environmental and socio-economic status of

project site and project impact area for pre-project condition. It consists of primary
data (field tests, surveys, measurements) and secondary data (published information,
unpublished information available with various agencies). Much of the required
secondary data/information is often available within the various government agencies.
Primary data related to the environmental attributes like air, noise level, water quality
and soil are collected from field studies. A structured questionnaire is used for
collection of primary information on socio-economic aspects. Ecological information
is collected from field studies as well as secondary sources. A summary of
environmental attributes related parameters and source of information is given in
Table 3.1.
The baseline study should cover three seasons (pre monsoon, monsoon and winter
seasons) and should be conducted in the study area comprising of project area to be
acquired for various project components and area within 10 km radius from main
project components (diversion weir, power house).
3.1 Land Environment
3.1.1 Land Use

Land use and land cover patterns are important in environmental impact assessment
study from the point of view that land use describes the present use such as
agriculture, settlement etc. and land cover describes the material on it such as forest,
vegetation, rocks or building etc. Land cover of the 10 km radius study area with
reference to the site can be derived using latest cloud free satellite imageries. The data
is geo-referenced using SOI 1:50000 scale toposheets with the help of standard data
preparation techniques in GIS software such as ERDAS IMAGINE. Interpretation of
the geo-referenced data is done using standard enhancement techniques and ground
truthing. The land use is explained in terms of type and areal extent i.e. dense
vegetation, medium vegetation and sparse vegetation which refers to the crown cover
density of >40%, 10-40% and <10% respectively. The major components may be as
follows:
(a) Land details for various project components (in ha)
(b) Agriculture: (i) Irrigated (ii) Un-irrigated (iii) Cropping pattern
(c) Forest type (with density of vegetation)
Table 3.1: Environmental attributes, parameters and source of information
S. No. Attribute Parameter Source

LAND ENVIRONMENT
1 Land Use Land use pattern District Planning Map
2 Soil Soil Characteristics Soil Field studies, GIS based
erosivity in catchment area information

3 Geology Geological Status Project Pre-Feasibility Report
4 Seismology Seismic Hazard Pre-Feasibility Report
WATER ENVIRONMENT
5 Catchment Area, Flow,
Water Resources Project Pre-Feasibility Report
Design
6 Water Quality Physical, Chemical and Field studies
Biological parameters
7 Hydrology Drainage area and pattern Project Pre-Feasibility Report
8 Ambient Air SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx and Field Studies
Quality CO
9 Meteorology Temperature and Relative Field Studies
humidity
Temperature, Relative India Meteorological
humidity, Rainfall, Wind Department
Speed and Wind Direction
10 Noise Noise levels in dB (A) Field Studies
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
11 Ecology Flora & Fauna Diversity Field Studies, Information
from Forest department and
Literature Study
12 Aquatic Ecology Density & diversity of aquatic Field studies, Fisheries
species Department, Literature
review
SCIO-ECONOMIC
13 Socio-economic Socio-economic characteristic Field Studies, Literature
aspects of the affected area review.
(d) Homestead land

(e) Grazing land
(f) Fallow
(g) Marshes
(h) Water bodies
(i) Road
(j) Railway
(k) Bridges
(l) Airport
3.1.2 Drainage Pattern
(a) Data regarding flash floods, frequency of occurrence
(b) Ground water strata
(c) Springs

3.1.3 Soils
The locations for collection of soil samples should be well distributed to represent the
spatial variation in project area. The soil samples are to be analysed for the following
parameters:
(a) Land capability classification (for agricultural land)
(i) Physical properties of soil (soil texture, porosity, particle size distribution)
(ii) Chemical properties of soil (pH, electrical conductivity, cations, anions)
(iii) N, P, K content
3.1.4 Catchment Profile (Directly Draining)
(a) Drainage pattern
(b) Watershed characteristics
(i) Size
(ii) Shape
(iii) Relief
(iv) Slope
(v) Drainage
(vi) Pattern and density
(c) Ground water potential and runoff behaviour
(d) Sediment/silt yield data
(e) Existing cropping pattern
(f) Migrant behaviour of human and livestock population
3.1.5 Geomorphology/Geology
(a) Data with reference to the entire project area (rock type, slopes, strata, minerals
etc.)
(b) Seismic zones/classification
(c) Data pertaining to occurrence of earthquakes
3.2 Air and Water Environment
3.2.1 Water Quality Parameters
To generate baseline data for existing water quality in the project area, water samples
(composite) should be collected and analysed for examination of water and
wastewater as per the standard procedure such as given in Protocol for Water Quality
Monitoring
(http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/HP/download/ProtocolforWaterQualityMonitoring.pdf)
or the relevant code of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The details for
conducting water quality assessment are given in Chapter 5. These water samples are
to be assessed for the following parameters:
(a) Physico-chemical – pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, TDS
and TSF, turbidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, iron, nitrate,
phosphate, BOD, COD

(b) Bacteriological – E coli, coliform
(c) Depending upon the pollution source – concerned heavy metals namely
mercury, arsenic etc. also to be analysed
(d) Base line data:
(i) Pre-construction: Two season data i.e. high flow and lean flow
(ii) Post-construction: Water quality parameters upstream of the project
site to be compared with the quality downstream of the project site
3.2.2 Hydrological Data
(a) Monthly discharge data at dam site
(b) Lean season flow (cumec)
(i) upstream of project site
(ii) downstream of the project site
(c) Water required for (cumec)
(i) power generation
(ii) irrigation
(iii) domestic/industrial use
(d) Ground water profile pre-monsoon/post-monsoon
3.2.3 Meteorology
3.2.3.1 Seasonal-monitored data (monthly basis)
(i) Temperature (in 0C)
(a) Maximum
(b) Minimum
(c) Mean
(ii) Mean rainfall (in mm)
(iii) Wind speed (km/h)
(a) Maximum
(b) Minimum
(c) Mean
(iv) Windrose diagram for winter, summer, rainy season and annual
(iv) Humidity (mean monthly)
(v) Evaporation (observed class A pan evaporation or estimated using appropriate
method)
3.2.4 Air Quality
(a) Season wire/air quality (SPM, NOX, SO2, CO)
(b) Construction material required (Table 3.2)
(c) Dust emissions

(i) Quarry sites
(ii) Haulage roads
(iii) Construction activity
(iv) Stone crusher
Table 3.2: Construction material required (clause 3.2.4 b)
List of construction Quantity Means of transportation
Source of
materials to be used at all (tonnes/month) (source to storage site)
material
stages of construction Peak Average with justification
Cement
Stone
Steel
Sand
Other
3.2.5 Noise
(a) Major sources of noise in the project area (stationary and mobile)
(b) Level at source (dB)
(c) Level at project boundary (dB)
3.3 Biological Environment
3.3.1 Aquatic
Aquatic ecosystem to be studied over an area atleast between 2km upstream of the
project site and atleast 2 km downstream of the project site. The study should include
the following:
(a) Fish species of commercial value
(b) Resident species
(c) Migratory species, their spawning ground, fish morphology, anatomy, feeding
pattern, breeding pattern etc.
Aquatic ecological analysis may be made following the methods outlined in Wetzel
and Likens (1991) and APHA (1998). Periphyton, phytoplankton, macrobenthos and
zooplankton should be studied for frequency, density, abundance and diversity
indices.
3.3.2 Terrestrial
An inventory of flora, listing of rare, endangered, economically important and
medicinal plant species should be prepared and their frequency, abundance and
density should be determined. Quadrate method is generally used for sampling.
3.3.2.1 Flora
(a) Major forest products and dependability of the local communities on these such as
fuel wood, edible species, construction material etc.
(b) Forest type
(c) Trees, shrubs, herbs

(d) Rare and endangered species
(e) Endemic species
(f) Economically important species
3.3.2.2 Fauna
(a) Aerial distance of National Park/Sancturay/Biosphere Reserve etc., if any in the
vicinity, from the project site
(b) Rare and endangered species
(c) Endemic species
(d) Species of special interest to local population and tourists
(e) Migratory route of animals, if any, in the project area
3.4 Socioeconomic Environment
3.4.1 Demographic Profile (gender based details of the population)
(a) Rural/urban
(b) Population density
(c) SC/ST and others
(d) Literacy
(e) Employment and occupation
(f) Economic status (land holding/house holding)
3.4.2 Details of Villages to be Affected
(a) Total no. of villages
(b) Total no. of families
(i) Tribal
(ii) Others
(c) Total population
(i) Tribal
(ii) Others
3.4.3 Village wise Land Details
(a) Name of village
(b) Total land
(c) Land coming under project area
(d) Main occupation of villagers
(i) Agriculture
(ii) Service
(iii) Labourers
(iv) Business

3.4.4 Details of Families to be Displaced
Name of Population
village Land oustees only Homestead oustees only Land and homestead oustees
Tribal Others Tribal Others Tribal Others
3.4.5 Infra Structure Development

(a) Education
(b) Industrial development
(c) Drinking water
(d) Communication
(e) Roads
(f) Electricity
(g) Sanitation
3.4.6 Cultural Sites
(a) Places of worship
(b) Archeological sites/monuments
(c) Anthropological sites
3.4.7 Health Profile
(a) Existing health
(b) Screening of the facilities urgent labour
(i) No. of persons to be employed for construction (average and during peak
period)
(ii) No. of persons to be employed from the affected population
(iii) Details of temporary labour colonies
(c) Disease surveillance
(i) Endemic health problem
(ii) Epidemic prevention and control
(iii) Probability of the occurrence of malaria etc.

SECTION 4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
This section aims at description of environmental impact assessment (EIA) methodology with
reference to water resource projects. As a scientific and technical analysis of the environmental
impacts, the EIA constitutes an important part of the project studies.
4.1 Levels of Eia

The potential scope of a comprehensive EIA system is considerable and can include appraisal of
policies, plans, programmes and projects. Even if policies were not environmental in nature, they
might still have severe environmental implications.
Policy EIA attempts to assess the environmental and health implications of national policies? For
example, agricultural policies may cause severe ecological impacts or energy policies will
influence the demand for natural resources and affect industrial development.
Plan EIA would seek to identify key environmental factors affecting land use such as agricultural
land quality and resources exploitation. EIAs could assist in the identification of preferred areas
where certain types of development might be encouraged.
Programme EIA would be prepared for a series of like projects, such as in a river basin
development scheme in which different hydropower projects including SHPs may be constructed
at different times.
Project EIA would be undertaken when local environmental issues are particularly important for
individual projects. Most EIA experience is related to projects (Project EIA); very few plan EIAs
have been undertaken.
4.2 Eia Procedure

The key activities are screening, scoping and assessment which will be discussed in detail in
following sections. These steps require intensive interaction between the human resources and
information resources available for a proposed project.
Finally, an EIA has to be organized to address certain specific topics. Most EIAs cover the
following features:
Description of the proposed project,
Description of the proposed location or study area, including information about physical
resources, ecological resources, human and economic development and existing quality of
life
Alternatives considered (including no-action),
Potential impacts and benefits including evaluation of each alternative considered,

Mitigation of adverse effects,
Irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources,
Identification of temporary, short-term and long-term effects,
Disposition of reviews comments,
Summary, conclusions and recommendations,
Monitoring,
Addition of other features or topics particular to the proposed project.
4.2.1 Screening
Screening is a procedure which aims to identify, as early as possible, those projects with
potentially significant impacts that should therefore be subject to EIA. According to MoEF
guidelines, Category ‘B’ projects or activities (see Chapter 2) are subjected to scrutiny by
concerned State Level Expert Appraisal Committee for determining whether or not the project or
activity requires an EIA. Those requiring EIA are termed as B1 project and those not requiring
EIA are termed as B2 project. For categorization of projects into B1 or B2, the MoEF shall issue
appropriate guidelines from time to time. A number of approaches to screening can be identified.
These are discussed below:
4.2.1.1 Thresholds
Thresholds may be developed on the basis of size, cost or pollution levels. For example, in India,
a policy has been established (MoEF, 2006) that all hydropower projects with installed capacity
less than 25 MW would not be subject to prior environmental clearance by competent authority.
This approach, unfortunately, neglects the implications of several small hydropower
developments in vicinity, each below the threshold, but which in combination may cause
significant adverse impacts and thus should be subject to EIA.
4.2.1.2 Locational criteria

Locational criteria usually involve designation of sensitive areas, for example nature preserves,
national parks, historical/religious sites and biospheres. Thus any project or activity in category B
will be treated as category A if located in whole or part within 10 km from the boundary of
protected areas/critically polluted areas/notified ecosensitive areas etc.
4.2.1.3 Positive and negative lists

The approach is based upon a list of proposed projects for which an EIA is always required
(positive list) and a list for which no EIS is required (negative list). Initially, some work is
needed to justify the inclusion of one project and the exclusion of another.
Example: individual industries located in notified ecosensitive zone (positive list)/biotech parks
(negative list)

4.2.1.4 Initial environmental evaluation
An initial environmental evaluation (IEE) approach requires considerably more understanding of
a project and its environs than the approaches described previously. IEEs operate on a project-by-
project basis and consequently it is impossible to make generalizations as to which project will
be subject to an EIA. However, the RA is an essential precursor to an IEE since it provides
sufficient information on pollution loads and levels to allow decision to be made on the need for
an EIA.
4.2.2 Scoping (Depth of Analysis)
Scoping is the procedure used to determine the "terms of reference" of an EIA (see section 9) and
concentrates on identifying those issues which require in-depth analysis. Scoping has the
following specific objectives:
To identify the major environmental issues that must be assessed in the EIA.
To determine the range of alternatives to the project which should be examined.
To determine the boundary for the study in a geographical context.
To establish a procedure for the preparation of an EIS and its format.
Scoping often involves contact between those proposing a development and the public, and it is a
procedure that allows interested persons to state their concerns before an EIA is undertaken (see
section 6).
4.3 Methods For Impact Identification And Assessment

Although there are many types of EIA methods, this section will only discuss checklists,
matrices, network and overlays manuals. These represent the most widely used methods.
4.3.1 Checklists
The checklists method lists local environmental factors, which are likely to be affected where a
development is planned. This list can contain broad categories of factors, for example, flora,
fauna, hydrological regimes, surface water bodies and the atmosphere. Conversely, it can be
extensive and detailed. An example of checklist is given Table 4.1.
Another useful type of checklist is the "questionnaire", which presents a series of questions
relating to the impact of a project. Checklists are used to provide answers to specific questions
relating to the particular project being assessed. Once an initial question has been answered in the
affirmative, additional questions investigate the nature of particular impacts in detail.
4.3.2 Interaction matrices

A development of basic checklists is the interaction matrix. The most well known is the Leopold
matrix development for the U.S. Geological Survey (Leopold et al, 1971). The matrix consists of
a horizontal list of development activities displayed against a vertical list of environmental
factors. The matrix is used to identify impacts by systematically checking each development

activity against each environmental parameter. If it were thought that a particular development
activity were to affect an environmental component, a mark is placed in the cell which occurs at
the intersection of the activity and the environmental component. It should be noted that the
matrix can be expanded to cover the construction and operational phases of various components
on horizontal scale or more than one alternative can be represented on the horizontal scale. An
illustrative example is shown in Table 4.1.
After the initial identification of impacts, it is possible to use the same matrix to indicate those
impacts considered to be the most important. In the original Leopold matrix, scores from a 1-10
scale can be assigned to describe the importance and magnitude of individual impacts.
Importance refers to the significance of an impact and magnitude to its scale and extent.
Leopold-type matrices are easy to use and perhaps the most widely employed and successful of
all EIA methods.
4.3.3 Overlays
The overlays approach to impact assessment involves the use of a series of transparencies. The
study area is subdivided into convenient geographical units, based on uniformly spaced grid
points, topographic features or differing land uses. Within each unit, the assessor collects
information on environmental factors and human concerns, through various sources/techniques.
The concerns are assembled into a set of factors, each having a common basis and regional maps
(overlays) are drawn for each factor. The degree of impact or importance of each factor is
represented by varying the degree of shading with light shading indicating low impact and heavy
shading the highest impact. The overlays are then stacked one on the other using the same
reference points and the total degree of shading is visually observed. Those areas on the maps
with the highest shading are thus the most acceptable alternatives. Because of the reduction in
light transparency with each overlay, only about 10 maps or overlays can be used.
This method is easily adaptable for use with a computer which may be programmed to perform
the tasks of aggregating the predicted impacts for each geographical subdivision and of searching
for the area least affected. Automated procedure can be used for selecting sequence of unit areas
for routing highways, canal network, pipelines, and other corridors. The computer method is
more flexible, an advantage whenever the reviewer suggests that the system of weights be
changed.

Table 4.1: Example: Checklist of impacts of a hydropower project
S. PROJECT PHASE / IMPACT NO SHORT LONG
NO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CHANGE TERM TERM
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
A. Impacts due to Project Location
1 Displacement of People *
2 Loss of Land / Change in Land * *
Use
3 Encroachment into Forest Land / * *
Loss of Forest Produce
4 Encroachment into Nature *
Reserves & Wildlife
5 Loss of Historical/Cultural *
Monuments
6 Loss of Infrastructure *
7 Erosion and Silt Risks * *
Disruption of Hydrological
8 *
Balance
B. Impacts due to Project
Construction
9 Soil Erosion at Construction Sites * *
Muck Generation * *
Transportation of muck and * *
construction material
10 Deforestation * *
11 Human Health * *
12 Water Quality * *
13 Cultural Hazards * *
14 Air and Noise Pollution * *
C. Impacts due to Project Operation
15 Reservoir Evaporation Losses *
16 Deforestation * *
17 Effect on Wildlife *
18 Change in Water Quality & Risk of *
Eutrophication
19 Increased Incidences of Water *
Borne Diseases
20 Impact on Fish and Aquatic Life *
21 Public Health * *
22 Drainage *
D. Positive Impacts
23 Clean and renewable source of * *
energy
24 Employment Opportunities * * *
25 Catchment Area Treatment * *
26 Recreation and Tourism Potential * *
27 Additional Habitat for Aquatic * *
Wildlife / Wetland Species
28 Fisheries & Aquaculture potential * *
29 Benefits to Economy * *
30 Reduction in Air Pollution * *
31 Reduction in Greenhouse gas * *
Emissions
32 Increased Infrastructure * *

The overlay approach can accommodate both qualitative and quantitative data. For example,
water is often shaded blue while land elevation can be shown by contour lines. There are,
however, limits to the number of different types of data that can be comprehended in one display.
A computerized version thus has greater flexibility. Although in this case, too, the individual
cartographic displays may be too complex to follow in sequence, the final maps (optimum
corridors for each alternative, and comparisons amongst alternative) are readily prepared and
understood.
4.4 Socio-Economic Assessment
A hydropower project generally requires construction of the diversion barrage, headrace tunnel,
powerhouse etc. Construction of the project facilities would require acquisition of land, out of
which part may be the government/forest land and the remaining private land owned by the
individuals. Expropriation of private lands may cause social disruption and economic loss for the
project affected families/people. The workers, which will be migrating in the project area during
construction, would also cause certain demographic and social changes, since the project is
normally situated in remote area.
A survey should be undertaken to study and understand the socio economic conditions of these
project-affected households and to examine the impact of the proposed project thereupon.
Social Impact Analysis should cover the following:
Pressure on existing infrastructure/resources : Creation of the project infrastructure like roads,

electric supply would also be available for the project affected people.
Incidence of water related diseases: The aggregation of labour, discharge of uncontrolled
wastewater and formation of stagnant water would result in occurrence/spread of diseases like
malaria, cholera etc.
Cultural conflicts: People in the project area have distinct habits of food and clothing along with
deep religious faiths celebrating their festivals with great enthusiasm. Hence, chances of cultural
conflicts may take place with that of migratory population.
Cost of living and inflation: Minor increase in cost of living and inflation may be experienced in
the project area as a result of increased commercial activities.
Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Social Response Program (SRP) of the Project

Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India have published the National Policy on
Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families (NPRR-2003) in February, 2004
which gives guidelines for resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected families. If the
number of affected families is much less than 250, then the NPRR-2003 is not compulsorily
applicable.

SECTION 5
WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM
Assessment of potential impacts of a hydropower development to water quality first requires an

effective plan to acquire sufficient baseline information to make the assessments. At the time of
construction activities begin, a modified monitoring program is necessary to evaluate the
effectiveness of measures to prevent adverse effects to water quality. Ultimately, additional
modifications to the monitoring plan are needed to evaluate the actual effects of the project on
water quality and to enable identification of unanticipated effects and/or ineffective protection
measures. The first monitoring plan, to develop a baseline of the information, should be a
component of the Terms of References (TOR) developed within the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) process. The second and third modifications to the baseline monitoring
program are to be presented in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which is a part of the
EIA report.
5.1 Effects on Water Quality

Generally, effects of construction on water quality in a river system stem primarily from the
discharge of wastewater (both construction waste water and sanitary waste water from workforce
housing areas) to the adjacent river and runoff from quarries and construction areas.
Discharge of wastewater from construction areas that may affect water quality include discharge
of water used to wash concrete mixing and hauling equipment, wash water used to prepare
concrete aggregate, and other minor on-site discharges of water to the river system. Generally,
the effect is an increase in suspended sediment loads and an increase in alkalinity of the water
due to discharge of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a component of concrete. However, dissolved
solids may also increase significantly as a consequence of runoff from the construction area. If
excavated material is deposited in or adjacent to the river channel, suspended solids
concentrations and dissolved solids concentrations may increase further. Of particular concern
with deposition of spoil materials is the potential for increasing concentrations of heavy metals
such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, and other heavy metals.
Deposition of suspended solids in the river channel downstream from the construction area may
cause changes in the river channel if significant amounts of sediment is contributed to the river,
and may cause problems with spawning areas of fish in the downstream reach of the river.
Discharge of sanitary waste from work camps and other human sanitary facilities can affect
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the river as well as increasing fecal coliform bacteria
concentrations, an indicator of potential disease risk to to downstream users. Suitable handling

and treatment of sanitary wastes will significantly reduce the potential for adverse effects to
water quality from this source.
Runoff from construction areas constitutes a more problematic situation. Potential water quality
effects on runoff from construction sites include increases in sediment emanating from erosion
from disturbed areas (construction staging areas, excavated areas, quarries, access road
construction, spoil disposal areas), flushing of oils, greases and other hydrocarbon lubricants
from maintenance areas, and potential flushing of other hazardous materials used at the project
site for construction purposes. Containment of such materials and installation of erosion barriers
will significantly reduce the potential effects to water quality. Maintenance of the erosion control
measures and containment facilities must be accomplished throughout the construction period.
Aside from the alteration of the hydrologic regime, the water quality parameters that are affected
by a hydropower development in the downstream reach are water temperature and dissolved
oxygen.
While the temperature regime in the river is not necessarily considered an adverse condition, it is
the changes in the biological community that are affected by those changes that can become
significant. The significance of predicted changes in water temperature must be framed in
reference to the biological requirements of the organisms inhabiting the river downstream of the
project.
5.2 Purpose of Water Quality Monitoring

Three basic monitoring programs will be designed and implemented corresponding to the
baseline description period (EIA), construction period, and operation period.
The primary purpose of the baseline monitoring program are twofold: First, the baseline
monitoring program should provide sufficient information to enable accurate (justifiable)
predictions of potential effects of the hydropower project on water quality parameters; second,
the baseline data set will provide the “standard” against which project effects and/or mitigation
effectiveness can be determined.
The purpose of the water quality monitoring program for the construction period, likewise, can
serve two purposes: First, the program should be designed to enable evaluation of the effect of
various construction activities and construction related facilities on water quality; second, certain
components of the program can provide further baseline information for determining the effect of
project operation on water quality.
The purpose of the final water quality monitoring program to be implemented during operation
also has two purposes: First, data collected during the operational period are compared with the
baseline data to determine if projections made in the EIA are accurate and mitigation or
avoidance measures are effective; second, the monitoring program can be used to determine if

changes occur during the operation period and might require attention and can be used as a basis
to determine the sources of any pollutants.
5.3 Sampling Design

5.3.1 Duration
The duration of the water quality monitoring programs will vary according to the stage in project
development.
For baseline monitoring, the minimum length of time necessary for basic understanding of cycles
in water quality parameters is one year. The baseline monitoring program should provide
sufficient information on all parameters included in the monitoring program to demonstrate
annual cycles in concentrations or conditions.
Determination of the duration of the construction period monitoring program should correspond
to the construction period, including preparatory period. The duration of the monitoring program
to be implemented during operation of the project will depend upon specific conditions at the
project. Sampling for a period of up to 5 years should provide an adequate basis for evaluating
the effect of the project.
5.3.2 Sampling frequency

During the baseline period (EIA preparation), parameters included in general monitoring should
be measured on at least a biweekly basis, for one full year. Parameters included for the
assessment monitoring include some parameters that should be measured on a monthly basis,
with the remainder measured on a quarterly or seasonal basis through the planning phase of the
project.
The sampling frequency during the construction period, particularly for parameters that may be
affected by construction activities should be measured at least on a monthly basis throughout the
construction period.
The sampling frequency of parameters during the operational phase may be divided into two
periods: Initial effects and long-term effects. The basic operational monitoring program should
include sampling of the various parameters on at least a monthly basis for a period of up to 5
years after initial operation of the project. Once the initial period expires, the monitoring program
may be reduced to include the only a few basic, indicative parameters. If significant changes in
one or more of the basic monitoring parameters occur, expansion of the monitoring program for a
specified period of time may be necessary to identify the cause of those changes. In general,
during the long-term monitoring phase, the basic set of parameters should be sampled on a
monthly basis.

5.3.3 Sampling Locations
For single projects (located on a single river), a minimum of three sampling locations is needed
for both baseline monitoring and construction and operation monitoring.
For construction monitoring, additional locations may be included to enable evaluation of
possible pollutants from various areas of the construction facilities. For example, an additional
location might be downstream from construction staging areas or downstream from labour
camps. If some of these facilities are located on the tributaries of the main river, the samples
should be collected upstream and downstream from those facilities.
5.3.4 Sample and Data Analysis

To the extent possible, parameters recommended for the monitoring program, particularly those
included in the general monitoring group, may be measured in the field with appropriate
instrumentation and/or field kits. The remaining parameters generally require transport of water
samples to a laboratory for analysis. For parameters that require laboratory analysis, sample
bottles and containers with appropriate preservatives, if necessary, can normally be obtained
from the laboratory. As with any field or laboratory instrumentation, it is necessary to
standardize the equipment according to manufacturer specifications throughout the field effort.
All samples should be clearly labeled with an identifying number and all pertinent information
regarding the sample recorded on separate data sheets for each location and sampling time. A
sample data sheet for use in the field should be presented as part of the proposed monitoring
plan. In addition to the field data sheets, it is highly recommended that a “Chain of Custody”
form also be used to document delivery of the samples from the field to the laboratory. Samples
collected for analysis in the field should be taken to the laboratory as soon as possible. The
length of time a sample may be held prior to analysis can be determined in consultation with the
laboratory.
The water quality monitoring plans should include a section on the logistics of data collection
and sample handling. Information to be included in the water quality monitoring plans should
include the field and laboratory procedures that will be used to analyze the samples. There are a
number of “Standard Methods” for analysis of water quality. The particular methods that are to
be used should be cited in the monitoring plan.
The most important component of the data analysis during the construction and operating periods
is comparison of the pre-project condition or baseline condition with the construction and
operating conditions. Such analysis will determine if and by how much impacts to water quality
have occurred and are used as determinants of the effectiveness of any mitigation measures that
have been incorporated into the project configuration. As construction and operating data are
acquired over the duration of the monitoring program, additional analysis of trends in water

quality changes may be identified from the monitoring data. Such trend analysis might include
seasonal changes as well as changes that occur gradually through the years.
5.3.5 Reporting
Reporting of water quality data will be dependent upon the phase of the water quality monitoring
program. Data and analysis of those data obtained during the pre-construction phase are to be
presented in the EIA. As appropriate raw water quality data should be presented with the EIA to
enable independent evaluation of results. A condition of the TOR may include a requirement for
submittal of the water quality data in a standardized format for incorporation into a country wide
data base.
Reporting of results of the construction and operation monitoring program will also be submitted
to the concerned agencies for review. The schedule for reporting the data will be negotiated as
part of the approval of the EMP and will likely become conditions of the license to construct and
operate the project. An appropriate schedule for reporting of results from the monitoring of
construction activities would be on a quarterly basis. This will depend on the monitoring program
itself and the frequency with which samples are being collected.
Reporting of results of operation monitoring will likely be divided into two phases: an initial
phase for a period up to five years with reporting on a semiannual basis and a second period
following the initial period with reporting on an annual basis.
5.4 Interpretation of Monitoring Results

Pre-construction phase
The interpretation should focus on water quality conditions in the river in its current condition
(i.e. description of the baseline condition) and projections of any anticipated changes in water
quality conditions through construction and operation of the project.
When reviewing water quality analysis, the following questions should be considered:
Do the results comply with specifications in the TOR for monitoring quality parameters ?
Do the results adequately describe existing water quality conditions in the river prior to
project construction ?
Do the results demonstrate seasonal and annual variation in water quality conditions ?
What are the potential effects of construction activities on water quality ?
If adverse water quality impacts are expected, are the proposed mitigation measures and
water quality management programs appropriate and what is the probability that the
measures will be effective ?
What are the potential effects of operation on water quality in the reservoir and downstream
from the reservoir ?

If adverse water quality impacts are expected, what are the proposed mitigation measures and
will they be effective ?
If there is some uncertainty pertaining to potential water quality impacts or the effectiveness
of a mitigation measure, what mechanism is available to remedy any unforeseen impacts or
failures in the mitigation measures ?
Construction phase
Review of the reports of the water quality monitoring program should consider the following
questions:
Are results for all parameters defined in the water quality monitoring plan for the
construction phase presented in the report ?
For each parameter measured, is there evidence that construction activities have led to
changes in water quality in the river downstream from the construction site(s) ?
Based on the results presented, is the management of runoff from the construction sites
effective ?
Are any of the results unexpected in that they indicate deviations from previous
measurements; are significantly different from baseline data, or are significantly different
from expected results ?
If deviations from previous measurements are detected or significant differences are present
in the results, is there an explanation of why those differences have occurred ?
Has the developer/ environmental consultant proposed remedial measures to correct the
deviations or differences if it is clear that the differences are due to actions of the
construction contractor ?
Operation phase
When reviewing results of the monitoring program conducted during the operational phase of the
project, the following questions should be considered:
Are the results presented in the report complete ?
Are the results compatible with base conditions and predictions of water quality conditions
presented in the EIA ?
Do seasonal changes observed in the results consistent with anticipated seasonal changes as
described in base conditions and anticipated conditions ?
Are there significant changes in one or more parameters from reporting period to reporting
period ?
Has the developer provided explanations of why have any observed changes occurred ?
Are the changes due to the facilities and/or operation of them ?
If after several reporting period, certain water quality parameters indicate a gradual change,
has the developer explained why is that trend(s) occurring ?

If significant, unexpected changes in water quality conditions have occurred that are
attributable to facilities and/or operation, has the developer suggested any measures to adjust
facilities or operating regimes to remedy the problem ?

SECTION 6
STAKE HOLDERS IN EIA PROCESS
A stake holder is any individual, group, agency or organization affected by a project and/or with
concern or interest in a development project and its outcomes, or in common resources impacted
by a development project. A stake holder should be treated as a ‘Partner in Development’ and not
as opponent of the project.
The list of prospective stakeholders includes some or all of the following. In every category
gender must be considered; both women and men should be represented in activities.
affected local individuals, communities or households;
government agencies and their representatives at various levels (center, district, local), from
concerned ministries and departments;
elected officials of concerned Gram Panchayats, municipalities, or constituencies;
concerned business people and entrepreneurs;
concerned NGOs, CBOs and user groups;
political party representatives and local parliamentarians
local influentials from affected area, such as informal or traditional community heads, school
teachers, healers, social and religious leaders, and other notable women and men;
health workers;
social workers and marginal group workers (such associations or organizations dedicated to
the upliftment of the poor, the landless, women, children and other vulnerable groups); and
the project developers/proponents, themselves.
Generally speaking, those most directly affected by a project are clearly among the key
stakeholders – they are at the greatest risk, they feel the impacts most intensely, they benefit the
most from opportunities; hence, they should be the first to be involved. The poor, landless,
vulnerable and marginalized people are among these stakeholders, and it is they who are often
the most difficult to get involved.
Since local people will be stakeholders over most of the life of a project, their involvement and
participation from the beginning is crucial to project success. The clearer the terms of public
engagement and the more meaningful their involvement, the smoother and more sustainable and
less conflicted the outcome will be
6.1 Ways To Identify Stakeholders And Group Representatives

There may be difficulty at first in identifying local groups, in selecting stakeholder
representatives and stakeholder committees and in empowering and engaging them in meaningful

ways. Discussing the purpose of such committees with public is important. Sensitizing them to
their rights and to how they can participate is critically important. They should have a clear
understanding of the responsibilities of stakeholder committees, the sorts of issues committee
members may have to deal with and the seriousness of the decisions they may be called upon to
make on behalf of their constituents. If there is difficulty in determining whom to select and how
to organize a committee, it may help to discuss with the people of the community how they have
dealt in the past with other activities requiring representative decision-making.
Example on a set of questions which proponents may use to identify project stakeholders is given
in the box below.
6.2 Involving Stakeholders

Stakeholder involvement begins with the identification of affected communities and groups,
followed by the formation of representative committees, followed by identifying the core issues
arising and followed, in turn, by a concerned effort to involve them easily and equitably in
dealing with the issues, making suggestions and decisions, and taking action. Stakeholder
involvement in planning the mitigation of project impacts, and in monitoring, is especially
important.
Who might be affected, adversely or beneficially, directly or indirectly, sooner or later, by the project
development?
Who are the most vulnerable, the typically ‘voiceless’, for whom special efforts may have to be
made?
Who best represents those most likely to be affected?
Who is responsible for what is intended by the project?
Who is likely to mobilize for or against the project?
Who can make what is intended by the project more effective through their participation and support,
or less effective by their non-participation or opposition?
Who must be fully informed and convinced for the project to proceed smoothly and conflict-free?
Who can contribute financial, social and technical resources?
In addition, the following questions should be answered affirmatively:

Have the local communities, households, families, individuals or institutions most seriously affected
by project activities been identified?
Are the members of each community or stakeholder group able to select committee members to
represent them, whom they respect and trust?
Have conflict situations, and persons involved in serious local conflict, been avoided in the selection
process?
Are all sections of the community represented? Is there representative equity? Are the most
vulnerable groups and women involved or well represented?
Are stakeholders satisfied with the selection of their representatives to the stakeholder committees?
Two most intense periods of local stakeholder involvement are at scoping and during the EIA
study. Public inputs during scoping inform the writing of the TOR for EIA. The combined EIA
study should be well informed through public participation. It leads to an EIA report which
guides the impact mitigation process.

Experience shows that overlooking commitments made to local people and communities by developers has
created unnecessary misunderstandings leading to conflict and delays in project works. Where
misunderstandings arise, strikes typically follow. Strikes hinder project activities in both the short and long
term. One pro-active way of heading off conflicts over misunderstandings is to assure that all involved
have a clear idea of their roles and responsibilities. To accomplish this, two things must be done:
Make no promises, commitments nor suggest courses of action without authority to do so; and
Where commitments are realistic, appropriate and authorized, draw up and sign MOUs in each case,
specifying the roles and responsibilities of all concerned and affected parties.
6.3 Public Consultation
MoEF (Govt. of India) has specified guidelines for public consultation. Purpose is to ascertain the concerns
of local affected persons and other persons who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the
project. Public consultation is required for all Category A and Category B1 projects (see Chapter 2). Public
consultation has two components:
(a) a public hearing at the site or in its close proximity for ascertaining concerns of local affected persons
(b) obtain responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake
(c) A notice for environmental public hearing is issued by the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) in at
least two newspapers widely circulated in the region around the project, one of which shall be in the
vernacular language of the locality concerned. Date, time and place of public hearing shall be
mentioned clearly by the State Pollution Control Board. Public can submit its suggestions, views,
comments and objections within 30 days from the date of publication of the notification.
The participation is open to the bonafide residents, environmental groups and other located at the project
sites likely to be affected. Written suggestions/representations can also be made by the public to the
concerned State Pollution Control Board. SPCB shall arrange to video film the entire proceedings
The composition of Public Hearing Panel consists of the following:
(i) District Magistrate or his nominee (not below rank of ADM) Chairman
(ii) Representative of the State Pollution Control Board
The concerned persons are provided access to the draft EIA report and summary EIA report at the
following places. Summary EIA report shall also be placed on website of SPCB.
i. District Magistrate Office

ii. District Industry Centre
iii. Office of the Zila Parishad/Local body as the case may be
iv. Office of the concerned State Pollution Control Board and its concerned regional office
v. Regional office of MOEF
The project proponent is required to make appropriate changes in EIA and EMP addressing all the material
environmental concerns expressed by stakeholders.

SECTION 7
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 Meaning of Environment Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a part of the EIA report. The plan includes
1) Safeguard and control measures proposed to prevent or mitigate the adverse
environmental impacts.
2) Plan for rehabilitation of project oustees and affected persons/families.
3) Plan for dealing with accidents or disasters where applicable
4) Monitoring and feedback mechanism on implementation of necessary safeguards
This write up is based on Bureau of Indian Standards document DOC.WRD 24 (478)
“Environmental Management Plan for Hydropower/Irrigation/Flood
Control/Multipurpose River Valley Projects” which is under print.
7.1.1 Key Elements of Management Plan
A mitigation or management plan includes the following items:
a) Identification and summary of the significant adverse environmental impacts that are
anticipated.
b) Description and technical details of mitigatory measures for the significant adverse
environmental impacts together with designs, equipment descriptions, and operating
procedures, as appropriate.
c) Implementation schedule for mitigatory measures
d) Institutional arrangements for the assignment of the various responsibilities for
carrying out the mitigatory measures
7.1.2 Environment Safeguards
Key environmental concerns should be addressed in the EMP. Each of the identified issue
should be presented in the following format:
a) Description of each issue
b) Source of impacts: Baseline supporting information
c) Impacts and Management: Studies and findings
d) Adequacy of the information/ further work
e) Proposed strategy for mitigation
f) Implementation schedule
g) Budget and source for funding

h) Responsibility for monitoring
7.1.3 Construction Impacts
Mitigation in this regard is provided through design, strategy, construction specifications
and general conditions of agreement for the contractors. Documentation should be
provided for the means of mitigating those construction impacts, which are found to be
significant. Environmental Management Plan for construction impacts may include the
management plan for proper dumping of muck and restoration of muck dumping sites,
quarry sites and construction areas.
7.2 Plantations (Including Green Belt/Compensatory Etc.)
It should include the following details:
a) Objectives of plantations and ultimate ownership
b) Methods for reclamation of spoil areas involving afforestation for areas where the
soil types and texture are suitable.
c) Total area of project / township and details of area earmarked (in hectare)
d) Suitability of the land for afforestation
e) Area (including width of green belt in m) already planted up/proposed to be planted
in hectare. In case of afforestation/ reforestation, areas should be in patches of not
less than 20 hectare in size.
f) List of species/ choice of species to be planted with suitability for the land
g) Density of plantations with rotation period
h) Index maps and/or Map showing the proposed area and adjoining forest boundaries.
j) Year wise phasing (physical and financial)
k) Note on future management of the forest generated
l) Details regarding nursery development / procurement of saplings and Water
availability
m) Plantation technique as per the soil type.
n) Support watering (if any)
p) Measures proposed for beautification of the project area (creation of parks, tourist
spot etc.)
q) Watch and ward details including fencing etc.
r) Maintenance of plantation including casualty replacement / weeding / hoeing /
thinning, etc., (till established / transferred to territorial forest division)
s) Responsibility and agency for implementation
t) Timetable and cost estimate

u) Monitoring mechanism.
7.3 Catchment Area Treatment Plans
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has issued guidelines for planning
and implementation of catchment area treatment plan (CAT PLAN) vide letter number
F.No.8-227/87-FC dated June 18, 2004. CAT PLAN should include the following details:
a) Area falling in various erosion intensity classes (hectare) as per silt yield index
method developed by All India Soil and land Use Survey Organization New Delhi.
b) Macro watershed plan with maps showing areas already treated under other schemes
after the survey work and presently proposed to be treated as well as the treatment
measures for each watershed
c) Micro Plan for Catchment area treatment with justification for adapting a particular
soil Conservation measure on consideration of land use slope etc.
d) Engineering Measures (check dam, gully control, bench terracing, etc.)
e) Biological (plantation, closure, pasture development, etc.)
f) Phased programme (time table) including maintenance and costs
g) Agency for implementation
h) Public participation in implementation
j) Monitoring mechanism.
7.4 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan
a) Details of land identified for resettlement
b) Homestead land / family
c) Agricultural land / family
d) Compensation package (details family wise) in line with the provisions of National
Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation
e) Rehabilitation grants (Tribal/Others)
f) Land for common facilities such as School, Post Office, Hospital, Community
Centre, etc.
g) Infrastructure facilities to be provided such as Roads, Electricity, Drinking water,
Sanitation, Public Health measures, Schools, Recreation facilities, Places of worship,
etc.
h) Vocational training and generation of self-employment
j) Cost of rehabilitation/Agency for implementation /Monitoring mechanism

7.5 Health Plan
Provision of incremental health care facilities in the cost of the project with maps for the
following:
a) People on the periphery of the reservoir (5 km aerial distance)
b) Displaced and resettled people from the submergence zone
c) Workers at the project sites/dam site/canal sites/command area/quarry areas
d) Prevention & control of malaria/filaria/schistosomiasis and other potential disease
vectors through biological (including bio-geographic surveys, Larvicidal fishes),
chemical (including spraying) and engineering measures (like modifications in the
designs of the water tanks, houses etc.).
e) Number of existing health care facilities at dispensaries / hospitals etc as per norms
of the State Governments / Central Government with maps.
f) Number of proposed health centers (Allopathic, Aurvedic, Unani etc.) and status of
facilities at each center
g) Staff position (existing and proposed)
h) Equipment including field testing equipments
j) Vehicles & ambulance
k) Medicines both preventive/curative including impregnated nets
m) Laboratory facilities including microscopes slide testing etc.
n) Mobile labs / field workers
p) Public awareness programmes/ education etc.
q) Training and sensitization
r) Long term epidemiological surveillance of the diseases associated with the water
resources development projects. (Water: based/ washed/ born)
s) Bio-Waste management, including hospital wastes, bio-wastes, public latrines etc.
t) Water quality monitoring (based on designated use water quality classification) for
the identified parameters
u) Various ongoing programmes of State / Central Government in the project area and
format for coordination and reporting
v) Budget and source of funding
w) Responsibilities for Monitoring
7.6 Seismicity and Rim Stability

a) Implementation plan for the recommendations of Dam Safety Panel/ Review
Panel/Study Groups for modification of the dam infrastructure to withstand the
Maximum Credible Earthquake.
b) Installation of monitoring instruments within the dam body
c) Establishment of a monitoring network around the reservoir
d) Stability of the rim of the reservoir
e) Appointment of the staff
f) Collection, analysis and interpretation of the recorded data by the identified
institutions
g) Provision for the budget and source of funding
h) Responsibility for the long term monitoring
7.7 Environmental Flow
Necessity for maintaining minimum flow in the downstream of the diversion structure
may arise out of the need to maintain water quality, river regime, maintenance of river
ecosystem or other public/religious necessity such as bathing etc. As of now there are
no standard guidelines to prescribe environmental flow. However this issue has now
become important. Depending on water use in the affected river reach in downstream,
the State Pollution Control Board may prescribe certain minimum flows to be
maintained.
7.8 Flora, Fauna, Carrying Capacity and Plan For Felling
a) Ex-situ/in-situ conservation of the identified indigenous genetic resources
(vulnerable, rare, endangered, threatened species or variants, etc.)
b) Creation of a new/enlargement of the existing conservation areas. Source of funding,
agency for implementation and responsibility for monitoring are also to be included.
c) Provision of migratory corridors / escape routes for identified species for re-location
of impacted wildlife.
d) Provision for improving the carrying capacity of the adjoining ecosystem to
accommodate the extra wildlife moving out from the submergence area.
e) Plan for felling of the trees from the submergence area in stages to ensure that
wildlife is not trapped on hillocks during progressive filling of the reservoir.
f) Plan for social forestry on available lands within the Catchment for reducing stress on
the existing forest on the fringes of the reservoir.

g) Plan for providing minor forest produce like silk, lac, honey, or development of
cottage industries in the villages for providing alternate means of sustenance
h) Coordination of various programs/schemes of the State and Central Government, and
institutes for rural developments. Identification of the agencies for co-ordination and
Source of funding and responsibility for monitoring
7.9 Fisheries Conservation
Proper management of the new reservoir fishery for increasing yields and to ensure that
fishing rights are allocated first to fishermen previously dependent on the disrupted
riverine fishery. It should take into account the following details:
a) Physico chemical changes in the benthic environment or the water columns and
consequent impact on food chain affecting fish species as applicable during and after
the trophic burst stage,
i) In upstream, downstream or in command
ii) In reservoir, rivulets rivers, streams or in canals.
iii) At the confluence of the tributaries with the river.
iv) In the estuary or the deep sea
b) Measures for mitigating Loss of breeding / spawning grounds.
c) Managing organic loading of the reservoir from the habitation, industries,
d) Managing prey predator relationship
e) Managing carbon Nitrogen ratio
f) Maintaining water quality
g) Propagation of indigenous species
h) Rehabilitation methodologies for the vulnerable, rare, endangered, threatened, etc.,
species
i) Norms for stocking of the reservoir, lakes or ponds
j) Location of the hatcheries
k) Seasons of ban, if any,
m) Technological support for harvesting
n) Mesh type and size, net size and type , boats
p) Training
q) Cold storages, landing sites, transports
r) Marketing, warehousing, etc.
s) Source of funding, responsibility for monitoring.

7.10 Potential Environmental Ameliorative Measures
The project should provide scope for the Potential Environmental ameliorative measures
even at additional costs. They include the following:
a) Draw down agriculture: This is a potential that may be of real value to the rural poor
and needs to be dealt in the EMP.
b) Downstream community water supply: The reservoir storage may be a good source
of water for downstream community water supplies in the dry season.
c) Downstream Aquaculture: Downstream aquaculture potentials will usually be greatly
enhanced by the availability of reliable source of fresh water throughout the year.
d) Forestry / Wildlife reserves: Because of the adverse effects of the project in
facilitating and accelerating encroachment into the upper watershed, it may be
desirable to include provision of conservation areas in the upper watershed while this
is still feasible.
e) Recreation and eco-tourism: The new reservoir may offer recreational potential that
should be developed as part of the project, especially where this could be self-
financing and beneficial to the rural poor.
7.11 Disaster Management
It may be defined as management of the sudden disruption of normal life of society
causing damage to life and property to such an extent that normal social and economic
mechanisms available are inadequate to restore normalcy.
Disaster management may not be an important issue in case of Small hydro power
projects due to small size of structures.
7.12 Environmental Management Plan Implementation
The EMP should make proposals for agency responsibilities, institutional strengthening
and regional/river basin management planning. This agency should include the
directorate level personnel from the State Ministries of Health, Forestry, Fisheries, Water
Resources, the Department of Environment, the Pollution Control Board and the Water
Supply and Sewerage Board, as well as the project liaison officer and the team leader for
the project management group. The functions of this group include setting the project
budget, environmental screening and determining the components and agency
responsibilities for the environmental management plan.
7.13 Monitoring and Reporting Procedures
It consists of monitoring and evaluation procedures related to environmental benefits and
impacts. Sound monitoring program is needed to provide assurance that problems will be

dentified early enough to allow remedial measures to be taken and for the following
benefits:
a) To ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation
measures.
b) To provide information on the progress and the results of mitigation.
c) To integrate into the total project cost tables of the cost estimates and sources of
funds for both the initial investment and the recurring expenses for implementing the
mitigation plan.
d) To strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for
implementation/monitoring plans to cover one or more of the additionalities such as
Resource identification for technical assistance/Faculty sensitization/development of
Equipment and supplies for monitoring needs.
e) Integration of the plan into the project’s overall planning, design, budget, and
implementation: This ensures that the plan receives funding and supervision along
with the other investment components and to establish the mitigation plan as a
component of the project. Thus it helps in the following
i) Funding: This is necessary to ensure that the proposed actions are adequately
financed.
ii) To implement the mitigatory pressures: the management, technical assistance,
staffing and other institutional strengthening and training (strengthening local
capabilities), is to be a part of the management plan.
iii) Monitoring: The plan should enable the sponsors to evaluate the success of
mitigation as a part of project supervision and as a means for improving future
projects. It should also include the levels of monitoring and stress on availability
of periodic progress reports.

SECTION 8
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND AUDITING
8.1 Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring is one of the most important components of an EIA. It is essential for:
Ensuring that impacts do not exceed the established legal standards;
Checking the implementation of mitigation measures in the manner described in the EIA
report;
Providing early warning of potential environmental damage.
8.1.1 Types of Monitoring

Various types of monitoring activities are currently in practice, each of which is relevant to an
EIA study. The main types are:
(a) Baseline monitoring
A survey should be conducted on basic environmental parameters in the area surrounding the
proposed project before construction begins (Pre-Audit Study). Subsequent monitoring can
assess the changes in those parameters over time, against the baseline.
(b) Impact monitoring
The physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural parameters within the project area must
be measured during the period of project construction and operation in order to detect
environmental changes which may have occurred as a result of project implementation.
(c) Compliance monitoring
This form of monitoring employs a periodic sampling method, or a continuous recording of
specific environmental quality indicators or pollution levels, to ensure project compliance with
recommended environmental protection standards.
The main aim of EIA compliance monitoring is to provide the information required to ensure that
project implementation has the least possible negative environmental impacts, and all possible
positive impacts, in the project affected area.
8.1.2 Intensity of Monitoring
It is not possible to monitor every single one of parameters that were investigated during the
impact identification process. Therefore, a selection of “Scoping Out” should therefore be made
of the most important and critical parameters that will best reflect the impacts of the project on its
surrounding environment.
The level or intensity of monitoring is to be determined on the basis of the known variability of
each parameter, together with the potential severity of the environmental impacts that are being
monitored.

8.1.3 Development of Monitoring Indicators
For each of the impacts and corresponding mitigation measure indicators to be measured during
project construction should be developed. The indicators selected should reflect the condition of
that particular component upon the measurement.
8.2 Environmental Auditing
The term “Audit” is usually associated with the professional of finance and accounting. Auditing
refers to the examination and assessment of a certain type of performance. In the case of an EIA,
an audit should assess the actual environmental impact, the accuracy of prediction, the
effectiveness of environmental impact mitigation and enhancement measures, and the
functioning of monitoring mechanisms.
8.2.1 Types of Audit
The following types of audit are recommended for different aspects of the EIA process:
(a) Decision point audit: It examines the effectiveness of EIA as a decision making tool.
(b) Implementation audit: It ensures that consent conditions have been met.
(c) Performance audit: It examines the effectiveness of project implementation and
management.
(d) Project impact audit: It examines environmental changes arising from project
implementation.
(e) Predictive technique audit: It examines the accuracy and utility of predictive techniques by
comprising actual against predicted environmental effects.
(f) EIA procedures audit: It critically examines the methods and approach adopted during the
EIA study
Audits are not required in all cases. At the project approval stage, however, both the project
proponent and the authorizing agency should consider whether the application of a particular
auditing technique is likely to result in new information or an improvement in management
practices. Particular attention should be given to the cost-effectiveness of any proposed audit and
to the technical difficulties likely to be encountered.
Environmental auditing should compare monitoring results with data generated during the pre-
project period. Comparisons can be made with similar projects or against standard norms.
Relating actual impacts with predicted impacts will help in evaluating the accuracy and adequacy
of EIA.
8.3 Implementation of Environmental Management Plan
An EMP is a document to be developed during EIA preparation. An EMP refers to the document
pertaining to project management, monitoring and auditing of the implementation of mitigation
measures and the verification of predicted impacts in the project cycle. The following are general
procedures for the implementation of monitoring and auditing plans on development projects.

8.3.1 Activities Concerning Impact Monitoring
The actual impacts caused by the project implementations should be closely monitored during the
construction and operation of the project to examine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures.
The following activities need to be concluded for impact monitoring:
(a) Hold regular meetings with the local people and listen to their concerns to assess the impacts
of the project on the community and the environment
(b) During construction, regularly assess the stability of disrupted slopes. This is particularly
necessary during the monsoon season.
(c) During construction, inspect the levels of air, noise and water and land pollution at regular
intervals and compare with national standards and baseline data.
(d) During and after construction, conduct regular fish sampling to assess impact of the project
on the fish population and their spawning and migratory behaviour.
(e) With the help of the forest user groups, regularly monitor the condition of the local forest,
and the use and trafficking of forest products.
(f) Monitor the spoil disposal practices.
(g) Monitor storage techniques for fuel and explosives kept in the project area to ensure safety to
people and the environment.
(h) Check the water supply and sanitation situation in the labour camps and the construction
areas, and regularly test the quality of water being supplied to the construction workers.
(i) Regularly check the health of the workers to ensure that there is no spread of communicable
diseases. Also, regularly check the construction safely, ensuring the maintained health of the
workers.
(j) With the help of the local police, monitor, monitor the occurrence of criminal and socially
undesirable activities.
(k) Monitor the gender issues related to the project to ensure that neither males nor females bear
an unfare share of negative impacts.
(l) For at least three years following land acquisition, regularly survey the social and economic
conditions of displaced families whose land and properties have been acquired.
8.3.2 Formulation of Monitoring Plan/Schedule
The monitoring plan includes the description of types of monitoring, the parameters to be
monitored and methods to be used and schedules for operating monitoring activities. The
following example (Table 8.1) illustrates the formulation of monitoring plan.
8.3.3 Information Required for Environmental Auditing
An environmental audit should be carried out after two years of project operation. Information
from monitoring output should also be utilized for carrying out the environmental audit. The
environmental audit should gather information on the following areas:

The condition of natural/social/economic resources prior to project implementation and after
project construction is completed
Whether the impacts forecast by the EIA occurred and, if so, the extent of these impacts
Whether or not mitigation measures implemented are effective to control adverse impacts or
enhance beneficial impacts
Whether or not all landscapes degraded due to project implementation have been restored to
their original (or better) conditions
What are the impacts of boom-bust scenario among the workforce involved in project
implementation and the local economy
The overall effect on the local economy of project implementation Specifically, the
following activities, and others as deemed necessary, need to be addressed for environmental
auditing:
How have the environmental conditions changed from the baseline conditions?
Are there any problems relating to slope stability in the project area?
Have slope stability and erosion control measures adopted by the project been effective in
minimizing slope instability, erosion and landslides?
What is the quality of water in the river? Change significantly from the baseline condition?
Are there any bare or degraded areas around the project? What is the condition of the quarry
sites, borrow areas and the spoil disposal areas?
How are the local forest user groups functioning?
What is the condition of the local forests?
How are the families resettled by the project adapting to their new host communities?
How have the local construction workers adapted to the loss of their jobs following the end
of construction activities?
What is attitude of the local people towards the project?
What has been the impact of the project on local and national economy?

8.3.4 Formulation of Auditing Plan/Schedule : This is illustrated in Table 8.2
Table 8.1: Environmental monitoring plan: Impact monitoring
Parameter Indicators Method Location Schedule
Physical environment
Slopes Degree of slopes, stability Site observation Near unstable slope Continuously during
of slopes, changes from areas construction
the baseline data
Water quality Temperature, pH, Water sampling and See: Water Quality See: Water Quality
turbidity, TSS, DSS, testing, and Aspects Aspects
hardness, chloride, comparison to
sodium, oil and grease, ambient standards
coliform, DO, BOD,
COD, P, S, Chlorophyll
Air quality Total suspended solid Low-volume In and around Continuous
particulate, SO2, CO2, sampler, visual construction sites observation and
NO2, PbO2, dust inspection, and along access sampling during
accumulation from measurement, and roads construction
construction activities comparison of data
with ambient
standards
Biological environment
Fisheries Size of fish population, Fish sampling and Upstream and At least three times
changes in spawning and discussions with downstream of a year: before,
migratory habits local fisherman project site during and after
monsoon
Forest and Number of trees, health of Discussions with In/around Twice a year during
vegetation trees, presence of ground user groups, local construction construction
cover people and the sites/camps, access
District Forest roads, markets
Office, field
observation
Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
Water supply Presence and quality of Site observation, Affected VDCs and Continuously during
and sanitation in water supply in local water testing and construction camps construction
the project area homes and construction interviews with local
areas, adequacy of people
sewerage system
Public health Types of diseases and Discussions with the Affected VDCs and Monthly during
amount of disease in the local people and the construction camps construction
project area and local health professionals
community at the local health
post/hospital
Resettlement Social and economic Discussions with the Resettlement site(s) Regularly for at least
and conditions of the displaced displaced people, three years
Rehabilitation people observation following land
acquisition
Economy Number of local people Records kept by Project site Twice a year during
employed by project project management and after
construction
Infrastructure Number of households Records kept by Affected VDCs Two years after
included in rural project management project completion
electrification by project

Table 8.2: Environmental auditing plan
(A) Physical Environment
(i) Air Quality
Parameter Indicators Location Methods
Quality of air Total suspended solid particulate, SO2, Weir, access road, power Low-volume sampler, visual
CO2, NO2, PbO2, dust accumulation from house and construction plant inspection, measurement and
construction activities in houses, vegetation, areas their comparison with ambient
surrounding areas standards
(ii) Noise and vibrations

Noise Noise levels and their comparison with Weir, access road, power house, Decibel meter Me
ambient standards construction plant areas and nearby inf
villages peo
Vibration of Any case of hearing impairment, cracks Construction sites, locations of cracked Interview, Lo
structures existed in houses and compensation buildings observation
(iii) Water quality

Water quality Temperature, pH, turbidity, TSS, DSS, Headworks and Water samples collected from different so
hardness, chloride, sodium, oil and grease, power house sites and comparisons with baseline data and amb
coliform, DO, BOD, COD, P, S, water quality
chlorophyll, NO2, CO2, SO2
(iv) Disposal of spoils and construction wastes

Disposal of construction Initiated erosion, affected the Designated sites Observation/interview Lo
spoils aesthetic value, affected
forest and agriculture
Side casting of excavated Initiated land erosion, local Intake, adits, power house Observation/interview Lo
soils and wastes drainage sites, access roads
(v) Erosion and slope stability

Erosion and slope Eroded and unstable areas on natural slopes, Intake, road and power house Observation
stability collected data sites measuremen
Adequate drainage facilities such as catch drains, Power house, intake, roads and Observation
herringbone drains, side drains, number of disturbed mostly in unstable areas and
areas due to the lack of drainage photographs
Plantation of disrupted Revegetation of disturbed slopes Cut slopes and area and area Visual
slopes where vegetation was cleared observation
photographs
(B) Biological Environment
(i) Forest and vegetation

Loss of timber Number of new houses in the project area, Project site, roadside and Counting, Lo
number of tea stalls and restaurants the vicinity of project area observation and obs
established during construction record
Volume of fuel wood trade, location of Project site, markets and Records, Lo
timber depots and fire wood sale in the settlement areas observation inf
project construction area
Number of stumps of cut trees in nearby Forest area nearby Examination of Lo
forest forest
Alternative energy for Volume and type of fuel used in the project Project sites Records from the Lo
cooking for labour force area contractors
Harvesting and trade of Sales of medical herbs increased Project sites and markets Information from Lo
medicinal plants local people and
market
Physical condition of General condition of forest nearby Forest near project site Observation Inf
forest loc
(ii) Wildlife

Wildlife Wildlife hunting, trapping and poaching by Forest area near the project site Interview with Lo
workforce local people and
photographs
Trading of wildlife products (dried meat, Project site and markets Observation, Lo
hides, furs) interview and
photographs
Frequency of the birds and mammals seen Project area Observation, Lo
in the project site before and after the interview
project
(iii) Fisheries

Fisheries Species of fish occurrence as compared Sampling stations at the project sites Sampling Lo
with pre-project levels
Fishing activities of workforce Project site Interview Lo
Use of explosives, electric rod and nets Project site Interview Lo
(C) Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
(i) Employment opportunities

Employment Number of local labourers employed in the Project site Analysis of Re
opportunities Project Construction records, interview loc
Number of women in workforce Project sites Records Lo
con

(ii) Trade, Commerce and Industry

Trade, commerce and Number of shops increased/decreased Roadsides and in project Records, interview
industry during construction sites
Number of shops still in operation
Establishment of industry in vicinity of Project sites and Records, interview
project site surroundings
Effects on already existing local and Local area Records, interview
traditional industries
Rentals of houses and land space, before, Local area Inquiries, interview
during and after the project
(iii) Compensation

Compensation Use of compensation received Local area/out of the area Survey and interview Lo
(iv) Occupational and Safety Hazards

Occupational and Safety Types and numbers of Project sites Records, interview Re
Hazards accidents occurred during loc
construction
Adequacy of occupational Project sites Records, interview Re
safety measures provided by loc
the project
Facility of first aid Project sites Records, interview Re
emergency services provided peo
Compensation to the loss of Project sites Records, interview Re
life or disability of
loc
(v) Damages and Complaints

Damages and Complaints Types of damages on Project sites and its vicinities Survey, interview and Lo
personal properties observation rec
Damages to local Within the periphery of Survey, interview and Co
infrastructure such as roads, project area observation peo
irrigation and bridges
Compensation for Project area Records, interview Co
maintenance and ma
rehabilitation of peo
infrastructure
Losses caused by blasting, Project sites and its vicinities Records, interview Lo
vibration and noise and ma
compensation paid
(vi) Economic Condition

Socio-economic change Changes in land use patterns Project area/VDCs Interview/survey, Far
observation ent
Changes in local economy Project area/VDCs Interview/survey, Lo
(standards of living) observation com
Price rise Rise in price in essential Local market Market survey Lo
commodities as compared to
the prices of these goods
before construction and
adjusted for inflation

SECTION 9
PREPARATION OF TERMS OF REFERENCES
As per guidelines of MoEF, Govt. of India, terms of references for EIA are required for
B1 and A category of projects. The TOR is to be submitted along with information in
Form 1 (See Annexure IV). These are finalized by Environmental Appraisal Committee
and conveyed to the project proponent. In case the TOR are not finalized and conveyed
within 60 days, the TOR suggested by proponent shall be deemed as final.
9.1 Basic Objectives and Purpose
Terms of reference (TOR) are a document to be prepared by the project proponent, and
submitted to the authorizing agency for approval. The basic objectives of the TOR are to:
define what types of information are to be presented in the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA),
delineate the relevant issues to be discussed,
define what studies will be performed,
explain who will conduct the studies,
state when the studies will be conducted, and
outline the basic structure of the EIA.
The purpose of preparing the TOR for understanding an EIA of a proposed project is to
ensure that the resulting EIA will be suitable for review and evaluation by the concerned
governmental agencies. The TOR provides specific guidelines, including:
identification and description of the issues to be investigated,
systematization of the working procedures,
delineation of the specific activities to be undertaken,
fitting the EIA study into the context of existing policies, rules and administrative
procedures,
clarification of the responsibilities of the different institutional actors involved in the
project cycle,
setting out a time frame, with the required expert manpower for carrying out the EIA
study, together with the estimated budget required
accomplishment of the works within the specified time
special emphasis to the most significant aspects of the study, and

technical guidance relating to the main aspects of the environment which will require
delineation during the EIA study.
9.2 Good Practice Criteria for The Preparation of Tor

The TOR must follow the prescribed TOR format in order to produce an EIA which
follows the EIA format. The proponent should always bear in mind that the purpose of
the TOR is to answer the following questions:
Why will it be done?
How will it be done?
When will it be done?
Who will do it?
How much will it cost?
9.2.1 Name and Address of the Person/Institution Preparing the Report
This section of the TOR should provide a concise description (corporate overview) of the
organization that will be responsible for carrying out the EIA. The information given will
be used by the concerned agencies to evaluate the institutional capabilities for carrying
out the EIA. The information should at least include:
the name of organization, address and contact numbers (telephone, fax, e-mail,
website);
the year the organization was established; and
the approximate number of full-time professional staff.
9.2.2 General Introduction of the Proposal
This section must clearly state the objectives of the EIA, and the relationship of its
results to project planning, design and implementation. It should highlight critical points
in the decision making process linking environmental and social assessment and project
execution.
The concerned agencies will require descriptions of the construction and operational
phases of the proposed project. Based on the information already provided in the scoping
document, these should include the project’s:
location and accessibility,
design and layout,
size and capacity,
land requirements,
raw materials,
construction activities,
energy and power source for construction,
schedule,
staffing,
support facility services,
labour requirements, and
operation and maintenance activities.
A map with the salient features of the project design should show the proposed project
construction facilities at a glance.
9.2.3 Data Required for Preparation of EIA Report and Methodology of Data Collection
The evaluation of the effects of hydropower on the environment and socio-economy
requires adequate knowledge of the ecosystems, including the human communities,
which exist within the area under influence of the project. Keep the data collection well
focused. Based on the issues identified in the scoping document, this section should
summarize what baseline data and information are needed, describe how they will be
gathered, and explain how they will be used. The study goals must be clearly defined.
The methodologies to be used for data collection should be briefly described, together
with an explanation of how precise the information needs to be for decision-making.
Predictive, quantitative models and standards should be proposed wherever possible to
avoid vague and subjective predictions. In addition, public involvement to focus the
analysis on locally important concerns and issues, and to ensure people’s participation,
should be employed.
9.2.4 Policies, Laws, Rules, and Directives
The purpose of this section is to establish that the organization responsible for carrying
out the EIA is familiar with all of the relevant legislation of India. A summary should be
made of the guidelines, procedural aspects, acts, rules, regulations and policies.
Particular emphasis should be given to the policies and legal framework for sensitive
issues such as pollution standards, protected areas, endangered species, criteria for
impact evaluation and relocation and compensation for project affected people.
9.2.5 Report Preparation Requirements
9.2.5.1 Time
By means of appropriate bar graph and simple critical path chart, the proposed plan for
carrying out the EIA study should be indicated so that the project will be completed

within a realistic time period. The graph or chart should indicate which studies are
seasonally dependent, and the time frame must match the activities to be carried out.
9.2.5.2 Estimated budget
The total cost of the proposed EIA study should be given, together with estimates of the
probable costs for any resulting Resettlement Plan, Mitigation Plan, Monitoring Plan,
Auditing Plan, and Environmental Management Plan. Roughly, total cost for
environmental integration in the project implementation can be expected to be in the
range of 1% to 5% of the total cost of project construction which should be borne by the
project proponent.
Also to be included in the budget are the costs required for public involvement during
EIA at sites, public hearings at project site, notices in newspapers and logistic support
required for conducting public hearings.
9.2.5.3 Specialists/Experts
Starting with the team leader, a list of EIA project staff should be given, together with
their key qualifications and affiliations.
A hydropower engineer should be involved in the EIA study, as should a social scientist
and/or socio-economist familiar with the region.
9.2.6 Approved Scope for the Preparation of the Report
In this section, all impacts/issues determined and approved in the scoping document shall
be incorporated.
9.2.7 Likely Environmental Consequences
This section should consist of impacts identified in the scoping document and these
impacts should be grouped into three basic categories as follows:
Physical
Biological
Socio-economic
The potential impacts to be investigated by the EIA should be classified in terms of

whether they are direct or indirect, and the methods by which the evaluations of their
effects will be made should consider the extent, duration and magnitude of each impact,
including cumulative and residual impacts.
9.2.8 Mitigation Measures, Environmental Management Plan and Auditing Plan
Based on the issues identified in the scoping document, the probable mitigation measures
should be summarized and their budgetary requirements should be estimated. The roles

and responsibilities of concerned agencies at the central and local levels of
administration in the implementation of mitigation measures proposed must also be
included.
The Environmental Management Plan and Auditing Plan should also be described.
9.2.9 Monitoring Plan
This section of TOR must outline how the monitoring plan of project construction and
operation will be elaborated. Using the results from scoping, the list of indicators for
each of the potential parameters to be monitored, together with the probable roles and
responsibilities of the concerned agencies, should be listed. This information can be
presented in a chart. A monitoring schedule should also be included. The cost required
for conducting monitoring activities should also be indicated.
9.2.10 Relevant Information
This section is related to the Appendices of the EIA report. It should provide preliminary
list of the supporting information that it is expected will be used in the preparation of the
EIA report. The list should include all relevant documents, maps, photographs, tables,
charts, graphs and any questionnaires to be used for preparing the report.

ANNEXURE I
USEFUL REFERENCES
Manuals and Guidelines

MoEF. 2001. Environmental Impact Assessment – A Manual, Impact Assessment
Division, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
DOED. 2002. Manual for Preparing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for
Hydropower Projects. Department of Electricity Development, Kathmandu.
MoEF. 2006. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification – 2006 of Ministry of

Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India.
MoEF. 1981. Guidelines for River Valley Projects, Ministry of Environmental & Forests,
Government of India.
CWC 1992, Guidelines for Sustainable Water Resources Development and

Management, Central Water Commission, Government of India.
AHEC 2009 Guidelines on Small hydropower definitions and glossary of terms, list and
scope of different Indian and International Standards/guidelines/manuals, Alternate
Hydro Energy Centre, IIT Roorkee.
BIS Codes
BIS, 2008. Glossary of Technical Terms Related to Environmental Impact Indian
Standard IS 15832:2008, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002.
BIS 2004: Parameters for environmental impact assessment of water resources project.
Indian Standard IS 15442: 2004, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002.
DOC. WRD24 (478): Environmental Management Plan for Hydropower/Irrigation/Flood

Control, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi 110002.( Code under print )

ANNEXURE – II
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS PRESCRIBED BY CENTRAL

POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Pollutant Time Concentration in

g/m3
Industrial Residential, Sensitive
area rural & area
other areas
NATIONAL AMBIENT NOISE STANDARDS

Category of zones
LEQ in db(a)
Day * Night
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Silence Zone **

EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS (INLAND SURFACE WATER)
SR PARAMETER UNIT STANDARD
NO.

TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR INLAND SURFACE WATER QUALITY
CHARACTERISTIC DESIGNATED USE CLASS OF INDIAN WATERS

A B C D E

ANNEXURE III
FORMAT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSENT DOCUMENT

(Source: Environmental Impact Assessement Notification – 2006 of MoEF, Govt. Of India)
S.NO EIA STRUCTURE CONTENTS

1. Introduction • Purpose of the report
• Identification of project & project proponent
• Brief description of nature, size, location of the project
and its importance to the country, region
• Scope of the study – details of regulatory scoping carried
out (As per Terms of Reference)
2. Project Description • Condensed description of those aspects of the project

(based on project feasibility study), likely to cause
environmental effects. Details should be provided to give
clear picture of the following:
• Type of project
• Need for the project
• Location (maps showing general location, specific location,
project boundary & project site layout)
• Size or magnitude of operation (incl. Associated activities
required by or for the project
• Proposed schedule for approval and implementation
(A) Technology and process description
• Project description. Including drawings showing project
layout, components of project etc. Schematic
representations of the feasibility drawings which give
information important for EIA purpose
• Description of mitigation measures incorporated into the
project to meet environmental standards, environmental
operating conditions, or other EIA requirements (as required
by the scope)
• Assessment of New & untested technology for the risk of
technological failure
3. Description of the • Study area, period, components & methodology

Environment • Establishment of baseline for valued environmental
components, as identified in the scope
• Base maps of all environmental components
4. Anticipated • Details of Investigated Environmental impacts due to
Environmental Impacts project location, possible accidents, project design, project
& construction, regular operations, final decommissioning or
Mitigation Measures rehabilitation of a completed project
• Measures for minimizing and / or offsetting adverse impacts
identified
• Irreversible and Irretrievable commitments of environmental
components
• Assessment of significance of impacts (Criteria for

determining significance, Assigning significance)
• Mitigation measures

5. Analysis of • In case, the scoping exercise results in need for
Alternatives alternatives:
(Technology • Description of each alternative
& Site) • Summary of adverse impacts of each alternative
• Mitigation measures proposed for each alternative and
• Selection of alternative
6. Environmental • Technical aspects of monitoring the effectiveness of

Monitoring Program mitigation measures (incl. Measurement methodologies,
frequency, location, data analysis, reporting schedules,
emergency procedures, detailed budget & procurement
schedules)
7. Additional Studies • Public Consultation
• Risk assessment
• Social Impact Assessment. R&R Action Plans
8. Project Benefits Improvements in the physical infrastructure
Improvements in the social infrastructure
Employment potential –skilled; semi-skilled and unskilled
Other tangible benefits
9. Environmental Cost If recommended at the Scoping stage
Benefit Analysis
10. EMP • Description of the administrative aspects of ensuring that
mitigative measures are implemented and their effectiveness
monitored, after approval of the EIA
11 Summary & • Overall justification for implementation of the project
Conclusion • Explanation of how, adverse effects have been mitigated
(This will constitute the
summary of the EIA
Report )
12. Disclosure of The names of the Consultants engaged with their brief
Consultants engaged resume and nature of Consultancy rendered

ANNEXURE IV
ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL QUESTIONNAIRE

(APPENDIX I – FORM I OF EIA NOTIFICATION OF MOEF, 2006)
Basic Information
Name of the Project:
Location / site alternatives under consideration:
Size of the Project: *
Expected cost of the project:
Contact Information:
Screening Category:
Capacity corresponding to sectoral activity (such as production capacity for

manufacturing, mining lease area and production capacity for mineral
production, area for mineral exploration, length for linear transport
infrastructure, generation capacity for power generation etc.,)
Activity
1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions,

which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes
in water bodies, etc.)
Details thereof (with approximate

quantities /rates, wherever possible)
S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No with source of information data
1.1 Permanent or temporary change in land use, land cover or
topography including increase in intensity of land use (with
respect to local land use plan)
1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation and buildings?
1.3 Creation of new land uses?
1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. bore houses, soil testing?
1.5 Construction works?
1.6 Demolition works?
1.7 Temporary sites used for construction works or
housing of construction workers?
1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or earthworks including
linear structures, cut and fill or excavations
1.9 Underground works including mining or tunneling?
1.10 Reclamation works?
1.11 Dredging?
1.12 Offshore structures?
1.13 Production and manufacturing processes?
1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or materials?
1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of solid waste or liquid
effluents?
1.16 Facilities for long term housing of operational workers?
1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during construction or operation?
1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or other transport infrastructure
including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc?
1.19 Closure or diversion of existing transport routes or infrastructure
leading to changes in traffic movements?
1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or pipelines?

1.21 Impoundment, damming, culverting, realignment or other
changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers?
1.22 Stream crossings?
1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water form ground or surface waters?
1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land surface affecting drainage or
run-off?
1.25 Transport of personnel or materials for construction, operation or
decommissioning?
1.26 Long-term dismantling or decommissioning or restoration
works?
1.27 Ongoing activity during decommissioning which could have an
impact on the environment?
1.28 Influx of people to an area in either temporarily or permanently?
1.29 Introduction of alien species?
1.30 Loss of native species or genetic diversity?
1.31 Any other actions?
2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land,
water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable or in
short supply):
Details thereof (with approximate
quantities /rates, wherever possible)
S.No. Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No with source of information data
2.1 Land especially undeveloped or agricultural land (ha)
2.2 Water (expected source & competing users) unit: KLD
2.3 Minerals (MT)
2.4 Construction material – stone, aggregates, sand / soil
(expected source – MT)
2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT)
2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels (source, competing
users) Unit: fuel (MT), energy (MW)
2.7 Any other natural resources (use appropriate standard
units)
3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which

could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual
or perceived risks to human health.
Details thereof (with

approximate quantities/rates,
S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No wherever possible) with source
of information data
3.1 Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous (as per
MSIHC rules) to human health or the environment (flora, fauna,
and water supplies)
3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease vectors (e.g.
insect or water borne diseases)
3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing living conditions?
3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by the project
e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc.,
3.5 Any other causes

4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning
(MT/month)

of information data
4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes
4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or commercial wastes)
4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous Waste Management
Rules)
4.4 Other industrial process wastes
4.5 Surplus product
4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge from effluent treatment
4.7 Construction or demolition wastes
4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment
4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials
4.10 Agricultural wastes
4.11 Other solid wastes
Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr)

of information data
5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels from stationary or
mobile sources
5.2 Emissions from production processes
5.3 Emissions from materials handling including storage or transport
5.4 Emissions from construction activities including plant and
equipment
5.5 Dust or odours from handling of materials including construction
materials, sewage and waste
5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste
5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in open air (e.g. slash materials,
construction debris)
5.8 Emissions from any other sources
Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:
Yes/No Details thereof (with

wherever possible) with source
S.No. Information/Checklist confirmation of information data with source
of information data
6.1 From operation of equipment e.g. engines, ventilation plant,
crushers
6.2 From industrial or similar processes
6.3 From construction or demolition
6.4 From blasting or piling
6.5 From construction or operational traffic
6.6 From lighting or cooling systems
6.7 From any other sources
7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground
or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:

of information data
7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage of hazardous materials
7.2 From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water or the land
(expected mode and place of discharge)
7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the land or into
water
7.4 From any other sources
7.5 Is there a risk of long term build up of pollutants in the
environment from these sources?
8. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could

affect human health or the environment

of information data
8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc from storage, handling, use
or production of hazardous substances
8.2 From any other causes
8.3 Could the project be affected by natural disasters causing
environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides,
cloudburst etc)?
9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which

could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with
other existing or planned activities in the locality
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No wherever possible) with source
of information data
9.1 Lead to development of supporting.
lities, ancillary development or development
stimulated by the project which could have impact on the
environment e.g.:
• Supporting infrastructure (roads, power supply, waste or
waste water treatment, etc.)
• housing development
• extractive industries
• supply industries
• other
9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could have an impact on the
environment
9.3 Set a precedent for later developments
9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other existing or
planned projects with similar effect

Environmental Sensitivity
Aerial distance (within 15 km.)

S.No. Areas Name/ Proposed project location
Identity boundary
1 Areas protected under international conventions, national or

local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or
other related value
2 Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological reasons -
Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone,
biospheres, mountains, forests
3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora
or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering,
migration
4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters
5 State, National boundaries
6 Routes or facilities used by the public for access
to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas
7 Defence installations
8 Densely populated or built-up area
9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses (hospitals,
schools, places of worship, community facilities)
10 Areas containing important, high quality or scarce resources
(ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture,
fisheries, tourism, minerals)
11 Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental damage.
(those where existing legal environmental standards are
exceeded)
12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could cause the
project to present environmental problems
(earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding
or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)
(IV). Proposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies

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Version 2

Sponsor: Lead Organization:

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Alternate Hydro Energy Center

SECTION 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEED FOR EIA 1

SECTION 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS AND PROCEDURES FOR 8

SECTION 3 BASELINE DATA 16

Annexure I : USEFUL REFERENCES 62

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND NEED FOR EIA OF

Developing countries need increased energy supplies in order to bring about

1.1 Small Hydro – Potential And Prospects

1.2 Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Projects

Figure 1.1: Physical components of small hydropower project

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

Positive Ecological/Environmental Impacts

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

1.4 Requirement of Eia For Small Hydropower Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

1.5 NEED OF GUIDELINES FOR EIA OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS AND PROCEDURES FOR CLEARANCE OF

2.1 Environmental Acts

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

2.2.1 Requirements for Environmental Clearance

2.2.2 General Conditions

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

2.2.4 Stages in Environmental Clearance

Stage (I) – Screening

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

Stage (III) – Public consultation

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

EIA not required

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

Baseline data is required to describe environmental and socio-economic status of

3.1 Land Environment

3.1.1 Land Use

Table 3.1: Environmental attributes, parameters and source of information

S. No. Attribute Parameter Source

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

(d) Homestead land

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

3.4.5 Infra Structure Development

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

4.1 Levels of Eia

4.2 Eia Procedure

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

4.2.1.2 Locational criteria

4.2.1.3 Positive and negative lists

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

4.3 Methods For Impact Identification And Assessment

4.3.2 Interaction matrices

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/General – Guidelines for EIA for SHP Projects

Social Impact Analysis should cover the following:

Pressure on existing infrastructure/resources : Creation of the project infrastructure like roads,