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DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Training Material

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88

Please visit our homepage at:


http://www.digsilent.de

Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH


All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without
written permission of the publisher.

April 2016
r2689
CONTENTS

Contents

1 Steady State Concepts of Photovoltaic Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 Reactive Power Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3 Short-Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.2 Exercise:Short-circuit calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4 Power Quality using PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.1 Presentation: Power Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.2 Exercise: Power Quality acc. to IEC 61400-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

5 Dynamic Analysis of PV Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6 Analysis of PV generation in a LV feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation . . . . . . . . . . . 98

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation ii


Introduction

Introduction

The workshop “Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation” introduces the participants into the
usage of dynamic models for solar generation in PowerFactory . Hence the course focuses
on the usage and parametrisation of photovoltaic models using many of the PowerFactory
functions available at hand.

The first part of the course concentrates on steady state analysis functions for investigation
of commonly used grid connection issues for PV-parks connected to the high-voltage network:
load flow, short-circuit and harmonic analysis with PowerFactory . Commonly grid connection
requirements are discussed and hands-on experience is gained by performing a number of
exercises.

In the second part of the course the dynamic model of the generic PV model template (as
implemented in PowerFactory ) is introduced, parameterised and finally used for different time-
domain simulations like fault ride-through studies. The grid code requirements in terms of fault-
ride through, voltage support during faults and active power reduction during over-frequency
are presented and analysed using the RMS/Stability function of PowerFactory .

The course ends with the analysis of a LV-feeder where there is high penetration of PV. The
participant will learn how to perform a Quasi-Dynamic simulation in order to analyse medium
and long term studies on this LV feeder and how to mitigate adverse effects of too high PV
generation in the LV network such as exceeding steady-state voltage limits.

During the exercises there will be a supervisor, who will support and help you with the tasks.
Additionally the supervisor can provide answers to general questions regarding the topic of the
training (or different problems from your own practice). Please do not hesitate to address the
supervisor at any time to any topic!

1 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1 Steady State Concepts of Photovoltaic Generation

Purpose: Set up a PV park model in PowerFactory for steady state studies;


Perform Load-Flow calculations considering the capability curve of the
PV units.

Contents: Solar Energy Basics.


Photovoltaic Systems and Solar Park modelling using PowerFactory.
Load-Flow Calculation.

Level: Basic.

1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Notes:
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Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 2


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation

- Steady State Concepts -

DIgSILENT GmbH

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Fundamentals

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

3 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Main Solar Irradiation Components

• Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI)


– the amount of solar radiation from the direction of the sun. Known also as solar beam radiation.

• Diffuse Sky Irradiation (DHI)


– the radiation component that strikes a point from the sky, excluding circumsolar irradiation.
– In the absence of atmosphere, there should be almost no diffuse sky radiation. High values are
produced by an unclear atmosphere or reflections from clouds.

Direct Normal Irradiation

Z
Diffuse Sky Irradiation
Global Irradiation (GHI)
GHI = DHI + DNI∙cos(Z)
Reflected Gound Irradiation
(generally very small)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

From Solar Irradiation to AC power

Solar Cell Inverter


Electrical Energy Electrical Energy
Radiant Energy
DC AC

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 4


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Common PV Cell Technologies

Most Common Solar Cell Technologies for bulk production of energy

Monocrystalline Silicon Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film


A-Si, Cd-Te, etc

These are images from the Wikimedia Commons.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Solar Cell Technologies - Efficiency

This is an image from the Wikimedia Commons.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

5 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Simplified electric model of a PV cell:

Upv

The simplified relationship between Ipv and Upv is*:

௎೎೐೗೗ ାூ೎೐೗೗ ோೞ ܷ௖௘௟௟ + ‫ܫ‬௖௘௟௟ ܴ௦


‫ܫ‬஼௘௟௟ = ‫ܫ‬௣௩ − ‫ܫ‬௢ ݁ ௎೟ −1 +
ܴ௣
*Rload excluded from calculation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

PV Panel Connection

• PV Panels are formed of PV cells connected in series and parallel

– PV cells are connected in series for obtaining higher voltage

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 6


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

PV Panel Connection

• PV Panels are formed of PV cells connected in series and parallel

– PV cells are connected in parallel for obtaining higher current

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

PV Panel Characteristics

• PV panel characteristic curves (example):

MPP

SC Current
U=0

OC Voltage
I=0

• ISC, UOC and MPP are datasheet parameters

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

7 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

PV Panel Characteristics

• PV panel characteristic curves (example): MPP


Influence of
irradiation

MPP

Influence of
temperature

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

PV Panel Characteristics

• PV panel characteristic curves (example):

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 8


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Inverters

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Inverters

– Directly convert the DC power from solar panels to AC power


synchronized with the grid
– Highly efficient DC to AC conversion >95%
– Maximum Power Point Tracking ensures optimal power
harvesting from PV panels
– Grid Connection Requirements

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

9 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

DC System Layouts:

PV Panel

Inverter

Central Inverters String Inverters Micro-Inverters

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

PV Inverters Types

Central Inverters String Inverters Micro-Inverters

• 100kVA – <2 MVA • 1 – <100 kVA • 50 – 500 W


• 3 phase, many strings in • 3 phase, several strings • Individual panel MPPT
parallel in parallel • Per phase system
• High efficiency AC/DC, non • High efficiency AC/DC, • High cost/ kWp
optimal MPPT per string optimal MPPT • Residential
• Used in power plants • Used in residential,
commercial and power
plants

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 10


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

PV Power Plant AC Layouts

- Based on Central Inverters

– LV/MV Trafo:
100-110% S rating of PGU,
6% uk, one transformer
for one PGU
– No LV cables (very short)
– MV cables (1-10 km)
– MV/HV Trafo:
100% Sr, around 10-12% uk

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

PV Power Plant AC Layouts

• Based on String Inverters

– LV/MV 660kVA-2 MVA,


4-6% uk, Stransformer=sum of all
PGUs (number of PGUs per
trafo = Strafo/SPGU)
– LV cables (100 – 1000 m)
– MV cables (0.5-5 km)
– MV/HV Trafo:
100% Sr, around 10-12% uk

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

11 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems – AC behaviour

• Grid side behaviour depends on:


– Control of the inverter
– Used step up transformer (for central inverters)

• During Steady State:


– Fast control capability of active and reactive power
– Maximum power point operation
– Ancillary services (e.g. reactive power control)

• During fault:
– Low AC voltage on PCC -> no power feed in possible
– DC voltage is increased up to open-circuit DC voltage
– No special protection for solar cell needed

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• Load flow models in PowerFactory for PV systems:

Static generator DC current source +


(for grid side studies) PWM converter
(for detailed studies)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 12


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• PV system model in PowerFactory

Photovoltaic System Model


(ElmPvsys)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• Active power calculation of the PV generator

– “Active Power Input” - Direct setting of generated active power

– “Solar Calculation” - Calculation of active power depending on:


• Study Case time (day of year, time of day)
• Geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude)
• PV panel datasheet information
• PV system mounting configuration
• PV inverter ratings

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

13 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• “Solar Calculation” model:

– Study Case time (day of year, time of day)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• Load flow model in PowerFactory for ElmPvsys:


– Use of GPS terminal coordinates to obtain PV system location

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 14


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• “Solar Calculation” model:


– Selection of PV panel type
– PV panels available in global library
– User Defined PV panel models based on datasheet information

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• “Solar Calculation” model:


– Orientation and tilt settings
• Fixed/Stationary system with fixed tilt and orientation
• Dual axis/horizontal axis/vertical axis tracking systems
– Inverter overall efficiency at rated power
– Number of PV panels per PV inverter
– Number of Parallel Inverters (aggregation for PV plants)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

15 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

“Solar Calculation” Environment model

• consideration of global (GHI), direct (DNI) or diffuse (DHI)


irradiation in 3 combinations:
- Global and direct
- Global and diffuse
- Direct and diffuse
• Global Irradiance based on:
– Selection of approximation models, or
– Measurement data (hourly based)
• Direct Irradiance based on:
– Measurement data (hourly based)
• Diffuse Irradiance based on:
– Selection of approximation models

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• “Solar Calculation” Model:


– Setting of Historical Irradiance Data (GHI or DNI)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 16


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• “Solar Calculation” Model :


– Use of GPS terminal coordinates to obtain PV system Power Output

PV system 6 kW
Day in July:
“25deg constant
ambient temp. all day”

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic Systems

• “Solar Calculation” Model :


– Use of GPS terminal coordinates to obtain PV system Power Output

PV system 6 kW
Day in July:
“10deg constant
ambient temp. all day”

• Temperature variation using historical data and time characteristics

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

17 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.1 Presentation: Steady State Concepts

Photovoltaic System - Summary

• PV models in PowerFactory

– Detailed specification of PV system for steady state operation


– Simple to use
– Analyses: Load Flow, Quasi Dynamic Analysis (TimeSweep)
– Possibility of integration in large distribution networks
• Loading of LV/MV and MV/HV transformers
• Reverse power flow
• Voltage level boundaries
• Tap changer optimization

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Concepts

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 18


1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)

1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)

1.2.1 Assembling the PV park model

• Import the file “GCoPV 0 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.
This project contains a transmission network, which will be used throughout the course to
analyse the impact on the system caused by renewable generation. The PV park feeder
system is already defined, but the PV systems and step up transformers are missing.

• Activate the study case ’Base Case’.


• Create a new version as a backup of the current project status and give it a handy name:
– Open the File menu.
– Select Insert → Version. . .
– Type a name for the new Version.
– Press OK.

Note: A version is a snapshot of the current project state and can be used to restore the
project to the state when the version was created.

• Use the template “Photovoltaic System 3PH 50Hz 1MVA” to add the PV system to the grid.

Note: You can use the template by selecting the model from the window which appears
if you press the “General template” button ( ). Click then in the single line diagram
and add

• Verify through a load flow calculation ( ) the consistency of the input data. Make sure to
fix any error or warning message in the output window before proceeding.

Notes:
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19 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


Series Reactor

~
V
DIgSILENT

AC V Source
Inactive
PCC Out of Calculation
De-energised

Voltage Levels
0 380, kV

Tr
110, kV
20, kV
11, kV

T-110/10-15MVA YD
10, kV
0,4 kV
PV-park 10kV

S8 S7 S6 S2 S3 S4
NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x50RM 6/10kV ir 0
NA2XS(F)2Y 1x50RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir

S1
Shunt/Filter

S5
NA2XS(F)2Y 1x70RM 6/10kV ir

NA2XS(F)2Y 1x70RM 6/10kV ir

Trf 0.4kV - 10kV


Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV

2-Winding Transformer
2-Winding Transformer(1)
2-Winding Transformer(2)
2-Winding Transformer(3)
2-Winding Transformer(4)
2-Winding Transformer(5)
2-Winding Transformer(6)
2-Winding Transformer(7)

LV LV(1) LV(2) LV(3) LV(4) LV(5) LV(6) LV(7)

S13

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

NA2XS(F)2Y 1x70RM 6/10kV ir


PV System 3PH PV System 3PH(1) PV System 3PH(2) PV System 3PH(3) PV System 3PH(4) PV System 3PH(5) PV System 3PH(6) PV System 3PH(7)
PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel
1.2

S16 S15 S14 S9 S11 S12


NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x50RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x70RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV

Trf 0.4kV - 10kV


Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV
Trf 0.4kV - 10kV

Figure 1.1: Single-line diagram of the PV park


2-Winding Transformer(12)

2-Winding Transformer(8)
2-Winding Transformer(9)
2-Winding Transformer(10)
2-Winding Transformer(11)
2-Winding Transformer(13)
2-Winding Transformer(14)

LV(8) LV(9) LV(10) LV(11) LV(12) LV(13) LV(14)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

PV System 3PH(8) PV System 3PH(9) PV System 3PH(10) PV System 3PH(11) PV System 3PH(12) PV System 3PH(13) PV System 3PH(14)
PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel

Pv Park Red Valley Project: PV-park


DIgSILENT
Single Line Diagram - Collecting MV Feeder Graphic: PV-park
Date: 3/26/2016
PowerFactory 2016 Annex:

20
Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)
1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)

1.2.2 Reactive power limit of generators

PV systems have, like all generators, a limited reactive power capability. This capability is
implemented in PowerFactory through a reactive power capability curve .

Since PV systems, just like Type 4 wind turbines (which have fully rated converters), use
power electronics for converting the input power to an output with a constant frequency, they
are limited by a maximum output current irrespective of the AC terminal voltage. This PV
system limitation can be modelled in PowerFactory by using a voltage dependent reactive power
capability diagram. This characteristic will be added to the previously deployed PV systems by
following the instructions below.

• Open one PV generator, switch to the load flow page and choose → ’Select’ for
Capability Curve.

• Create in the following dialogue a new limit curve ( )


• Name it ’PV PQ Capability’

• Switch to the ’Configuration’ page and select the ’Consider voltage dependent limits’
option and switch the ’Input Model’ to ’Limits given in p.u.’
• Add now the voltage (0.9, 1, 1.05, 1.1) and power levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1).
• Switch back to the ’Basic Data’ page and enter the values given in Table 6.1. The capability
diagram should be similar with the one shown in Figure 1.2.

Note: The per unit (p.u.) values are rated to the nominal apparent power of the PV system
(this value was entered on the basic data page)!

Qmin curve in [pu] Qmax curve in [pu]


Voltage P = 0 P = 0.1 P = 0.5 P = 0.9 P=1 P = 0 P = 0.1 P = 0.5 P = 0.9 P=1
[p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.]
0.90 0.00 -0.4 -0.42 -0.4 -0.39 0.0 0.4 0.42 0.4 0.39
1.00 0.00 -0.44 -0.46 -0.45 -0.44 0.0 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.44
1.05 0.00 -0.46 -0.47 -0.46 -0.44 0.0 0.46 0.47 0.46 0.44
1.10 0.00 -0.48 -0.5 -0.48 -0.44 0.0 0.48 0.5 0.48 0.44

Table 1.1: Reactive power capability of one PV system (PV unit datasheet)

21 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)

DIgSILENT
1,0000

0,6667

0,3333

0,0000
-0,500 -0,167 0,167 [-] 0,500
0.90 p.u.
1.00 p.u.
1.05 p.u.
1.10 p.u.

Figure 1.2: PQ capability curve of the PV system (datasheet information)

• Then select all PV systems ( ), switch to the load flow tab and copy&paste the new
reactive power capability curve to all selected devices:

1. Select the elements in the single line diagram, right click on one element → Edit
Data. Select in the following window the element type you want to edit and press
then the Detail Mode ( ).
2. Select the element type with the button Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation ( ).
3. Select the element in the Data Manager and press Detail Mode ( ).
4. If all elements have the same data: Edit the first element copy the element, select all
elements, right click and select Paste Data

To enable the reactive power limitation you have to enable the option in the load flow dialogue:

• Open the load flow dialog ( ) and activate the option ’Consider Reactive Power Limits’
in the ’Reactive Power Control’ section.
• Run a load flow (the load flow can be started using the key F10).

You can see after a successful load flow calculation the operating point on the load flow tab of
the PV system (see Figure 1.3).

Note: You can right click in this window and use the zoom function for a more detailed view.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 22


DIgSILENT
1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)

p
1,0000 prat
( 0.44/ 0.90) pmax
1.00
0.90
0,6667

0,3333

pminq
-1,000 -0,333 0,333 0.00
1,000

Figure 1.3: PQ capability curve example after load flow calculation (operating point shown in
green)

PowerFactory files

File Name Description


GCoPV 0 Start.pfd Starting project
GCoPV 0 SteadyState.pfd Solution of exercise
1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)

Notes:
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23 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2 Reactive Power Compensation

Learn about the connection requirements of renewable plants regarding


Purpose:
voltage control, active/reactive power control and other considerations;
Design the reactive power compensation of the PV park so that
it complies with the grid code requirements for the reactive power
generation.

Contents: Grid Connection Requirements for Renewable Sources Basics.


Study of the PV Park Reactive Power Capability.
Investigation of different options to improve the PV park Reactive Power
Capability.

Level: Intermediate.

2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance

Notes:
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Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 24


2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance

Considerations for the Grid Connection of


Photovoltaic Generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

Connection Requirements (Grid Code)

− Renewable generators must comply with:


− Individual national “Grid Code” valid where the system is installed:
− Country
− Voltage level of connection (e.g. transmission / distribution)
− Power Rating of system
− Various international standards
− Grid codes for non-synchronous renewable generation are still evolving (some
countries still have not adopted a grid code)
− In Europe, the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
(ENTSO-E) is developing a harmonised grid code for all types of generation (latest
draft 2015)
− Most existing grid codes have similar general requirements

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

25 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance

ENTSO-E

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

General Considerations (1): Voltage Control

− Voltage control: ability to operate within a range of voltages and power factor
(U-Q curve) – Static analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 26


2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance

General Considerations (2): Active / Reactive Power Control

− Active and reactive power control: ability to control active and reactive power
within an envelope (P-Q curve) – Static analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

General Considerations (3): Frequency Requirements

− Steady State operation: ability to stay connected within a prescribed frequency


range (e.g. 49.0-51.0 Hz ) for an unlimited amount of time
− Limited duration operation: ability to stay connected within prescribed frequency
ranges (e.g. 47.5-49.0 and 51.0-51.5 Hz ) for prescribed minimum durations
disconnect is disconnect is
TSO specific TSO specific ࢚࢏࢓ࢋ operate
but not before but not before at least
30 min 30 min
30 mins

30 mins

remain connected region


૝ૠ.5 ૝ૡ.5 ૝ૢ.0 ૞૚.0 ૞૚. ૞ f [Hz]

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

27 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance

General Considerations (4): Frequency Requirements

− Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) requirements: a power generating


module shall be capable of staying connected to the network and operate at
rates of change of frequency up to a value specified by the relevant TSO
− Operation during over frequency: ability to limit active power output during
over-frequency periods
ઢࡼ ࢌ࢔ − ࢌ૚
ࡼ࢘ࢋࢌ ࢌ࢔
ઢࢌ
ࢌ࢔

ࡼ࢘ࢋࢌ - represents the actual active power output of PV


ࢌ૚ is TSO specific but between 50.2 and 50.5 Hz
droop is TSO specific but between 2 and 12%
Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

General Considerations (5): LVRT / FRT

− Low voltage / Fault Ride Through: ability to stay connected during a grid fault
causing a voltage dip at the PCC – Dynamic analysis

U/pu

1.0
ࢁ࢘ࢋࢉ૛

ࢁ࢘ࢋࢉ૚

ࢁࢉ࢒ࢋࢇ࢘

࢚ࢉ࢒ࢋࢇ࢘

࢚ࢉ࢒ࢋࢇ࢘ ࢚࢘ࢋࢉ૚ ࢚࢘ࢋࢉ૛ ࢚࢘ࢋࢉ૜


0 time

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 28


2.1 Presentation: Grid Code Compliance

General Considerations (5): Voltage Support

− Reactive power support during faults: ability to provide additional reactive


current during low voltage ride through events in order to support the network;
detailed requirements are specified in each national grid code (not in ENTSO-e)
− Example from the German Grid Code “Transmission Code 2007”:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

Other Considerations

− Power Quality: harmonics and flicker are controlled to within required levels
(e.g. IEC 61000-3-6 and IEC 61400-21)

− Frequency Control: ability to assist in control of system frequency during


frequency change events or under normal operation (primary frequency control)

− Small Signal Stability: ability to assist in damping of power system oscillations


(contingent on TSO requirements)

− Black Start capability: control voltage and frequency automatically during the
system restoration phase (contingent on TSO requirements)

− Island operation: ability to detect an islanded condition and continue


operation (contingent on TSO requirements)

− Anti-islanding function: ability to detect an islanded condition and disconnect


from the network (not part of ENTSO-E, typical for MV and LV installations)
Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Steady State Grid Code Requirements

29 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

2.2.1 Requirements at the point of common coupling (PCC)

The point of common coupling (PCC) is chosen to be the primary side (HV) of the MV/HV
transformer inside the “PV-park” MV collector grid.

Following are common requirements found in many grid codes, hence, for the purpose of this
exercise they will be considered as grid connection conditions of the PV park that must be
observed:

A. V-Q capability: For every point of operation of the PV park the grid code requires a certain
voltage/reactive power capability 𝑈 − 𝑄/𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 over the full generation range of the PV
park at the PCC ([2]). This TSO specific requirement is graphically shown in Figure 2.1
using the red curve while the ENTSO-E guidelines are shown with continuous and dashed
black lines. This requirement is dealt with in Exercise 2.2.2.
B. P-Q capability: For every point of operation of the PV park the grid code requires a
certain active/reactive power capability 𝑃 − 𝑄/𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 at the PCC over the full voltage range
of operation of the PV park ([2]). This TSO specific requirement is graphically shown in
Figure 2.2 using the red curve while the ENTSO-E guidelines are shown with continuous
and dashed black lines. This requirement is dealt with in Exercise 2.2.3.
C. Steady State Voltage: The voltage inside the PV park must always be within a range of
+ / - 10% of the rated voltage. [Due to the steady state operational requirements.] This
requirement is dealt with in Exercise 2.2.5.
D. Allowed Voltage Steps: The maximum allowable voltage change after a switching oper-
ation must be lower than 1% at the connection point (PCC). This requirement is dealt with
in Exercise 2.2.3.
E. Control of Reactive Power/Power Factor at PCC: The PV park must be able to control
its reactive power/power factor at the PCC to a prescribed reactive power/power factor
setpoint as provided by the TSO. [Technical Guideline: Generating Plants Connected to
the Medium-Voltage Network, BDEW, Germany, chapter 2.4.1]. This requirement is dealt
with in Exercise 2.2.5.

The requirements A, B and C determine the total amount of needed reactive power compen-
sation of the PV park while requirement D determines the number of discrete steps which are
needed for the compensation unit (e.g. a switched capacitor bank). Requirement E is fulfilled
using coordinated control of the PV units inside the PV park (park controller).

In Figure 2.1 a value of 0.41 corresponds to cos 𝜙 of 0.925 (overexcited) and 0.33 equates to a
cos 𝜙 of 0.95 (underexcited). The continuous black curve shows the maximum range in which
the TSO can define its requirements for the connected equipment (in this case the PV park).
The PV park must prove it can operate at least inside the outlined area (red curve) while proven
capability outside the prescribed range is not forbidden (the actual U-Q PV park capability must
enclose the red curve). Since the most demanding case represents the full generated power
(reactive power is constrained), further tests will be considering this operation scenario.

There are now two constraints which must be considered:

1. The reactive power capability at nominal output power (P=Pn) for a voltage variation at the
PCC (V-Q diagram).
2. The reactive power capability (for the whole PV park) over the full generation range 0<=
P <= Pn (P-Q diagram).

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 30


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

2.2.2 Complying with the V-Q capability requirement and designing compensation

In this exercise, the actual V-Q capability of the PV park will be verified and, in case the grid
code is not fulfilled, further reactive power compensation will be added at the PCC for grid code
compliance.

• Import the file “GCoPV 1 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.

At first we will check if the reactive power capability of the PV systems is sufficient enough to
reach the two indicated edges (“Test A” and “Test B”) in Figure 2.1; this means the PV systems
must operate at rated active power (P=Pn).

Grid Code Requirement of TSO (PV Park must comply with)


ENTSO-E Guidelines for TSOs
Test A

0.975

Test B

0.875
0.33 0.41

Figure 2.1: Basic requirement upon the network-side supply of reactive power from PV park to
the network [2]

We check at first the top left corner of the red curve of Figure 2.1. We will set the reactive power
of all PV systems to a very high negative value and let PowerFactory limit the reactive power
according to the previously defined capability curve (Table 6.1). The voltage set point of the
external grid has to be changed to simulate the different voltage points indicated in Figure 2.1
for the PCC.

• Select all PV systems ( )


• Edit the first PV System:
– Active Power (pgini) = 0.9 MW (maximum active power output)
– Reactive Power (qgini) = -1 Mvar
• Close the input dialogue of the first generator and copy&paste to all other generators:

31 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

1. Select the elements in the single line diagram, right click on one element → Edit
Data. Select in the following window the element type you want to edit and press
then the Detail Mode ( ).
2. Select the element type with the button Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation ( ).
3. Select the element in the Datamanager and press Detail Mode ( ).
4. If all elements have the same data: Edit the first element copy the element, select all
elements, right click and select Paste Data

Note: Paste Data will overwrite all data beside of the name and connection of the element!

The low reactive power set point ensures that the PV system will operate at its previously defined
reactive power limits (in this case the under excited limit curve).

Now we have to change the voltage set point of the external grid:

• Change the voltage set point of the external grid to 1.1 pu - this corresponds to 121 kV.
• Check if the setting ’consider reactive power limits’ is activated in the load flow dialogue
and calculate then a load flow.
• Activate on the alarm for voltage violations and/or overloading in the colouring dialogue
for the load flow ( ).

• Display also the power factor at the PCC in the result box to check if the requirement is
fulfilled.

Note: The power factor may be negative, best practice is to look at P and Q, if Q has
the same sign as P the park works over excited, if they have opposite signs the park
works under excited.

• Do the same with the lower right edge of the red curve (“Test B”) shown in Figure 2.1
(reactive power set point of the generators = 1 Mvar and voltage set point of the external
grid = 0.875pu).

Here are some suggestions what you can do to reach the requirements:

• Enable the tap changer of the park transformer (110/10kV, 15 MVA) to control the voltage
on the low voltage side (10 kV) - this will improve the voltage inside the PV park grid.

• Enable the automatic tap changing in the load flow dialogue for transformers too.
• Add in the type of the transformer more tap positions (load flow page of the type)

Note: Changing the control range of a transformer is of course only possible in a very
early planning stage of the PV park!

• Increase the size (Mvar) of the capacitor to increase the total overexcited reactive power
output.

• Use the comparison function of PowerFactory ( ):


– Run at first the calculation you want to use as a base to compare.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 32


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

– Press then the Comparing of results on/off button ( )


– Run the next calculation you want to compare. The results are shown in %. The cal-
culation of the difference can be changed with the button Edit Comparing of results. . .
( )
– Press again the Comparing of results on/off button ( ) to disable the function.

Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.

2.2.3 Complying with the P-Q capability requirement

In this exercise the compliance with the P-Q capability requirements of the grid code is inves-
tigated. Making use of and controlling the shunt capacitor during over-excited operation may
prove beneficial.

There are several different ways to test the reactive power capability of the whole PV park
(including the connecting transformer). First possibility is the previously described manual
method employed for the U-Q capability diagram in section 2.2.2. This would need a long
time especially for checking the reactive power capability over the full active power range. A
faster method is using a DPL script (DigSILENT Programming Language) which does all the
work for you.

We will use in the following part of the exercise a DPL script which is already included in the
imported project. The DPL script is mainly used for wind power projects and it is suggestively
named “Wind Farm PQ curve”. No practical changes are required in order to use it for raising a
PQ capability diagram for a PV-park.

Figure 2.2 shows the Grid Code active/reactive power capability 𝑃 −𝑄/𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 requirement (using
the red curve) and the ENTSO-e guidelines to be followed by TSOs from the entso-e grid code
draft. The continous black curve shows the outer envelope based on which the TSO may define
its requirement for the connected equipment (in this case the PV park). In other words, the TSO
requirement must lie within this outer envelope.

The PV-park must be able to operate, as a minimum, inside the red curve, i.e. the actual PV-park
PQ capability must enclose the red curve.

33 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

Grid Code Requirement of TSO (PV Park must comply with)


ENTSO-E Guidelines for TSOs

0.33 0.41

Figure 2.2: PQ capability requirement of the PV park at the PCC (guidelines from ENTSO-e
draft)

The script is already stored inside the project library. Before you can use the script, you have to
create a feeder and change the voltage set point of the external grid back to 1 pu and disconnect
the shunt capacitor:

• Change the voltage set point of the external grid back to 1 pu.
• Change all PV systems to 0 reactive power (unity power factor).
• Disconnect the shunt capacitor.
• Right click at the HV-connection of the PV-park connection transformer and select Define
→ Feeder. . . (Do NOT first left click on the element). Enter a name for the feeder and
select a colour for later colouring.
• Name it “Feeder PV-park”
• Select the orientation → Branch

• Click on OK
• Check with the colouring option ( ) for basic data (3. Other → Topology→ Feeders if
the feeder is correctly defined the PV-park should appear in the feeder colour.

After defining the feeder, the DPL script can be used:

• Click in the main menu bar the button ’Execute Script’ ( )


• Select the DPL script ’Wind Farm PQ Curve’

• Change the input parameters according to Figure 2.3

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 34


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

• Select for the external object ’Park’ the feeder ’Feeder PV-park’ you defined before (The
feeders are stored inside Network Model∖Network Data∖Feeders ( Feeders))
• Now click on the ’Execute’ button. The script run 100 load flows and changes the active
and reactive power settings of the PV systems.

Figure 2.3: Settings of the “Wind Farm PQ Curve” DPL Script for a PV-park

After the script is finished a new ’PQ Diagram’ is shown. The blue curve is a reference curve
using the values ’cosind’, ’coscap’, ’refedge’ and ’Pnom’ from the script input parameters. A
sample curve is shown in Figure 2.4. The red curve depicts the active and reactive power on
the PCC of the PV park. For grid code compliance the red curve has to enclose the blue curve
on the left and right side. (This means the PV-park must have at least the capability to work with
a power factor of 0.95 under excited and 0.925 over excited.)

- Is the PV-park with the current setup compliant with requirement B (section 2.2.1)
and shown in Figure 2.2?
- Yes / No

- Why is the red curve (P and Q at the PCC of the PV park) shifted to the left (under
excited) side?

35 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

DIgSILENT
1,20

[p.u.]

0,90

0,60

0,30

0,00

-0,30
-12,00 -8,00 -4,00 0,00 4,00 [Mvar] 8,00
Wind Farm PQ Curve: Q = 0 in Mvar / Active Power Reference Value in p.u.
Wind Farm PQ Curve: Reactive Power Reference Value in Mvar / Active Power Reference Value in p.u.
Wind Farm PQ Curve: Reactive Power at PCC in Mvar / Active Power at PCC in p.u.

P-Q Diagram Date: 3/26/2016


Annex: /1

Figure 2.4: PQ capability diagram at the PCC of the PV-park (red) and comparison with the grid
code requirement (blue)

Since the reactive power capability of the PV-park is too far on the under excited side, a
compensation unit is needed. Determine the minimum rated reactive power of a shunt capacitor
in order to comply with both grid code requirements A and B shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure
2.2.

• Use the “Wind Farm PQ Curve” script


• The script can also manage and switch a shunt capacitor, for this you have to select the
capacitor (corresponding to the “Shunt” field) in the DPL script as it was done before for
the feeder reference.
• Setting the parameter ShntCtrl to 1 activates shunt switching.
• The parameter ShntType has to be set to 1.
Note: In the over excited area the shunt should be operating while in the under excited
area (left side) the shunt should be deactivated.

• Verify the correct operation of the shunt by inspecting the generated PQ capability diagram
and identify the effect of the shunt capacitor on the PQ diagram

Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.

2.2.4 Complying with Allowed Step Voltage Changes

This exercise investigates requirement C (refer to section 2.2.1), by determining the maximum
step voltage change at the PCC that can be expected due to a PV-park switching action. This

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 36


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

investigation requires information of the external grid, information which is typically provided by
the TSO (available short circuit power and R/X ratio). The grid code requirement mentions a
maximum allowed voltage change of 1%.

While the external grid element will always control the PCC voltage to the given setpoint, using
a voltage source and a series reactor allows the PCC voltage to vary when the PV park injects
power (active or reactive). Hence:

• Disconnect the external grid by opening its breaker and close the breaker of the Series
Reactor (next to the external grid).
• Determine and set the X and R of the Series Reactor so that they represent the minimum
short circuit power of the External grid.
• Note the current tap position and write this position into the transformer. This task can be
also done with the ’Update Database’ button ( ) → Update transformer taps.
• Disable the “Automatic Tap adjust of Transformers” option in the load flow dialogue.

Note: It is only the effect on the PCC voltage of the shunt capacitor switching that is of
interest here. Therefore, the transformer should not change taps during load flow.

• Switch the shunt capacitor on and run a load flow calculation. Compare with the shunt off
case.
• Remember to use the comparison function of PowerFactory ( ) to easily obtain
percentage variations between the two scenarios.

Questions:

- How big is the capacity of the shunt?


- Mvar.
- How many steps do you need in the shunt to prevent voltage step changes over 1%
after switching at the PCC?
- steps.

Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.

2.2.5 Controlling automatically the reactive power in the PV-park: Station Control

In this exercise we will investigate the coordinated control of reactive power in the PV-park
(Requirement E) as well as enabling a reactive power control algorithm that will ensure that the
voltage within the PV-park will not exceed the provisions of requirement C. For this purpose
we will be using the element Station Control (ElmStactrl) which can be used to coordinate the
reactive power of several machines, in this case, PV systems. The first task in this exercise is to
find the reactive power set point of the PV systems such that the power factor of 1 at the PCC.

Note: The station controller reactive power set point will be added as an offset to the local
reactive power or voltage set point of the generators. You have to set the station controller
out of service or remove the generator from the station controller to use again the local
set point!

37 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

Exercise instructions:

• Disconnect the shunt capacitor.


• Open the breaker of the Series Reactor and close the breaker of the external grid.
• Select all PV generators and define a station controller (right click → Define→ Station
Control)
• Set the station controller on the load flow page to Control Mode: “Power Factor Control”
• Select for Control Q at the terminal which connects the PV-park transformer with the PCC.
• Change the reactive power set point of all PV generators back to 0 Mvar.
• Run a load flow and check if the power factor becomes 1 at the PCC.

Questions:

- Is the power factor controlled at the PCC?


Yes / No

- How high is the reactive power output of the single PV generator?


MVar.

The second task in this exercise is to make sure that the steady state voltage inside the PV-park
is within the +/- 10% range of the rated voltage (requirement C).

• Enable the “Voltage Setpoint Adaption” option for reactive power dsitribution

Note: This setting is found in the Station Control element dialog, Load Flow page, Distri-
bution tab

• Verify that the power factor can be controlled by the Station Control within the prescribed
operation range (0.95 u.e./0.925 o.e.)
• Verify in each case if the voltages inside the PV-park are kept within prescribed limits

Questions:

- Is the power factor controlled at the PCC for 0.95 under-excited?


Yes / No
- Are the voltages within the PV-park kept within limits?
Yes / No
- Is the power factor controlled at the PCC for 0.925 over-excited?
Yes / No
- Are the voltages within the PV-park kept within limits?
Yes / No

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 38


2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.

Requirement Description Compliance with the Grid Code


(YES/NO)
A V-Q capability

B P-Q capability

C Steady state voltage in PV-park

D Allowed step voltage changes at PCC

E Control at PCC of Q or cos 𝜑

Table 2.1: Steady State Verification of Grid Code Requirements for a PV-park

PowerFactory files

File Name Description


GCoPV 1 Start.pfd Starting project
GCoPV 1 GridCodeCompliance.pfd Solution of exercise
2.2 Exercise:Reactive Power Compensation

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

39 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


3 Short-Circuit Analysis

Learn about the options PowerFactory offers to consider Short-Circuit


Purpose:
contribution from PV units according different standards;
Learn how to consider dynamic voltage support using Short-Circuit
Calculation tool.

Short Circuit Calculation considering IEC 60909 Standard and Com-


Contents:
plete Method PowerFactory.
Dynamic Voltage Support with Static Generator.
Cable Size Evaluation in PowerFactory.

Level: Intermediate.

3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 40


3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation

Short-Circuit Calculation
Contribution of PV generators

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

Short-Circuit: Contribution of PV generators

• Classical short-circuit calculation methods (IEC60909, VDE, ANSI,


complete) based on steady-state analysis are not always accurate for the
following reasons:
− Controllers (power electronic converters) are fast enough to control short-circuit
currents from the first milliseconds and can not be considered in the steady-
state calculations
− Highly non-linear behavior due to special protection mechanisms (crow-bar,
chopper resistance, etc.)

• Classical short-circuit calculation methods provide acceptable results when


verifying the short-circuit levels of existing or new installations (e.g. verify
short-circuit level, circuit-breaker capacity, sizing, etc.)

• When accurate results are required a time-domain simulation should be


used (e.g. analysis of protection relay miss operation, sizing of associated
power electronic devices, development and test of control concepts etc.)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

41 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation

Contribution of PV to the short-circuit

• PV systems behavior during short circuits:

− Sub-transient short-circuit current (Ikss) approximately equal to the nominal


current of the generator (and hence the nominal current of the converter)

− Transient short-circuit current (Ik) approximately equal to the nominal current of


the generator (and hence the nominal current of the converter)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

Short-Circuit Methods in PowerFactory

Planning Conditions Operational Conditions Online-S/C


calculation
Simplified Methods
(IEC, ANSI, ...) Complete Method,
Reduced Set of Data Comprehensive set of data

Method 1: Method 2.1: Method 2.2:


Equivalent Voltage Source at Superposition Solution of Diff.
the fault location Method Equation

Initial S/C current I"k, Uki ik(t)


I”SC (Ikss) "
I’k
κ µ m, n

ip Ib Ith

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 42


3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation

Short-Circuit Methods in PowerFactory

Current

Upper Amplitude
ib

iDC ib

2 2Ib

2 2Ib
Lower Amplitude

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

Short-Circuit Analysis: Complete Method

Basic magnitudes:

• Ik" AC component of subtransient SC current


• Ik’ AC component of transient SC Current
• X/R_p X/R ratio for peak SC calculation (as per IEC 60909)
• X/R_b X/R ratio for DC current calculation (as per IEC 60909)

Derived magnitudes:

• ip Peak (Make) Current ip = √2(1.02 + 0.98exp(-3/(X/Rp)))Ik"

• idc DC – SHC current acc. IEC60909 iDC = √2Ik"exp(2πftb/(X/Rb))

• ib Peak breaking current ib = √2Ib + iDC

• Ib RMS breaking current Ib = Ik' + (Ik" - Ik')exp(-25tb)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

43 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation

Static Generator: Short-Circuit Currents

• IEC60909/VDE method
− Contribution to the 3-ph fault only
− Skss = Sk = 3 x Srated (converter)
− Optional: the user can defined Skss and R/X Same contribution for maximum
and minimum short-circuit currents

• Complete Method
− Contribution to balanced and unbalanced faults
− Two different models are available:
− Equivalent Synchronous Machine: User-defined contribution to the sub-
transient and transient short-circuit currents and the corresponding R/X
− Dynamic Voltage Support

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

Dynamic Voltage Support according to ENTSO-E (draft)

Source: ENTSO-E Draft Network Code for requirements for Grid Connection applicable to all Generators; 24th January 2012

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 44


3.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation

Static Generator: Dynamic Voltage Support Iks

i
imax
k
1

10%
∆u

• Dynamic Voltage Support:


− Active for transient current calculation: Iks
− Compliant to German SDLWindV (Ordinance on System Services by Wind Energy Plants)
− Only active if ‘Current Iteration‘ is selected for complete method!

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Short Circuit Analysis

45 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


3.2 Exercise:Short-circuit calculation

3.2 Exercise:Short-circuit calculation

3.2.1 Input data

• Import the file “GCoPV 2 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.

For short circuit calculations the type information is used to show the loading of the terminals
(therefore a base value is needed).

• Select the busbar 110 kV (PCC) assign the type “T-SS-110” from the project library
(Library∖Equipment Types∖BusbarTypes).
Note: The type specifies maximum peak current and the rated short circuit thermal cur-
rent of the busbar. This is used as reference for the short circuit calculation.

• Assign the type “T-SS-10” to the ’PV-park 10 kV’ terminal

PV systems within the PV-park are integrating power electronic converters. This kind of gener-
ators have a contribution to the fault during the sub-transient and transient short circuit which
corresponds to the rated current of the converter.

• Edit the short-circuit page for IEC / VDE of the generators and adjust their contribution.
The options are as follows:
– Static Converter Fed-Drive: The contribution of sub-transient short-circuit power is 3
times the rated apparent power of the machine. This contribution is specified in IEC
60909 for motors/generators connected via power electronics.
– Max. Fault Contribution: The user specifies the sub-transient short-circuit power and
the R / X” ratio for the machine. Enter here 1.1MVA and 0.1 for R/X”

• Edit also the complete short-circuit tap of the generators and adjust their contribution:
– Short-Circuit Model: Dynamic Voltage Support
– Short-circuit level sub-transient: 1.1 MVA
– R / X”: 0.1
– K Factor: 2
– Max. Current 1
– Leave the negative sequence impedance on infinity (99999 pu).

• Use the ’Edit relevant objects for calculation’ ( ) button to copy&paste the data to all
generators:
1. Select the elements in the single line diagram, right click on one element → Edit
Data. Select in the following window the element type you want to edit and press
then the Detail Mode ( ).
2. Select the element type with the button Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation ( ).
3. Select the element in the Data Manager and press Detail Mode ( ).
4. If all elements have the same data: Edit the first element copy the element, select all
elements, right click and select Paste Data

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 46


3.2 Exercise:Short-circuit calculation

3.2.2 Short Circuit Analysis

Short-circuit calculation according to IEC 60909

• Calculate the maximum short-circuit current for a three phase short circuit in all busbars
of the system using the method IEC60909 ( ).

• Change the colour mode for short circuit calculation ( ) of the single line diagram to
“Loading of Thermal/Peak Short-Circuit Current” and check the levels of the settings for
the colouring (maximum fault currents and thermal).
• Analyse the contribution of the PV systems to the fault. Check the sub-transient fault
current (Ikss) and steady-state (Ik) provided by the generators.

- Explain the results you can see for Ikss!

• Calculate then a three phase short circuit at the terminal “PV-park 10kV” and display also
for the branch elements the maximum breaking current (maxIb). Ensure that you calculate
maximum short-circuit currents!

- Which breaking current has a breaker of the cable to withstand (assumed that all
four feeder cables would be equipped with the same breaker type)?
- kA

Complete short circuit method

• Change the power set point on the load flow page of all PV generators to 1MW and
0Mvar
• Calculate a three phase short circuit on the terminal “PV-park 10kV” with a fault reactance
(Xf) of 1 ohm, but use now the PowerFactory complete method. Please activate on the
Advanced Options page the “Current Iteration” method.
• Analyze the contribution of the PV generators to the fault. Display and check the sub-
transient fault current (Ikss) and transient fault current (Iks) provided by the generators.
Display for the nodes the sub-transient voltage magnitude (u) and the transient voltage
magnitude (us).

- Note the transient short circuit current, the sub-transient voltage and transient
voltage at the PV generator “PV 5”:
- Iks = kA u= pu us = pu

• Select now all PV generators and change the K factor on the complete short-circuit page
to 10 and repeat the short circuit calculation.

- Note the transient short circuit current, the sub-transient voltage and transient
voltage at “PV 5”:
- Iks = kA u= pu us = pu
- Compare the results of the short circuit calculations - explain the difference!

47 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


3.2 Exercise:Short-circuit calculation

Cable sizing

PowerFactory offers dedicated result variables to investigate the thermal loading on lines:

• Select both end-terminals of the line you want to investigate and calculate a short circuit.

• Consider again the IEC60909 method and zero impedance faults


• You can select alternatively also all terminals. . .
• Display the following three result variables from the page “Calculation parameter”:

– c:Ithr (max thermal equiv. current for 1 second fault)


– c:Ithrtk (max thermal equiv. current for the entered fault duration)
– c:Ithmax (equiv. thermal current obtained from short circuit calculation)
• Consider a maximum short circuit duration (fault clearing time) of 0.4 sec (this is a protec-
tion design value).

• Check if Ithmax is smaller than Ithr. Try different fault durations and compare each time
Ithrtk with Ithmax - Ithmax should be smaller than Ithrtk.
• change cable types accordingly (greater cross section) if the current cable is overloaded
(greater than 90 %).

PowerFactory files

File Name Description


GCoPV 2 start.pfd Starting project
GCoPV 2 ShortCircuit.pfd Solution of exercise
3.2 Exercise:Short-circuit calculation

Notes:
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Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 48


4 Power Quality using PowerFactory

Learn about Power Quality Assessment options included in PowerFac-


Purpose:
tory ;
Evaluate the Power Quality of a PV park according to IEC 61400-21
including calculation of voltage distortion due to harmonics injections,
relative change in voltage due to switching operations in the PV park
and the flicker severity during continuous and switching operations.

Contents: Harmonic Load-Flow Calculation in PowerFactory.


Voltage Flicker Assessment in PowerFactory.
Definition of Harmonic Injection and Flicker Coefficient.

Level: Intermediate.

4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Notes:
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49 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Harmonic Load Flow


acc. to IEC 61000-3-6

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Assessment of Emission Levels

Assessment of harmonic injection from distorting loads should consider worst


normal operating conditions including those with outages that may apply for a
sustantial fraction of time [IEC 61000-3-6].
− For simple cases, the harmonic injection from a given distorting load may be
assessed by using maximum current at each harmonic and inter-harmonic
frequency that can produce over the possible range of operation of each piece
of equipment.
− For large loads however, this approach may lead to excessively conservative
results.
− Therefore, an alternative summation law is proposed in IEC 61000-3-6 for the
assessment of harmonic distortion.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 50


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Definition of Harmonic Injections

Types of Harmonic Sources: IEC 61000


- The spectrum is balanced
- Amplitudes based on nominal current
I h = kh ⋅ I N 100
- No phase specification
- Integer and non-intenger harmonics

Order Output Power Harmonic Current


(kW) (% of In)
2 850 0.2
3 860 0.2
4 400 0.1
5 750 0.6
7 300 0.3
9 400 0.3
10 830 0.1

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic Load Flow Calculation acc. IEC61000

The calculation of intermediate variables for one output frequency changes


according to the second summation law in IEC61000:

N 1 h<5
∑U
α
- Voltage magnitude: Uh = α 
m =1
m ,h α = 1.4 5 ≤ h ≤ 10
2 h > 10
N 

α
- Current magnitude: Ih = α I m ,h
m =1

N
- Active power: Ph = ku ⋅ ki ⋅ ∑ ℜ U m , h ⋅ I m ,h
m=0
{ *
}
2
 N α  N
m are the harmonic injections: ku =  α
 ∑U m ,h 
2
U tot ; U tot = ∑ U m , h
m=0 : Phase Correct  m=0  m=0
m=1,2 …N :IEC injections 2
 N α  N
ki =  α
 ∑I m ,h 
2
I tot ; I tot = ∑ I m ,h
 m =0  m=0

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

51 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Harmonic Load Flow Calculation acc. IEC61000

The definition of resulting variables considering all frequencies are as per the
definition of the standard load flow calculation:

- Total RMS value : U RMS = ∑U


h
2
h

U h U 1 ⋅ 100 acc. IEEE



- Harmonic Distortion: HD = U h U RMS ⋅ 100 acc. DIN
U U ⋅ 100 based on Un
 h N

100 ⋅ U 2 − U 2 U acc. IEEE


 RMS 1 1
 2 2
- Total Harmonic Distortion: THD = 100 ⋅ U RMS − U 1 U RMS acc. DIN
 2 2
100 ⋅ U RMS − U 1 U N based on Un

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic Load Flow Calculation

− Total Apparent Power: S = 3 ⋅U RMS ⋅ I RMS

− Total Active Power: P = ∑ P( f h ) = ∑ U ( f h ) ⋅I ( f h ) ⋅ cos ϕh


h h

P
− Total Power Factor: cos(φ ) =
S

− Total Reactive Power: Q = S 2 − P2

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 52


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Consideration of Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections

Harmonic Load Harmonic Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections


Flow Command Source Type

Balanced Balanced, − Positive and negative sequences


Phase Correct − Integer orders only

Unbalanced, − Positive and negative sequence


Phase Correct − Zero sequence injections are ignored
− Non-integer orders are in the positive seq.
IEC 61000 − Positive and negative sequence
− Zero sequence orders and non-integer harmonics
are in the positive sequence
Unbalanced Balanced, − As for the balanced harmonic load flow
Phase Correct
Unbalanced, − Positive, negative & zero sequence
Phase Correct − Integer and non-integer harmonics
IEC 61000 − As for the balanced harmonic load flow

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Voltage Flicker Assessment


acc. to IEC 61400-21

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

53 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Flicker Definition

Voltage Flicker:
− is the perception of a change in lamp intensity by the human observer in
response to a voltage fluctuation
− To electric utility engineers, the voltage flicker is considered in terms of
magnitude and rate of change of the voltage fluctuations

− Curves corresponding to a short-


term flicker severity Pst=1
(measured over a period of 10
minutes).
− The curve Pst=1 corresponds to
the threshold of irritation and
therefore defines the compatibility
levels.
− Planning levels =< 1
Source: IEC 61000-3-7

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Flicker Emission for Continuous Operations

SN
Pst = Plt = c (ψ K , va ) ⋅
SK

c (ψ K , va ) Flicker coefficient of the PV for a given network impedance angle


at PCC
SN Rated power of the PV
SK Short-circuit power at PCC

In case of more PVs connected to the PCC:

N
1
∑ c (ψ
2
PstΣ = PltΣ = i K , va ) ⋅ SiN 
SK i =1

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 54


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Flicker Emission during Switching Operations


. 

 = 18 · 
·  ( ) ·


. 

 = 8 · 
·  ( ) ·


N10 Number of switching operations of a PV during a period of 10


minutes
N120 Number of switching operations of a PV during a period of 120
minutes

In case of more PVs connected to the PCC:



. 

18
 =  
 · (  ( ) ·  ) .



. 

8
 =  
 · (  ( ) ·  ) .



Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Voltage Change during Switching Operation

− Voltage changes that are tolerable from the flicker point of view.
− Utilities must however maintain the voltage magnitude within narrow
limits.

SN
d = 100 ⋅ ku (ψ K ) ⋅
SK

ku (ψ K ) Voltage change factor


SN Rated power of the PV
SK Short-circuit power at PCC

In case of more PVs connected to the PCC:


− it is not likely that even two PVs will perform a switching operation
at the same time. Hence no summation effects need to be taken
into account.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

55 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Usage of the
Harmonic Load Flow

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Defining Result Variables

The HD and THD is recorded automatically.


Other values have to be added manually:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 56


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Run Harmonic Load Flow

1. Select the harmonic toolbar:

2. Start the Harmonic load flow:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Displaying HD for Terminals

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

57 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


4.1 Presentation: Power Quality

Displaying wave form disortion

1. Define variable set which contains for a variable absolute value and phase
angle information
2. Create a new virtual instrument panel (File -> New -> Virtual Instrument)
3. Select the plot type (Waveform Plot (VisHrm))

4. Select then the element and the phase value

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Displaying flicker results

1. Flicker results are only calculated for nodes.


2. The results could be shown in:
• Result boxes
• Flexible data page

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Harmonic Analysis

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 58


4.2 Exercise: Power Quality acc. to IEC 61400-24

4.2 Exercise: Power Quality acc. to IEC 61400-24

4.2.1 Definition of harmonic injection and flicker coefficient types

• Import the file “GCoPV 3 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.

• Change the External Grid on the HarmonicsPowerQuality page to “Use for Calculation:
Min. Values”.

• Define a new IEC61000 harmonic injection type (TypHmccur ) according to the test data
provided in Table 4.6. Use an IEC 61000 type. Note that the injections are defined as %-
of the nominal current of the generator. Be sure that the injection type is assigned to all
PV elements.
You can assign the harmonic injection type to one PV system and use then the “copy &
paste data” function to populate the information to all units.
• For the purpose of this exercise leave the impedances (R and X) of the Norton equivalent
to their default value (9999 = infinite). It means that the injection is a pure current injection
with infinite output impedance (or zero output admittance).
• To specify the flicker contribution of the PV system, create a new Flicker Coefficient type
(TypFlicker ) with the data provided in Table 4.2 to Table 4.5. The data to be entered
comprises:
– Flicker coefficient for continuous operation
– Flicker step factor for switching operations.: note that values are specified for the
start-up at 10% active power output, the start-up at 100% active power output and
the switch-off at rated power output. For the analysis, consider here the worst case
scenario (choose table with largest coefficients).
– Voltage step factor: values for worst case scenario
– Maximum switching operations for the short- and long-term: values for worst case
scenario

4.2.2 Assessment of harmonic voltage distortion and flicker severity

• Select the toolbox “Harmonics / Power Quality”


• Launch a harmonic load flow calculation with the following options:

– Network representation: Balanced


– Calculate harmonic load flow at all frequencies
– Calculate Flicker
– On the IEC 61000-3-6 tab check that the harmonic sources are treated acc. to IEC
61000-3-6. This option defines the summation laws that will apply for the calculation.
Note that in case that you want to use a different summation law, hence different 𝛼
coefficients you can select the user-defined option.
• Either on the single line diagram or in a flexible data page display the following result
variables and compare them against the distortion limits acc. IEC 61000-3-6. Note that
you can display these limits on the distortion diagram.

59 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


4.2 Exercise: Power Quality acc. to IEC 61400-24

– Total harmonic distortion at PCC


– Harmonic distortion and harmonic voltage at PCC for the output frequency: you may
want to create a voltage distortion diagram. Note that you can specify the harmonic
limits as user-defined for a better overview.
– Select the limits IEC 61000-3-6 HV/EHV as reference in the distortion plot.
– Short-term and long-term flicker distortion factors for continuous operation
– Short-term and long-term flicker distortion factors for switching operations
– Relative voltage change (%)
– Compare the results against the distortion limits according to IEC 61000-3-6 [1]. Note
that you can display these limits on the distortion diagram. For the flicker emission
use the planning limits levels recommended in IEC 61000-3-7 [3] that are shown in
table 4.1.

Planing Levels
MV HV-EHV
P st 0,9 0,8
P lt 0,7 0,6

Table 4.1: Indicative values of planning levels P st and P lt in MV, HV and EHV power systems
according to IEC 61000-3-7 [3]

Network impedance phase angle, 𝜙k (deg.) 30° 50° 70° 85°


Flicker coefficient, c(𝜙k) 0,4 0,32 0,23 0,43

Table 4.2: Report on results of PV power quality tests acc. IEC 61400-24

Case of switching operation Switch on at 10% rated active power


Maximum number of switching operations, N10 4
Maximum number of switching operations, N120 21
Network impedance phase angle, 𝜙k (deg.) 30° 50° 70° 85°
Flicker step factor, kf(𝜙k) 0,11 0,1 0,07 0,06
Voltage change factor, ku(𝜙k) 0,12 0,09 0,08 0,05

Table 4.3: Flicker report of switching-on operation at 10% rated active power

Case of switching operation Switch on at 100 % rated active power


Maximum number of switching operations, N10 4
Maximum number of switching operations, N120 21
Network impedance phase angle, 𝜙k (deg.) 30° 50° 70° 85°
Flicker step factor, kf(𝜙k) 0,88 0,75 0,44 0,15
Voltage change factor, ku(𝜙k) 0,89 0,74 0,43 0,17

Table 4.4: Flicker report of switching-on operation at 100% rated active power

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 60


4.2 Exercise: Power Quality acc. to IEC 61400-24

Case of switching operation Switch-off at 100% rated active power


Maximum number of switching operations, N10 4
Maximum number of switching operations, N120 21
Network impedance phase angle, 𝜙k (deg.) 30° 50° 70° 85°
Flicker step factor, kf(𝜙k) 0,91 0,83 0,74 0,63
Voltage change factor, ku(𝜙k) 0,9 0,81 0,75 0,62

Table 4.5: Flicker report of switching-off operation at 100% rated active power

Order Harmonic current Order Harmonic current


(% of In) (% of In)
2 0.33 11 0.62
3 1.61 12 0.14
4 0.13 13 0.6
5 3.4 14 0.05
6 0.14 15 0.1
7 1.5 16 0
8 0.07 17 0.5
9 0.19 18 0
10 0.1 19 0.21

Table 4.6: Harmonic currents report of one PV unit (highest value of all power bins measured in
steps of 10 %)

PowerFactory files

File Name Description


GCoPV 3 Start.pfd Starting project
GCoPV 3 PowerQuality.pfd Solution of exercise
4.2 Exercise: Power Quality acc. to IEC
61400-24

61 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5 Dynamic Analysis of PV Generators

Purpose: Learn about Solar Energy Conversion into Electricity;


Learn about Photovoltaic(PV) Inverters and the integration of PV energy
sources into the power network;
Familiarise with the dynamic modelling approach of PV systems in
PowerFactory ;
Perform using PowerFactory various dynamic studies relevant for Grid
Connection of PV Systems.

Contents: Photovoltaics Fundamentals.


PV System Modelling using PowerFactory.
Dynamic Behaviour of PV Systems using PowerFactory.

Level: Intermediate.

5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Notes:
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Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 62


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Dynamic Simulation
with
PowerFactory

DIgSILENT GmbH

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Introduction

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

63 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Introduction: RMS- and EMT-Simulation

RMS-Simulation

• Dynamic simulation in time domain


Results example:
• RMS = Root Mean Square
Synchronous Generator during fault:
• Application:
– Investigation of the dynamic influence of
controllers and mechanical processes on
the energy supply system in the time
domain.

– E.g. reaction of the generator and its


control during a short circuit

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Introduction: RMS- and EMT-Simulation

EMT-Simulation

• Dynamic simulation in time domain

• EMT = Electromagnetic transients Results example:


Synchronous Generator during fault:
• Instantaneous value simulation

• Application:
– Investigation of the dynamic behaviour
and interaction of capacitive and
inductive equipment in the time domain.

– E.g. switching over voltages; exact short


circuit current characteristic

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 64


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Introduction: RMS- and EMT-Simulation

RMS-Simulation - Stability

• Equations in frequency domain for the electric network of the kind:


[Y] * [U] = [I] steady state

• Differential equations only for mechanical transients (oscillation equations)



and for dynamic behaviour of the controllers ω⋅ J ⋅ = Pmech − Pel
dt

Instantaneous value simulation (EMT)

• Differential equations of the kind [U]=[I]*[R]+L*d/dt([I])

• Complete multi phase solution

• EMT-Simulations are slower than RMS-simulations

• PowerFactory: Variable step size with automatic step size adaption

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Introduction: RMS- and EMT-Simulation

RMS: U = jω L I I = jω C U

EMT: di du
u=L i=C
dt dt

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

65 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Handling
of
Dynamic Simulations

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Simulation Procedure

• Load-Flow
• Calculation of Initial Conditions Setup
• Definition of Variables
• Define Events

• Start Simulation
• Define/Change Events
• Continue Simulation Simulation
• Define Simulation Plots

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 66


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Setup of Simulation

• Calculate a Load-Flow

• Calculation of Initial Conditions


● Select the simulation method (RMS values)
● Network representation: balanced/unbalanced
● Define the integration control options

• When the initial conditions are calculated, the


● Variables and
● simulation events
can be defined.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Define Variable Set

• Definition of variables to be recorded in result file (result variables):


● Select object
● Right mouse click
-> Define -> Variable Set (Sim)
● Double click object in appearing browser
● Select page “RMS (or EMT) Simulation”
● Select variables

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

67 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Define Simulation Events

• Definition of simulation events before or during a simulation:


● Open the event list

● Insert a new event (object)

● Select the event type

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Presenting Simulation Results

• Create a new virtual instrument pannel


(Worksheet with result diagram):

– Button

– Create the curve:


• Selection of the element
• Selection of the variable

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 68


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Presenting Simulation Results

• Adding another virtual instrument (VI, Diagramm)

• Button “appebd VI(s)”

• Selection “Diagramm VisPlot”

• Apply more curves:


• Double click somewhere in the VI
• Select the element
• Select the variables

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Presenting Simulation Results

Variation of the voltage


(VisPlot)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

69 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Presenting Simulation Results

Formatting the result diagram:


Edit all curves of the page
Arrange VIs on top of each other
Arrange VIs automatically

Zoom horizontally
Zoom vertically
Move x-axis
Stretch/Compress x-axis
Show whole range (horizontal)
Show whole range (vertical)

Label a data point

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Presenting Simulation Results

Formatting of the result


diagrams:

• Showed range

• Fixed point

• Colour of the curve


• Line style of the curve
• Line width of the curve

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 70


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Storage of simulation settings

• All simulation settings are stored in the study case


•Different settings (i.e. different results) could be stored through several created
study cases
•Study cases allows the reproduction of the results any time!

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Power Plant / Controller Models


in PowerFactory

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

71 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Modelling Approach

Type Element

Principle: Composite Frame Composite Model

Model: Model Definition Common Model

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Concept

Network Data Library

Network A Composite
Frame
Element 1 Model 1
B Slot A
Network A Composite
Element 2 Slot B
Model 2
B

Used macros

Common Macro 1
Model 1
Model Macro 2
Definition
Common
Model 2 Macro n

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 72


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Concept

Network Data Library

Network A Composite
Frame
Element 1 Model 1
B Slot A
Network A Composite
Element 2 Slot B
Model 2
B
Macro 1
Common Model
Macro 2
Model 1 Definition X
Macro n

Macro 1
Common Model
Model 2 Macro 5
Definition Y
Macro m

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Model Definitions

• A model definition can model controller models, mechanical models or


any other model.
• A model definition defines the complex transfer function of several
input and output signals. Thus it can specify any concrete
mathematical behavior.
• A block definition consists of blocks, basic equations and signals:
– A block is defined by a transfer function (e.g. algebraic and differential
equations, integrators, etc.).
– A signal connecting different blocks.
– Summation Point, Multiplier, Switches, etc.
• A model definition is a type and can therefore be reused.
• A model definition realizes a principle for a controller or any other
model.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

73 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Model Definition

vco_EXAC2:

uset p

Vamax
Vs

Vrmax

u
1/(1+sT)
Vc - o13 yi1
(1+sTb)/(1+sTa)
yi2
_{ K/ ( 1+sT) } _
Va yi11
0
Tr Tb,Tc Ka,Ta Var yi4 Vr yi5 Ve ui uerrs
- - LVgate K Limiter [1/sT fltrU
Kb Te
1 -
Vamin
Vrmin

Fex
upss

Vl

O
K
Kl yi7 -
Vh

_Fex_

vlr
Kc

1
Const
Vlr

K
Kh
Se( ef d) +Ke
Ke, E1,SE1, ..

sK/ ( 1+sT)
Vf Kf,Tf Vfe KeSe

o19
K
Kd

curex..

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Common (DSL) Model

vco_EXAC2:

bias
uset p

Vamax
Vs

Vrmax

u 1/(1+sT ) Vc - o13 yi1 (1+sT b)/(1+sT a) yi2 _{K/ ( 1+sT)} _ Va yi11


0
Tr T b,T c Ka,T a Var yi4 Vr yi5 Ve ui uerrs
- - LVgate K Limiter [1/sT fltrU
Kb Te
1 -
Vamin
Vrmin
Fex

upss
Vl

Ve(1..Ve(2..

K
Kl yi7 -
Vh

reset _Fex_
vlr

Kc
0

1
Vfe(..

Const
Vlr
Vfe(..

K
Kh Vfe(..
Se(ef d) +Ke
Ke, E1,SE1,. .

sK/ ( 1+sT)
Vf Kf,T f Vfe KeSe
o19

K
Kd

cu
cure
rex..
..

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 74


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

PV Generator models for dynamic


simulation in PowerFactory

DIgSILENT GmbH

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

PV system dynamic models for :

• RMS simulation
• used for LVRT, HVRT, Protection studies, coordinated
active/reactive power control and other system stability
issues
• Strong support from manufacturers
• Integration in large distribution/transmission networks
• Fast simulation

• EMT simulation
- only for very detailed studies
- much slower than RMS simulation
- Not scalable to large networks

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

75 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

• Grid side behaviour depends on:


– Control of the rectifier
– Used step up transformer

• During fault:
– Low AC voltage on PCC -> no power feed in possible
– DC voltage is increased up to open-circuit DC voltage
– No special protection for solar cell needed

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

• Fault ride through with reactive current support:

Voltage increase at PV
terminal during fault

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 76


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

Dynamic model in PowerFactory (EMT)

Models for EMT simulation

• average EMT models


• power electronics switching is ignored (Ideal voltage source model)
• Representation of current control and outer loop control dynamics
• Slow simulation

• detailed EMT models


• power electronics switching is included
• Circuit topology must be represented (full, half, 3 level, multi level, etc) –
manufacturer dependent
• Representation of current control and outer loop control dynamics
• Indicative results on the harmonic spectrum to be obtained in reality
• Very slow simulation on single unit

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

• Dynamic model in PowerFactory (EMT) – example of detailed model


Models for EMT simulation (more difficult, requires close
collaboration with inverter manufacturers, RMS models generally
suffice)

Switched inverter voltage Output reactance current


(phA)
before output reactance

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

77 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

• Dynamic model in PowerFactory


– Stability model (RMS)
• used for LVRT, HVRT, Protection studies, coordinated active/reactive power
control and other system stability issues
• Strong support from manufacturers
• Integration in large distribution/transmission networks
• Fast simulation

– Detailed model (EMT)


• used mostly by PV manufacturers, more recently some TSOs expressed an
interest for average EMT models
• Lack of support from PV manufacturers as
• May be used for harmonic studies, system resonances, anti-islanding
• Slow simulation
• Challenges for integration of multiple unit models in large networks

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

All connected in a composite model:


• Dynamics of electrical components

• Control

• Protection

• Dynamic of mechanical parts

• Feedback (measurement)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 78


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Dynamics of Electrical Components

Generator, Shunt, Transformer, Inverter..

Defined with grid elements:

Static Generator
Transformer

Shunt
DFIG

G ASM G
~ ~

And type data:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Dynamic of Electrical Components

Type: Element:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

79 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Control / Protection / Mechanical Parts

Controllers, protections and mechanical dynamics are defined in DSL

Graphic: Or code:
PQ Control:

Pstat
0 Active and Reactive Power Control
Rotor Side Converter
0

Prot
1

Pref2
iwref

Pref Pref1
2 Reference Limiter 0
Pref_lim
- yi
Pmax Limiter 0
ird_ref
1 PI-Ctrl 1

1
Kp,Tp
1-yi

u_sw

xpctrl
Active Power Control

u sw
3 Dband(yi<(1-K)) PickDrop
deltaU Tudelay,Tbackdelay,i_EEG

Ib Tracker ibref
droop,i_EEG,deltaU
2
Qref2

Qref_lim - yi1
0
Qref Qref1 irq_ref
4 Reference Limiter PI-Ctrl 3

1
Kq,Tq

Qtot(1)
Qstat
5 xqctrl
Reactive Power Control

Qrot
6
bypas..
7

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Control / Protection / Mechanical Parts

The entity of a DSL model is a common model:

Parameters: Characteristic:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 80


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

Feedback (Measurement)

Available measurement devices:

• Voltage (*.StaVmea)

• Current (*.StaImea)

• Power (*.StaPqmea)

• Phase (*.ElmPhi_pll)

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Frame / Composite Model

Frame definition: Entity of a frame is a


composite model:
WTG with fully rated converter:

Pin
0 0
PQ
StaPqmea* Qin
1 1

0
id_ref 0
PQ Control u1r_in
0 0
u ElmDsl* iq_ref
0 2 1 1
Generator
ElmGen*,ElmVsc*
pred u1i_in
3 1 1
Vac
StaVmea*
1

0
ir 2
ActivePowerReduction

Iac
StaImea* ii
1 3
ElmDsl

cosref Current Controller


0 4 ElmDsl*

PLL 1 sinref 5
ElmPhi*
2 Fmeas
Fmeas

Slow PLL
ElmPhi*

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

81 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.1 Presentation: Dynamic Simulation of PV

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

• Dynamic model in PowerFactory for PV

PV System (ElmPVsys) or DC current source +


Static generator(ElmGenstat) OR PWM converter
(for grid side studies) (for PV-park studies)

+
DSL model for PV cell and inverter controller:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

PV Generator models for dynamic simulation

RMS model:
DSL model for PV cell, DC Bus, and inverter controller:
Uarray

Solar Radiation E Iarray


1 0 0
ElmDsl

DC Busbar and Capacitor Model id_ref


Photovoltaic Model 0 0 0
ElmDsl
ElmDsl
1
Temperature theta iq_ref
2 1 1
ElmDsl
vdcref
1 1
E_in0..

3
Controller
P_conv

ElmDsl

Power Measurement
StaPqmea uac
AC Voltage Static Generator
2
StaVmea ElmGenstat,ElmPvsys

Slow Frequency Measurement Fmeas Active Power Reduction pred


3
ElmPhi* ElmDsl
T_in0..

Measurement Solar Radiation


ElmFile

Phase Measurement (PLL) sinref;cosref


2
ElmPhi*

Measurement Temperature
ElmFile

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation – Dynamic Simulation of PV generation

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 82


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

The template for the PV system contains also a dynamic part which consists of a composite
model. The composite model is only visible in the Data Manager and behaves like a folder - this
means the composite model contains further elements such as controllers and measurement
devices.

This exercise will show you how the dynamic model can be configured and how the rated power
and number of parallel (aggregated) machines can be changed.

The trainer will explain all relevant parts of the dynamic model as well as the relevant parame-
ters. A copy of the frame definition (which is used as type for the composite model) is given in
Figure 5.1.

In a next step the detailed PV-park should be expanded by another 2 PV-systems with each
2.6MW rated active power. The expansion should be modelled as aggregated PV systems. Use
again the template “Photovoltaic System 3PH 50Hz 1MVA” located in the project library, under
the “Templates” folder. You will learn in this exercise how the number of parallel machines and
how the rated power can be changed.

• Load into PowerFactory the project file GCoPV 4 Start.pfd;


• Open the Data Manager and copy&paste the study case “BaseCase”;
• Rename the copy to “AggregatedPVSystem” and activate this study case;

• Add the “Transmission Grid” to the study case (right click on the grid in the Project Overview
Window and select Activate);
• Create a new network variation (Insert → Variation. . . ) and name it “AggregatedPVSys-
tem”. Activate the variation. Click yes if you are asked if you want to add an expansion
stage. Name the expansion stage “AggregatedPVSystem”, select 01.01.2015 as activa-
tion date. Click yes if asked to change the study case time to match the expansion stage.

Note: All changes are now stored in the active variation. If the variation is deactivated the
changes are not active. This allows a study of different scenarios in one grid. The currently
active variation(s) and the recording expansion stage is shown in the Project Overview
Window.

• From the “PV-park” grid, remove the 110kV busbar, the external grid, the series reactor
and the AC voltage source. Connect then the 10/110kV transformer to the PCC of the
“Transmission Grid”:

83 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• Click on the “General Templates” button ( )


• Select in the new window the template “Photovoltaic System 3PH 50Hz 1 MVA” and place
the model as shown below:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 84


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• Use a 2km long line of the type “NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 6/10kV ir” to connect the aggre-
gated turbine to the PV-park 20kV terminal.
• Select the reactive power capability curve, which was created in a previous exercise for
the currently added PV system.

• Run a load flow calculation to test if all is correctly connected.


• Display the Composite Model/Frame - you will see the same graphic as shown in Figure
5.1. The trainer will explain the function of the different blocks.

Hint: Display the Composite Model/Frame

• Open the Data Manager ( ).


• Select the DSL model (either *.ElmDsl or *.ElmComp) you want to display on the
right side of the Data Manager.
• Right click and select Show Graphic:

85 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• The displayed graphic is connected to the common or composite model which was
selected in the second step. Values of the signals and states can be seen for this
model if the simulation is already initialized.
• Right click at this greyed out graphic and select Show Library Object.
• If only a blank page is displayed then the DSL model is only defined via equations.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 86


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

Figure 5.1: Frame definition: Block overview of the PV system dynamic model

87 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

5.2.1 Changing the number of parallel machines and the rated power

Change the number of parallel machines to 2 machines as described in the following steps:

1. Open the newly added PV System (e.g. named ’PV System 3PH(15)’) in the single line
diagram with a double click and change the number of parallel inverters on the basic data
page.
2. Change also in the PV System the nominal apparent power to 2.9MVA and the power
factor to 0.9.

3. Remember also to adjust the settings on the load flow page accordingly: active power out-
put ’pgini’ (set to nominal active power) and in the “Operational Limits” tab, the maximum
active power limit to nominal active power.
4. Open the composite model ’Photovoltaic system’ via the ’Model’ link on the basic data
page of the static generator. To find the correct composite model (if you have more than
one) you can double click on the PV system in the single line diagram. On the basic data
page there is a link to the composite model as shown below:

5. Here you have to open (double click or right click and select “Edit Element/Type..”) the ’PV
Array’ model:

Note: The second row in the composite model contains the PV-array model (this is a
model of the photovoltaic cell). One PV panel has a rated peak power of 𝑃𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
35𝑉 · 4.58𝐴 = 160𝑊 . There are 20 PV panels configured in series (parameter
’nSeriesModules’), resulting in a PV module 𝑃𝑛𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝑃𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 · 20 = 3.2𝑘𝑊 . The
initial PV system model has a rated peak power of 896kW - this corresponds to a
number of 280 parallel modules.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 88


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

6. Change in this model the number of parallel modules (parameter ’nParallelModules’) for
adjusting the rated power of the whole model to 2.6 MW.
7. Open the ’DC Busbar and Capacitor’ model and change the capacitance proportionally.
The capacitance is increased proportionally with the rated power output: 𝐶2.6𝑀 𝑊 =
𝐶0.9𝑀 𝑊 * 2.6𝑀 𝑊/0.9𝑀 𝑊
8. Change also the number of parallel step-up transformers and replace the type of the step
up transformer with the type “Trf 0.4kV - 10kV - 2.9MVA” from the project library.

Note: Initialisation of the solar irradiance in the dynamic model


The active power is for the load flow model only defined by the PV generator data. If you
want to change the active power you have to change this on the load flow page of the PV
generator. The radiation is a result of the value entered on the load flow page of the PV
generator. The radiation is 1000W/𝑚2 if the active power is 3.2 kW per module (20 panels
in series). If the active power is changed, the solar irradiation in the dynamic model is
changed accordingly

5.2.2 Using the PV dynamic model for Fault Ride Through (FRT) studies

• Define simulation results for the PV system (variables ’P:bus1’, ’Q:bus1’, ’i1P:bus1’ and
’i1Q:bus1’) and voltage for the ’LV-Bus Bar’ to which it is connected (variable ’u1’), e.g.
busbar ’LV(15)’.
• Define for the common model “DC Busbar and Capacitor” of the Photovoltaic System a
variable set, select here the signal “Udc”.

Hint: Defining a Variable Selection


– Before defining the variables to monitor the initial conditions have to be calculated
(using the button)
– Then right-click on the element to be monitored and select Define → Results for
RMS/EMT Simulation.. from the context sensitive menu.
– All variable sets of selected elements are now shown. Double-click the element
you just selected.
– This brings a selection window, where you can create, select or edit a set of
variables. If a variable set is edited, then a variable set manager will pop up.
This variable set manager shows in the left pane the available variables, and in
the right pane the selected variables. Press the or buttons to move the
selected variable from the one to the other pane. Use the various filter settings
to show more available variables.
– The variable set will now consist of the selected variables, which are now ready
to show in a plot.

• Define a 3-phase short circuit on the PCC (in the ”Transmission Grid”) with 0 Ω fault
impedance of 200ms duration (i.e. a second event after 200ms to clear the fault).

Hint: Defining Simulation Events


Before running the simulation it is often necessary to define simulation events, which
will take place during the next simulation.
– Before specifying an event the initial conditions have to be calculated (using the
button).
– Then events can be created and defined by opening the current event list ( )
and then create new events using the New Object button .

89 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• Use a variable step size with 1 ms minimum and 10 ms maximum step size.

Hint: Defining a variable step size solver and configure the step size
– In the dialogue Calculation of initial conditions (ComInc) which can be accessed
via the button you can change the solver between fixed step size or variable step
size by activating the option Automatic Step Size Adaptation (active for variable
step size).
– The used step size can be configured on the page Step Sizes of the ComInc:
No automatic step size adaptation: There is only one step size to configure,
this is displayed as Electromechanical Transients.
With automatic step size adaptation: The minimum step size is displayed as
Electromechanical Transients and the maximum step size as Maximum Step
Size.

• Run a RMS simulation for 2 seconds.


• Create a new virtual instrument and display the active and reactive power of the PV system
and, on a separate plot, the voltage at the LV-Bus Bar.
• Observe the reactive power of the PV system (e.g. ’PV System 3PH(15)’) before, during
and after fault
• Create a plot for the signal ’Udc’ of the ’DC Busbar and Capacitor’ model. Explain
thereason behind the variation of the DC bus voltage during fault.

5.2.3 Understanding the reactive current support function during faults

The reactive current support function during faults is active by default. This can be already
observed by the reactive power curve of the previous exercise. The influence of reactive power
to the voltage will be investigated in this part of the exercise. Please proceed with the following
actions:

• Adjust the fault reactance X f (from the previously created fault event) in such a way that
a residual voltage of 0.75 pu is observed at the LV busbar of the previously created PV
system, e.g. busbar ’LV(15)’ of ’PV System 3PH(15)’.

• Plot the active and reactive current (’i1P:bus1’ and ’i1Q:bus1’). Quantify the ratio between
the injected reactive current (in p.u.) and the voltage deviation during fault in p.u. (𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 =
𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 − 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 ) (use for 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 the nominal voltage, i.e. 1 p.u.):

𝑖𝑞
𝐾= = [𝑝.𝑢.]
𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎

• Compare with the applied PV controller setting of the voltage droop ’K FRT’. This pa-
rameter is found in the DSL model ’Controller’ of the PV system’s composite model (e.g.
’Photovoltaic System 3PH(15)’). K FRT = p.u.
• Decrease the fault reactance and observe the reactive current injection. What is the
maximum limit value that the reactive current reaches and for which residual voltages?
Result: max(i1 q) = p.u.

The reactive power support during faults in the PV system can be switched to different charac-
teristics depicted in Figure 5.2 and detailed below:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 90


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• German Grid Code (TC 2007) - option (a) in figure

• ENTSO-e Grid Code regulations. option (b) in figure

Figure 5.2: Different characteristics of reactive current support function

By default, the German Grid Code is selected in the PV dynamic model. Now the control should
be switched to characteristic (b) according to the ENTSO-e regulations.

• Use a 3-phase short circuit with 40 Ω fault reactance (0 Ω resistance). Make sure that a
residual voltage at the LV busbar of approximately 0.75 p.u. is reached.
• Select the ’Controller’ of the PV System (e.g. ’Photovoltaic System 3PH(15)’) and observe
the parameter i EEG. Setting a value of 0 represents a characteristic according to (a) and
1 a characteristic according to (b).
• Run again a RMS simulation for 2 seconds.
• Watch the result plots. Manually compute the resulting K FRT factor (as in the previous
part of this exercise) and identify whether the point is correctly located on the characteristic
curve.

5.2.4 Compare Results and Testing different Controller Settings

We want to compare now two different controller settings for the ’Controller’ of the PV system.
The first setting should be the original setting (so ’i EEG = 0’ the ’ramp’ parameter has no
influence). This parameter is used to calculate the slope of the characteristic (a and b) in the
Figure 5.2.

• Make sure that for all ’Controller’ blocks of all PV Systems the parameter ’i EEG’ is set to
0.

• Run a simulation for 2 seconds.


• Change for all ’Controller’ blocks of all PV Systems the parameter ’i EEG’ to 1.
• Open the ’Calculate Initial Condition’ dialogue and copy&paste the result object rename
the result object to ’i EEG0’ (this is the saved copy of the previous simulation). Name
the other result object to ’i EEG1’ and select this result object (which will store the new
simulation results), press then OK and close (to close&save the ComInc dialogue).
• Run a new simulation for 2 seconds.

91 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• Create plots for active and reactive current/power and compare the results.

Hint: Detailed Instructions on Storing and Comparing Results All results from a simu-
lation are stored in one object. So it is possible to save the results of two simulations
in two different result objects. With the two objects is it possible to compare the
results in one plot (for example two runs with different control settings).
– Click on the button Calculate Initial Conditions ( )
– In the following dialogue is a link to the currently used result object:

– Click on the black arrow → Select


– In the following window is the focus on the currently used result object.
– Copy&Paste the object:
Note: The name can be different
– Select one of the result objects press OK and run a simulation.
In the virtual instrument is it now possible to select the result file. Normally are only
results shown from the currently active result object (selected in the Calculate Initial
Condition dialogue).
– Switch to a virtual instrument open a plot and double click in the cell Result File:

– Select the previously saved result file then select the element and the variable.

5.2.5 Influence of the injected reactive current to the busbar voltage

We want to investigate the influence of the reactive current support gain on the simulation
results. This can be configured with the parameter ’K FRT’.

• Change in all ’Controller’ blocks the parameter ’K FRT’ to 0.


• Initialize the simulation and create (by copying and pasting the old result object) a new
results object named ’no reactive power’.
• Run a RMS simulation for 2 seconds.
• Change in all ’Controller’ blocks the parameter ’K FRT’ to 2.
• Initialize the simulation and create (by copying and pasting the old result object) a new
results object named ’reactive power support’.
• Run a RMS simulation for 2 seconds.
• Compare the voltages and the reactive power in a plot. Quantify in p.u. the additional
busbar voltage at the LV bus of the PV system (’PV System 3PH(15)’) and at the PCC
busbar in the Transmission Grid (substation ’AAB’ bus ’1’.):
Voltage variation at LV bus between the two cases: dU = p.u.
Voltage variation at PCC bus between the two cases: dU = p.u.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 92


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• You can also change the initial conditions - like the active power of the static generators
or the power factor.

• Define other variable sets if you need.

5.2.6 Active power reduction during over-frequency events

The power system is designed to operate within the steady state operational limits for frequen-
cies as shown in Figure 5.3. Observe the over-frequency limit at 51.5 Hz, above which the
generators are required to trip due to over-frequency (with a certain trip time setting in the order
of seconds) .

Figure 5.3: ENTSO-e guidelines on steady state frequency operation ranges

The dynamic model of the PV-system has as built-in the reduction of active power depending
on the measured grid frequency. This function is implemented in the DSL block ’“Active Power
Reduction”. The grid code requirement is shown in Figure 5.4, where 𝑓𝑛 is the nominal grid
frequency (i.e. 50 Hz is the nominal grid frequency) and 𝑓1 is the frequency at which the active
power starts being reduced (i.e. 50.2 Hz set by default). The slope by which the active power is
reduced is set in “Active Power Reduction” block, parameter “gradient”.

Figure 5.4: ENTSO-e guidelines on active power reduction capability

Please follow the instructions below to prepare the study case:

Note: The HV power system “Transmission Grid” has a relatively high inertia time constant set
in the external grid element (i.e. 99 seconds). To easily observe the frequency impact of
PV generation, this inertia will be modified to an extremely low value (e.g. 10 seconds) in

93 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

order to observe the effect of the small PV-park to the power system. In reality, increasing
the PV penetration level in the HV-network will result in the dynamic behaviour to be similar
with this “at the limits” example.

• Open the Data Manager and copy&paste the study case “AggregatedPVSystem”;
• Rename the copy to “Over-frequency Case” and activate this study case;

• Make sure that the “AggregatedPVSystem” variation is active


• Create a new variation “Low Inertia” and a corresponding expansion stage (that must be
set to recording)
• Put out of service any dynamic simulation events that were previously created (e.g. the
short circuit events)

To simulate a low inertia power system do the following:

• Open the single line diagram of the Transmission System and change the inertia of the
External Grid element to 10 seconds (parameter is available in the RMS-Simulation page).
• Define result variables for the PCC busbar in the Transmission Grid (substation ’AAB’ bus
’1’.) - the variable is ’m:fehz’.
• Define result variables for the synchronous generator named ’Generator’ located in the
Transmission grid. Monitor active and reactive power.

To analyse the influence of the PV-park to the stability of the power system, a series of load
events are applied in the Transmission Grid. These events will result in a generation-consumption
active power unbalance thus a frequency transient will appear.

• Create one load event at load ’Ld GLZ1’ as below (70 % load reduction at 0 seconds):

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 94


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

• Create another load event at load ’Ld AAB’ as below (70 % load reduction at 5 seconds):

• Perform a dynamic simulation for 80 seconds.


• Plot the frequency at PCC; the PV system ’Photovoltaic System 3PH(15)’ active power
and the active power of the synchronous generator.
• Show in the frequency plot the 51.5 Hz threshold and verify if the frequency exceeds this
value.

• Change for all PV systems, in the “Active Power Reduction” block, the parameter “gradient”
in percentage such that this limit is not exceeded.
Result: minimum gradient= %
By how much is the active power reduced in the PV-park in order to cope with the over-
frequency event?
Result: reduced active power = MW
• Use the previously described method of comparing results in order to compare the be-
haviour of the transmission network for the case of no active power de-rating is required
from the PV-park (set parameter ’gradient’ to 0 to disable this function).

• Discussion: benefits of applying active power derating to renewable energy sources.

95 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems

PowerFactory files

File Name Description


GCoPV 4 Start.pfd Starting project
GCoPV 4 Dynamic.pfd Solution of exercises
5.2 Exercise: Dynamic Simulation of PV
Systems

Notes:
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Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 96


6 Analysis of PV generation in a LV feeder

Purpose: Perform an analysis on a LV feeder with PV systems;


Learn how to use and configure the PV system for medium-long term
simulations;
Learn how to apply hourly load characteristics for a full year using
various daily load profiles;
Learn how to perform a Quasi-Dynamic Simulation and mitigate over-
voltage phenomena that the LV feeder experiences due to large PV
generation in the summer months

Contents: PV System Modelling using PowerFactory.


Quasi-Dynamic Simulation of PV Systems in a LV feeder.

Level: Intermediate.

Notes:
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97 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

In this exercise we will analyse the influence of PV generation into a LV feeder by means of
Quasi-Dynamic Simulation, a tool which performs a series of load flow calculations throughout
a given period with a specific time step (e.g. a full year analysis on an hourly basis). The
following time dependencies can be integrated in the calculation:

• time variations of loads


• time variations of PV generation

Initially:

• Import into PowerFactory the project file GCoPV 5 Start.pfd


• Activate the study case “Quasi-Dynamic Simulation”.

The network under analysis is shown in Figure 6.1. A number of similar PV systems are added
in “Feeder 2”, as marked with green boxes in the fore-mentioned figure.

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 98


External Grid

99
6.1

DIgSILENT
T-1

Line(5)
N2XS(F)2Y..
ST10
Line(20)
N2XS(F)2Y..

Line(1)
N2XS(F)2Y..
T_MV_Feeder1 T_MV_Feeder2

Tr_Fd_1
Tr_Fd_2

T-20/0.4 2.5MVA
T-20/0.4 0.6MVA
St6
ST-1 Line(15)
NA2XRY 3x..

Line(3)
NA2XRY 3x..

Line(6)
NA2XRY 3x..

Line(7)
NA2XRY 3x..
ST26 ST15
ST16 ST17

Line(2)
NA2XRY 3x..
Line(8)
Line(4)
Line(16)

Line(10)
LV-3 LV-2

NAKBA 4x3..
NAKBA 4x3..
NAKBA 4x3..
Line(17)

Line(9)

NAKBA 4x3..
NAKBA 4x3..

NA2XRY 3x..

ST21 ST7 ST22


ST14 ST20 ST13 ST12
Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

~ ~

Line(11)
~

NAKBA 4x3..
Line(14)

LV-4
LV-8 LV-1 Ld 5 Ld 6
NA2XRY 3x..

PV System(3) PV System(4)
Monocryst.. Monocryst..

Line
Line(18)

Ld 1
PV System(5)
NAKBA 4x3..

Monocryst..

NA2XRY 3x..
ST8
ST11 ST18

Figure 6.1: Single-line diagram of the PV park


OpenTie
NA2XRY 3x..

Line(12)
~ ~

NAKBA 4x3..
L-1-2
Line(19)

LV-5
NA2XRY 3x..

Ld 3
Ld 4
ST9 PV System(1) PV System(2)
Monocryst.. Monocryst..

ST19

LV-9

Line(13)
NAKBA 4x3..
~
LV-6
ST-3
Ld 2 PV System
Monocryst.. Feeder 2

Project:
Feeder 1 LV-7 Graphic: Grid 0.4kV schem
Date: 3/28/2016
PowerFactory 2016 Annex:

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

6.1.1 Adding a new PV system to the network

In the single line diagram of the project, one PV system is missing (at terminal “ST19”). Add a
new PV system, by following the instructions below:

• Unfreeze the single line diagram

• From the drawing toolbar add a new PV system to the busbar “ST19” (bottom side of the
diagram).
• Set the PV system ratings in the Basic Data page of the element:
– Model: Solar Calculation
– Technology: 3 phase
– Nominal Apparent Power: 30 kVA
– Rated power factor: 1.0
• Create a new PV panel type with the data below and assign it to the PV system.

Name: Monocrystalline PV panel 190 W


Peak power 190 W
Rated voltage (MPP) 24.8 V
Rated current (MPP) 8 A
Open circuit voltage 30 V
Short circuit current 9 A

Table 6.1: Reactive power capability of one PV system (PV unit datasheet)

• In the Basic Data page of the PV system define the number of PV panels per inverter in
such a way that DC Power is overrated by 10 % in comparison with rated AC power.

• Set the location of the PV system:


– Open the busbar, on which the PV system is connected (busbar “ST19”).
– Switch to the page Description.
– There is a tab called Geographical Coordinates.
– Enter the following data:
* Latitude: 48,443501
* Longitude: 9,090537
• Under System Configuration tab set:
– Mounting system: fixed
– Orientation: 0 degrees (i.e. heading south)
– Tilt Angle:35 degrees
– Inverter efficiency: 92%

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 100


6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

6.1.2 Adding a new feeder object

• Define a feeder at terminal “ST10” with direction into the feeder 2 network. Name it ’Feeder
2’.

• Open the breaker of the newly added PV system and calculate a load flow.
• Display now the voltage profile plot for the 0.4kV network.

Hint: Creating a voltage profile plot


A voltage profile can only be created after a load flow calculation has been made
and if a feeder has been defined. It can be created by right-clicking branch where a
feeder has been defined, and selection Show → Voltage Profile. This will create a
virtual instrument panel in the graphics board and will show the voltage profile for the
feeder.

• Write down the highest and lowest voltage:

V min = V max =
• You can right click at the highest and lowest voltage point in the voltage profile plot and
add constants. Right click → Set Constant→ y-value

• Close now the breaker of the PV system and calculate again a load flow.
• Look at the already existing voltage profile plot - you may have to resize the y-axis of the
plot ( ).
• Compare the new results with the previous results. Observe which LV node highly increas-
es/decreases in terms of votlage magnitude

6.1.3 Executing a Quasi-Dynamic Simulation in the LV feeder

In this part of the exercise, to all loads we will assign a typical household consumption profile.
The daily load profile is already defined in time characteristics, as follows:

• Working day, Saturday and Sunday profiles for a winter day


• Working day, Saturday and Sunday profiles for a summer day
• Working day, Saturday and Sunday profiles for a spring/autumn day

A characteristic profile must be created based on this input data

• Open one of the loads dialog, go to the Load Flow page and for the Active power stepoint
(plini) create a new Profile Characteristic
• Assign seasons information as shown in Figure 6.2

101 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

Figure 6.2: Frame definition: Photovoltaic system

• Assign daily load profiles as shown in Figure 6.3(the daily load profiles are located in the
project library, in “Operational Library/Characteristics/Household LoadProfile”),

Figure 6.3: Frame definition: Photovoltaic system

• Apply the newly created load profile to all loads.

• Switch to the symbol-box Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation in the main menu bar.


• The system variables to be observed are:
– Feeder 2: umin, umax
– Transformer for Feeder 2: P, Q and loading
– all loads: P and Q
– all PV systems: P and Q
• Define the above quantities as calculation result variables. Thereby the definition of
variables to be recorded, can basically be done in two different ways.

– 1.) Define the variable to be recorded for one individual element.


– 2.) Define the variable to be recorded for an element class.

– Possibility 1
* Select the PV system and right click this element.
* Select Define → Results for Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation. . . .
* In the following window you can select the PV system and choose the variables.
* Choose active and reactive power.
– Possibility 2

Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 102


6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

* Select the button Edit Result Variables in the toolbar of the Quasi-Dynamic-
Simulation.
* Choose the Results AC, balanced.
* Create a new object.
* Select Others. . . in the Class Name menu.
* Select in the following dialog Bus Net Elements and choose the element Load
(ElmLod).
* For the element choose active and reactive power as the variable to be recorded.
• From the project overview window, change manually the study case time to a one day in
July, 2016.
• Furthermore, adapt the hour between two cases, as detailed below:

– Case 1, High PV generation, low consumption: Noon hour, 13:00h.


– Case 2, Low PV generation, high consumption: Evening hour, 20:00h.
• Perform for each of them a load flow calculation and inspect the LV power system: mini-
mum/maximum voltage at feeder end (using the voltage profile plot) and the transformer
loading (seen on the single line diagram).

• Write down the highest and lowest voltage:

V min = V max =
• Run a quasi-dynamic simulation for a whole day in July, 2016. Pay attention to the date of
the Study Case. Choose a step size of 1 h.

• Create a diagram by selecting the option Create Subplot in the toolbox. For example add
the loading of the transformer “Tr Fd 2”, the feeder minimum and maximum voltages or
the active power at the Load “Ld 2”.
• Analyse the results of the curve shapes.

• Open the Quasi-Dynamic Simulation Reports and select Voltage Ranges as well as Load-
ing Ranges to display the tabulated reports.
• Perform a full year simulation for 2016 and analyse the minimum and maximum feeder
voltages.
• Considering that the transformers are equipped with off-load tap changers (typical sce-
nario), provide a cost-effective method of mitigating the over-voltage during the summer
months:
– Maximum allowed voltage inside feeder: 1.1 pu
– Minimum allowed voltage inside feeder: 0.9 pu

Note: Instead of applying topology changes or network re-inforcement, one may opt for
changing the tap position of the transformer twice a year. This can be done via a time
characteristic applied on the actual tap position of the transformer

• Identify the optimum seasonal tap positions in order to mitigate feeder over-voltage

103 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation


6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV generation

PowerFactory files

File Name Description


GCoPV 5 Start.pfd Starting project
GCoPV 5 QuasiDynamic.pfd Solution of exercise
6.1 Exercise: Analysis of a LV feeder with PV
generation

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Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation 104


REFERENCES

References

[1] IEC 1000-3-6 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 3: Limits - Section 6: Assessment
of emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power systems - Basic EMC publication,
1996.
[2] ENTSO-E. ENTSO-E network code for requirements for grid connection applicable to all
generators.

[3] IEC. IEC61000-3-7:1996 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Limits - Assessment of


emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV and HV power systems - basic emc publication
(IEC 61000-3-7:1996).

105 Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation

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