Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Training Material
April 2016
r2689
CONTENTS
Contents
3 Short-Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Introduction
The workshop “Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Generation” introduces the participants into the
usage of dynamic models for solar generation in PowerFactory . Hence the course focuses
on the usage and parametrisation of photovoltaic models using many of the PowerFactory
functions available at hand.
The first part of the course concentrates on steady state analysis functions for investigation
of commonly used grid connection issues for PV-parks connected to the high-voltage network:
load flow, short-circuit and harmonic analysis with PowerFactory . Commonly grid connection
requirements are discussed and hands-on experience is gained by performing a number of
exercises.
In the second part of the course the dynamic model of the generic PV model template (as
implemented in PowerFactory ) is introduced, parameterised and finally used for different time-
domain simulations like fault ride-through studies. The grid code requirements in terms of fault-
ride through, voltage support during faults and active power reduction during over-frequency
are presented and analysed using the RMS/Stability function of PowerFactory .
The course ends with the analysis of a LV-feeder where there is high penetration of PV. The
participant will learn how to perform a Quasi-Dynamic simulation in order to analyse medium
and long term studies on this LV feeder and how to mitigate adverse effects of too high PV
generation in the LV network such as exceeding steady-state voltage limits.
During the exercises there will be a supervisor, who will support and help you with the tasks.
Additionally the supervisor can provide answers to general questions regarding the topic of the
training (or different problems from your own practice). Please do not hesitate to address the
supervisor at any time to any topic!
Level: Basic.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
DIgSILENT GmbH
Photovoltaic Fundamentals
Z
Diffuse Sky Irradiation
Global Irradiation (GHI)
GHI = DHI + DNI∙cos(Z)
Reflected Gound Irradiation
(generally very small)
Upv
PV Panel Connection
PV Panel Connection
PV Panel Characteristics
MPP
SC Current
U=0
OC Voltage
I=0
PV Panel Characteristics
MPP
Influence of
temperature
PV Panel Characteristics
Photovoltaic Inverters
Photovoltaic Inverters
DC System Layouts:
PV Panel
Inverter
PV Inverters Types
– LV/MV Trafo:
100-110% S rating of PGU,
6% uk, one transformer
for one PGU
– No LV cables (very short)
– MV cables (1-10 km)
– MV/HV Trafo:
100% Sr, around 10-12% uk
• During fault:
– Low AC voltage on PCC -> no power feed in possible
– DC voltage is increased up to open-circuit DC voltage
– No special protection for solar cell needed
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
PV system 6 kW
Day in July:
“25deg constant
ambient temp. all day”
Photovoltaic Systems
PV system 6 kW
Day in July:
“10deg constant
ambient temp. all day”
• PV models in PowerFactory
• Import the file “GCoPV 0 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.
This project contains a transmission network, which will be used throughout the course to
analyse the impact on the system caused by renewable generation. The PV park feeder
system is already defined, but the PV systems and step up transformers are missing.
Note: A version is a snapshot of the current project state and can be used to restore the
project to the state when the version was created.
• Use the template “Photovoltaic System 3PH 50Hz 1MVA” to add the PV system to the grid.
Note: You can use the template by selecting the model from the window which appears
if you press the “General template” button ( ). Click then in the single line diagram
and add
• Verify through a load flow calculation ( ) the consistency of the input data. Make sure to
fix any error or warning message in the output window before proceeding.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
~
V
DIgSILENT
AC V Source
Inactive
PCC Out of Calculation
De-energised
Voltage Levels
0 380, kV
Tr
110, kV
20, kV
11, kV
T-110/10-15MVA YD
10, kV
0,4 kV
PV-park 10kV
S8 S7 S6 S2 S3 S4
NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x50RM 6/10kV ir 0
NA2XS(F)2Y 1x50RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir NA2XS(F)2Y 1x25RM 6/10kV ir
S1
Shunt/Filter
S5
NA2XS(F)2Y 1x70RM 6/10kV ir
2-Winding Transformer
2-Winding Transformer(1)
2-Winding Transformer(2)
2-Winding Transformer(3)
2-Winding Transformer(4)
2-Winding Transformer(5)
2-Winding Transformer(6)
2-Winding Transformer(7)
S13
2-Winding Transformer(8)
2-Winding Transformer(9)
2-Winding Transformer(10)
2-Winding Transformer(11)
2-Winding Transformer(13)
2-Winding Transformer(14)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PV System 3PH(8) PV System 3PH(9) PV System 3PH(10) PV System 3PH(11) PV System 3PH(12) PV System 3PH(13) PV System 3PH(14)
PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel PV Panel
20
Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)
1.2 Exercise:PV Park model (steady state)
PV systems have, like all generators, a limited reactive power capability. This capability is
implemented in PowerFactory through a reactive power capability curve .
Since PV systems, just like Type 4 wind turbines (which have fully rated converters), use
power electronics for converting the input power to an output with a constant frequency, they
are limited by a maximum output current irrespective of the AC terminal voltage. This PV
system limitation can be modelled in PowerFactory by using a voltage dependent reactive power
capability diagram. This characteristic will be added to the previously deployed PV systems by
following the instructions below.
• Open one PV generator, switch to the load flow page and choose → ’Select’ for
Capability Curve.
• Switch to the ’Configuration’ page and select the ’Consider voltage dependent limits’
option and switch the ’Input Model’ to ’Limits given in p.u.’
• Add now the voltage (0.9, 1, 1.05, 1.1) and power levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1).
• Switch back to the ’Basic Data’ page and enter the values given in Table 6.1. The capability
diagram should be similar with the one shown in Figure 1.2.
Note: The per unit (p.u.) values are rated to the nominal apparent power of the PV system
(this value was entered on the basic data page)!
Table 1.1: Reactive power capability of one PV system (PV unit datasheet)
DIgSILENT
1,0000
0,6667
0,3333
0,0000
-0,500 -0,167 0,167 [-] 0,500
0.90 p.u.
1.00 p.u.
1.05 p.u.
1.10 p.u.
• Then select all PV systems ( ), switch to the load flow tab and copy&paste the new
reactive power capability curve to all selected devices:
1. Select the elements in the single line diagram, right click on one element → Edit
Data. Select in the following window the element type you want to edit and press
then the Detail Mode ( ).
2. Select the element type with the button Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation ( ).
3. Select the element in the Data Manager and press Detail Mode ( ).
4. If all elements have the same data: Edit the first element copy the element, select all
elements, right click and select Paste Data
To enable the reactive power limitation you have to enable the option in the load flow dialogue:
• Open the load flow dialog ( ) and activate the option ’Consider Reactive Power Limits’
in the ’Reactive Power Control’ section.
• Run a load flow (the load flow can be started using the key F10).
You can see after a successful load flow calculation the operating point on the load flow tab of
the PV system (see Figure 1.3).
Note: You can right click in this window and use the zoom function for a more detailed view.
p
1,0000 prat
( 0.44/ 0.90) pmax
1.00
0.90
0,6667
0,3333
pminq
-1,000 -0,333 0,333 0.00
1,000
Figure 1.3: PQ capability curve example after load flow calculation (operating point shown in
green)
PowerFactory files
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Level: Intermediate.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
ENTSO-E
− Voltage control: ability to operate within a range of voltages and power factor
(U-Q curve) – Static analysis
− Active and reactive power control: ability to control active and reactive power
within an envelope (P-Q curve) – Static analysis
30 mins
− Low voltage / Fault Ride Through: ability to stay connected during a grid fault
causing a voltage dip at the PCC – Dynamic analysis
U/pu
1.0
ࢁ࢘ࢋࢉ
ࢁ࢘ࢋࢉ
ࢁࢉࢋࢇ࢘
࢚ࢉࢋࢇ࢘
Other Considerations
− Power Quality: harmonics and flicker are controlled to within required levels
(e.g. IEC 61000-3-6 and IEC 61400-21)
− Black Start capability: control voltage and frequency automatically during the
system restoration phase (contingent on TSO requirements)
The point of common coupling (PCC) is chosen to be the primary side (HV) of the MV/HV
transformer inside the “PV-park” MV collector grid.
Following are common requirements found in many grid codes, hence, for the purpose of this
exercise they will be considered as grid connection conditions of the PV park that must be
observed:
A. V-Q capability: For every point of operation of the PV park the grid code requires a certain
voltage/reactive power capability 𝑈 − 𝑄/𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 over the full generation range of the PV
park at the PCC ([2]). This TSO specific requirement is graphically shown in Figure 2.1
using the red curve while the ENTSO-E guidelines are shown with continuous and dashed
black lines. This requirement is dealt with in Exercise 2.2.2.
B. P-Q capability: For every point of operation of the PV park the grid code requires a
certain active/reactive power capability 𝑃 − 𝑄/𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 at the PCC over the full voltage range
of operation of the PV park ([2]). This TSO specific requirement is graphically shown in
Figure 2.2 using the red curve while the ENTSO-E guidelines are shown with continuous
and dashed black lines. This requirement is dealt with in Exercise 2.2.3.
C. Steady State Voltage: The voltage inside the PV park must always be within a range of
+ / - 10% of the rated voltage. [Due to the steady state operational requirements.] This
requirement is dealt with in Exercise 2.2.5.
D. Allowed Voltage Steps: The maximum allowable voltage change after a switching oper-
ation must be lower than 1% at the connection point (PCC). This requirement is dealt with
in Exercise 2.2.3.
E. Control of Reactive Power/Power Factor at PCC: The PV park must be able to control
its reactive power/power factor at the PCC to a prescribed reactive power/power factor
setpoint as provided by the TSO. [Technical Guideline: Generating Plants Connected to
the Medium-Voltage Network, BDEW, Germany, chapter 2.4.1]. This requirement is dealt
with in Exercise 2.2.5.
The requirements A, B and C determine the total amount of needed reactive power compen-
sation of the PV park while requirement D determines the number of discrete steps which are
needed for the compensation unit (e.g. a switched capacitor bank). Requirement E is fulfilled
using coordinated control of the PV units inside the PV park (park controller).
In Figure 2.1 a value of 0.41 corresponds to cos 𝜙 of 0.925 (overexcited) and 0.33 equates to a
cos 𝜙 of 0.95 (underexcited). The continuous black curve shows the maximum range in which
the TSO can define its requirements for the connected equipment (in this case the PV park).
The PV park must prove it can operate at least inside the outlined area (red curve) while proven
capability outside the prescribed range is not forbidden (the actual U-Q PV park capability must
enclose the red curve). Since the most demanding case represents the full generated power
(reactive power is constrained), further tests will be considering this operation scenario.
1. The reactive power capability at nominal output power (P=Pn) for a voltage variation at the
PCC (V-Q diagram).
2. The reactive power capability (for the whole PV park) over the full generation range 0<=
P <= Pn (P-Q diagram).
2.2.2 Complying with the V-Q capability requirement and designing compensation
In this exercise, the actual V-Q capability of the PV park will be verified and, in case the grid
code is not fulfilled, further reactive power compensation will be added at the PCC for grid code
compliance.
• Import the file “GCoPV 1 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.
At first we will check if the reactive power capability of the PV systems is sufficient enough to
reach the two indicated edges (“Test A” and “Test B”) in Figure 2.1; this means the PV systems
must operate at rated active power (P=Pn).
0.975
Test B
0.875
0.33 0.41
Figure 2.1: Basic requirement upon the network-side supply of reactive power from PV park to
the network [2]
We check at first the top left corner of the red curve of Figure 2.1. We will set the reactive power
of all PV systems to a very high negative value and let PowerFactory limit the reactive power
according to the previously defined capability curve (Table 6.1). The voltage set point of the
external grid has to be changed to simulate the different voltage points indicated in Figure 2.1
for the PCC.
1. Select the elements in the single line diagram, right click on one element → Edit
Data. Select in the following window the element type you want to edit and press
then the Detail Mode ( ).
2. Select the element type with the button Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation ( ).
3. Select the element in the Datamanager and press Detail Mode ( ).
4. If all elements have the same data: Edit the first element copy the element, select all
elements, right click and select Paste Data
Note: Paste Data will overwrite all data beside of the name and connection of the element!
The low reactive power set point ensures that the PV system will operate at its previously defined
reactive power limits (in this case the under excited limit curve).
Now we have to change the voltage set point of the external grid:
• Change the voltage set point of the external grid to 1.1 pu - this corresponds to 121 kV.
• Check if the setting ’consider reactive power limits’ is activated in the load flow dialogue
and calculate then a load flow.
• Activate on the alarm for voltage violations and/or overloading in the colouring dialogue
for the load flow ( ).
• Display also the power factor at the PCC in the result box to check if the requirement is
fulfilled.
Note: The power factor may be negative, best practice is to look at P and Q, if Q has
the same sign as P the park works over excited, if they have opposite signs the park
works under excited.
• Do the same with the lower right edge of the red curve (“Test B”) shown in Figure 2.1
(reactive power set point of the generators = 1 Mvar and voltage set point of the external
grid = 0.875pu).
Here are some suggestions what you can do to reach the requirements:
• Enable the tap changer of the park transformer (110/10kV, 15 MVA) to control the voltage
on the low voltage side (10 kV) - this will improve the voltage inside the PV park grid.
• Enable the automatic tap changing in the load flow dialogue for transformers too.
• Add in the type of the transformer more tap positions (load flow page of the type)
Note: Changing the control range of a transformer is of course only possible in a very
early planning stage of the PV park!
• Increase the size (Mvar) of the capacitor to increase the total overexcited reactive power
output.
Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.
In this exercise the compliance with the P-Q capability requirements of the grid code is inves-
tigated. Making use of and controlling the shunt capacitor during over-excited operation may
prove beneficial.
There are several different ways to test the reactive power capability of the whole PV park
(including the connecting transformer). First possibility is the previously described manual
method employed for the U-Q capability diagram in section 2.2.2. This would need a long
time especially for checking the reactive power capability over the full active power range. A
faster method is using a DPL script (DigSILENT Programming Language) which does all the
work for you.
We will use in the following part of the exercise a DPL script which is already included in the
imported project. The DPL script is mainly used for wind power projects and it is suggestively
named “Wind Farm PQ curve”. No practical changes are required in order to use it for raising a
PQ capability diagram for a PV-park.
Figure 2.2 shows the Grid Code active/reactive power capability 𝑃 −𝑄/𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 requirement (using
the red curve) and the ENTSO-e guidelines to be followed by TSOs from the entso-e grid code
draft. The continous black curve shows the outer envelope based on which the TSO may define
its requirement for the connected equipment (in this case the PV park). In other words, the TSO
requirement must lie within this outer envelope.
The PV-park must be able to operate, as a minimum, inside the red curve, i.e. the actual PV-park
PQ capability must enclose the red curve.
0.33 0.41
Figure 2.2: PQ capability requirement of the PV park at the PCC (guidelines from ENTSO-e
draft)
The script is already stored inside the project library. Before you can use the script, you have to
create a feeder and change the voltage set point of the external grid back to 1 pu and disconnect
the shunt capacitor:
• Change the voltage set point of the external grid back to 1 pu.
• Change all PV systems to 0 reactive power (unity power factor).
• Disconnect the shunt capacitor.
• Right click at the HV-connection of the PV-park connection transformer and select Define
→ Feeder. . . (Do NOT first left click on the element). Enter a name for the feeder and
select a colour for later colouring.
• Name it “Feeder PV-park”
• Select the orientation → Branch
• Click on OK
• Check with the colouring option ( ) for basic data (3. Other → Topology→ Feeders if
the feeder is correctly defined the PV-park should appear in the feeder colour.
• Select for the external object ’Park’ the feeder ’Feeder PV-park’ you defined before (The
feeders are stored inside Network Model∖Network Data∖Feeders ( Feeders))
• Now click on the ’Execute’ button. The script run 100 load flows and changes the active
and reactive power settings of the PV systems.
Figure 2.3: Settings of the “Wind Farm PQ Curve” DPL Script for a PV-park
After the script is finished a new ’PQ Diagram’ is shown. The blue curve is a reference curve
using the values ’cosind’, ’coscap’, ’refedge’ and ’Pnom’ from the script input parameters. A
sample curve is shown in Figure 2.4. The red curve depicts the active and reactive power on
the PCC of the PV park. For grid code compliance the red curve has to enclose the blue curve
on the left and right side. (This means the PV-park must have at least the capability to work with
a power factor of 0.95 under excited and 0.925 over excited.)
- Is the PV-park with the current setup compliant with requirement B (section 2.2.1)
and shown in Figure 2.2?
- Yes / No
- Why is the red curve (P and Q at the PCC of the PV park) shifted to the left (under
excited) side?
DIgSILENT
1,20
[p.u.]
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
-12,00 -8,00 -4,00 0,00 4,00 [Mvar] 8,00
Wind Farm PQ Curve: Q = 0 in Mvar / Active Power Reference Value in p.u.
Wind Farm PQ Curve: Reactive Power Reference Value in Mvar / Active Power Reference Value in p.u.
Wind Farm PQ Curve: Reactive Power at PCC in Mvar / Active Power at PCC in p.u.
Figure 2.4: PQ capability diagram at the PCC of the PV-park (red) and comparison with the grid
code requirement (blue)
Since the reactive power capability of the PV-park is too far on the under excited side, a
compensation unit is needed. Determine the minimum rated reactive power of a shunt capacitor
in order to comply with both grid code requirements A and B shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure
2.2.
• Verify the correct operation of the shunt by inspecting the generated PQ capability diagram
and identify the effect of the shunt capacitor on the PQ diagram
Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.
This exercise investigates requirement C (refer to section 2.2.1), by determining the maximum
step voltage change at the PCC that can be expected due to a PV-park switching action. This
investigation requires information of the external grid, information which is typically provided by
the TSO (available short circuit power and R/X ratio). The grid code requirement mentions a
maximum allowed voltage change of 1%.
While the external grid element will always control the PCC voltage to the given setpoint, using
a voltage source and a series reactor allows the PCC voltage to vary when the PV park injects
power (active or reactive). Hence:
• Disconnect the external grid by opening its breaker and close the breaker of the Series
Reactor (next to the external grid).
• Determine and set the X and R of the Series Reactor so that they represent the minimum
short circuit power of the External grid.
• Note the current tap position and write this position into the transformer. This task can be
also done with the ’Update Database’ button ( ) → Update transformer taps.
• Disable the “Automatic Tap adjust of Transformers” option in the load flow dialogue.
Note: It is only the effect on the PCC voltage of the shunt capacitor switching that is of
interest here. Therefore, the transformer should not change taps during load flow.
• Switch the shunt capacitor on and run a load flow calculation. Compare with the shunt off
case.
• Remember to use the comparison function of PowerFactory ( ) to easily obtain
percentage variations between the two scenarios.
Questions:
Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.
2.2.5 Controlling automatically the reactive power in the PV-park: Station Control
In this exercise we will investigate the coordinated control of reactive power in the PV-park
(Requirement E) as well as enabling a reactive power control algorithm that will ensure that the
voltage within the PV-park will not exceed the provisions of requirement C. For this purpose
we will be using the element Station Control (ElmStactrl) which can be used to coordinate the
reactive power of several machines, in this case, PV systems. The first task in this exercise is to
find the reactive power set point of the PV systems such that the power factor of 1 at the PCC.
Note: The station controller reactive power set point will be added as an offset to the local
reactive power or voltage set point of the generators. You have to set the station controller
out of service or remove the generator from the station controller to use again the local
set point!
Exercise instructions:
Questions:
The second task in this exercise is to make sure that the steady state voltage inside the PV-park
is within the +/- 10% range of the rated voltage (requirement C).
• Enable the “Voltage Setpoint Adaption” option for reactive power dsitribution
Note: This setting is found in the Station Control element dialog, Load Flow page, Distri-
bution tab
• Verify that the power factor can be controlled by the Station Control within the prescribed
operation range (0.95 u.e./0.925 o.e.)
• Verify in each case if the voltages inside the PV-park are kept within prescribed limits
Questions:
Mark your assessment in the overview Table 2.1 of the PV-park compliance with the grid code.
B P-Q capability
Table 2.1: Steady State Verification of Grid Code Requirements for a PV-park
PowerFactory files
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Level: Intermediate.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Short-Circuit Calculation
Contribution of PV generators
ip Ib Ith
Current
Upper Amplitude
ib
iDC ib
2 2Ib
2 2Ib
Lower Amplitude
Basic magnitudes:
Derived magnitudes:
• IEC60909/VDE method
− Contribution to the 3-ph fault only
− Skss = Sk = 3 x Srated (converter)
− Optional: the user can defined Skss and R/X Same contribution for maximum
and minimum short-circuit currents
• Complete Method
− Contribution to balanced and unbalanced faults
− Two different models are available:
− Equivalent Synchronous Machine: User-defined contribution to the sub-
transient and transient short-circuit currents and the corresponding R/X
− Dynamic Voltage Support
Source: ENTSO-E Draft Network Code for requirements for Grid Connection applicable to all Generators; 24th January 2012
i
imax
k
1
10%
∆u
• Import the file “GCoPV 2 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.
For short circuit calculations the type information is used to show the loading of the terminals
(therefore a base value is needed).
• Select the busbar 110 kV (PCC) assign the type “T-SS-110” from the project library
(Library∖Equipment Types∖BusbarTypes).
Note: The type specifies maximum peak current and the rated short circuit thermal cur-
rent of the busbar. This is used as reference for the short circuit calculation.
PV systems within the PV-park are integrating power electronic converters. This kind of gener-
ators have a contribution to the fault during the sub-transient and transient short circuit which
corresponds to the rated current of the converter.
• Edit the short-circuit page for IEC / VDE of the generators and adjust their contribution.
The options are as follows:
– Static Converter Fed-Drive: The contribution of sub-transient short-circuit power is 3
times the rated apparent power of the machine. This contribution is specified in IEC
60909 for motors/generators connected via power electronics.
– Max. Fault Contribution: The user specifies the sub-transient short-circuit power and
the R / X” ratio for the machine. Enter here 1.1MVA and 0.1 for R/X”
• Edit also the complete short-circuit tap of the generators and adjust their contribution:
– Short-Circuit Model: Dynamic Voltage Support
– Short-circuit level sub-transient: 1.1 MVA
– R / X”: 0.1
– K Factor: 2
– Max. Current 1
– Leave the negative sequence impedance on infinity (99999 pu).
• Use the ’Edit relevant objects for calculation’ ( ) button to copy&paste the data to all
generators:
1. Select the elements in the single line diagram, right click on one element → Edit
Data. Select in the following window the element type you want to edit and press
then the Detail Mode ( ).
2. Select the element type with the button Edit Relevant Objects for Calculation ( ).
3. Select the element in the Data Manager and press Detail Mode ( ).
4. If all elements have the same data: Edit the first element copy the element, select all
elements, right click and select Paste Data
• Calculate the maximum short-circuit current for a three phase short circuit in all busbars
of the system using the method IEC60909 ( ).
• Change the colour mode for short circuit calculation ( ) of the single line diagram to
“Loading of Thermal/Peak Short-Circuit Current” and check the levels of the settings for
the colouring (maximum fault currents and thermal).
• Analyse the contribution of the PV systems to the fault. Check the sub-transient fault
current (Ikss) and steady-state (Ik) provided by the generators.
• Calculate then a three phase short circuit at the terminal “PV-park 10kV” and display also
for the branch elements the maximum breaking current (maxIb). Ensure that you calculate
maximum short-circuit currents!
- Which breaking current has a breaker of the cable to withstand (assumed that all
four feeder cables would be equipped with the same breaker type)?
- kA
• Change the power set point on the load flow page of all PV generators to 1MW and
0Mvar
• Calculate a three phase short circuit on the terminal “PV-park 10kV” with a fault reactance
(Xf) of 1 ohm, but use now the PowerFactory complete method. Please activate on the
Advanced Options page the “Current Iteration” method.
• Analyze the contribution of the PV generators to the fault. Display and check the sub-
transient fault current (Ikss) and transient fault current (Iks) provided by the generators.
Display for the nodes the sub-transient voltage magnitude (u) and the transient voltage
magnitude (us).
- Note the transient short circuit current, the sub-transient voltage and transient
voltage at the PV generator “PV 5”:
- Iks = kA u= pu us = pu
• Select now all PV generators and change the K factor on the complete short-circuit page
to 10 and repeat the short circuit calculation.
- Note the transient short circuit current, the sub-transient voltage and transient
voltage at “PV 5”:
- Iks = kA u= pu us = pu
- Compare the results of the short circuit calculations - explain the difference!
Cable sizing
PowerFactory offers dedicated result variables to investigate the thermal loading on lines:
• Select both end-terminals of the line you want to investigate and calculate a short circuit.
• Check if Ithmax is smaller than Ithr. Try different fault durations and compare each time
Ithrtk with Ithmax - Ithmax should be smaller than Ithrtk.
• change cable types accordingly (greater cross section) if the current cable is overloaded
(greater than 90 %).
PowerFactory files
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Level: Intermediate.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
N 1 h<5
∑U
α
- Voltage magnitude: Uh = α
m =1
m ,h α = 1.4 5 ≤ h ≤ 10
2 h > 10
N
∑
α
- Current magnitude: Ih = α I m ,h
m =1
N
- Active power: Ph = ku ⋅ ki ⋅ ∑ ℜ U m , h ⋅ I m ,h
m=0
{ *
}
2
N α N
m are the harmonic injections: ku = α
∑U m ,h
2
U tot ; U tot = ∑ U m , h
m=0 : Phase Correct m=0 m=0
m=1,2 …N :IEC injections 2
N α N
ki = α
∑I m ,h
2
I tot ; I tot = ∑ I m ,h
m =0 m=0
The definition of resulting variables considering all frequencies are as per the
definition of the standard load flow calculation:
P
− Total Power Factor: cos(φ ) =
S
Flicker Definition
Voltage Flicker:
− is the perception of a change in lamp intensity by the human observer in
response to a voltage fluctuation
− To electric utility engineers, the voltage flicker is considered in terms of
magnitude and rate of change of the voltage fluctuations
SN
Pst = Plt = c (ψ K , va ) ⋅
SK
N
1
∑ c (ψ
2
PstΣ = PltΣ = i K , va ) ⋅ SiN
SK i =1
.
= 18 ·
·
( ) ·
.
= 8 ·
·
( ) ·
− Voltage changes that are tolerable from the flicker point of view.
− Utilities must however maintain the voltage magnitude within narrow
limits.
SN
d = 100 ⋅ ku (ψ K ) ⋅
SK
Usage of the
Harmonic Load Flow
1. Define variable set which contains for a variable absolute value and phase
angle information
2. Create a new virtual instrument panel (File -> New -> Virtual Instrument)
3. Select the plot type (Waveform Plot (VisHrm))
• Import the file “GCoPV 3 Start.pfd” and activate the project. Main menu File → Import→
Data (*.dz; *.pfd)... and select the file on disk that you want to import. If required, press
the black arrow button to select another path to which you want to import the objects in
the file. Make sure that you have not an active project before importing another one.
• Change the External Grid on the HarmonicsPowerQuality page to “Use for Calculation:
Min. Values”.
• Define a new IEC61000 harmonic injection type (TypHmccur ) according to the test data
provided in Table 4.6. Use an IEC 61000 type. Note that the injections are defined as %-
of the nominal current of the generator. Be sure that the injection type is assigned to all
PV elements.
You can assign the harmonic injection type to one PV system and use then the “copy &
paste data” function to populate the information to all units.
• For the purpose of this exercise leave the impedances (R and X) of the Norton equivalent
to their default value (9999 = infinite). It means that the injection is a pure current injection
with infinite output impedance (or zero output admittance).
• To specify the flicker contribution of the PV system, create a new Flicker Coefficient type
(TypFlicker ) with the data provided in Table 4.2 to Table 4.5. The data to be entered
comprises:
– Flicker coefficient for continuous operation
– Flicker step factor for switching operations.: note that values are specified for the
start-up at 10% active power output, the start-up at 100% active power output and
the switch-off at rated power output. For the analysis, consider here the worst case
scenario (choose table with largest coefficients).
– Voltage step factor: values for worst case scenario
– Maximum switching operations for the short- and long-term: values for worst case
scenario
Planing Levels
MV HV-EHV
P st 0,9 0,8
P lt 0,7 0,6
Table 4.1: Indicative values of planning levels P st and P lt in MV, HV and EHV power systems
according to IEC 61000-3-7 [3]
Table 4.2: Report on results of PV power quality tests acc. IEC 61400-24
Table 4.3: Flicker report of switching-on operation at 10% rated active power
Table 4.4: Flicker report of switching-on operation at 100% rated active power
Table 4.5: Flicker report of switching-off operation at 100% rated active power
Table 4.6: Harmonic currents report of one PV unit (highest value of all power bins measured in
steps of 10 %)
PowerFactory files
Level: Intermediate.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Dynamic Simulation
with
PowerFactory
DIgSILENT GmbH
Introduction
RMS-Simulation
EMT-Simulation
• Application:
– Investigation of the dynamic behaviour
and interaction of capacitive and
inductive equipment in the time domain.
RMS-Simulation - Stability
RMS: U = jω L I I = jω C U
EMT: di du
u=L i=C
dt dt
Handling
of
Dynamic Simulations
Simulation Procedure
• Load-Flow
• Calculation of Initial Conditions Setup
• Definition of Variables
• Define Events
• Start Simulation
• Define/Change Events
• Continue Simulation Simulation
• Define Simulation Plots
Setup of Simulation
• Calculate a Load-Flow
– Button
Zoom horizontally
Zoom vertically
Move x-axis
Stretch/Compress x-axis
Show whole range (horizontal)
Show whole range (vertical)
• Showed range
• Fixed point
Modelling Approach
Type Element
Concept
Network A Composite
Frame
Element 1 Model 1
B Slot A
Network A Composite
Element 2 Slot B
Model 2
B
Used macros
Common Macro 1
Model 1
Model Macro 2
Definition
Common
Model 2 Macro n
Concept
Network A Composite
Frame
Element 1 Model 1
B Slot A
Network A Composite
Element 2 Slot B
Model 2
B
Macro 1
Common Model
Macro 2
Model 1 Definition X
Macro n
Macro 1
Common Model
Model 2 Macro 5
Definition Y
Macro m
Model Definitions
Model Definition
vco_EXAC2:
uset p
Vamax
Vs
Vrmax
u
1/(1+sT)
Vc - o13 yi1
(1+sTb)/(1+sTa)
yi2
_{ K/ ( 1+sT) } _
Va yi11
0
Tr Tb,Tc Ka,Ta Var yi4 Vr yi5 Ve ui uerrs
- - LVgate K Limiter [1/sT fltrU
Kb Te
1 -
Vamin
Vrmin
Fex
upss
Vl
O
K
Kl yi7 -
Vh
_Fex_
vlr
Kc
1
Const
Vlr
K
Kh
Se( ef d) +Ke
Ke, E1,SE1, ..
sK/ ( 1+sT)
Vf Kf,Tf Vfe KeSe
o19
K
Kd
curex..
vco_EXAC2:
bias
uset p
Vamax
Vs
Vrmax
upss
Vl
Ve(1..Ve(2..
K
Kl yi7 -
Vh
reset _Fex_
vlr
Kc
0
1
Vfe(..
Const
Vlr
Vfe(..
K
Kh Vfe(..
Se(ef d) +Ke
Ke, E1,SE1,. .
sK/ ( 1+sT)
Vf Kf,T f Vfe KeSe
o19
K
Kd
cu
cure
rex..
..
DIgSILENT GmbH
• RMS simulation
• used for LVRT, HVRT, Protection studies, coordinated
active/reactive power control and other system stability
issues
• Strong support from manufacturers
• Integration in large distribution/transmission networks
• Fast simulation
• EMT simulation
- only for very detailed studies
- much slower than RMS simulation
- Not scalable to large networks
• During fault:
– Low AC voltage on PCC -> no power feed in possible
– DC voltage is increased up to open-circuit DC voltage
– No special protection for solar cell needed
Voltage increase at PV
terminal during fault
• Control
• Protection
• Feedback (measurement)
Static Generator
Transformer
Shunt
DFIG
G ASM G
~ ~
Type: Element:
Graphic: Or code:
PQ Control:
Pstat
0 Active and Reactive Power Control
Rotor Side Converter
0
Prot
1
Pref2
iwref
Pref Pref1
2 Reference Limiter 0
Pref_lim
- yi
Pmax Limiter 0
ird_ref
1 PI-Ctrl 1
1
Kp,Tp
1-yi
u_sw
xpctrl
Active Power Control
u sw
3 Dband(yi<(1-K)) PickDrop
deltaU Tudelay,Tbackdelay,i_EEG
Ib Tracker ibref
droop,i_EEG,deltaU
2
Qref2
Qref_lim - yi1
0
Qref Qref1 irq_ref
4 Reference Limiter PI-Ctrl 3
1
Kq,Tq
Qtot(1)
Qstat
5 xqctrl
Reactive Power Control
Qrot
6
bypas..
7
Parameters: Characteristic:
Feedback (Measurement)
• Voltage (*.StaVmea)
• Current (*.StaImea)
• Power (*.StaPqmea)
• Phase (*.ElmPhi_pll)
Pin
0 0
PQ
StaPqmea* Qin
1 1
0
id_ref 0
PQ Control u1r_in
0 0
u ElmDsl* iq_ref
0 2 1 1
Generator
ElmGen*,ElmVsc*
pred u1i_in
3 1 1
Vac
StaVmea*
1
0
ir 2
ActivePowerReduction
Iac
StaImea* ii
1 3
ElmDsl
PLL 1 sinref 5
ElmPhi*
2 Fmeas
Fmeas
Slow PLL
ElmPhi*
+
DSL model for PV cell and inverter controller:
RMS model:
DSL model for PV cell, DC Bus, and inverter controller:
Uarray
3
Controller
P_conv
ElmDsl
Power Measurement
StaPqmea uac
AC Voltage Static Generator
2
StaVmea ElmGenstat,ElmPvsys
Measurement Temperature
ElmFile
The template for the PV system contains also a dynamic part which consists of a composite
model. The composite model is only visible in the Data Manager and behaves like a folder - this
means the composite model contains further elements such as controllers and measurement
devices.
This exercise will show you how the dynamic model can be configured and how the rated power
and number of parallel (aggregated) machines can be changed.
The trainer will explain all relevant parts of the dynamic model as well as the relevant parame-
ters. A copy of the frame definition (which is used as type for the composite model) is given in
Figure 5.1.
In a next step the detailed PV-park should be expanded by another 2 PV-systems with each
2.6MW rated active power. The expansion should be modelled as aggregated PV systems. Use
again the template “Photovoltaic System 3PH 50Hz 1MVA” located in the project library, under
the “Templates” folder. You will learn in this exercise how the number of parallel machines and
how the rated power can be changed.
• Add the “Transmission Grid” to the study case (right click on the grid in the Project Overview
Window and select Activate);
• Create a new network variation (Insert → Variation. . . ) and name it “AggregatedPVSys-
tem”. Activate the variation. Click yes if you are asked if you want to add an expansion
stage. Name the expansion stage “AggregatedPVSystem”, select 01.01.2015 as activa-
tion date. Click yes if asked to change the study case time to match the expansion stage.
Note: All changes are now stored in the active variation. If the variation is deactivated the
changes are not active. This allows a study of different scenarios in one grid. The currently
active variation(s) and the recording expansion stage is shown in the Project Overview
Window.
• From the “PV-park” grid, remove the 110kV busbar, the external grid, the series reactor
and the AC voltage source. Connect then the 10/110kV transformer to the PCC of the
“Transmission Grid”:
• Use a 2km long line of the type “NA2XS(F)2Y 1x185RM 6/10kV ir” to connect the aggre-
gated turbine to the PV-park 20kV terminal.
• Select the reactive power capability curve, which was created in a previous exercise for
the currently added PV system.
• The displayed graphic is connected to the common or composite model which was
selected in the second step. Values of the signals and states can be seen for this
model if the simulation is already initialized.
• Right click at this greyed out graphic and select Show Library Object.
• If only a blank page is displayed then the DSL model is only defined via equations.
Figure 5.1: Frame definition: Block overview of the PV system dynamic model
5.2.1 Changing the number of parallel machines and the rated power
Change the number of parallel machines to 2 machines as described in the following steps:
1. Open the newly added PV System (e.g. named ’PV System 3PH(15)’) in the single line
diagram with a double click and change the number of parallel inverters on the basic data
page.
2. Change also in the PV System the nominal apparent power to 2.9MVA and the power
factor to 0.9.
3. Remember also to adjust the settings on the load flow page accordingly: active power out-
put ’pgini’ (set to nominal active power) and in the “Operational Limits” tab, the maximum
active power limit to nominal active power.
4. Open the composite model ’Photovoltaic system’ via the ’Model’ link on the basic data
page of the static generator. To find the correct composite model (if you have more than
one) you can double click on the PV system in the single line diagram. On the basic data
page there is a link to the composite model as shown below:
5. Here you have to open (double click or right click and select “Edit Element/Type..”) the ’PV
Array’ model:
Note: The second row in the composite model contains the PV-array model (this is a
model of the photovoltaic cell). One PV panel has a rated peak power of 𝑃𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
35𝑉 · 4.58𝐴 = 160𝑊 . There are 20 PV panels configured in series (parameter
’nSeriesModules’), resulting in a PV module 𝑃𝑛𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝑃𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 · 20 = 3.2𝑘𝑊 . The
initial PV system model has a rated peak power of 896kW - this corresponds to a
number of 280 parallel modules.
6. Change in this model the number of parallel modules (parameter ’nParallelModules’) for
adjusting the rated power of the whole model to 2.6 MW.
7. Open the ’DC Busbar and Capacitor’ model and change the capacitance proportionally.
The capacitance is increased proportionally with the rated power output: 𝐶2.6𝑀 𝑊 =
𝐶0.9𝑀 𝑊 * 2.6𝑀 𝑊/0.9𝑀 𝑊
8. Change also the number of parallel step-up transformers and replace the type of the step
up transformer with the type “Trf 0.4kV - 10kV - 2.9MVA” from the project library.
5.2.2 Using the PV dynamic model for Fault Ride Through (FRT) studies
• Define simulation results for the PV system (variables ’P:bus1’, ’Q:bus1’, ’i1P:bus1’ and
’i1Q:bus1’) and voltage for the ’LV-Bus Bar’ to which it is connected (variable ’u1’), e.g.
busbar ’LV(15)’.
• Define for the common model “DC Busbar and Capacitor” of the Photovoltaic System a
variable set, select here the signal “Udc”.
• Define a 3-phase short circuit on the PCC (in the ”Transmission Grid”) with 0 Ω fault
impedance of 200ms duration (i.e. a second event after 200ms to clear the fault).
• Use a variable step size with 1 ms minimum and 10 ms maximum step size.
Hint: Defining a variable step size solver and configure the step size
– In the dialogue Calculation of initial conditions (ComInc) which can be accessed
via the button you can change the solver between fixed step size or variable step
size by activating the option Automatic Step Size Adaptation (active for variable
step size).
– The used step size can be configured on the page Step Sizes of the ComInc:
No automatic step size adaptation: There is only one step size to configure,
this is displayed as Electromechanical Transients.
With automatic step size adaptation: The minimum step size is displayed as
Electromechanical Transients and the maximum step size as Maximum Step
Size.
The reactive current support function during faults is active by default. This can be already
observed by the reactive power curve of the previous exercise. The influence of reactive power
to the voltage will be investigated in this part of the exercise. Please proceed with the following
actions:
• Adjust the fault reactance X f (from the previously created fault event) in such a way that
a residual voltage of 0.75 pu is observed at the LV busbar of the previously created PV
system, e.g. busbar ’LV(15)’ of ’PV System 3PH(15)’.
• Plot the active and reactive current (’i1P:bus1’ and ’i1Q:bus1’). Quantify the ratio between
the injected reactive current (in p.u.) and the voltage deviation during fault in p.u. (𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 =
𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 − 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 ) (use for 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 the nominal voltage, i.e. 1 p.u.):
𝑖𝑞
𝐾= = [𝑝.𝑢.]
𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎
• Compare with the applied PV controller setting of the voltage droop ’K FRT’. This pa-
rameter is found in the DSL model ’Controller’ of the PV system’s composite model (e.g.
’Photovoltaic System 3PH(15)’). K FRT = p.u.
• Decrease the fault reactance and observe the reactive current injection. What is the
maximum limit value that the reactive current reaches and for which residual voltages?
Result: max(i1 q) = p.u.
The reactive power support during faults in the PV system can be switched to different charac-
teristics depicted in Figure 5.2 and detailed below:
By default, the German Grid Code is selected in the PV dynamic model. Now the control should
be switched to characteristic (b) according to the ENTSO-e regulations.
• Use a 3-phase short circuit with 40 Ω fault reactance (0 Ω resistance). Make sure that a
residual voltage at the LV busbar of approximately 0.75 p.u. is reached.
• Select the ’Controller’ of the PV System (e.g. ’Photovoltaic System 3PH(15)’) and observe
the parameter i EEG. Setting a value of 0 represents a characteristic according to (a) and
1 a characteristic according to (b).
• Run again a RMS simulation for 2 seconds.
• Watch the result plots. Manually compute the resulting K FRT factor (as in the previous
part of this exercise) and identify whether the point is correctly located on the characteristic
curve.
We want to compare now two different controller settings for the ’Controller’ of the PV system.
The first setting should be the original setting (so ’i EEG = 0’ the ’ramp’ parameter has no
influence). This parameter is used to calculate the slope of the characteristic (a and b) in the
Figure 5.2.
• Make sure that for all ’Controller’ blocks of all PV Systems the parameter ’i EEG’ is set to
0.
• Create plots for active and reactive current/power and compare the results.
Hint: Detailed Instructions on Storing and Comparing Results All results from a simu-
lation are stored in one object. So it is possible to save the results of two simulations
in two different result objects. With the two objects is it possible to compare the
results in one plot (for example two runs with different control settings).
– Click on the button Calculate Initial Conditions ( )
– In the following dialogue is a link to the currently used result object:
– Select the previously saved result file then select the element and the variable.
We want to investigate the influence of the reactive current support gain on the simulation
results. This can be configured with the parameter ’K FRT’.
• You can also change the initial conditions - like the active power of the static generators
or the power factor.
The power system is designed to operate within the steady state operational limits for frequen-
cies as shown in Figure 5.3. Observe the over-frequency limit at 51.5 Hz, above which the
generators are required to trip due to over-frequency (with a certain trip time setting in the order
of seconds) .
The dynamic model of the PV-system has as built-in the reduction of active power depending
on the measured grid frequency. This function is implemented in the DSL block ’“Active Power
Reduction”. The grid code requirement is shown in Figure 5.4, where 𝑓𝑛 is the nominal grid
frequency (i.e. 50 Hz is the nominal grid frequency) and 𝑓1 is the frequency at which the active
power starts being reduced (i.e. 50.2 Hz set by default). The slope by which the active power is
reduced is set in “Active Power Reduction” block, parameter “gradient”.
Note: The HV power system “Transmission Grid” has a relatively high inertia time constant set
in the external grid element (i.e. 99 seconds). To easily observe the frequency impact of
PV generation, this inertia will be modified to an extremely low value (e.g. 10 seconds) in
order to observe the effect of the small PV-park to the power system. In reality, increasing
the PV penetration level in the HV-network will result in the dynamic behaviour to be similar
with this “at the limits” example.
• Open the Data Manager and copy&paste the study case “AggregatedPVSystem”;
• Rename the copy to “Over-frequency Case” and activate this study case;
• Open the single line diagram of the Transmission System and change the inertia of the
External Grid element to 10 seconds (parameter is available in the RMS-Simulation page).
• Define result variables for the PCC busbar in the Transmission Grid (substation ’AAB’ bus
’1’.) - the variable is ’m:fehz’.
• Define result variables for the synchronous generator named ’Generator’ located in the
Transmission grid. Monitor active and reactive power.
To analyse the influence of the PV-park to the stability of the power system, a series of load
events are applied in the Transmission Grid. These events will result in a generation-consumption
active power unbalance thus a frequency transient will appear.
• Create one load event at load ’Ld GLZ1’ as below (70 % load reduction at 0 seconds):
• Create another load event at load ’Ld AAB’ as below (70 % load reduction at 5 seconds):
• Change for all PV systems, in the “Active Power Reduction” block, the parameter “gradient”
in percentage such that this limit is not exceeded.
Result: minimum gradient= %
By how much is the active power reduced in the PV-park in order to cope with the over-
frequency event?
Result: reduced active power = MW
• Use the previously described method of comparing results in order to compare the be-
haviour of the transmission network for the case of no active power de-rating is required
from the PV-park (set parameter ’gradient’ to 0 to disable this function).
PowerFactory files
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Level: Intermediate.
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
In this exercise we will analyse the influence of PV generation into a LV feeder by means of
Quasi-Dynamic Simulation, a tool which performs a series of load flow calculations throughout
a given period with a specific time step (e.g. a full year analysis on an hourly basis). The
following time dependencies can be integrated in the calculation:
Initially:
The network under analysis is shown in Figure 6.1. A number of similar PV systems are added
in “Feeder 2”, as marked with green boxes in the fore-mentioned figure.
99
6.1
DIgSILENT
T-1
Line(5)
N2XS(F)2Y..
ST10
Line(20)
N2XS(F)2Y..
Line(1)
N2XS(F)2Y..
T_MV_Feeder1 T_MV_Feeder2
Tr_Fd_1
Tr_Fd_2
T-20/0.4 2.5MVA
T-20/0.4 0.6MVA
St6
ST-1 Line(15)
NA2XRY 3x..
Line(3)
NA2XRY 3x..
Line(6)
NA2XRY 3x..
Line(7)
NA2XRY 3x..
ST26 ST15
ST16 ST17
Line(2)
NA2XRY 3x..
Line(8)
Line(4)
Line(16)
Line(10)
LV-3 LV-2
NAKBA 4x3..
NAKBA 4x3..
NAKBA 4x3..
Line(17)
Line(9)
NAKBA 4x3..
NAKBA 4x3..
NA2XRY 3x..
~ ~
Line(11)
~
NAKBA 4x3..
Line(14)
LV-4
LV-8 LV-1 Ld 5 Ld 6
NA2XRY 3x..
PV System(3) PV System(4)
Monocryst.. Monocryst..
Line
Line(18)
Ld 1
PV System(5)
NAKBA 4x3..
Monocryst..
NA2XRY 3x..
ST8
ST11 ST18
Line(12)
~ ~
NAKBA 4x3..
L-1-2
Line(19)
LV-5
NA2XRY 3x..
Ld 3
Ld 4
ST9 PV System(1) PV System(2)
Monocryst.. Monocryst..
ST19
LV-9
Line(13)
NAKBA 4x3..
~
LV-6
ST-3
Ld 2 PV System
Monocryst.. Feeder 2
Project:
Feeder 1 LV-7 Graphic: Grid 0.4kV schem
Date: 3/28/2016
PowerFactory 2016 Annex:
In the single line diagram of the project, one PV system is missing (at terminal “ST19”). Add a
new PV system, by following the instructions below:
• From the drawing toolbar add a new PV system to the busbar “ST19” (bottom side of the
diagram).
• Set the PV system ratings in the Basic Data page of the element:
– Model: Solar Calculation
– Technology: 3 phase
– Nominal Apparent Power: 30 kVA
– Rated power factor: 1.0
• Create a new PV panel type with the data below and assign it to the PV system.
Table 6.1: Reactive power capability of one PV system (PV unit datasheet)
• In the Basic Data page of the PV system define the number of PV panels per inverter in
such a way that DC Power is overrated by 10 % in comparison with rated AC power.
• Define a feeder at terminal “ST10” with direction into the feeder 2 network. Name it ’Feeder
2’.
• Open the breaker of the newly added PV system and calculate a load flow.
• Display now the voltage profile plot for the 0.4kV network.
V min = V max =
• You can right click at the highest and lowest voltage point in the voltage profile plot and
add constants. Right click → Set Constant→ y-value
• Close now the breaker of the PV system and calculate again a load flow.
• Look at the already existing voltage profile plot - you may have to resize the y-axis of the
plot ( ).
• Compare the new results with the previous results. Observe which LV node highly increas-
es/decreases in terms of votlage magnitude
In this part of the exercise, to all loads we will assign a typical household consumption profile.
The daily load profile is already defined in time characteristics, as follows:
• Open one of the loads dialog, go to the Load Flow page and for the Active power stepoint
(plini) create a new Profile Characteristic
• Assign seasons information as shown in Figure 6.2
• Assign daily load profiles as shown in Figure 6.3(the daily load profiles are located in the
project library, in “Operational Library/Characteristics/Household LoadProfile”),
– Possibility 1
* Select the PV system and right click this element.
* Select Define → Results for Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation. . . .
* In the following window you can select the PV system and choose the variables.
* Choose active and reactive power.
– Possibility 2
* Select the button Edit Result Variables in the toolbar of the Quasi-Dynamic-
Simulation.
* Choose the Results AC, balanced.
* Create a new object.
* Select Others. . . in the Class Name menu.
* Select in the following dialog Bus Net Elements and choose the element Load
(ElmLod).
* For the element choose active and reactive power as the variable to be recorded.
• From the project overview window, change manually the study case time to a one day in
July, 2016.
• Furthermore, adapt the hour between two cases, as detailed below:
V min = V max =
• Run a quasi-dynamic simulation for a whole day in July, 2016. Pay attention to the date of
the Study Case. Choose a step size of 1 h.
• Create a diagram by selecting the option Create Subplot in the toolbox. For example add
the loading of the transformer “Tr Fd 2”, the feeder minimum and maximum voltages or
the active power at the Load “Ld 2”.
• Analyse the results of the curve shapes.
• Open the Quasi-Dynamic Simulation Reports and select Voltage Ranges as well as Load-
ing Ranges to display the tabulated reports.
• Perform a full year simulation for 2016 and analyse the minimum and maximum feeder
voltages.
• Considering that the transformers are equipped with off-load tap changers (typical sce-
nario), provide a cost-effective method of mitigating the over-voltage during the summer
months:
– Maximum allowed voltage inside feeder: 1.1 pu
– Minimum allowed voltage inside feeder: 0.9 pu
Note: Instead of applying topology changes or network re-inforcement, one may opt for
changing the tap position of the transformer twice a year. This can be done via a time
characteristic applied on the actual tap position of the transformer
• Identify the optimum seasonal tap positions in order to mitigate feeder over-voltage
PowerFactory files
Notes:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
References
[1] IEC 1000-3-6 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 3: Limits - Section 6: Assessment
of emission limits for distorting loads in MV and HV power systems - Basic EMC publication,
1996.
[2] ENTSO-E. ENTSO-E network code for requirements for grid connection applicable to all
generators.