The shapes of galaxies are When stars die [Supernova], they distribute

some of their material back into the Universe,

Spiral / Oval / Irregular
the material is a mix of heavier elements that
were not present when the star was originally
created.
There are only small & large galaxies but no
medium sized.
Sizes of stars can get very large! To circle the
largest known star, VY Canis Majoris, it would
The centre of a galaxy is called a central bulge take 1100 yrs. to fly around it at 900km p/h.

There are possibly about 86.4 billion galaxies in A white dwarf planet is white compressed
the universe! There are so many stars in a matter. The planet is formed when a low-mass
galaxy, that you could compare it to 3x the star has exhausted all its central nuclear fuel
amount of sand on a beach!! and lost its outer layers as a planetary nebula.

From far away stars look like dots but from a At night time the black you see in the sky is
closer view clumps of space dust that blocks your view of
stars are actually a cross like shape. the stars.

Stars are powered by nuclear fusion in their Chondrules are when space dust is melted into
cores. droplets of molten rock, this is also a part of
the building blocks of the solar system.

When a big ball of hydrogen gas starts to fuse

into helium it creates a Protostar which is the Nebula is another name for dust in space.
beginning of a star, but if a Protostar fails to
become a star it becomes a brown dwarf.
After a star’s death [supernova] Dust and gas
clouds are absorbed by the mixture of newly-
formed elements. The clouds are also the
building blocks for new stars and solar
systems.
Little grains of minerals clumping together kick
started the growth of planets.
The sun is not made from or powered by fire,
it’s made from and powered by gas, hot
hydrogen gas.
The sun is estimated to burn for about 8.6
million years more, than turn into a white
dwarf.
The suns gravitational pull makes the moon
rock.
The sun has less of an effect on tides as it is
much further away, so it has less gravitational
pull that the moon.
The suns structure has 6 different layers, the
core / the radiative zone / the convective zone
/ the photosphere / the chromosphere. 91%
Hydrogen / 8.9% Helium / 0.1% heavy
elements.
The sun is the biggest and brightest planet in
the solar system.
The suns magnetic field can affect earth
making beautiful auroras on earth.
The sun is 400 times bigger than the moon but
at the right distance from each other they can
seem the same size from earth [Solar Eclipse]
The corona is the suns atmosphere.
The sun is the base of our food chain, you
would literally die without it. Earth depends on
the sun, because of the heat, light and very
basis of life itself.
The sun operates on a 11-year cycle.
A coronal mass ejection is a giant cloud of solar
plasma drenched with magnetic field lines that
is blown away from the sun often during
strong, long-duration solar flares. The intense
radiation from the coronal mass ejection can
alter earths outer atmosphere disrupting long-
distance radio communications.
CME stands for Coronal mass ejection. CME’s
are like hurricanes, huge & strong. They also
eject millions of particle debris into space.
The interior of the sun is all charged particles,
and the sun’s core is 15 MILLION DEGRESS
CELSIUS HOT!!!!
Sunspots on the sun are caused from plasma
cooling, creating a dark patch on the sun.
Solar flare is when magnetic fields builds up on
the edge of the sun and when the energy is
broken solar flare occurs.
The Heliosphere is created from solar wind
emitted from the sun, this solar wind is formed
into a bubble like shape that reaches far past
the orbits of the planets.
The Heliospause is the border between
interstellar wind and solar wind, this is where
the pressure of the two winds are balanced.
Our solar system planets used to be in a
different order and our solar system possibly
lost a planet.
Terrestrial planets are rocky and jovial planets
are gaseous.
Our solar system lies about 26 thousand light
years from the centre of our galaxy.
Everything in the solar system is very slowly
slowing down.
Our solar system ‘Milky way’ is on a crash
course into another galaxy ‘Andromeda’. Its
predicated that we will merge, no bang.
Earth has a rotation on its axis every 24 hours.
The Earth spins on its axis in an anticlockwise
direction, and the Earth also Orbits around the
sun in an anticlockwise direction. Earth has a
tilt on its axis. The tilt is 23 ½ degrees, to the
elliptical plane.
Our Earth’s axis is pointing at Polaris the star
The shape of Earth’s orbit is elliptical.
The tilt of earth causes seasons. Hence why if
it’s summer in the southern hemisphere it is
winter in the northern hemisphere. Also the
southern hemisphere takes longer to heat &
cool than the northern hemisphere.

The energy earth loses is picked up by the

Earth wobbles are called precession; they go
moon causing the distance between the moon
on a 26 thousand yr. cycle.
and Earth increase by 3 cm each year.

‘Theia’ slammed into one side of Earth and on

The moon was made from Earth. ‘Theia’
the other of earth multiple pieces of earth
slammed into one side of Earth and on the
where push off and compressed into a planet
other of Earth multiple pieces of earth where
that we call the moon. After ‘Theia’ collided
push off and compressed into a planet that we
with Earth, Earth’s shape was no longer a
call the moon.
sphere. Earth got its shape back from the extra
pieces Earth that didn’t escape the
atmosphere of Earth.
The dark patches on the moon are dried pools
of larva.
The atmosphere of Earth is very thin, but is
strong enough to protect us from the
dangerous radiation of the sun. The moons and Earth’s rotations on their axis
are synchronised.

Earth travels 100,000km p/h around the sun.

 The only time we see the moon is when the Another word for space is interstellar medium
sun’s light reflects on it.

In space you can’t hear or breath in space

because space is like a vacuum hence why
The moon doesn’t make its own light; it just
there is no oxygen in space.
acts like a mirror.

Space is powered by dark energy {Dark matter}

The moon travels in an elliptical shape around
Earth.

Space is FREEZING cold

The moon has 8 phases, Last quarter, wanning

gibbous, full moon, waxing gibbous, first
A light year is a measurement of distance that
quarter, waxing crescent, new moon wanning
you travel in a year. {3 x 10^8 m per second}
crescent. The moon takes 29 ½ days to go
through all of its phases.

Black holes don’t suck they compress

The pull of the moon is slowing Earth’s rotation
[called tidal breaking], it increases the length
of our day by 2.3 milliseconds per century. AU = Astronomical units are to measure
planets and the distance between planets in
our solar system.
A new moon is when it’s between the Earth
and the sun.
Between the Earth and the sun there is 1 AU.

It takes the moon 27 1/3 days to circle around

Earth. Between the Sun and Pluto there is 40 AU.
1 AU is the same as 150 million km {1.5 x 10^8
km}
Entriple is the transformation of energy
Different types of colours have different wave
lengths of colour light.
Black is the absence of colour and white
absorbs all colours
A solar eclipse is when the sun, earth and
moon are all lined up in a straight line, causing
the moon cover the sun.
A solar eclipse can happen about 2-4 times a
year
The penumbra of a solar eclipse only lasts 7-8
minutes
An annulus is when the moon is too small to
cover the sun, so that’s why it’s called an
annular eclipse
The path of totality from a solar eclipse is
where no-one in that path can see the sun.
The umbra is inner most and darkest part of a
shadow where the sun is complete blocked by
the moon, and an observer in the umbra would
see a total eclipse.
The penumbra is the region in which a portion
of the sun is obscured by the moon, and an
observer will experience a partial eclipse.
During a solar eclipse if you look at it without
eye protection you could suffer serious eye
damage.
Lunar eclipse is when the moon is behind Earth
while the sun’s light is reflecting on the moon
making the moon light up.
A blood red moon is caused when the sun hits
Earth’s atmosphere making the colours from
the light bend around earth shining on the
moon. The colour red has the longest wave
length, which is why the moon turns to a
pinkish colour.
A lunar eclipse isn’t dangerous to your eyes as Spring tides occur twice each lunar month all
you are only looking at the reflection of the year long, spring tides are also known as king
suns light not the actual sun. tides, they are the highest high tides and the
lowest low tides.

It actually takes 24 hours and 50 minutes to go

through 4 tides, It’s because the times Tides are universal they work where ever there
between high tides are approximately 12 hours is gravity.
and 25 mins.

Neap Tides are when the sun and moon are at

the right angles to each other, causing their
gravities to combine and create the lowest
high tides and the highest low tides.

Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction

of the moon and to a lesser extent the sun,
drawing Earth’s water towards it.

Tides take roughly about 6 hours to change

from high-low-high-low. You have 2 high tides
and 2 low tides a day because of the Earth’s
rotation.