Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Properties of Steam:
V V 1
Specific volume: v (m3/kg) m V where
m v v
where V is the absolute volume in m3 and m is the mass in kg
PV = nRoT = mRT
1
For an isochoric process, V = constant, dV = 0, hence P/T = constant
2
W12 PdV 0
1
For a closed-system (no mass transfer) and neglecting changes in KE and PE,
For ideal gas, change in internal energy during a process: U12 mu mCv T2 T1
2
For an open-system (with mass transfer across system boundaries) and neglecting
changes in KE and PE,
V2 V2 dU cv
Q net W net m i h gz m e h gz
in out in 2 i exit 2 e dt
For an open-system with transient-flow over a finite time interval (finite mass transfer,
e.g. charging of tank), and neglecting changes in KE and PE,
For ideal gas, change in enthalpy during a process: H12 mh mC p T2 T1
W net,out QL
th 1
QH QH
QL 1
COPR
Wnet,in Q H / Q L 1
QH 1
COPHP
Wnet,in 1 Q L / Q H
TL
For a Carnot heat engine: th,rev 1
TH
1
For a Carnot refrigerator: COPR ,rev
TH / TL 1
1
For a Carnot heat pump: COPHP,rev
1 TL / TH
3
Entropy
3. Isentropic Efficiency:
Qin
S in S out S gen S system m2 s 2 m1 s1 cv
To
Net entropy Entropy Changein entropy
transfer by Net entropy generation
mass transfer by
heat
Qk ,in
S gen m2 s 2 m1 s1 cv me se mi si (kJ/K)
exit in k Tk
In rate form:
Q in
Sin S out S gen dS system / dt
To
Rate of net entropy Rate of entropy Rate of changein entropy
transfer by Net entropy generation
heat and mass transfer by
heat