Ecofisiología Vegetal y Producción de Cultivos / Plant Ecophysiology and Crop Production

Acta Agron. (2018) 67 (1) p 86-93 ISSN 0120-2812 | e-ISSN 2323-0118 https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v67n1.57988

Absorption curves - mineral-extraction under an aeroponic

system for white chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum
(Ramat.) Kitam. cv. Atlantis White)
Curvas de absorción-extracción mineral bajo un sistema aeropónico para crisantemo
blanco (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cv. Atlantis White)

Faber de Jesús Chica Toro* and Jorge M. Garzón-González

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Universidad Catolica de Oriente. Antioquia, Colombia Author for correspondence: f23chica@gmail.com

Rec.:10.06.2016 Accep.: 05.06.2017

Abstract
The aim of this study focused on the construction of the absorption and extraction curves under an aeroponic
system for White chrysanthemum cv. Atlantis White, and therefore, propose the periods of maximum and minimum
nutrient accumulation from aboveground, root and total biomass. Vegetative cycle of the plant, measured from
the day after transplantation (dat) to aeroponic system, and the first day of court lasted 49 days. Evaluations
were carried out each week on plants, in absolute competition. For the average aboveground biomass, three
replicates were recorded. To obtain total root biomass only one sample, was measured. Therefore, total biomass in
average, had achieved 130.9313 g.plant-1, where 72.26% (94.163 g) corresponded to the aboveground biomass and
27.74% (36.3183 g) to root biomass. From nutrient contents reported in tissue analysis and biomass, nutrients
absorbed-extracted were calculated. Overall, two plant stages development in nutrient absorption were observed
as follows: the first, at day 21 dat; and second, from day 22 to day 49 dat. In this study, the reported elements
(N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S), its accumulation during the first stage did not exceeded 29%, except for S, which reached
30.19%. Consequently, the mostly close to 70% nutrients were absorbed in the second stage of development,
which coincided with the plant reproductive stage.
Key words: macronutrients, nutrient balance (plants), nutritional status, ornamental species, plant development
stage, plant nutrition, plant soil relations.

Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio se centró en la construcción de las curvas de absorción-extracción bajo un sistema
aeropónico para crisantemo blanco cv. Atlantis White y así plantear los periodos de máxima y mínima acumulación
de nutrientes de las biomasas aérea, radical y total. El ciclo vegetativo de la planta, medido desde el día de
trasplante (ddt) al sistema aeropónico y el día de inicio de corte, duró 49 días. Las evaluaciones se realizaron
cada semana sobre plantas en competencia absoluta. Para el promedio de la biomasa aérea se tomaron tres
repeticiones, para la biomasa radical se tomó una sola muestra. La biomasa total promedio alcanzada fue de
130.9313 g planta-1, de la cual el 72.26% (94.163 g) correspondió a la parte aérea y el 27.74% (36.3183 g) a la
radical. A partir de contenidos de nutrientes reportados en los análisis de tejidos y las biomasas se calculan los
nutrientes absorbidos-extraídos. En términos generales, se observan dos etapas en la absorción de nutrientes,
una primera hasta el día 21 ddt y la segunda desde el día 22 hasta el día 49 ddt. Para los elementos reportados
en este estudio (N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S); su acumulación durante la primera etapa no supero el 29%, excepto el S
que llegó hasta el 30.19 %. En consecuencia, la mayor cantidad de nutrientes, cerca al 70%, fueron absorbidas
en la segunda etapa de desarrollo, coincidente con la fase reproductiva de la planta.
Palabras clave: Balance de nutrientes (plantas), especies ornamentales, estatus nutricional, etapa de desarrollo
vegetal, nutrición vegetal, macronutrientes, relaciones planta-suelo.

86

Introduction
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum
(Ramat.) Kitam.) is one of the most worldwide
cultivated ornamental species, this activity
is reported as an outstanding line in British,
Canadian and Dutch economy, standing out
Colombia as the American country where this
activity takes a modernization process of more
than 25 years, where the Antioquia department,
manage the production of chrysanthemums
(ASOCOLFLORES, 2015).
In Colombia, the flower industry generates
about 182174 direct jobs and approximately
1000000 indirect jobs, becoming a line of social
and dynamic stabilization of the Colombian
economy. According to reports by the year 2012,
had recorded 7900 hectares engaged in flower
production, these exports generated about USD$
1270 million. In St. Valentine’s Day, is expected
to export some 500 million stems (Manrique,
Zuleta, Agudelo, Burgos, Jerez, Mejia, Pereira &
Palacio, 2014).
From the total flower production in the
country, 95% is exported, from this percentage:
75.7% comes out exported to the United States,
5% for Russia and to other countries such as
Japan, United Kingdom and Canada, among
others. In total, Colombia sells flowers to about 89
countries, this makes Colombian floriculture the
first line of non-traditional agricultural exports
and also represents 75% of the mobilized air
cargo. Chrysanthemum figures with carnations
and roses as the flowers of greater international
demand (ASOCOLFLORES, 2015).
The floriculture technician condition, suggests
a highly calibrated and validated processes.
However, with respect to fertilization rates,
there are no implementation plans supported
in absorption studies that reflect the amounts
required per plant and even less, times of greatest
and lowest nutrient absorption-extraction
mineral curves.
In general terms, the fertilization agronomical
assessment is based on the results of soil
analysis and subsequently, recommendations
are based primarily on soil element levels,
regardless the nutrient contents in plant tissues.
Consequently, this generates problems associated
with unsupported dosages in an inappropriate
timing, which cause deficiencies, toxicities, little
homogeneity and phytosanitary crop problems
associated with poor plant nutrition.
In addition, the extraction-absorption curve,
measures the accumulation element over time,
and have allowed the proper moment of maximum
and minimum nutrient uptake. These curves
are established for different authors (Bertsch &
Absorption curves - mineral-extraction under an aeroponic system for white
chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cv. Atlantis White)
Gonzalez, 1989; Bertsch, Hernández, Arguedas
& Acosta, 2003; Bertsch, 2005), which is an
instrument that provides closest information
about the quantity of plant uptake nutrients
and accurate amounts that must be replaced
throughout fertilizers.
Absorption curve-extraction can be in soil
environment under alternative systems or
hydroponics. A modification of the latter, is
aeroponics, which promotes the study of the
plant root zone to keep it suspended without
any substrate, but is mainly limited to transient
species of medium-sized to small (Putra &
Yuliando,2015).
Therefore, this study was aimed to the
construction of the absorption-extraction curves
in different phenological stages of chrysanthemum
(Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.
cv. Atlantis White) under an aeroponic system
without soil, in order to determine more precisely
the periods of maximum and minimum nutrient
accumulation from aboveground, root and total
biomass, according to plant demand
Material and methods
Study area
The study was carried out at the Universidad
Catolica del Oriente, Colombia, located in
the municipality of Nuestra Señora de Arma
Rionegro- Antioquia, Colombia at 2100 m.a.s.l.,
with an average annual temperature of 18°C,
relative humidity of 87% and an average annual
rainfall ranging from 1800 - 2500mm.
Nutrient solution management-aeroponic
system
Three aeroponic beds of 9m long, 1m x 80cm,
equipped with two irrigation lines of 16mm and
GREEN MIST™ nebulizers, with a capacity of
20 gallons per hour, were built at a distance of
70 cm apart. To resemble dark soil, side and
bottom is covered with a black plastic (size 6) also
allows the return of nutrient solution excess after
spraying. Top of the beds expanded polyethylene
sheets that fulfills the function of sustaining
productive units with holes of 4 cm in diameter,
where seedlings are placed. Growing density
used in total 27m2 (2057), which was based on
a previous study carried out by Prieto, Escobar
& Posada (1986).
Irrigation system was programmed to
automatically sprinkle in two cycles, one ranged
from 08:00 to 17: 30 hours every 7 minutes for
30 seconds and second, ranged from 17:31 to
07:59 every 3 hours for 30 seconds (Idris & Sani,
87
Acta Agronómica. 67 (1) 2018, p 86-93
2012 method); an embedded system consisted
of a PIC16F886 microcontroller and Real Time
Clock (RTC) DS1307 and a serial converter for
communication with the computer for adjusting
cycles and relays as interface module coupling to
energize the electromagnetic contactor controlling
a motor pump 1.5HP, responsible for promoting
Hoagland solution (Hoagland & Arnon, 1950)
from a 1000 liter plastic tank through irrigation
system above mentioned, a closed hydraulic
cycle, which have allowed the remaining solution
of each irrigation cycle will return to the tank for
reuse later.
During the first three days, water without
nutrients was applied to remove substrate from
rooting period and avoid plugging and rainfall
from system elements with organic waste
substrates. Nutrient solution was maintained at
pH levels and electrical conductivity ranged from
5.5 to 6.5 and 1800 to 2000 mS, respectively.
Samples preparation
The aeroponic transplant beds, was carried out in
May 7 of 2015, day from which the first sampling
was performed. Subsequently, each week, always
the same day for the next six weeks plants were
collected in absolute competition. Three samples
of air and root tissue, were analyzed. In the
first few weeks, was necessary to collect several
plants to form the sample required by the plant
tissues soil laboratory of the Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Medellin-Colombia. In addition,
samples were taken to find the dried shoot mass
and root biomass, these samples were disposed
for 24 hours at 80°C. A procedure was performed
in laboratories of the Universidad Catolica del
Oriente, Colombia.
Statistical analysis
The experimental unit was formed by a container
with three plants, with four replications at each
sampling. The statistical analysis was performed
with the Statistical Analysis System software
(SAS) using the General Linear Model (GLM
Proc; SAS9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)
for the analysis of variance, the RGR procedure
(regression) for the study of polynomial functions
and NLIN procedure for the study of non-linear
functions. To identify significant difference
among treatments and statistical significance
for all comparisons was made at p<0.05. Tukey’s
multiple range test was used to compare the mean
values of treatments.
88
Results
Rooted cuttings were transplanted into the
aeroponic system on May 7th, and the first cut
started on June 18th, 2015. Hence, first stalks
were harvested at 49 dat. Three cuts were
performed at 56 dat, which from all harvest plants
was completed. As a first step in developing the
absorption curves, results from the aboveground,
root and total biomass per plant (Figure 1),
obtained at week 6 (time in which lasted the
vegetative cycle of the species).
Figure 1. Fresh biomass behavior in white chrysanthemum during aeroponic
vegetative cycle.
Seedlings starts with an average biomass of 7.2
g and 3.99 g of root biomass, for a total of 11.19g.
At the beginning of harvest, ending the week 6
(49 dat) plants averaged 94.613g of biomass,
36.3183g of root, and total of 130.9313g.
From total biomass measurement, quantity
of nutrients recorded throughout the evaluation
time, is calculated. When these are calculated
throughout plant, technically speaking absorption
occurred. When measurement is achieved in one
part or special plant organ (root, leaves, flowers
or fruit, etc.), is when the extraction occurs. In
both cases, total amount of elements obtained
through multiplying the total dry by the content
of each reported in tissue analysis element, were
recorded.
Figure 2, shows the extraction of nutrients
from the aboveground part during the growing
season. Quantities are expressed per plant, which
facilitates calculations of absorption-extraction
for different planting densities. In fact, days
among week 0 and week 1, corresponds to plant
rooting period, which ranges from 12 to 16 days.
In the case of nitrogen, it was observed that most
extraction is presented in week fourth, among 28
and 35 days after transplanting. In addition, the
plant uptakes 30.59% of the total N, corresponding
to 0.19 g. However, among 21 and 42, the plant
extraction reaches 70% of N (0.435 g). Phosphorus
removal presents an irregular behavior.

Figure 2. Extraction of major and minor nutrients from aerial biomass in white chrysanthemum, during the aeroponic cycle.
At the end of week 2 (21dat) and week 5
(42dat), the extracted nitrogen achieved was
71.09% (0.038 g). Most extraction of potassium
is reported at the end of week 4, 35 dat, during
this week, the plant extracted 31.87% (0.209 g)
and close to 55.9% (0.3672 g) from the element
uptake among 28 and 42 dat (weeks 4 and 5,
respectively).
Absorption curves - mineral-extraction under an aeroponic system for white
chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cv. Atlantis White)
These data indicates the major elements
(N-P-K), were extracted from the aboveground
part of plant in greatest quantity during the
period among 28 and 42 dat, which corresponds
to weeks 4 and 5, respectively. Ca, Mg and S,
secondary elements show a similar behavior,
characterized by an increasing absorption, which
ranged from 35 and 42 dat (week 5). Mg
89
Acta Agronómica. 67 (1) 2018, p 86-93

Figura 3. Extraction of major and minor nutrients from root biomass in white chrysanthemum, during the aeroponic cycle.

represented the strongest case, since it was

From data presented in Table 1, is possible to observed total element was extracted until 35
determine the amount of fertilizer to use and the dat, where 70% (0.0226 g) was recorded and
most appropriate application timing. ranged from 28 and 35 dat (week 4). For Ca, this
behavior occurred among 28 and 42 dat, with

90
 Absorption curves - mineral-extraction under an aeroponic system for white
chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cv. Atlantis White)

greatest emphasis among 35 and 42 dat. In this

period of two weeks (weeks 4 and 5), the plant
uptakes close to 51% of total Ca (0.067 g). Sulfur
performed levels and behavior similar to those
of Ca reported, with an increasing extraction
at weeks 4 and 5, corresponding to 53% and
0.0157g of this element in aboveground leaf
tissues (Figure 2).
Stresses that higher extraction element was K
(0.657 g plant-1), subsequently, N (0.632 g plant-1)
and third place Ca (0.132 g.plant-1). Levels of
P, Mg and S, performed similar accumulations
as follows: 0.053g; 0.034g and 0.030g plant-1,
respectively. Figure 4. Performance of major nutrients and secondary absorbed by white
chrysanthemum under aeroponic system
Most of the research carried out in absorption
curves, exhibit extractions from aboveground
parts such as leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, As an example, in Table 2, an exercise with the
etc. Under the aeroponic system used in this elements N, K and Ca is proposed; for a 36m2 bed
study, is possible to quantify the root plant zone. with 3600 plants. The total amount to apply, for
Perhaps due to the complexity performed under example N, is 6.5 kg of fertilizer 46-0-0 (Table 2).
soil root systems, nothing or few is known about
the behavior of nutrients in this plant organs.
Consequently, fertilization plans do not consider Table 2. Proposal to calculate fertilizers based on aeroponic absorption
contributions to the plant root zone. Results of curves for white chrysanthemum

nutrient in the evaluated plant root zone, are Planting

absorbed g. Total g. Total kg. % element
presented in Figure 3. Element
plant-1
density.
bed-1 bed-1 in fertilizer
Kg fertilizer
bed-1
Overall, nutrient extraction and their N 0.7864 3800 2988.32 2.98832 46 6.50
accumulation in plant root zone, performed a K 0.8017 3800 3046.46 3.04646 60 5.08
similar behavior for the evaluated plant organs. Ca 0.2631 3800 999.78 0.99978 40 2.50
In Figure 3, was observed ranged from 35 and
42 dat (week 5), which showed an increasing
extraction as follows: Ca 84.5%; K, 83.33%; P, During this period of time, plant absorbs 71%
82%; S, 62.4%; N, 61%; and Mg, 58%. In addition, of N, which corresponds to 0.56 g N per plant;
a decreasing level was observed, possibly due 2122g of N per bed; and 4.615 kg of fertilizer
to an increasing translocation into the aerial per bed. The rest of N (295 Kg, approx.) Absorbs
part. When Figures 2 and 3 are crossed, shows among 0 and 13 dat. This can be interpreted as
an accumulation in the aboveground part and two application periods: the first, is the day when
this coincides with timing when is performed a transplanting cuttings to field conditions; and
decreasing in plant root accumulation. the second, at the beginning of Week 3 (14dat).
Is important to note that research should be
Table 1 and Figure 4, shows and summarize replicated to have achieved a standardization,
the nutrients absorbed by white chrysanthemum aeroponic curves additionally mark a trend
during the first half of 2015. This information is in nutrient uptake to be validated under soil
intended as a basis for initiating plant nutrition conditions.
programs that optimize the use of fertilizers.

Discussion
Table 1. White chrysanthemum absorption under aeroponic system

Absortion per plant (g)

Nutritional requirements are based on biomass
Week Days
N K Ca P Mg S
production per plant. With these results we
1 0-7 0.0494 0.0338 0.0113 0.0050 0.0034 0.0027
can infer the behavior of a number of plants
2 8-14 0.1578 0.1243 0.0359 0.0144 0.0137 0.0118 in a specific area. Generally, most fertilization
3 15-21 0.2282 0.2583 0.0494 0.0363 0.0172 0.0126 plans are based on nutritional uptake from the
4 22-28 0.3791 0.3024 0.0736 0.0332 0.0203 0.0166 aboveground part, however, little investigation is
5 29-35 0.5388 0.4915 0.1010 0.0451 0.0420 0.0228 focused on the nutrients removal through plant
6 36-42 0.7864 0.8017 0.2631 0.1121 0.0518 0.0392 root system, due to the difficulty in harvesting
7 43-49 0.7196 0.7322 0.1761 0.0830 0.0457 0.0391 this plant organ. Aeroponics, provides an
opportunity to assess the nutritional behavior of
this plant root zone.

91
Acta Agronómica. 67 (1) 2018, p 86-93
From Figure 1, is possible to infer white
chrysanthemum performed a steady growth
pattern until week 4, therefore, its development
is accelerated and during weeks 4 and 5, the
aboveground biomass had achieved an increasing
which ranged from 51% to 55.7% plant root
biomass, this increasing in root biomass lasted
two weeks close to 52%. This indicates that under
the production-system protocol used in this
study, could increase two stages of plant growth
and development as follows: 1 up to week 4, and
2 up to weeks 4 and 6.
In addition, Ciampitti & García (2007) and
Sancho (1999), highlight information obtained
under this methodology to determine the most
appropriate application timing, which must
match the longest time for nutrient uptake
reflected in the absorption-extraction curves
and also with the plant physiological stages and
nutrient translocation among plant organs.
Earliest studies on white chrysanthemum
nutrition, were reported by Boodley & Meyer
(1996), who showed that during the first four
growth weeks, had achieved an increasing
demand resulted from N and K elements,
consequently, remained more or less constant.
Maximum N level ranged from 4% and 5%, while
K ranged from 5% and 6% per dry weight. Ca and
Mg, performed a greatest absorption in the first
2 weeks, while P was absorbed in more quantity
from weeks 5 to 8, which stabilized among 0.50%
and 0.75% per dry weight. In addition, Dantas,
Diniz & Haag (1975), in Brazil, indicated that a
cultivar of White chrysanthemum called “Suzuki”,
extracted 1600 mg of K, 269 mg of Ca, 231 mg
P, 116mg of Fe, 113 mg of Mg, 91 S mg, 23 mg
Mn, 14 mg Zn and 0.74 mg Cu in a plant growth
period of 140 days.
Under the proposed methodology, raised
beds floor, which are constructed by plastic
darkness soil resembles, and root system is
sprayed regularly with a completely nutrient
solution (Hogland & Arnon, 1950), throughout
an electronically controlled micro-sprinklers,
creating a humid environment close to 100%.
Additionally, these are systems addressed
to monitor nutrient intake through evaluation
the leachate without their effluents become
pollutants, helping to optimize the use of
fertilizers and water resources (Steidle, Zolnier
& de Carvalho, 2014).
On the other hand, González & Bertsch (1992),
in Costa Rica, determined nutrient content
of Chrysantemum morifoliun cv. Super White
under greenhouse conditions, the evaluation
cycle was 12 weeks, where seven samples were
taken. From dry weight of the whole plant, these
authors reported K and N contents, which were
92
more nutrients absorbed from chrysanthemum,
in amounts up to three times greatest than Ca, P
and Mg. Corresponding nutrient amounts were as
follows : K, 1404 mg; N, 699 mg; Ca, 263 mg; P, 94
mg; and 56 mg of Mg. As for the minor elements,
the absorption amounts were as follows: Fe, 20
mg; Mn, 4 mg; B, 0.9 mg; Zn, 0.6 mg; and 0.4
mg of Cu.
Chica & Morales (2012), also reported
differences in both time and in the amount
absorbed by thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) elements,
where most plant absorption were as follows: 2.3
g N, K with 2.1 g, Mg with 0.82 g, followed by Ca
and S with 0.64 g and 0.42 g, respectively. The
lowest absorption element was P, with 0.38 g.
In addition, a trend was evident in absorption
timing, among weeks 9 and 10, which was the
period of maximum absorption of K, Mg and
Ca. In the case of N, P and S, plant absorption
performed an increasing tendency during the
evaluation time, which indicates that if not
reap a week 12, could continue to accumulate
these elements. Additionally, it was observed
an absorption tendency to retain the same
behavior as air extraction and plant root biomass,
separately.
Conclusion
This study evaluated the absorption-extraction
curves in white chrysanthemum, bearing this in
mind, the present work is intended to conclude
that under the evaluated conditions in aeroponic
system, maximum levels of total nutrients Ca
(84.5%), K (83.33%), P (82%), S (62, 4%), N (61%),
and Mg (58%), were absorbed from week 5 after
transplantation, which provides more accurate
and reliable estimates of nutrient extraction in
White chrysanthemum from air and root biomass,
which performed a similar behavior. Given these
concerns, plant fertilization can be oriented in two
applications as follows: one at transplantation
timing and the other, at the end of week 4.
References
ASOCOLFLORES- Asociación Colombiana de Expor-
tadores de Flores. (2015). Boletín estadístico 2015.
Responsabilidad social. https://www.asocolflores.
org/comunicaciones/centro-de-documentacion/21.
Boodley, J.W. & Meyer, J.R. (1966). The nutrient con-
tent of Bonmaffon de Luxe Chrysantemum from
juvenile to mature growth. J Am Soc Hort Sci, 87(1),
472-478.
Bertsch, F. & Gonzalez, P. (1989). Absorción de nutri-
mentos por el crisantemo (Chrysantemun morifo-
lium) var. “Super White” durante su ciclo de vida en
invernadero. Agronomía Costarricense, 13(1), 51-60.
http://www.mag.go.cr/rev_agr/v13n01_051.pdf.

Bertsch, F., Hernández, J.C., Arguedas, F. & Acosta, M.
(2003). Curvas de absorción de nutrimentos en dos
variedades, bribri y sacapobres, de fríjol común de
grano rojo. Agronomía Costarricense, 27(2), 75-81.
http://www.mag.go.cr/rev_agr/v27n02_075.pdf.
Bertsch, F. (2005). Estudios de absorción de nutrientes
como apoyo a las recomendaciones de fertilización.
Informaciones agronómicas,57,-10. www.ipni.net/
ppiweb/iaecu. nsf/$webindex/76A0E12D2DF131A-
B05256FF200587B24/$file/Estudios+de+absorci%-
C3%B3n+de+nutrientes+como+apoyo.pdf.
Ciampitti, I.A. & García, F.O. (2007). Requerimientos
Nutricionales. Absorción y extracción de macro-
nutrientes y nutrientes secundarios. II. Hortalizas,
frutales y forrajeras. Informaciones Agronómicas,
33, 1-4. http://lacs.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/lacs.
nsf/0/0B0EE369040F863003257967004A1A41/$-
FILE/AA%2012.pdf.
Chica-Toro, F. & Morales Herrera, L. M. (2012). Absor-
ción de nutrientes del tomillo (Thymus vulgaris L.) a
campo abierto en el Oriente antioqueño, Colombia.
Revista Universidad Católica de Oriente, 34, 31-40.
Dantas, P; Diniz, G; Haag, H. P. (1975). Nutrição
mineral de plantas ornamentais. VII - absorção e
deficiências de nutrientes pelo Chrysanthemum mo-
rifolium L., cv, ‘Suzuki’. An Esc Super Agric Luiz de
Queiroz, 32, 471-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/
S0071-12761975000100040
Hoagland, D.R. & Arnon, D.I. (1950). The water-cul-
ture method for growing plants without soil. The
College of agriculture. University of California.
Berkeley, California. p34. https://archive.org/
stream/watercultureme3450hoag/watercultureme-
3450hoag_djvu.txt.
Idris, I. & Sani, M. I. (2012). Monitoring and control
of aeroponic growing system for potato produc-
tion. In Control, Systems & Industrial Informatics
Absorption curves - mineral-extraction under an aeroponic system for white
chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cv. Atlantis White)
(ICCSII), IEEE Conference. 120–125. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1109/CCSII.2012.6470485
Manrique, R.L., Zuleta, Z.D., Agudelo, O.A., Burgos,
Z.S., Jerez, C. D., Mejía, T. J., Pereira, R.M. &
Palacio, T.V. (2014). Floricultura Colombiana en
contexto: experiencias y oportunidades en Asia
pacífico. Rev MAP, 3(5), 52-79. http://publicaciones.
eafit.edu.co/index.php/map/article/view/2701.
Prieto, C., Escobar, J.A. & Posada, D. A. (1986). Den-
sidades de siembra de dos variedades comerciales
de crisantemo, Chrysantemum morifolium Ramat
en Piendamo (Cauca). Acta Agron, 36(3), 56-67.
https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/acta_agro-
nomica/article/view/14788.
Putra, A. & Yuliando, H. (2015). Soilless culture system
to support water use efficiency and product quality:
A review. Agr Agr Sci Proc, 3, 283 – 288. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.054
Sancho, H. (1999). Curvas de absorción de nutrientes:
importancia y uso en los programas de fertiliza-
ción. Informaciones Agronómicas, 36, 11-14. http://
intranet.exa.unne.edu.ar/biologia/fisiologia.vege-
tal/CURVAS%20DE%20ABSORCION%20DE%20
NUTRIENTES.pdf.
Steidle, N.A.J., Zolnier, S. & de Carvalho, L. D. (2014).
Development and evaluation of an automated sys-
tem for fertigation control in soilless tomato pro-
duction. Comput Electron Agr, 103, 17–25. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2014.02.001
93