Handout Temperature and Heat 1

Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Chapter 17.
Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of

Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
This false-color thermal image Topics:
(an infrared photo) shows • It’s All About Energy
where heat energy is escaping
from a house. In this chapter • Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
we investigate the connection • Heat
between work and heat. • The First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter Goal: To expand our
understanding of energy • Thermal Properties of Matter
and to develop the first law of • Calorimetry
thermodynamics as a general • The Specific Heats of Gases
statement of energy
conservation. • Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
What quantities appear in the first law

of thermodynamics?
A. force, mass, acceleration

B. inertia, torque, angular momentum
Chapter 17. Reading Quizzes C. work, heat, thermal energy
D. work, heat, entropy
E. enthalpy, entropy, heat
What quantities appear in the first law What was the original unit for
of thermodynamics? measuring heat?
A. force, mass, acceleration A. BTU

B. inertia, torque, angular momentum B. Watt
C. work, heat, thermal energy C. Joule
D. work, heat, entropy D. Pascal
E. enthalpy, entropy, heat E. Calorie
What was the original unit for What is the name of an ideal-gas
measuring heat? process in which no heat is
transferred?
A. BTU
B. Watt
C. Joule A. Isochoric
D. Pascal B. Isentropic
E. Calorie C. Isothermal
D. Isobaric
E. Adiabatic
What is the name of an ideal-gas Heat is
process in which no heat is
transferred?
A. the amount of thermal energy in an object.
B. the energy that moves from a hotter
A. Isochoric object to a colder object.
B. Isentropic C. a fluid-like substance that flows from
C. Isothermal a hotter object to a colder object.
D. Isobaric D. both A and B.
E. Adiabatic E. both B and C.
Heat is The thermal behavior of water is

characterized by the value of its
A. the amount of thermal energy in an object.

B. the energy that moves from a hotter A. heat density.
object to a colder object. B. heat constant.
C. a fluid-like substance that flows from C. specific heat.
a hotter object to a colder object. D. thermal index.
D. both A and B.
E. both B and C.
The thermal behavior of water is

characterized by the value of its
A. heat density.
B. heat constant. Chapter 17. Basic Content and Examples
C. specific heat.
D. thermal index.
Work in Ideal-Gas Processes Work in Ideal-Gas Processes

If we let the piston move in a slow quasi-static process
from initial volume Vi to final volume Vf, the total work
Consider a gas done by the environment on the gas is
cylinder sealed at
one end by a
moveable piston.
or, graphically
Problem-Solving Strategy: Work in Ideal-Gas Problem-Solving Strategy: Work in Ideal-Gas
Processes Processes
Problem-Solving Strategy: Work in Ideal-Gas Problem-Solving Strategy: Work in Ideal-Gas

Processes Processes
Work in Ideal-Gas Processes EXAMPLE 17.2 The work of an isothermal

In an isochoric process, when the volume does not change, compression
no work is done.
QUESTION:
In an isobaric process, when pressure is a constant and the

volume changes by V = Vf − Vi, the work done during the
process is
In an isothermal process, when temperature is a constant,

the work done during the process is
EXAMPLE 17.2 The work of an isothermal EXAMPLE 17.2 The work of an isothermal
compression compression
EXAMPLE 17.2 The work of an isothermal Heat, Temperature, and Thermal Energy
compression
• Thermal energy Eth is an energy of the system due to
the motion of its atoms and molecules. Any system has
a thermal energy even if it is isolated and not
interacting with its environment. The units of Eth are
Joules.
• Heat Q is energy transferred between the system and

the environment as they interact. The units of Q are
Joules.
• Temperature T is a state variable that quantifies

the “hotness” or “coldness” of a system. A
temperature difference is required in order for heat to be
transferred between the system and the environment. The
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
units of T are degrees Celsius or Kelvin.
The First Law of Thermodynamics Temperature Change and Specific Heat
Work and heat are two ways of transfering energy The amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 kg of
between a system and the environment, causing the a substance by 1 K is called the specific heat of that
system’s energy to change. If the system as a whole is substance. The symbol for specific heat is c.
at rest, so that the bulk mechanical energy due to If W = 0, so no work is done by or on the system, then the
translational or rotational motion is zero, then the
heat needed to bring about a temperature change T is
conservation of energy equation is
Temperature Change and Specific Heat EXAMPLE 17.3 Quenching hot aluminum in
ethyl alcohol
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE 17.3 Quenching hot aluminum in EXAMPLE 17.3 Quenching hot aluminum in
ethyl alcohol ethyl alcohol
EXAMPLE 17.3 Quenching hot aluminum in Phase Change and Heat of Transformation
ethyl alcohol
A phase change is characterized by a change in
thermal energy without a change in temperature.
The amount of heat energy that causes 1 kg of

substance to undergo a phase change is called the heat
of transformation of that substance.
The symbol for heat of transformation is L.

The heat required for the entire system of mass M to
undergo a phase change is
Phase Change and Heat of Transformation

EXAMPLE 17.4 Turning ice into steam
Two specific heats of transformation are the heat of
fusion Lf, the heat of transformation between a solid
and a liquid, and the heat of vaporization Lv, the heat QUESTION:
of transformation between a liquid and a gas. The heat
needed for these phase changes is
EXAMPLE 17.4 Turning ice into steam EXAMPLE 17.4 Turning ice into steam
EXAMPLE 17.4 Turning ice into steam EXAMPLE 17.4 Turning ice into steam
Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry
Calorimetry
Problems
Suppose to systems
start at different
temperatures T1 and
T2. Heat energy will
naturally be
transferred from the
hotter to the colder
system until they
reach a common
final temperature Tf.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry

Problems Problems
Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry

The Specific Heats of Gases
Problems
It is useful to define two different versions of the specific
heat of gases, one for constant-volume (isochoric)
processes and one for constant-pressure (isobaric)
processes. We will define these as molar specific heats
because we usually do gas calculations using moles instead
of mass. The quantity of heat needed to change the
temperature of n moles of gas by T is
where CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume

and CP is the molar specific heat at constant pressure.
The Specific Heats of Gases Conduction
Conduction Conduction
For a material of cross-section area A and length L,

spanning a temperature difference T = TH – TC, the
rate of heat transfer is
where k is the thermal conductivity, which

characterizes whether the material is a good conductor
of heat or a poor conductor.
EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold
Convection Radiation
Air is a poor conductor of heat, but All objects emit energy in the form of radiation,
thermal energy is easily transferred electromagnetic waves generated by oscillating electric
through air, water, and other fluids charges in the atoms that form the object. If heat energy Q
because the air and water can flow. A is radiated in a time interval t by an object with surface
pan of water on the stove is heated at the area A and absolute temperature T, the rate of heat transfer
bottom. This heated water expands, is found to be
becomes less dense than the water above
it, and thus rises to the surface, while
cooler, denser water sinks to take its
place. The same thing happens to air.
This transfer of thermal energy by the The parameter e is the emissivity of the surface, a measure
motion of a fluid—the well-known idea of how effectively it radiates. The value of e ranges from 0
that “heat rises”—is called convection. to 1. is a constant, known as the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant, with the value = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2K4.
General Principles
Chapter 17. Summary Slides
General Principles Important Concepts
Important Concepts Important Concepts
Important Concepts Summary of Basic Gas Processes
A gas cylinder and piston are covered with
heavy insulation. The piston is pushed into
the cylinder, compressing the gas. In this
process, the gas temperature
Chapter 17. Questions
A. decreases.
B. increases.
C. doesn’t change.
D. There’s not sufficient information to tell.
A gas cylinder and piston are covered with Two process are shown that take an ideal
heavy insulation. The piston is pushed into gas from state 1 to state 3. Compare the
the cylinder, compressing the gas. In this work done by process A to the work done
process, the gas temperature by process B.
A. decreases. A. WA > WB
B. increases. B. WA < WB
C. doesn’t change. C. WA = WB = 0
D. There’s not sufficient information to tell. D. WA = WB but neither is zero
Two process are shown that take an ideal Which of the following processes involve
gas from state 1 to state 3. Compare the heat?
work done by process A to the work done
by process B.
A. The brakes in your car get hot when you
stop.
B. You push a rigid cylinder of gas across a
frictionless surface.
C. A steel block is placed under a candle.
D. You push a piston into a cylinder of gas,
A. WA > WB increasing the temperature of the gas.
B. WA < WB
C. WA = WB = 0
D. WA = WB but neither is zero
Which of the following processes involve Which first-law bar chart

heat? describes the process shown
in the pV diagram?
A. The brakes in your car get hot when you
stop.
B. You push a rigid cylinder of gas across a
frictionless surface.
C. A steel block is placed under a candle.
D. You push a piston into a cylinder of gas,
increasing the temperature of the gas.
Which first-law bar chart Objects A and B are brought into close thermal
describes the process shown contact with each other, but they are well isolated
in the pV diagram? from their surroundings. Initially TA = 0°C and
TB = 100°C. The specific heat of A is more than
the specific heat of B. The two objects will soon
reach a common final temperature Tf. The final
temperature is
A. Tf > 50°C.
B. Tf < 50°C.
C. Tf = 50°C.
Objects A and B are brought into close thermal For the two processes shown, which of
contact with each other, but they are well isolated
from their surroundings. Initially TA = 0°C and
the following is true:
TB = 100°C. The specific heat of A is more than
the specific heat of B. The two objects will soon
reach a common final temperature Tf. The final A. QA < QB.
temperature is B. QA > QB.
C. QA = QB.
A. Tf > 50°C.
B. Tf < 50°C.
C. Tf = 50°C.
For the two processes shown, which of Suppose you are an astronaut in space,
the following is true: hard at work in your sealed spacesuit.
The only way that you can transfer
excess heat to the environment is by
A. QA < QB.
B. QA > QB. A. conduction
C. QA = QB. B. radiation
C. convection
D. evaporation
Suppose you are an astronaut in space,

hard at work in your sealed spacesuit.
The only way that you can transfer
excess heat to the environment is by
A. conduction
B. radiation
C. convection
D. evaporation

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Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Chapter 17.

Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of

What quantities appear in the first law

A. force, mass, acceleration

A. force, mass, acceleration A. BTU

Heat is The thermal behavior of water is

A. the amount of thermal energy in an object.

The thermal behavior of water is

Work in Ideal-Gas Processes Work in Ideal-Gas Processes

Problem-Solving Strategy: Work in Ideal-Gas Problem-Solving Strategy: Work in Ideal-Gas

Work in Ideal-Gas Processes EXAMPLE 17.2 The work of an isothermal

In an isobaric process, when pressure is a constant and the

In an isothermal process, when temperature is a constant,

• Heat Q is energy transferred between the system and

• Temperature T is a state variable that quantifies

The First Law of Thermodynamics Temperature Change and Specific Heat

The amount of heat energy that causes 1 kg of

The symbol for heat of transformation is L.

Phase Change and Heat of Transformation

Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry

Problem-Solving Strategy: Calorimetry

where CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume

The Specific Heats of Gases Conduction

For a material of cross-section area A and length L,

where k is the thermal conductivity, which

Chapter 17. Summary Slides

General Principles Important Concepts

Important Concepts Important Concepts

Important Concepts Summary of Basic Gas Processes

Chapter 17. Questions

Which of the following processes involve Which first-law bar chart

Suppose you are an astronaut in space,

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

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