Metaphor Simile PDF

Contents
Articles
Metaphor 1
List of English-language metaphors 7
List of political metaphors 13
Simile 15
Analogy 17
Parable 26
Angry white male 29
Atari Democrat 30
Carpetbagger 31
Champagne socialist 39
Chardonnay socialist 40
Cookie pusher 41
Dark horse 43
Democrat In Name Only 45
Éminence grise 47
Figurehead 48
Gauche caviar 49
Gentoo (slang) 50
Gucci socialist 51
Lame duck (politics) 51
Limousine liberal 55
Lucky duckies 57
Massachusetts liberal 60
Muckraker 61
Nabob 73
Paper candidate 74
Perennial candidate 76
Poteau 84
Sacrificial lamb 84
Scapegoating 86
Soviet Canuckistan 89
Stalking horse 94
Star Chamber 97
Straw man 100
Straw man (literature) 102
Thank God for Mississippi 103
Aunt Sally 103
Bambi effect (slang) 105
Cassandra (metaphor) 105
Copernican Revolution (metaphor) 109
Hobson's choice 111
Judgment of Solomon 113
Nigger in the woodpile 115
Procrustes 116
Whipping boy 118
Waft 119
References
Article Sources and Contributors 120
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 125
Article Licenses
License 126
Metaphor 1
Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes a
subject by asserting that it is, on some point of
comparison, the same as another otherwise
unrelated object. Metaphor is a type of analogy
and is closely related to other rhetorical figures of
speech that achieve their effects via association,
comparison or resemblance including allegory,
hyperbole, and simile.
In simpler terms, a metaphor compares two

objects or things without using the words "like"
or "as".
One of the most prominent examples of a
metaphor in English literature is the All the
world's a stage monologue from As You Like It:
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely
players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
— William Shakespeare, As You Like It,
2/7[1]
This quote is a metaphor because the world is not
literally a stage. By figuratively asserting that the A political cartoon from an 1894 Puck magazine by illustrator S.D. Ehrhart,
shows a farm woman labeled "Democratic Party" sheltering from a tornado
world is a stage, Shakespeare uses the points of
of political change.
comparison between the world and a stage to
convey an understanding about the mechanics of
the world and the lives of the people within it.
Structure
The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936) by I. A. Richards describes a metaphor as having two parts: the tenor and the
vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the object whose attributes are
borrowed. In the previous example, "the world" is compared to a stage, describing it with the attributes of "the
stage"; "the world" is the tenor, and "a stage" is the vehicle; "men and women" is a secondary tenor, "players" is the
secondary vehicle.
Other writers employ the general terms ground and figure to denote tenor and the vehicle. In cognitive linguistics,
the terms target and source are used respectively.
Metaphor 2
Etymology
The English metaphor derives from the 16th-century Old French métaphore, which comes from the Latin
metaphora, "carrying over", in turn from the Greek μεταφορά (metaphorá), "transfer",[2] from μεταφέρω
(metapherō), "to carry over", "to transfer"[3] and that from μετά (meta), "between"[4] + φέρω (pherō), "to bear", "to
carry".[5]
Comparison with other types of analogy

Metaphors are most frequently compared with similes. The Colombia Encyclopedia, 6th edition, explains the
difference as:
a simile states that A is like B, a metaphor states that A is B or substitutes B for A.
Where a metaphor asserts the two objects in the comparison are identical on the point of comparison, a simile merely
asserts a similarity. For this reason a metaphor is generally considered more forceful than a simile.
The metaphor category also contains these specialised types:
• allegory: An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject.
• catachresis: A mixed metaphor used by design and accident (a rhetorical fault).
• parable: An extended metaphor narrated as an anecdote illustrating and teaching such as in Aesop's fables, or
Jesus' teaching method as told in the Bible.
Metaphor, like other types of analogy, can usefully be distinguished from metonymy as one of two fundamental
modes of thought. Metaphor and analogy both work by bringing together two concepts from different conceptual
domains, whereas metonymy works by using one element from a given domain to refer to another closely related
element. Thus, a metaphor creates new links between otherwise distinct conceptual domains, whereas a metonymy
relies on the existing links within them.
Common types
• A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and
"to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. Most people do not
visualize the action — dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor
and a cliché. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both.
• A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first.
"I smell a rat [...] but I'll nip him in the bud" — Irish politician Boyle Roche. This form is often used as a parody
of metaphor itself: "If we can hit that bull's-eye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards...
Checkmate." — Futurama character Zapp Brannigan.[6]
Metaphor 3
Use outside rhetoric

The term metaphor is also used for the following terms that
are not a part of rhetoric:
• A cognitive metaphor is the association of object to an
experience outside the object's environment.
• A conceptual metaphor is an underlying association that
is systematic in both language and thought.
• A root metaphor is the underlying worldview that shapes
an individual's understanding of a situation.
• A nonlinguistic metaphor is an association between two
nonlinguistic realms of experience.
• A visual metaphor uses an image to create the link between A metaphorical visualization of the word anger.
different ideas.
Metaphors can also be implied and extended throughout pieces of literature.
Conceptual metaphor
Some theorists have suggested that metaphors are not merely stylistic, but that they are cognitively important as well.
In Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not
just in language, but also in thought and action. A common definition of a metaphor can be described as a
comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another important way. They
explain how a metaphor is simply understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. The authors
call this concept a 'conduit metaphor.' By this they meant that a speaker can put ideas or objects into words or
containers, and then send them along a channel, or conduit, to a listener who takes that idea or object out of the
container and makes meaning of it. In other words, communication is something that ideas go into. The container is
separate from the ideas themselves. Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors we use, such as
"argument is war" and "time is money." Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning. The
authors also suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine: "Communication is not what one does with the
machine, but is the machine itself." (Johnson, Lakoff, 1980).[7]
Nonlinguistic metaphor
Metaphors can also map experience between two nonlinguistic realms. In The Dream Frontier, Mark Blechner
describes musical metaphors, in which a piece of music can "map" to the personality and emotional life of a
person.[8] Musicologist Leonard Meyer demonstrated how purely rhythmic and harmonic events can express human
emotions.[9] There can also be a metaphoric mapping between other art forms and human experience. The art theorist
Robert Vischer argued that when we look at a painting, we "feel ourselves into it" by imagining our body in the
posture of a nonhuman or inanimate object in the painting. For example, the painting "The Solitary Tree" by Caspar
David Friedrich shows a tree with contorted, barren limbs.[10][11] In looking at that painting, we imagine our limbs in
a similarly contorted and barren shape, and that creates a feeling in us of strain and distress. Nonlinguistic metaphors
may be the foundation of our experience of visual, musical,[12] dance,[13] and other art forms.
Metaphor 4
In historical linguistics
In historical onomasiology or, more generally, in historical linguistics, metaphor is defined as semantic change based
on similarity, i.e. a similarity in form or function between the original concept named by a word and the target
concept named by this word.[14]
ex. mouse: small, gray rodent → small, gray, mouse-shaped computer device.
Some recent linguistic theories view language as by its nature all metaphorical; or that language in essence is
metaphorical.[15]
Historical theories of metaphor
Metaphor as style in speech and writing

Viewed as an aspect of speech and writing, metaphor qualifies
as style, in particular, style characterized by a type of analogy.
An expression (word, phrase) that by implication suggests the
likeness of one entity to another entity gives style to an item
of speech or writing, whether the entities consist of objects,
events, ideas, activities, attributes, or almost anything
expressible in language. For example, in the first sentence of
this paragraph, the word "viewed" serves as a metaphor for
"thought of", implying analogy of the process of seeing and
the thought process. The phrase, "viewed as an aspect of",
projects the properties of seeing (vision) something from a
Tombstone of a jewish woman depicted by broken candles a
particular perspective onto thinking about something from a metaphor of the end of life.
particular perspective, that "something" in this case referring
to "metaphor" and that "perspective" in this case referring to the characteristics of speech and writing.
As a characteristic of speech and writing, metaphors can serve the poetic imagination, Sylvia Plath, in her poem
"Cut", to compare the blood issuing from her cut thumb to the running of a million soldiers, "redcoats, every
one";[16][17] and, enabling Robert Frost, in "The Road Not Taken", to compare one's life to a journey.[18]
Viewed also as an aspect of speech, metaphor can serve as a device for persuading the listener or reader of the
speaker or writer's argument or thesis, the so-called rhetorical metaphor.
Metaphor as foundational to our conceptual system

Cognitive linguists emphasize that metaphors serve to facilitate the understanding of one conceptual domain,
typically an abstract one like 'life' or 'theories' or 'ideas', through expressions that relate to another, more familiar
conceptual domain, typically a more concrete one like 'journey' or 'buildings' or 'food'.[][19] Food for thought: we
devour a book of raw facts, try to digest them, stew over them, let them simmer on the back-burner, regurgitate them
in discussions, cook up explanations, hoping they do not seem half-baked. Theories as buildings: we establish a
foundation for them, a framework, support them with strong arguments, buttressing them with facts, hoping they
will stand. Life as journey: some of us travel hopefully, others seem to have no direction, many lose their way.
A convenient short-hand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following: CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN
(A) IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (B), which is what is called a conceptual metaphor. A conceptual
metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another. A
conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience. Thus, for example, we have coherently
organized knowledge about journeys that we rely on in understanding life.[19]
Metaphor 5
Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999) greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a
framework for thinking in language. In recent years many scholars have investigated the original ways in which
writers use novel metaphors and question the fundamental frameworks of thinking implicit in conceptual metaphors.
When considering the role conceptual metaphor plays in the worldview of the community, the problem becomes
twofold. From a sociological, cultural or philosophical perspective, the question becomes, to what extent ideologies
maintain and impose conceptual patterns of thought by introducing, supporting, and adapting fundamental patterns
of thinking metaphorically. To what extent does the ideology fashion and refashion the idea of the nation as a
container with borders? How are enemies and outsiders represented? As diseases? As attackers? How are the
metaphoric paths of fate, destiny, history and progress represented? As the opening of an eternal monumental
moment (German fascism)? Or as the path to communism (in Russian or Czech for example)?
Though cognitive scholars have made some attempts to take on board the idea that different languages have evolved
radically different concepts and conceptual metaphors, they have on the whole remained tied up in the somewhat
reductive concept of worldview which derives from the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The true source of ethnolinguistics
and the thinker who contributed most to the debate on the relationship between culture, language and linguistic
communities was the German philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt remains, however, little
known in English-speaking nations. Andrew Goatly, in his 'Washing the Brain' (John Benjaminns 2007) does take on
board the dual problem of conceptual metaphor as a framework implicit in the language as a system, and the way
individuals and ideologies negotiate conceptual metaphors.
James W. Underhill, in Creating Worldviews: ideology, metaphor & language (Edinburgh UP), considers the way
individual speech adopts and reinforces certain metaphoric paradigms. This involves a critique of both communist
and fascist discourse. But Underhill's studies are situated in Czech and German, which allows him to demonstrate the
ways individuals are both thinking 'within', and resisting the modes by which ideologies seek to appropriate key
concepts such as 'the people', 'the state', 'history' and 'struggle'.
Though metaphors can be considered to be 'in' language, Underhill's chapter on French, English and ethnolinguistics
demonstrates that we cannot conceive of language or languages in anything other than metaphoric terms. French is a
treasure, for example. English is a 'tool' for liberating minorities engaging in debate in the global world. Underhill
continues his investigation of the relationship between worldview and language in 'Ethnolinguistics and Cultural
Concepts: truth, love, hate & war' (Cambridge UP 2012).
Notes
[2] μεταφορά (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=#67015), Henry George Liddell, Robert
Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
[3] μεταφέρω (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=#67010), Henry George Liddell, Robert
[4] μετά (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=#66573), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
[5] φέρω (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=#110599), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
[6] http:/ / www. imdb. com/ character/ ch0013045/ quotes
[7] Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980), Chapters 1–3. (pp. 3–13).
[8] Blechner, M. (2001) The Dream Frontier, NJ: The Analytic Press, p. 28
[9] Meyer, L. (1956) Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
[10] Blechner, M. (1988) Differentiating empathy from therapeutic action. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 24:301-310.
[11] Vischer, R. (1873) Über das optische Formgefühl: Ein Beitrag zur Aesthetik. Leipzig: Hermann Credner. For an English translation of
selections, see Wind, E. (1963) Art and Anarchy. London: Faber and Faber.
[12] Johnson, M. & Larson, S. (2003) "Something in the way she moves" -- Metaphors of musical motion. Metaphor and Symbol, 18:63-84
[13] Whittock, T. (1992) The role of metaphor in dance. British Journal of Aesthetics, 32:242-249.
[14] Cf. Joachim Grzega (2004), Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie,
Heidelberg: Winter, and Blank, Andreas (1997), Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen,
Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Metaphor 6
[17] (http:/ / www. sylviaplathforum. com/ index. shtml)

[19] Zoltán Kövecses. (2002) Metaphor: a practical introduction. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-514511-3.
References
• This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Metaphor", which is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.
• Stefano Arduini (2007). (ed.) Metaphors, Roma, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
• Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. I. Bywater. In The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation.
(1984). 2 Vols. Ed. Jonathan Barnes. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• I. A. Richards. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Max Black (1954). Metaphor, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 55, pp. 273–294.
• Max Black (1962). Models and metaphors: Studies in language and philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Max Black (1979). More about Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed) Metaphor & Thought.
• Clive Cazeaux (2007). Metaphor and Continental Philosophy: From Kant to Derrida. New York: Routledge.
• L. J. Cohen (1979). The Semantics of Metaphor, in A. Ortony (ed), Metaphor & Thought
• Donald Davidson. (1978). "What Metaphors Mean." Reprinted in Inquiries Into Truth and Interpretation. (1984),
Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Jacques Derrida (1982). "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy." In Margins of Philosophy.
Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
• David Punter (2007). Metaphor, London, Routledge.
• Paul Ricoeur (1975). The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language,
trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
1978. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1977)
• John Searle (1979). "Metaphor," in A. Ortony (ed) Metaphor & Thought
• Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By (IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980), Chapters 1–3.
(pp. 3–13).
• Underhill, James W., Creating Worldviews: Metaphor, Ideology & Language, Ediburgh UP, 2011.
• Fass, Dan (1988). "Metonymy and metaphor: what's the difference?". Proceedings of the 12th conference on
Computational linguistics 1. pp. 177–81. doi: 10.3115/991635.991671 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991635.
991671). ISBN 963-8431-56-3.
• René Dirvens & Ralf Pörings, ed. (2002). Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
• Lakoff, George (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 0-226-46801-1.
• Low, Graham. "An Essay is a Person". In Cameron, Lynne; Low, Graham. Researching and Applying Metaphor.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–48. ISBN 978-0-521-64964-3.
• Jakobson, Roman (1995 (originally published in 1956)). "Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of
Disturbances". In Linda Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston. On Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press. ISBN 0-674-63536-1
• Metonymy as a cross-lingual phenomenon [Peters 2003] ()
• Peters, Wim (2003). "Metonymy as a cross-lingual phenomenon". Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on
Lexicon and figurative language 14. pp. 1–9. doi: 10.3115/1118975.1118976 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/
1118975.1118976).
Metaphor 7
External links
• History of metaphor (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w227c) on In Our Time at the BBC. ( listen now
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00w227c/In_Our_Time_History_of_metaphor))
• A short history of metaphor (http://web.archive.org/web/20070101145805/http://tscp.open.ac.uk/t185/
html/resources/r2history.htm)
• Audio illustrations of metaphor as figure of speech (http://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/metaphor.htm)
• Top Ten Metaphors of 2008 (http://www.metaphorobservatory.com/2009/07/top-ten-metaphors-of-2008/)
• Shakespeare's Metaphors (http://shakespeare-online.com/biography/metaphorlist.html)
• Metaphor Examples (categorized) (http://knowgramming.com/metaphors/metaphor_chapters/examples.htm)
• List of ancient Greek words starting with μετα- (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/
resolveform?type=start&lookup=meta&lang=greek), on Perseus
List of English-language metaphors

A list of metaphors in the English language organised by type. A metaphor is a literary figure of speech that uses
an image, story or tangible thing to represent a less tangible thing or some intangible quality or idea; e.g., "Her eyes
were glistening jewels". Metaphor may also be used for any rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via
association, comparison or resemblance. In this broader sense, antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile would all
be considered types of metaphor. Aristotle used both this sense and the regular, current sense above.[1] With
metaphor, Unlike analogy, specific interpretations are not given explicitly.
Animals
• 800 lb gorilla
• Albatross (metaphor)
• Belling the cat
• Blind men and an elephant
• Boiling frog
• Butterfly effect
• Camel's nose
• Chicken or the egg
• Dead cat bounce
• Duck trick
• Elephant in the house
• Beating a dead horse
• Four Asian Tigers
• His Eye Is on the Sparrow
• Jumping the gun
• Mama grizzly
• Monkey see, monkey do
• Ostrich effect
• Reverse ferret
• Seeing pink elephants
• The Sheep and the Goats
• Snake venom
• Spherical cow
• Turkeys voting for Christmas

• Turtles all the way down
• White elephant
• Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?
• You have two cows
Body parts
• Broken heart
• Cold feet
• Heart (symbol)
• Long arm jurisdiction
• Standing on the shoulders of giants
Nautical
• Taken aback, on a square-rigger the sails were 'taken aback' when the wind was blowing on the wrong side of the
sails causing a dangerous situation. Later used to indicate a difficult or unexpected situation.[]
• Batten down the hatches
• Clear the decks to get everything out of the way as a warship went into action.[]
• Show someone the ropes to show or explain to someone how to do a task or operation. Taken from the use of
ropes to orient and adjust the sails.
• Sail close to the wind is to operate hazardously on very slim margins, usually applied in a financial sense. Derived
from the technique of sailing close to the direction of the oncoming wind.
• Loaded to the gunwales
• Back and fill
• On one's beam ends
• Awash
• Adrift
• Flagship
• Unmoored
• Nail one's colours to the mast
• Flying the flag
• Plain sailing
• With flying colours - the colours was the national flag flown at sea during battle, a ship would surrender by
lowering the colours and the term is now used to indicate a triumphant victory or win.[]
• In the doldrums
• All hands to the pumps
• Weathering a storm
• A different tack
• Swinging the lead is to avoid duty by feigning illness or injury, original a confusion between Swing the leg which
related to the way dogs can run on three legs to gain sympathy and the sailor's term heaving the lead which was to
take soundings.[]
• Left high and dry
• Three sheets to the wind, meaning "staggering drunk," refers to a ship whose sheets have come loose, causing the
sails to flap uncontrolled and the ship to meander at the mercy of the elements. Also, "Three sheets in the wind,
unsteady from drink."[2]
• Sun over the yardarm: This phrase is widely used, both afloat and ashore, to indicate that the time of day has been
reached at which it is acceptable to have lunch or (more commonly) to have an alcoholic beverage.
• "Take soundings": In suspected shallow waters, a crew member may have the task of repeatedly throwing into the
water a lead line, or piece of lead tied to a string knotted every fathom, for the purpose of estimating the depth of
the sea.[] This saying the nautical equivalent of "Take the lay of the land": see how things are going, or see what
people think about a proposed course of action. [citation needed]
• "By and large" comes from a term for sailing a ship slightly off of the wind [3]
• "To the bitter end" may have originally referred to a rope fastened to the bitt, a post attached on the deck of a
ship.[4], although this etymology has been disputed [5]
Objects
• Big red button
• Brass ring
• Brass monkey
• Bucket brigade
• Chain reaction
• Chinese fire drill
• Cultural mosaic
• Domino effect
• Don't judge a book by its cover
• Holy Grail
• Inverted pyramid
• Law of the instrument
• Melting pot
• Rosetta Stone
• Silver bullet
• Snowball effect
• Soapbox
• Zanata Stone
People
• Aunt Sally
• Cassandra (metaphor)
• Copernican Revolution (metaphor)
• Hobson's choice
• Judgment of Solomon
• Procrustes
• Whipping boy
Places
• Crossing the Rubicon
• wikt:crossroads, a decision point; a turning point or opportunity to change direction, course, or goal.
• Fork in the road (metaphor)
• wikt:grey area, an area or topic that is not one thing or the other, or where the border between two things is fuzzy.
See also wikt:fall between two stools
• Ground zero
• Mother lode
• Plateau effect
• Podunk
• Point of no return
• Slippery slope
• Walk to Canossa
Science
Richard Honeck described three forms of scientific metaphors: "mixed scientific metaphor, the scientific metaphor
theme, and the scientific metaphor that redefines a concept from a theory."[6]
• 1959 Valency (linguistics), by Lucien Tesnière, from Valence (chemistry) (1789, by William Higgins)
• 1973 Inductor, by Deleuze and Guattari, from Electromagnetic induction (1831, by Michael Faraday)
• 1980 Rhizome (philosophy), by Deleuze and Guattari, from botanical rhizome
Sport
• Carnoustie effect
• Doing a Leeds
• Face-off
• False start
• Media scrum
• Own goal
• Pole position
• Political football
Various
• Aesopian language
• Apollo archetype
• Bad apples
• Bad apples excuse
• Battle of egos
• Betamax
• Bīja
• Black-and-white dualism
• Bootstrapping
• Cabin fever
• Cherry picking (fallacy)
• China Syndrome
• City on a Hill
• Closeted
• Coming out
• Drunkard's search
• Enchanted loom
• Endianness
• Fatted calf
• Few bad apples
• Five wisdoms
• Gates of horn and ivory
• Gold in the mine
• Gordian Knot
• Greek to me
• Green shoots
• Hue and cry
• Hungry ghost
• Indra's net
• Iron (metaphor)
• Jungle
• Kōan
• Late bloomer
• List of scientific metaphors
• McNamara fallacy
• Mindstream
• Moral compass
• Musical chairs
• The Myth of Sisyphus
• Neurathian bootstrap
• Nutshell
• One bad apple
• Panopticon gaze
• Pear-shaped
• Post turtle
• The price of milk
• Ignoratio elenchi
• Invincible ignorance fallacy
• Red pill and blue pill
• Representation (systemics)
• Roof of the World
• Salad days
• Salt and Light
• Ship of state
• Son of a gun
• Survival of the fittest
• Teaching grandmother to suck eggs
• Technical debt
• Touchstone (metaphor)
• Tragedy of the commons
• Tunnel vision
• Unmarked grave
• Yin and yang
• New Testament military metaphors
• New Testament athletic metaphors
• Baseball metaphors for sex
War
• Catch-22 (logic)
• Dry powder
• Fog of war
• No-win situation
• Pyrrhic victory
• Saber noise
• Shareholder rights plan
• Shooting the messenger
• Smoking gun
• Texas sharpshooter fallacy
• War chest
• Win-win game
Lists
• List of political metaphors
• Category:Political metaphors referring to people
References
[1] The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) pp.653–55: "A rhetorical figure with two senses, both originating with Aristotle in
the 4c BC: (I) All figures of speech that achieve their effects through association, comparison and resemblance. Figures like antithesis,
hyperbole, metonymy and simile are [in that sense] all species of metaphor. [But] this sense is not current, ..."
[3] http:/ / www. straightdope. com/ columns/ read/ 1908/ what-is-the-origin-of-by-and-large
[4] http:/ / www. phrases. org. uk/ meanings/ 65800. html
[5] http:/ / www. worldwidewords. org/ qa/ qa-bit1. htm
[6] Honeck, Richard P. (1980) Cognition and figurative language (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=RsJ9AAAAMAAJ) pp.405-417
Further reading
• Isil, Olivia A. (1966). When a loose cannon flogs a dead horse there's the devil to pay: seafaring words in
everyday speech. Camden ME: International Marine. ISBN 978-0-07-032877-8.
• Miller, Charles A. (2003). Ship of state: the nautical metaphors of Thomas Jefferson : with numerous examples by
other writers from classical antiquity to the present. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
ISBN 978-0-7618-2516-6.
• Milligan, Christopher S.; Smith, David C. (1997). "Language from the Sea: Discovering the Meaning and Origin
of Nautical Metaphors". English Quarterly 28 (4): 36–40.
• Naval Air Station Jacksonville (1942). "Service Jargon" (http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/
indoc_term.htm). 9780070328778A-V(S) Indoctrination School. Department of the Navy. Retrieved June 17,
2010.
List of political metaphors

This is a list of common political metaphors.
Relating to the executive

• eminence grise: literally, "grey man," from French. Colloquially, the power-behind-the-throne. An official close
to the president or monarch who has so much power behind the scenes that he or she may double or serve as the
monarch.
• figurehead: a leader whose powers are entirely symbolic, such as a constitutional monarch.
• puppet government: a government that is manipulated by a foreign power for its own interests.
• star chamber: a secretive council or other group within a government that possesses the actual power, regardless
of the government's overt form.
Relating to legislation
• blank check: legislation which is vaguely worded to the point where it can be widely exploited and abused.
• grandfather clause that allows a piece of legislation not to apply to something old or incumbent.
• poison pill a provision in an act or bill which defeats or undermines its initial purpose or makes it politically
unacceptable.
• pork barrel legislation or patronage: acts of government that blatantly favor powerful special interest groups.
• rider that attaches something new or unrelated to an existing bill.
• sunset clause to prevent legislation from being permanent.
• a trigger law that will automatically "spring" into effect once some other variable occurs.
Relating to elections
• character assassination: spreading (usually) manufactured stories about a candidate with the intent to destroy his
or her reputation in the eyes of the public.
• dark/black horse: a candidate who is largely ignored by opponents yet makes significant gains.
• landslide victory: a huge victory for one side.
• jerrymandering: reshaping district lines to include/exclude segments of voters that may help/hurt your chances of
election.
• muckraking: uncovering and publicizing scandalous information about a person or organization
• mudslinging: harsh partisan insults exchanged between candidates.
• parachute candidate / carpetbagger: a candidate who runs for election in an area which he or she is not a native
resident or has no ties.
• paper candidate: a candidate who puts no effort into his campaign and is essentially just a name on the ballot.
• riding coattails: victories by local or state politicians because of the popularity of more powerful politicians.
• sacrificial lamb: a candidate who is put forward to run for office, by his party or others, but who has no chance of
winning.
• stalking horse: a perceived front-runner candidate who unifies his or her opponents, usually within a single
political party.
• grassroots: a political movement driven by the constituents of a community.
• astroturfing: formal public relations campaigns in politics and advertising that seek to create the impression of
being spontaneous, grassroots behavior.
• stooge: To mislead a candidate or campaigner, or to masquerade as a constituent interested in an issue being
promoted.
Relating to the issues

• wedge issue: an issue which turns members of a party against each other.
• third rail: an issue which is so controversial, pursuing it or even attempting to address it could end one's political
career.
• straw man: the practice of refuting an argument that is weaker than one's opponent actually offers, or which he
simply has not put forth at all. A type of logical fallacy.
• sacred cow: an institution which few dare question, because it is so revered.
Others
• bread and circuses: satisfaction of shallow or immediate desires of the populace at the expense of good policy;
also, the erosion of civic duty and the public life in a populace.
• Government in the sunshine: a government which keeps all its records and documents open and easily accessible
by the public.
• lame duck: a politician who has lost an election, or who is serving his last term in an office where the law limits
the number of times he may succeed himself, and is simply waiting for his term to expire.
• melting pot: a society in which all outsiders assimilate to one social norm.
• salad bowl: a society in which cultural groups retain their unique attributes (opposite of melting pot theory).
• Spin (public relations), a heavily biased portrayal of an event or situation.
• Turkeys voting for Christmas
• witch-hunt: a hysterical pursuit of political enemies
References
Simile 15
Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things through some connective word,usually being "like",
"as", "than", or a verb such as "resembles".[1] A simile differs from a metaphor in that the latter compares two unlike
things by saying that the one thing is the other thing.[2]
Uses
In literature
• "Curley was flopping like a fish on a line."[3]
• "The very mist on the Essex marshes was like a gauzy and radiant fabric."[4]
• "Why, man, they both bestride the narrow world like a Colossus."[5]
• "But the wisdom of our ancestors is in the simile." Charles Dickens, in the opening to A Christmas Carol.
• "Vincent is as strong as a lion"
Using 'like'
A simile can explicitly provide the basis of a comparison or leave this basis implicit. In the implicit case the simile
leaves the audience to determine for themselves which features of the target are being predicated. It may be a type of
sentence that uses 'as' or 'like' to connect the words being compared.
• She is like a candy so sweet.
• He is like a refiner's fire.
• Her eyes twinkled like stars.
• He fights like a lion.
• He runs like a cheetah.
• She is fragrant like a rose.
• Gareth is like a lion when he gets angry.
• “For hope grew round me, like the twining vine,” (Coleridge - Dejection)
Using 'as'
The use of 'as' makes the simile more explicit.
• She walks as gracefully as a cat.
• He was as hungry as a lion.
• He was as mean as a bull.
• That spider was as fat as an elephant.
• Cute as a kitten.
• As busy as a bee.
• As snug as a bug in a rug.
• Eyes as big as dinner plates.
Simile 16
Without 'like' or 'as'

Sometimes similes are submerged, used without using comparative words ('Like' or 'As').[6]
• "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate:" William Shakespeare,
Sonnet 18
• "I'm happier than a tornado in a trailer park!" Mater, Cars
• "How this Herculean Roman does become / The carriage of his chafe." William Shakespeare, Antony and
Cleopatra' Act I, sc. 3.
Compared to metaphor
Although simile and metaphor are generally seen as interchangeable and a matter of stylistic and creative taste,
simile acknowledges the imperfections and limitations of the comparative relationship to a greater extent than
metaphor, and it is generally limited to one or two points of comparison. Simile also hedges the author against
outrageous, incomplete, or unfair comparison. Generally, metaphor is the stronger and more encompassing of the
two forms of rhetorical analogies.
References
[1] Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. An Introduction To Poetry. 13th ed. Longman Pub Group, 2007. Pg 594.
[2] Merriam Webster (http:/ / www. merriam-webster. com/ dictionary/ simile)
[3] .
[4] .
[5] .
[6] A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices (http:/ / www. virtualsalt. com/ rhetoric. htm)
External links
• "On Substantiation Through Transitive Relations" (http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2981) is an Arabic
manuscript from 1805 by Sayf al-Din al-Amidi which discusses similes
Analogy 17
Analogy
Analogy (from Greek ἀναλογία, analogia, "proportion"[1][2]) is a cognitive process of transferring information or
meaning from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), or a linguistic
expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from one
particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, where at least one of the premises
or the conclusion is general. The word analogy can also refer to the relation between the source and the target
themselves, which is often, though not necessarily, a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.
Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving such as,
decision making, perception, memory, creativity, emotion,
explanation and communication. It lies behind basic tasks such as
the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in
face perception and facial recognition systems. It has been argued
that analogy is "the core of cognition".[3] Specific analogical
language comprises exemplification, comparisons, metaphors,
similes, allegories, and parables, but not metonymy. Phrases like
and so on, and the like, as if, and the very word like also rely on an
analogical understanding by the receiver of a message including
them. Analogy is important not only in ordinary language and
common sense (where proverbs and idioms give many examples
of its application) but also in science, philosophy and the Niels Bohr's model of the atom made an analogy
humanities. The concepts of association, comparison, between the atom and the solar system.
correspondence, mathematical and morphological homology,

homomorphism, iconicity, isomorphism, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In
cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor may be equivalent to that of analogy.
Analogy has been studied and discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists and lawyers. The last
few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notably in cognitive science.
Usage of the terms "source" and "target"

With respect to the terms source and target there are two distinct traditions of usage:
• The logical and cultures and economics tradition speaks of an arrow, homomorphism, mapping, or morphism
from what is typically the more complex domain or source to what is typically the less complex codomain or
target, using all of these words in the sense of mathematical category theory.
• The tradition that appearsWikipedia:No original research more common in cognitive psychology, in literary
theory, and in specializations within philosophy outside of logic, speaks of a mapping from what is typically the
more familiar area of experience, the source, to what is typically the more problematic area of experience, the
target.
Analogy 18
Models and theories
Identity of relation
In ancient Greek the word αναλογια (analogia) originally meant proportionality, in the mathematical sense, and it
was indeed sometimes translated to Latin as proportio. From there analogy was understood as identity of relation
between any two ordered pairs, whether of mathematical nature or not. Kant's Critique of Judgment held to this
notion. Kant argued that there can be exactly the same relation between two completely different objects. The same
notion of analogy was used in the US-based SAT tests, that included "analogy questions" in the form "A is to B as C
is to what?" For example, "Hand is to palm as foot is to ____?" These questions were usually given in the
Aristotelian format:
HAND : PALM : : FOOT : ____
While most competent English speakers will immediately give the right answer to the analogy question (sole), it is
more difficult to identify and describe the exact relation that holds both between hand and palm, and between foot
and sole[citation needed]Wikipedia:No original research. This relation is not apparent in some lexical definitions of
palm and sole, where the former is defined as the inner surface of the hand, and the latter as the underside of the
foot. Analogy and abstraction are different cognitive processes, and analogy is often an easier one.
It's important to note that the above analogy is not comparing all the properties between a hand and a foot, but rather
comparing the relationship between a hand and its palm to a foot and its sole.[4] While a hand and a foot have many
dissimilarities, the analogy is focusing on their similarity in having an inner surface.
Recently a computer algorithm has achieved human-level performance on multiple-choice analogy questions from
the SAT test.[5] The algorithm measures the similarity of relations between pairs of words (e.g., the similarity
between the pairs HAND:PALM and FOOT:SOLE) by statistical analysis of a large collection of text. It answers
SAT questions by selecting the choice with the highest relational similarity.
Shared abstraction
Greek philosophers such as Plato and
Aristotle actually used a wider notion of
analogy. They saw analogy as a shared
abstraction.[6] Analogous objects did not
share necessarily a relation, but also an idea,
a pattern, a regularity, an attribute, an effect
or a philosophy. These authors also accepted
that comparisons, metaphors and "images"
(allegories) could be used as arguments, and
sometimes they called them analogies.
Analogies should also make those
abstractions easier to understand and give
confidence to the ones using them. In several culturesWikipedia:Avoid weasel words, the sun is the source of an
analogy to God.
The Middle Age saw an increased use and
theorization of analogy. Roman lawyers had
already used analogical reasoning and the Greek word analogia. Medieval lawyers distinguished analogia legis and
analogia iuris (see below). In Islamic logic, analogical reasoning was used for the process of qiyas in Islamic sharia
law and fight jurisprudence. In Christian theology, analogical arguments were accepted in order to explain the
attributes of God. Aquinas made a distinction between equivocal, univocal and analogical terms, the last being those
like healthy that have different but related meanings. Not only a person can be "healthy", but also the food that is
Analogy 19
good for health (see the contemporary distinction between polysemy and homonymy). Thomas Cajetan wrote an
influential treatise on analogy. In all of these cases, the wide Platonic and Aristotelian notion of analogy was
preserved. James Francis Ross in Portraying Analogy (1982), the first substantive examination of the topic since
Cajetan's De Nominum Analogia, demonstrated that analogy is a systematic and universal feature of natural
languages, with identifiable and law-like characteristics which explain how the meanings of words in a sentence are
interdependent.
Special case of induction

On the contrary, Ibn Taymiyya,[][][7] Francis Bacon and later John Stuart Mill argued that analogy is simply a
special case of induction.[6] In their view analogy is an inductive inference from common known attributes to
another probable common attribute, which is known only about the source of the analogy, in the following form:
Premises
a is C, D, E, F, G
b is C, D, E, F
Conclusion
b is probably G.
This view does not accept analogy as an autonomous mode of thought or inference, reducing it to induction.
However, autonomous analogical arguments are still useful in science, philosophy and the humanities (see below),
which makes this reduction philosophically uninteresting. Moreover, induction tries to achieve general conclusions,
while analogy looks for particular ones.
Hidden deduction
The opposite move could also be tried, reducing analogy to deduction. It is argued that every analogical argument
is partially superfluous and can be rendered as a deduction stating as a premise a (previously hidden) universal
proposition which applied both to the source and the target. In this view, instead of an argument with the form:
Premises
a is analogous to b.
b is F.
Conclusion
a is plausibly F.
We should have:
Hidden universal premise
all Gs are plausibly Fs.
Hidden singular premise
a is G.
Conclusion
a is plausibly F.
This would mean that premises referring the source and the analogical relation are themselves superfluous. However,
it is not always possible to find a plausibly true universal premise to replace the analogical premises.[8] And analogy
is not only an argument, but also a distinct cognitive process.
Analogy 20
Shared structure
Contemporary cognitive scientists use a
wide notion of analogy, extensionally close
to that of Plato and Aristotle, but framed by
Gentner's (1983) structure mapping
theory.[9] The same idea of mapping
between source and target is used by
conceptual metaphor and conceptual
blending theorists. Structure mapping theory
concerns both psychology and computer
According to Shelley (2003), the study of the coelacanth drew heavily on analogies
science. According to this view, analogy
from other fish. depends on the mapping or alignment of the
elements of source and target. The mapping
takes place not only between objects, but also between relations of objects and between relations of relations. The
whole mapping yields the assignment of a predicate or a relation to the target. Structure mapping theory has been
applied and has found considerable confirmation in psychology. It has had reasonable success in computer science
and artificial intelligence (see below). Some studies extended the approach to specific subjects, such as metaphor and
similarity.[10]
Keith Holyoak and Paul Thagard (1997) developed their multiconstraint theory within structure mapping theory.
They defend that the "coherence" of an analogy depends on structural consistency, semantic similarity and purpose.
Structural consistency is maximal when the analogy is an isomorphism, although lower levels are admitted.
Similarity demands that the mapping connects similar elements and relations of source and target, at any level of
abstraction. It is maximal when there are identical relations and when connected elements have many identical
attributes. An analogy achieves its purpose insofar as it helps solve the problem at hand. The multiconstraint theory
faces some difficulties when there are multiple sources, but these can be overcome.[6] Hummel and Holyoak (2005)
recast the multiconstraint theory within a neural network architecture. A problem for the multiconstraint theory
arises from its concept of similarity, which, in this respect, is not obviously different from analogy itself. Computer
applications demand that there are some identical attributes or relations at some level of abstraction. The model was
extended (Doumas, Hummel, & Sandhofer, 2008) to learn relations from unstructured examples (providing the only
current account of how symbolic representations can be learned from examples).
Mark Keane and Brayshaw (1988) developed their Incremental Analogy Machine (IAM) to include working memory
constraints as well as structural, semantic and pragmatic constraints, so that a subset of the base analog is selected
and mapping from base to target occurs in a serial manner.[11][12] Empirical evidence shows that human analogical
mapping performance is influenced by information presentation order.[13]
High-level perception
Douglas Hofstadter and his team[14] challenged the shared structure theory and mostly its applications in computer
science. They argue that there is no line between perception, including high-level perception, and analogical thought.
In fact, analogy occurs not only after, but also before and at the same time as high-level perception. In high-level
perception, humans make representations by selecting relevant information from low-level stimuli. Perception is
necessary for analogy, but analogy is also necessary for high-level perception. Chalmers et al. conclude that analogy
is high-level perception. Forbus et al. (1998) claim that this is only a metaphor. It has been argued (Morrison and
Dietrich 1995) that Hofstadter's and Gentner's groups do not defend opposite views, but are instead dealing with
different aspects of analogy.
Analogy 21
Analogy and Complexity

Antoine Cornuéjols[15] has presented analogy as a principle of economy and computational complexity.
Reasoning by analogy is a process of, from a given pair (x,f(x)), extrapolating the function f. In the standard
modeling, analogical reasoning involves two "objects": the source and the target. The target is supposed to be
incomplete and in need for a complete description using the source. The target has an existing part St and a missing
part Rt. We assume that we can isolate a situation of the source Ss, which corresponds to a situation of target St, and
the result of the source Rs, which correspond to the result of the target Rt. With Bs, the relation between Ss and Rs, we
want Bt, the relation between St and Rt.
If the source and target are completely known:
Using Kolmogorov complexity K(x), defined as the size of the smallest description of x and Solomonoff's approach
to induction, Rissanen (89),[16] Wallace & Boulton (68) proposed the principle of Minimum description length. This
principle leads to minimize the complexity K(target| Source) of producing the target from the source.
This is unattractive in Artificial Intelligence, as it requires a computation over abstract Turing machines. Suppose
that Ms and Mt are local theories of the source and the target, available to the observer. The best analogy between a
source case a and target case is the analogy that minimizes:
K(Ms) + K(Ss|Ms) + K(Bs|Ms) + K(Mt|Ms) + K(St|Mt) + K(Bt|Mt) (1).
If the target is completely unknown:
All models and descriptions Ms, Mt, Bs, Ss, and St leading to the minimization of:
K(Ms) + K(Ss|Ms) + K(Bs|Ms) + K(Mt|Ms) + K(St|Mt) (2)
are also those who allow to obtain the relationship Bt, and thus the most satisfactory Rt for formula (1).
The analogical hypothesis, which solves an analogy between a source case and a target case, has two parts:
• Analogy, like induction, is a principle of economy. The best analogy between two cases is the one which
minimizes the amount of information necessary for the derivation of the source from the target (1). Its most
fundamental measure is the computational complexity theory.
• When solving or completing a target case with a source case, the parameters which minimize (2) are postulated to
minimize (1), and thus, produce the best response.
However, a cognitive agent may simply reduce the amount of information necessary for the interpretation of the
source and the target, without taking into account the cost of data replication. So, it may prefer to the minimization
of (2) the minimization of the following simplified formula:
K(Ms) + K(Bs|Ms) + K(Mt|Ms)
Applications and types
In language
Logic
Logicians analyze how analogical reasoning is used in arguments from analogy.
Rhetoric
• An analogy can be a spoken or textual comparison between two words (or sets of words) to highlight some form
of semantic similarity between them. Such analogies can be used to strengthen political and philosophical
arguments, even when the semantic similarity is weak or non-existent (if crafted carefully for the audience).
Analogies are sometimes used to persuade those that cannot detect the flawed or non-existent arguments.
Analogy 22
Linguistics
• An analogy can be the linguistic process that reduces word forms perceived as irregular by remaking them in the
shape of more common forms that are governed by rules. For example, the English verb help once had the
preterite holp and the past participle holpen. These obsolete forms have been discarded and replaced by helped by
the power of analogy (or by widened application of the productive Verb-ed rule.) This is called leveling.
However, irregular forms can sometimes be created by analogy; one example is the American English past tense
form of dive: dove, formed on analogy with words such as drive: drove.
• Neologisms can also be formed by analogy with existing words. A good example is software, formed by analogy
with hardware; other analogous neologisms such as firmware and vaporware have followed. Another example is
the humorous[citation needed] term underwhelm, formed by analogy with overwhelm.
• Analogy is often presented as an alternative mechanism to generative rules for explaining productive formation of
structures such as words. Others argue that in fact they are the same mechanism, that rules are analogies that have
become entrenched as standard parts of the linguistic system, whereas clearer cases of analogy have simply not
(yet) done so (e.g. Langacker 1987.445–447). This view has obvious resonances with the current views of
analogy in cognitive science which are discussed above.
In science
Analogues are often used in theoretical and applied sciences in the form of models or simulations which can be
considered as strong analogies. Other much weaker analogies assist in understanding and describing functional
behaviours of similar systems. For instance, an analogy commonly used in electronics textbooks compares electrical
circuits to hydraulics. Another example is the analog ear based on electrical, electronic or mechanical devices.
Mathematics
Some types of analogies can have a precise mathematical formulation through the concept of isomorphism. In detail,
this means that given two mathematical structures of the same type, an analogy between them can be thought of as a
bijection between them which preserves some or all of the relevant structure. For example, and are
isomorphic as vector spaces, but the complex numbers, , have more structure than does: is a field as well
as a vector space.
Category theory takes the idea of mathematical analogy much further with the concept of functors. Given two
categories C and D, a functor F from C to D can be thought of as an analogy between C and D, because F has to map
objects of C to objects of D and arrows of C to arrows of D in such a way that the compositional structure of the two
categories is preserved. This is similar to the structure mapping theory of analogy of Dedre Gentner, in that it
formalizes the idea of analogy as a function which satisfies certain conditions.
Artificial intelligence
Steven Phillips1 and William H. Wilson [17][18] uses category theory to mathematically demonstrate how the
analogical reasoning in the human mind, that is free of the spurious inferences that plague conventional artificial
intelligence models, (called systematicity), could arise naturally from the use of relationships between the internal
arrows that keep the internal structures of the categories rather than the mere relationships between the objects.
(called "representational states"). Thus, the mind may use analogies between domains whose internal structures fit
according with a natural transformation and reject those that do not.
see also Structure mapping engine.
See also case-based reasoning.
Analogy 23
Anatomy
In anatomy, two anatomical structures are considered to be analogous when they serve similar functions but are not
evolutionarily related, such as the legs of vertebrates and the legs of insects. Analogous structures are the result of
convergent evolution and should be contrasted with homologous structures.
Engineering
Often a physical prototype is built to model and represent some other physical object. For example, wind tunnels are
used to test scale models of wings and aircraft, which act as an analog to full-size wings and aircraft.
For example, the MONIAC (an analog computer) used the flow of water in its pipes as an analog to the flow of
money in an economy.
Cybernetics
Where there is dependence and hence interaction between a pair or more of biological or physical participants
communication occurs and the stresses produced describe internal models inside the participants. Pask in his
Conversation Theory asserts there exists an analogy exhibiting both similarities and differences between any pair of
the participants' internal models or concepts.
In normative matters
Morality
Analogical reasoning plays a very important part in morality. This may be in part because morality is supposed to be
impartial and fair. If it is wrong to do something in a situation A, and situation B is analogous to A in all relevant
features, then it is also wrong to perform that action in situation B. Moral particularism accepts analogical moral
reasoning, rejecting both deduction and induction, since only the former can do without moral principles.
Law
In law, analogy is used to resolve issues on which there is no previous authority. A distinction has to be made
between analogous reasoning from written law and analogy to precedent case law.
Analogies from codes and statutes

In civil law systems, where the preeminent source of law is legal codes and statutes, a lacuna (a gap) arises when a
specific issue is not explicitly dealt with in written law. Judges will try to identify a provision whose purpose applies
to the case at hand. That process can reach a high degree of sophistication, as judges sometimes not only look at a
specific provision to fill lacunae (gaps), but at several provisions (from which an underlying purpose can be inferred)
or at general principles of the law to identify the legislator's value judgement from which the analogy is drawn.
Besides the not very frequent filling of lacunae, analogy is very commonly used between different provisions in
order to achieve substantial coherence. Analogy from previous judicial decisions is also common, although these
decisions are not binding authorities.
Analogy 24
Analogies from precedent case law

By contrast, in common law systems, where precedent cases are the primary source of law, analogies to codes and
statutes are rare (since those are not seen as a coherent system, but as incursions into the common law). Analogies
are thus usually drawn from precedent cases: The judge finds that the facts of another case are similar to the one at
hand to an extent that the analogous application of the rule established in the previous case is justified.
In gender science
In the 19th century, there was increased attention to differences in gender.[citation needed] Scientists started to use an
analogy between race and gender to explain gender differences. In gender, the female represents a lower race than
the male. Researchers record the data of women's bodies for analysis. Nancy Leys Stepan believes that the analogy is
so crucial in science that it shapes and influences scientific study. In her article "Race and Gender: The Role of
Analogy in Science",[19] she states "The analogy guided research, generated new hypotheses, and helped disseminate
new, usually technical vocabularies. The analogy defined what was problematic about these social groups, what
aspects of them needed further investigation, and which kinds of measurements and what data would be significant
for scientific inquiry."
In teaching strategies
Teaching the process of thinking by analogy is one of the main themes of The Private Eye Project. There are also
various pedagogic innovations now emerging that use visual analogies for cross-disciplinary teaching and research,
for instance between science and the humanities.[]
References
• Cajetan, Tommaso De Vio, (1498), De Nominum Analogia, P.N. Zammit (ed.), 1934, The Analogy of Names,
Koren, Henry J. and Bushinski, Edward A (trans.), 1953, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
• Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991). Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception,
Representation, and Analogy [20].
• Coelho, Ivo (2010). "Analogy." ACPI Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Johnson J. Puthenpurackal. Bangalore:
ATC. 1:64-68.
• Cornuéjols, A. (1996). Analogie, principe d’économie et complexité algorithmique [21]. In Actes des 11èmes
Journées Françaises de l’Apprentissage. Sète.
• Doumas, L. A. A., Hummel, J.E., and Sandhofer, C. (2008). A Theory of the Discovery and Predication of
Relational Concepts. [22] Psychological Review, 115, 1-43.
• Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. [23] Cognitive Science, 7, 155–170.
(Reprinted in A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and
artificial intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann).
• Forbus, K. et al. (1998). Analogy just looks like high-level perception [24].
• Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive
Science. [25] Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-57139-0
• Hofstadter, D. (2001). Analogy as the Core of Cognition [26], in Dedre Gentner, Keith Holyoak, and Boicho
Kokinov (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT
Press/Bradford Book, 2001, pp. 499–538.
• Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986). Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning,
and Discovery [27]. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-58096-9.
• Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought [28]. Cambridge, MA, MIT
Press, ISBN 0-262-58144-2.
• Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind [29].
Analogy 25
• Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005). Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture [30]
• Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
• Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy" [31], in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
• Keane, M.T. Ledgeway; Duff, S (1994). "Constraints on analogical mapping: a comparison of three models".
Cognitive Science 18: 287–334.
• Keane, M.T. (1997). "What makes an analogy difficult? The effects of order and causal structure in analogical
mapping". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 123: 946–967.
• Kokinov, B. (1994). "A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy." [32]
• Kokinov, B. and Petrov, A. (2001). "Integration of Memory and Reasoning in Analogy-Making." [33]
• Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning [34], in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
• Little, J. (2000). Analogy in Science: Where Do We Go From Here? Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 30, 69–92.
• Little, J. (2008). The Role of Analogy in George Gamow's Derivation of Drop Energy. Technical Communication
Quarterly, 17, 1–19.
• Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995). Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception [35].
• Ross, J.F., (1982), Portraying Analogy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ross, J.F. (October 1970). "Analogy and The Resolution of Some Cognitivity Problems". The Journal of
Philosophy 67 (20): 725–746. doi:10.2307/2024008 [36]. JSTOR 2024008 [37].
• Ross, J.F. (September 1961). "Analogy as a Rule of Meaning for Religious Language". International
Philosophical Quarterly 1 (3): 468–502.
• Ross, J.F., (1958), A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Analogy of St Thomas Aquinas, (Ann Arbor, MI:
University Microfilms Inc).
• Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Company.
• Turney, P.D., and Littman, M.L. (2005). Corpus-based learning of analogies and semantic relations [38]. Machine
Learning, 60 (1–3), 251–278.
• Turney, P.D. (2006). Similarity of semantic relations [39]. Computational Linguistics, 32 (3), 379–416.
• Cornuéjols, A. (1996). Analogy, principle of economy and computational complexity [21].
Notes
[1] ἀναλογία (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=a)nalogi/ a), Henry George Liddell, Robert
Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
[2] analogy (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=analogy), Online Etymology Dictionary
[3] Hofstadter in Gentner et al. 2001.
[4] (http:/ / www. amstat. org/ publications/ jse/ v11n2/ martin. html), Michael A. Martin, The Use of Analogies and Heuristics in Teaching
Introductory Statistical Methods
[5] Turney 2006
[6] Shelley 2003
[7] , pp. 16–36
[8] See Juthe 2005
[9] See Dedre Gentner et al. 2001
[10] See Gentner et al. 2001 and Gentner's publication page (http:/ / groups. psych. northwestern. edu/ gentner/ publications2. htm).
[11] Keane, M.T. and Brayshaw, M. (1988). The Incremental Analogical Machine: a computational model of analogy. In D. Sleeman (Ed).
European working session on learning. (pp.53–62). London: Pitman.
[14] See Chalmers et al. 1991
[15] Cornuéjols, A. (1996). Analogie, principe d’économie et complexité algorithmique (http:/ / www. lri. fr/ ~antoine/ Papers/ JFA96-final-osX.
pdf). In Actes des 11èmes Journées Françaises de l’Apprentissage. Sète.
[16] Rissanen J. (1989) : Stochastical Complexity and Statistical Inquiry. World Scientific Publishing Company, 1989.
[17] http:/ / www. ploscompbiol. org/ article/ info:doi/ 10. 1371/ journal. pcbi. 1000858
Analogy 26
[18] http:/ / www. ploscompbiol. org/ article/ info%3Adoi%2F10. 1371%2Fjournal. pcbi. 1002102
[20] http:/ / consc. net/ papers/ highlevel. pdf
[21] http:/ / www. lri. fr/ ~antoine/ Papers/ JFA96-final-osX. pdf
[22] http:/ / internal. psychology. illinois. edu/ ~jehummel/ pubs/ DORA_PR_2008. pdf
[23] http:/ / groups. psych. northwestern. edu/ gentner/ papers/ Gentner83. pdf
[24] http:/ / www. psych. northwestern. edu/ psych/ people/ faculty/ gentner/ newpdfpapers/ ForbusGentner98. pdf
[25] http:/ / cognet. mit. edu/ library/ books/ view?isbn=0262571390
[26] http:/ / prelectur. stanford. edu/ lecturers/ hofstadter/ analogy. html
[29] http:/ / cogsci. uwaterloo. ca/ Articles/ Pages/ Analog. Mind. html
[30] http:/ / reasoninglab. psych. ucla. edu/ KH%20pdfs/ hummel& holyoak_cdips_2005. pdf
[31] http:/ / www. cs. hut. fi/ Opinnot/ T-93. 850/ 2005/ Papers/ juthe2005-analogy. pdf
[32] http:/ / nbu. bg/ cogs/ personal/ kokinov/ ambr94. pdf
[33] http:/ / nbu. bg/ cogs/ personal/ kokinov/ Analogy& Memory(2002). pdf
[34] http:/ / plato. stanford. edu/ entries/ legal-reas-prec/
[35] http:/ / eksl. cs. umass. edu/ ~clayton/ publications/ CogSci95/ SM-v-HLP. pdf
[36] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 2307%2F2024008
[37] http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 2024008
[38] http:/ / arxiv. org/ abs/ cs. LG/ 0508103
[39] http:/ / arxiv. org/ abs/ cs. CL/ 0608100
Parable
A parable is [1] a succinct story, in prose or
verse, which illustrates one or more instructive
principles, or lessons, or (sometimes) a
normative principle. It differs from a fable in
that fables use animals, plants, inanimate
objects, and forces of nature as characters, while
parables generally feature human characters. It
is a type of analogy.[2]
Some scholars of the Canonical gospels and the

New Testament apply the term "parable" only to
the parables of Jesus,[3] though that is not a
common restriction of the term. Parables such as
"The Prodigal Son" are central to Jesus' teaching
method in both the canonical narratives and the
apocrypha.
Etymology
The word "parable" comes from the Greek
παραβολή (parabolē), meaning "comparison,
illustration, analogy".[4] It was the name given
by Greek rhetoricians to any fictive illustration
in the form of a brief narrative. Later it came to The Return of the Prodigal Son by Rembrandt.
mean a fictitious narrative, generally referring to
something that might naturally occur, by which spiritual and moral matters might be conveyed.[5]
Parable 27
Characteristics
A parable is a short tale that illustrates universal truth, one of the simplest of
narratives. It sketches a setting, describes an action, and shows the results. It often
involves a character facing a moral dilemma, or making a questionable decision
and then suffering the consequences. Though the meaning of a parable is often not
explicitly stated, the meaning is not usually intended to be hidden or secret but on
the contrary quite straightforward and obvious.[6]
The defining characteristic of the parable is the presence of a prescriptive subtext

suggesting how a person should behave or believe. Aside from providing guidance
and suggestions for proper action in life, parables frequently use metaphorical
language which allows people to more easily discuss difficult or complex ideas.
Parables teach an abstract argument, using a concrete narrative which is more
Ignacy Krasicki, author of "Abuzei
easily grasped.[5] and Tair"
The parable can be distinguished from other narrative types which have a moral
content, such as the apologue and the allegory, although this distinction has not always been clear.
The apologue is a type of fable which is intended to express a simple moral lesson. Like the apologue, the parable
generally relates a single, simple, consistent action, without a great deal of circumstantial detail. And like the
apologue, the parable expresses a moral lesson. However, unlike the apologue, the parable is a realistic story that
seems inherently probable and takes place in a familiar setting of life. For example the characters in a parable are
exclusively human, whereas the characters in an apologue may be animals or plants or other natural phenomena. For
this reason, Folktales and fairy tales may generally be regarded as fables or apologues rather than parables.
The allegory is a more general narrative type, which covers any use of figurative metaphor. Like the allegory, the
parable uses metaphor to make its point. But unlike allegory, the parable makes a single, unambiguous point. The
allegory may have multiple noncontradictory interpretations, and may also have implications that are ambiguous or
hard to interpret. As H.W. Fowler puts it in Modern English Usage, the object of both parable and allegory "is to
enlighten the hearer by submitting to him a case in which he has apparently no direct concern, and upon which
therefore a disinterested judgment may be elicited from him."[5] The parable, though, is more condensed than the
allegory: a single principle comes to bear, and a single moral is deduced as it dawns on the reader or listener that the
conclusion applies equally well to his own concerns.
Medieval interpreters of the Bible often treated Jesus' parables as allegories, with symbolic correspondences found
for every element in the parables.
Gnostics suggest that Jesus kept some of his teachings secret within the circle of his own disciples, and deliberately
obscured their meaning by the use of parable, for example, Mark 4:11-12:[7]
"And he said to them, ‘To you has been given the secret of the kingdom of God, but for those outside,
everything comes in parables; in order that “they may indeed look, but not perceive, and may indeed listen, but
not understand; so that they may not turn again and be forgiven.” ’" (NRSV)
Modern critics, beginning with Adolf Jülicher, regard these interpretations as inappropriate and untenable.[1] Jülicher
held that Jesus' parables usually are intended to make a single important point, and most recent scholarship agrees.[3]
The parable is related to figures of speech such as the metaphor and the simile, but should not be identified with
these.
A parable is like a metaphor in that it uses concrete, perceptible phenomena to illustrate abstract, ephemeral ideas. It
could be said that a parable is a metaphor that has been extended to form a brief, coherent fiction. For example,
Christian parables have recently been studied as extended metaphors.[8] However, "extended metaphor" is not in
itself a sufficient description of parable; the characteristics of an extended metaphor are shared by many narrative
Parable 28
types, including the allegory, the fable and the apologue.

Similarly, a parable also resembles a simile, i.e. a metaphorical construction in which something is said to be "like"
something else (e.g. "The just man is like a tree planted by streams of water"). However, unlike a simile, a parable's
parallel meaning is unspoken and implicit, though not ordinarily secret.
History
Parables are favored in the expression of spiritual
concepts. The best-known source of parables in
Christianity is the Bible, which contains numerous
parables in the Gospels section of the New Testament,
Jesus' parables. The New Testament parables are
thought by scholars such as John P. Meier to have been
inspired by mashalim, a form of Hebrew comparison.[3]
Examples of Jesus' parables include "the Good
Samaritan" and "the Prodigal Son". Mashalim from the
Old Testament include the "parable of the ewe-lamb"
told by Nathan in 2 Samuel 12:1-9 [9], and that of "the
woman of Tekoah" in 2 Samuel 14:1-13 [10].
Parables also appear in Islam. In Sufi tradition, parables

("teaching stories") are used for imparting lessons and
values. Recent authors such as Idries Shah and Parable of the Good Samaritan, by Jan Wijnants (1670)
Anthony de Mello have helped popularize these stories
beyond Sufi circles.
Modern stories can be used as parables. A mid-19th-century parable, the "Parable of the Broken Window", exposes a
fallacy in economic thinking.
Notes
[1] Adolf Jülicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesu (2 vols; Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1888, 1899).
[3] John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, volume II, Doubleday, 1994.
[4] παραβολή (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=parabolh/ ), Henry George Liddell, Robert
[5] H.W. Fowler, Modern English Usage, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958.
[6] George Fyler Townsend, in his translator's preface to Aesop's Fables (Belford, Clarke & Co., 1887), defined the parable as being "purposely
intended to convey a hidden and secret meaning other than that contained in the words themselves, and which may or may not bear a special
reference to the hearer or reader." However, Townsend may have been influenced by the 19th century expression, "to speak in parables",
connoting obscurity.
[8] For example, Sally McFague TeSelle finds that "parables are stories about ordinary men and women who find in the midst of their everyday
lives surprising things happening. They are not about 'giants of the faith' who have religious visions." (In "Parable, Metaphor, and Theology,"
Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 42.4, December 1974, p.630-645.) See also Amos Wilder, The Language of the Gospel: Early
Christian Rhetoric (New York: Harper & Row) 1964; Robert W, Funk, Language, Hermeneutic and Word of God: The Problem of Language
in the New Testament and Contemporary Theology (New York: Harper & Row) 1966; Dan O. Via Jr, The Parables: Their Literary and
Existential Dimension (Philadelphia: Fortress) 1967; Sallie TeSelle, Speaking in Parables: A Study in Metaphore and Theology (Philadelphia:
Fortress) 1975.
[9] http:/ / bibref. hebtools. com/ ?book=2%20Samuel& verse=12:1-9& src=
[10] http:/ / bibref. hebtools. com/ ?book=2%20Samuel& verse=14:1-13& src=
Parable 29
External links
• Spiritual Parables (http://www.spiritual-short-stories.com/spiritual-short-stories-2-Parables.html)
• Contemporary Parables (http://www.theparableteller.com)
• Parables in the Quran (http://www.clearvisionpk.com/Parables_of_the_Quran.html) by ClearVisionPk (http://
clearvisionpk.com)
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Parable (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=63&letter=P).
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Parable (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11460a.htm).
• Secular Parables (http://www.circleofreason.org).
Angry white male

An angry white male (AWM) is a pejorative U.S. political reference to someone with what is typically known as a
traditional conservative viewpoint, especially in the context of U.S. politics, characterized by opposition to racial
quotas, political correctness, affirmative action, and other liberal policies.[1][2]
The term was popularized in reference to a political voting bloc which emerged in the early 1990's as a reaction to
perceived injustices faced by white men in the face of affirmative action quotas in the workplace. The term later
gained prominence in the 1994 federal elections in the US, in which a large number of neo-conservative, white
voters turned out following the Susan Smith murder case. This new voting bloc swept in the first Republican
majority Congress since the 1960's. [3]
In popular culture
The movies Joe,[4] Falling Down, and Clint Eastwood's performances in both the Dirty Harry series and Gran
Torino have been described as definitive explorations of the angry white male.[5][6] The protagonist of Falling Down,
a former defense worker who descends into a spiral of increasing rage and violence, was widely reported upon as a
representative of the stereotype.[7]
References
[4] George Packer, "Poor, White, and Republican" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ online/ blogs/ comment/ 2012/ 02/
poor-white-and-republican. html), The New Yorker, February 14, 2012.
[5] Jonathan Romney, "Dirty Harry gets a bus pass in Eastwood's last stand" (http:/ / www. highbeam. com/ doc/ 1P2-19920094. html), The
Independent on Sunday, February 22, 2009.
[6] Ryan Senaga, "Angry white man: Clint Eastwood channels ghosts from past films in Gran Torino" (http:/ / honoluluweekly. com/ film/
current-film/ 2009/ 01/ angry-white-man/ ), Honolulu Weekly, January 14, 2009.
Atari Democrat 30
Atari Democrat
In 1980s and 1990s US politics, the phrase Atari Democrat references Democratic legislators who suggested that
the support and development of high tech and related businesses would stimulate the economy and create jobs.
Definition
A 1983 San Jose Mercury News article defined "Atari Democrats" as "smart young congressmen who sought to
make the restoration of American business their issue".[] A 1984 Philadelphia Inquirer article defined the term as "a
young liberal trying to push the party toward more involvement with high-tech solutions."[] It also noted that, "Since
July 1982, it has appeared in The New Yorker, Business Week, Fortune, Time and [...] in The Wall Street Journal."[]
A few years later, in 1989, The New York Times suggested that Atari Democrats, now also known as "Democrats'
Greens", were "young moderates who saw investment and high technology as the contemporary answer to the New
Deal." [] The Times also discussed a generation gap which developed during the 1980s between older liberals who
maintained an interest in traditional visions of social liberalism and Atari Democrats who attempted to find a middle
ground:
When the Atari Democrats first emerged in the early Reagan years, their commitments to free markets and
investment won them much criticism from older liberals, who considered their neo-liberalism as warmed-over
Reaganism. Mr. Leahy, who combines his environmentalism with an old-fashioned commitment to social
programs, argues that the cutbacks of the Reagan years suggested that it had been a mistake for members of
his Congressional class to take the old programs for granted. But some of the Atari Democrats argue that their
commitment to innovative uses of markets and to the environment are complementary. Mr. Wirth, for
example, has sought to bring his two passions together by arguing that market forces can be harnessed to
protect the environment and work better than 'command-and-control regulations.' []
Politicians
Specific individuals have been identified with Atari Democrats. Al Gore's "passion for technological issues, from
biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect," linked him with
other technophiles on Capitol Hill known as Atari Democrats."[] TIME magazine noted that Tim Wirth "made a
reputation as the typical "Atari Democrat," who urges growth and investment in high-technology industries."[]The
New York Times referred to Paul Tsongas as an Atari Democrat,"a member of the young generation of politicians and
economists who looked to high technology as a source of jobs and economic growth."[] Gary Hart also referred to
himself as an Atari Democrat and stated, "I was, early on in my Senate career, described as an Atari Democrat. No
one would know what that means because there are no more Ataris, but we were among the first - a small group of
us to forecast the transition of the economy from industrialized manufacturing to the information age."[]
Notes
External links
• Potential Logo/Symbol for the Atari Democrats (http://www.retroist.com/2009/02/25/
what-is-an-atari-democrat/)
Carpetbagger 31
Carpetbagger
"Carpetbaggers" redirects here. For the Harold Robbins novel, see The Carpetbaggers. For the film
adaptation, see The Carpetbaggers (film).
In United States history, carpetbagger was a pejorative term
Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who
moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and
1877.
The term referred to the observation that these newcomers tended to
carry "carpet bags," a common form of luggage at the time (sturdy and
made from used carpet). It was used as a derogatory term, suggesting
opportunism and exploitation by the outsiders. Together with
Republicans, they are said to have politically manipulated and
controlled former Confederate states for varying periods for their own
financial and power gains. In sum, carpetbaggers were seen as
insidious Northern outsiders with questionable objectives meddling in 1872 cartoon depiction of Carl Schurz as a
Carpetbagger
local politics, buying up plantations at fire-sale prices and taking
advantage of Southerners.
The term carpetbaggers was also used to describe the Republican political appointees who came South, arriving with
their travel carpet bags. Southerners considered them ready to loot and plunder the defeated South.[1]
In modern usage in the U.S., the term is sometimes used derisively to refer to a politician who runs for public office
in an area where he or she does not have deep community ties, or has lived only for a short time. In the United
Kingdom, the term was adopted to refer informally to those who join a mutual organization, such as a building
society, in order to force it to demutualize, that is, to convert into a joint stock company, solely for personal financial
gain.
Background information
Reforming impulse
Beginning in 1862 Northern abolitionists moved to areas in the South that had fallen under Union control.[citation
needed]
Schoolteachers and religious missionaries arrived in the South, some sponsored by northern churches. Some
were abolitionists who sought to continue the struggle for racial equality; they often became agents of the federal
Freedmen's Bureau, which started operations in 1865 to assist the vast numbers of recently emancipated slaves. The
bureau established schools in rural areas of the South for the purpose of educating the mostly illiterate black
population. Other Northerners who moved to the South participated in rebuilding railroads that had been previously
destroyed during the war.[2][3]
During the time blacks were enslaved, they were prohibited from education and attaining literacy. Southern states
had no public school systems, and white southerners sent their children to private schools or else employed private
tutors. After the war, hundreds of northern white women moved South; many to teach newly freed African-American
children.[4] While some northerners went south with reformist impulses, many others went South merely to exploit
the chaotic situation for personal gain.[5]
Carpetbagger 32
Economic motives
Many carpetbaggers were businessmen who purchased or leased plantations and became wealthy landowners, hiring
freedmen to do the labor. Most were former Union soldiers eager to invest their savings in this promising new
frontier, and civilians lured south by press reports of "the fabulous sums of money to be made in the South in raising
cotton." Foner notes that "joined with the quest for profit, however, was a reforming spirit, a vision of themselves as
agents of sectional reconciliation and the South's "economic regeneration." Accustomed to viewing
Southerners—black and white—as devoid of economic initiative and self-discipline, they believed that only
"Northern capital and energy" could bring "the blessings of a free labor system to the region."[6]
Carpetbaggers tended to be well educated and middle class in origin. Some had been lawyers, businessmen,
newspaper editors, Union Army members and other pillars of Northern communities. The majority (including 52 of
the 60 who served in Congress during Reconstruction) were veterans of the Union Army.[7]
Leading "black carpetbaggers" believed the interests of capital and labor identical, and the freedmen entitled to little
more than an "honest chance in the race of life."[8]
Many Northern and Southern Republicans shared a modernizing vision of upgrading the Southern economy and
society, one that would replace the inefficient Southern plantation regime with railroads, factories and more efficient
farming. They actively promoted public schooling and created numerous colleges and universities. The Northerners
were especially successful in taking control of Southern railroads, aided by state legislatures. In 1870 Northerners
controlled 21% of the South's railroads (by mileage); 19% of the directors were from the North. By 1890 they
controlled 88% of the mileage; 47% of the directors were from the North.[9]
Examples of prominent carpetbaggers in state politics
Mississippi
Union General Adelbert Ames, a native of Maine, was appointed military governor and later was elected as
Republican governor of Mississippi during the Reconstruction era. Ames tried unsuccessfully to ensure equal rights
for black Mississippians. His political battles with the Southerners and African Americans ripped apart his party.[10]
The "Black and Tan" (biracial) constitutional convention in Mississippi in 1868 included 29 white Southerners, 17
Southern freedmen and 24 nonsoutherners, nearly all of whom were veterans of the Union Army. They included four
men who had lived in the South before the war, two of whom had served in the Confederate States Army. Among the
more prominent were Gen. Beroth B. Eggleston, a native of New York; Col. A. T. Morgan, of the Second Wisconsin
Volunteers; Gen. W. S. Barry, former commander of a Colored regiment raised in Kentucky; an Illinois general and
lawyer who graduated from Knox College; Maj. W. H. Gibbs, of the Fifteenth Illinois infantry; Judge W. B.
Cunningham, of Pennsylvania; and Cap. E. J. Castello, of the Seventh Missouri infantry. They were among the
founders of the Republican party in Mississippi.
They were prominent in the politics of the state until 1875, but nearly all left Mississippi in 1875 to 1876 under
pressure from the Red Shirts and White Liners. These white paramilitary organizations, described as "the military
arm of the Democratic Party", worked openly to violently overthrow Republican rule, using intimidation and
assassination to turn Republicans out of office and suppress freedmen's voting.[11][12][13]
Albert T. Morgan, the Republican sheriff of Yazoo, Mississippi, received a brief flurry of national attention when
insurgent white Democrats took over the county government and forced him to flee. He later wrote Yazoo; Or, on the
Picket Line of Freedom in the South (1884).
On November 6, 1875, Hiram Revels, a Mississippi Republican and the first African-American U.S. Senator, wrote a
letter to U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant that was widely reprinted. Revels denounced Ames and Northerners for
manipulating the Black vote for personal benefit, and for keeping alive wartime hatreds:
Carpetbagger 33
Since reconstruction, the masses of my people have been, as it were, enslaved in mind by unprincipled
adventurers, who, caring nothing for country, were willing to stoop to anything no matter how infamous, to
secure power to themselves, and perpetuate it..... My people have been told by these schemers, when men have
been placed on the ticket who were notoriously corrupt and dishonest, that they must vote for them; that the
salvation of the party depended upon it; that the man who scratched a ticket was not a Republican. This is only
one of the many means these unprincipled demagogues have devised to perpetuate the intellectual bondage of
my people.... The bitterness and hate created by the late civil strife has, in my opinion, been obliterated in this
state, except perhaps in some localities, and would have long since been entirely obliterated, were it not for
some unprincipled men who would keep alive the bitterness of the past, and inculcate a hatred between the
races, in order that they may aggrandize themselves by office, and its emoluments, to control my people, the
effect of which is to degrade them.[14]
Elza Jeffords, a lawyer from Portsmouth, Ohio, who fought with the Army of the Tennessee, remained in Mississippi
after the conclusion of the Civil War. He was the last Republican to represent that state in the U.S. House of
Representatives, having served from 1883 to 1885. He died in Vicksburg sixteen days after he left Congress. The
next Republican congressman from the state came eighty years later, Prentiss Walker of Mize in Smith County, who
served a single term from 1965 to 1967.
North Carolina
Corruption was a charge made by Democrats in North Carolina against the Republicans, notes the historian Paul
Escott, "because its truth was apparent."[15] The historians Eric Foner and W. E. B. Du Bois have noted that
Democrats as well as Republicans received bribes and participated in decisions about the railroad.[16] Gen. Milton S.
Littlefield, was dubbed the "Prince of Carpetbaggers," and bought votes in the legislature "to support grandiose and
fraudulent railroad schemes." Escott concludes that some Democrats were involved, but Republicans "bore the main
responsibility for the issue of $28 million in state bonds for railroads and the accompanying corruption. This sum,
enormous for the time, aroused great concern." Foner says Littlefield disbursed $200,000 (bribes) to win support in
the legislature for state money for his railroads, and Democrats as well as Republicans were guilty of taking the
bribes and making the decisions on the railroad.[16] North Carolina Democrats condemned the legislature's "depraved
villains, who take bribes every day;" one local Republican officeholder complained, "I deeply regret the course of
some of our friends in the Legislature as well as out of it in regard to financial matters, it is very embarrassing
indeed."[15]
Extravagance and corruption increased taxes and the costs of government in a state that had always favored low
expenditure, Escott pointed out. The context was that a planter elite kept taxes low because it benefited them. They
used their money toward private ends rather than public investment. None of the states had established public school
systems before the Reconstruction state legislatures created them, and they had systematically underinvested in
infrastructure such as roads and railroads. Planters whose properties occupied prime riverfront locations relied on
river transportation, but smaller farmers in the backcountry suffered.
Escott claimed, "Some money went to very worthy causes— the 1869 legislature, for example, passed a school law
that began the rebuilding and expansion of the state's public schools. But far too much was wrongly or unwisely
spent" to aid the Republican Party leadership. A Republican county commissioner in Alamance eloquently
denounced the situation: "Men are placed in power who instead of carrying out their duties . . . form a kind of school
for to graduate Rascals. Yes if you will give them a few Dollars they will liern you for an accomplished Rascal. This
is in reference to the taxes that are rung from the labouring class of people. Without a speedy reformation I will have
to resign my post."[15]
Albion W. Tourgée, formerly of Ohio and a friend of President James A. Garfield, moved to North Carolina, where
he practiced as a lawyer and was appointed a judge. He once opined that "Jesus Christ was a carpetbagger." Tourgée
later wrote A Fool's Errand, a largely autobiographical novel about an idealistic carpetbagger persecuted by the Ku
Carpetbagger 34
Klux Klan in North Carolina.Wikipedia:No original research
South Carolina
A politician in South Carolina who was called a carpetbagger was Daniel Henry Chamberlain, a New Englander who
had served as an officer of a predominantly black regiment of the United States Colored Troops. He was appointed
South Carolina's attorney general from 1868 to 1872 and was elected Republican governor from 1874 to 1877. As a
result of the national Compromise of 1877, Chamberlain lost his office. He was narrowly re-elected in a campaign
marked by egregious voter fraud and violence against freedmen by Democratic Red Shirts, who succeeded in
suppressing the black vote in some majority-black counties.[17] While serving in South Carolina, Chamberlain was a
strong supporter of Negro rights.
Some historians of the early 1930s, who belonged to the Dunning School that believed that the Reconstruction era
was fatally flawed claimed that Chamberlain was later influenced by Social Darwinism to become a white
supremacist. They also wrote that he supported states' rights and laissez-faire in the economy. They portrayed
"liberty" in 1896 as the right to rise above the rising tide of equality. Chamberlain was said to justify white
supremacy by arguing that, in evolutionary terms, the Negro obviously belonged to an inferior social order.[18]
Charles Stearns, also from Massachusetts, wrote an account of his experience in South Carolina: The Black Man of
the South, and the Rebels: Or, the Characteristics of the Former and the Recent Outrages of the Latter (1873).
Francis Lewis Cardozo, a black minister from New Haven, Connecticut, served as a delegate to South Carolina's
Constitutional Convention (1868). He made eloquent speeches advocating that the plantations be broken up and
distributed among the freedmen. They wanted their own land to farm and believed they had already paid for land by
their years of uncompensated labor and the trials of slavery.[18]
Louisiana
Henry C. Warmoth was the Republican governor of Louisiana from 1868 to 1874. As governor, Warmoth was
plagued by accusations of corruption, which continued to be a matter of controversy long after his death. He was
accused of using his position as governor to trade in state bonds for his personal benefit. In addition, the newspaper
company which he owned received a contract from the state government. Warmoth supported the franchise for
freedmen.[19]
He struggled to lead the state during the years when the White League, a white Democratic paramilitary
organization, conducted an open campaign of violence and intimidation against Republicans, including freedmen,
with the goals of regaining Democratic power and white supremacy. They pushed Republicans from political
positions, were responsible for the Coushatta Massacre, disrupted Republican organizing, and preceded elections
with such intimidation and violence that black voting was sharply reduced. Warmoth stayed in Louisiana after
Reconstruction and following the white Democrats' regaining political power in the state. He died in 1931 at age
89.[19]
Carpetbagger 35
Algernon Sidney Badger, a Boston, Massachusetts native, held

various appointed federal positions in New Orleans only under
Republican national administrations during and after
Reconstruction. He first came to New Orleans with the Union
Army in 1863 and never left the area. He is interred there at
Metairie Cemetery.[20]
George Luke Smith, a New Hampshire native, served briefly in the

U.S. House from Louisiana's 4th congressional district but was
unseated in 1874 by the Democrat William M. Levy. He then left
A cartoon threatening that the Ku Klux Klan would
Shreveport for Hot Springs, Arkansas[21] lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, Alabama,
Independent Monitor, 1868
Alabama
George E. Spencer was a prominent Republican U.S. Senator. His 1872 reelection campaign in Alabama opened him
to allegations of "political betrayal of colleagues; manipulation of Federal patronage; embezzlement of public funds;
purchase of votes; and intimidation of voters by the presence of Federal troops." He was a major speculator in a
distressed financial paper.[22]
Georgia
Tunis Campbell, a black New York businessman, was hired in 1863 by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to help
former slaves in Port Royal, South Carolina. When the Civil War ended, Campbell was assigned to the Sea Islands
of Georgia, where he engaged in an apparently successful land reform program for the benefit of the freedmen. He
eventually became vice-chair of the Georgia Republican Party, a state senator and the head of an African-American
militia which he hoped to use against the Ku Klux Klan.[19]
Arkansas
William Hines Furbush, born a slave in Kentucky in 1839, received an education in Ohio, and migrated to Helena,
Arkansas in 1862. Back in Ohio in February 1865, he joined the Forty-second Colored Infantry at Columbus. After
the war Furbush migrated to Liberia through the American Colonization Society. He returned to Ohio after 18
months and moved back to Arkansas by 1870.[23] Furbush was elected to two terms in the Arkansas House of
Representatives, 1873–74 (Phillips County) and 1879–80 (Lee County).
In 1873 the state passed a civil rights law. Furbush and three other black leaders, including the bill's primary sponsor
state Sen. Richard A. Dawson, sued a Little Rock barkeeper for refusing to serve the group service. The suit resulted
in the only successful Reconstruction prosecution under the state's civil rights law. In the legislature Furbush worked
to create a new county, Lee, from portions of Phillips, Crittenden, Monroe and St. Francis counties.
Following the end of his 1873 legislative term, Furbush was appointed sheriff by Republican Governor Elisha
Baxter. Furbush won reelection as sheriff twice and served from 1873 to 1878. During his term, he adopted a policy
of "fusion," a post-Reconstruction power-sharing compromise between Democrats and Republicans. Furbush was
originally elected as a Republican, but he switched to the Democratic Party at the end of his time as sheriff. In 1878,
Furbush was again elected to the Arkansas House. His election is noteworthy because he was elected as a black
Democrat in an election season notorious for white intimidation of black and Republican voters in black-majority
eastern Arkansas. Furbush is the first known black Democrat elected to the Arkansas General Assembly.
In March 1879 Furbush left Arkansas for Colorado, where he worked as an assayer and barber. In Bonanza,
Colorado he avoided a lynch mob after shooting and killing a town constable. At the trial he was acquitted of
murder. He returned to Little Rock, Arkansas, by 1888, following another stay in Ohio.
Carpetbagger 36
In 1889, he and E. A. Fulton, a fellow black Democrat, announced plans for the National Democrat, a party weekly
intended to attract black voters to the Democratic Party. After failing to attract black voters and following white
Democrats' passage of the Arkansas 1891 Election Law that disfranchised most black voters, Furbush left the state.
He traveled to South Carolina and Georgia, but they soon disfranchised black voters, too.
The last stop of Furbush was in October 1901 at Marion, Indiana's National Home for Disabled Veterans. He died
there on September 3, 1902. He was interred at the Marion National Cemetery.[24]
Texas
Carpetbaggers were least visible in Texas. Republicans were in power from 1867 to January 1874. Only one state
official and one justice of the state supreme court were Northerners. About 13% to 21% of district court judges were
Northerners, along with about 10% of the delegates who wrote the Reconstruction constitution of 1869. Of the 142
men who served in the 12th Legislature, only 12 to 29 were Northerners. At the county level, they included about
10% of the commissioners, county judges and sheriffs.[25]
New Yorker George T. Ruby was sent as an agent by the Freedmen's Bureau to Galveston, Texas, where he settled.
Later elected a Texas state senator, Ruby was instrumental in various economic development schemes and in efforts
to organize African-American dockworkers into the Labor Union of Colored Men. When Reconstruction ended
Ruby became a leader of the Exoduster movement, which encouraged Southern blacks to homestead in Kansas to
escape white supremacist violence and the oppression of segregation.[25]
Historiography
The Dunning school of American historians (1900–1950) viewed carpetbaggers unfavorably, arguing that they
degraded the political and business culture. The revisionist school in the 1930s called them stooges of Northern
business interests. After 1960 the neoabolitionist school emphasized their moral courage.[citation needed]
Modern use
United Kingdom
Carpetbagging was used as a term in Great Britain in the late 1990s during the wave of demutualizations of building
societies. It indicated members of the public who joined mutual societies with the hope of making a quick profit
from the conversion.[26] Contemporarily speaking, the term carpetbagger refers to roving financial opportunists,
often of modest means, who spot investment opportunities and aim to benefit from a set of circumstances to which
they are not ordinarily entitled. In recent years the best opportunities for carpetbaggers have come from opening
membership accounts at building societies for as little as £1, to qualify for windfalls running into thousands of
pounds from the process of conversion and takeover. The influx of such transitory ‘token’ members as carpetbaggers,
took advantage of these nugatory deposit criteria, often to instigate or accelerate the trend towards wholesale
demutualisation.
Investors in these mutuals would receive shares in the new public companies, usually distributed at a flat rate, thus
equally benefiting small and large investors, and providing a broad incentive for members to vote for
conversion-advocating leadership candidates. The word was first used in this context in early 1997 by the chief
executive of the Woolwich Building Society, who announced the society's conversion with rules removing the most
recent new savers' entitlement to potential windfalls and stated in a media interview, "I have no qualms about
disenfranchising carpetbaggers."[citation needed]
Between 1997 and 2002, a group of pro-demutualization supporters “Members for Conversion” operated a website,
carpetbagger.com, which highlighted the best ways of opening share accounts with UK building societies, and
organized demutualization resolutions.[27] [28] This led many building societies to implement anti-carpetbagging
Carpetbagger 37
policies, such as not accepting new deposits from customers who lived outside the normal operating area of the
society.
World War II
During World War II, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services surreptitiously supplied necessary tools and material to
anti-Nazi resistance groups in Europe. The OSS called this effort Operation Carpetbagger, and the modified B-24
aircraft used for the night-time missions were referred to as "carpetbaggers." (Among other special features, they
were painted a glossy black to make them less visible to searchlights.) Between January and September 1944,
Operation Carpetbagger operated 1,860 sorties between RAF Harrington, England, and various points in occupied
Europe. []
Australia
In Australia, the term "carpetbagger" refers to unscrupulous dealers and business managers in Indigenous Australian
art.[29][30][31][32]
The term "carpetbagger" was also used by John Fahey, a former Premier of New South Wales and federal Liberal
finance minister, in the context of shoddy "tradespeople" who travelled to Queensland to take advantage of victims
following the 2010–2011 Queensland floods.[33][34]
The United States

Individuals moving into abandoned and reconstructed areas after a major flood or hurricane, such as people moving
into abandoned sectors of New Orleans after a major hurricane, such as Hurricane Katrina could be considered true
Carpetbaggers, while wealthy landowners charging more for rents to the people made homeless and to the
displaced poor people, might be considered carpetbaggers in a modern and opportunistic sense.
[35]
The awards season blog of The New York Times is entitled "The Carpetbagger." The blog covers the Golden
Globes, the Oscars, and other red-carpet awards events.
In the United States, the term is still used, usually derogatorily, to refer to individuals, especially politicians, who
move to different states, districts or areas for economic or political gain.[36]
Cuisine
A carpetbag steak or carpetbagger steak is an end cut of steak that is pocketed and commonly stuffed with, amongst
other things, oysters, mushrooms, bacon, blue cheese and garlic. The steak is then sutured with toothpicks or
thread.[37] Although its origin is unclear, the name may indicate a connection with historical carpetbaggers or with
gluttony in general.
Notes
[1] Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic, 3rd edition, New York:
McGraw Hill, 2002
[2] Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, The Scalawag in Alabama Politics. 1865–1881, Birmingham: University of Alabama Press. 1991.
[3] Richard Nelson Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, New York: Oxford University Press. 1988.
[4] Williams, Heather Andrea, Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom, University of North Carolina Press,
[5] Those Terrible Carpetbaggers by Richard Nelson Current. Oxford University Press.1988
[6] Foner, 1988, pp. 137
[7] Foner 1988 pp 294–295
[8] Foner 1988 pp 289
[9] Klein 1968 p. 269
[10] Garner (1902); Harris (1979)
[11] George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, Athens, GA: University of Georgia
Press, 1984, p.132
Carpetbagger 38
[12] Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, paperback, 2007, pp.80–87
[13] Garner 187–88
[14] Full text in Garner, pp. 399–400.
[15] Escott 160
[16] Foner, 1988, pp. 387
[17] Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, paperback, 2007
[18] Simkins and Woody. (1932)
[19] Foner (1968)
[21] "George Luke Smith," Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
[22] Woolfolk (1966); Foner (1968) p 295
[23] Wintory, 2004 page?
[24] Foner Freedom's Lawmakers p. 79; Wintory 2004, 2006 (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofarkansas. net/ encyclopedia/ entry-detail.
aspx?entryID=15); Daniel Phillips Upham (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofarkansas. net/ encyclopedia/ entry-detail. aspx?search=1&
entryID=1790); Gov. Powell Clayton (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofarkansas. net/ encyclopedia/ entry-detail. aspx?search=1& entryID=94)
[25] Campbell (1994)
[31] Title=Four Corners ABC Interview - John Ioannou http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ 4corners/ content/ 2008/ s2333833. htm
[33] http:/ / www. heraldsun. com. au/ news/ breaking-news/ keep-out-flood-carpetbaggers-says-reconstruction-inspectorate-john-fahey/
story-e6frf7jx-1226002024136
[35] http:/ / carpetbagger. blogs. nytimes. com/
References
• Ash, Stephen V. When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865 University of
North Carolina Press, 1995.
• Barnes, Kenneth C. Who Killed John Clayton. Duke University Press, 1998; violence in Arkansas.
• Brown, Canter, Jr. "Carpetbagger Intrigues, Black Leadership, and a Southern Loyalist Triumph: Florida's
Gubernatorial Election of 1872" Florida Historical Quarterly, 1994 72 (3): 275–301. ISSN 0015-4113. Shows
how African Americans joined Redeemers to defeat corrupt carpetbagger running for reelection.
• Bryant, Emma Spaulding. Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpetbagger's Wife, Ardent Feminist;
Letters and Diaries, 1860–1900 Fordham University Press, 2004. 503 pp.
• Campbell, Randolph B. "Carpetbagger Rule in Reconstruction Texas: an Enduring Myth." Southwestern
Historical Quarterly, 1994 97 (4): 587–596. ISSN 0038-478X
• Richard Nelson Current. Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation (1988), a favorable view.
• Currie-Mcdaniel, Ruth. Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant, Fordham University
Press, 1999; religious reformer in South Carolina.
• Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff. Nation of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic.
3rd. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002.
• Durden, Robert Franklin; James Shepherd Pike: Republicanism and the American Negro, 1850–1882 Duke
University Press, 1957
• Paul D. Escott; Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege in North Carolina, 1850–1900, University of North
Carolina Press, 1985.
• Fleming, Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational,
and Industrial 2 vol 1906. Uses broad collection of primary sources.
• Foner, Eric. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction, Oxford
University Press, 1993, Revised, 1996, LSU Press.
• Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988). Harper & Row, 1988, recent
standard history.
• Fowler, Wilton B. "A Carpetbagger's Conversion to White Supremacy." North Carolina Historical Review, 1966
43 (3): 286–304. ISSN 0029-2494
• Garner, James Wilford. Reconstruction in Mississippi (1902)
• Harris, William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi Louisiana State
University Press, 1979.
Carpetbagger 39
• Harris, William C. "James Lynch: Black Leader in Southern Reconstruction," Historian 1971 34 (1): 40–61.
ISSN 0018-2370; Lynch was Mississippi's first African American secretary of state.
• Klein, Maury. "Southern Railroad Leaders, 1865–1893: Identities and Ideologies" Business History Review, 1968
42 (3): 288–310. ISSN 0007-6805 Fulltext in JSTOR.
• Morrow, Ralph E.; Northern Methodism and Reconstruction Michigan State University Press, 1956.
• Olsen, Otto H. Carpetbagger's Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgee (1965)
• Post, Louis F. "A 'Carpetbagger' in South Carolina," The Journal of Negro History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan. 1925),
pp. 10–79 in JSTOR; autobiography.
• Simkins, Francis Butler, and Robert Hilliard Woody. South Carolina during Reconstruction (1932).
• Tunnell, Ted. Edge of the Sword: The Ordeal of Carpetbagger Marshall H. Twitchell in the Civil War and
Reconstruction. LSU Press, 2001, on Louisiana.
• Tunnell, Ted. "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and
Scalawag," Journal of Southern History, (Nov 2006) 72#4.
• Twitchell, Marshall Harvey. Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell. ed
by Ted Tunnell; Louisiana State University Press, 1989. 216 pp.
• Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk; The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881. University of Alabama Press, 1991
• Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush: African-American Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist, and
Democrat," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 2004 63 (2): 107–165. ISSN 0004-1823
• Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush (1839–1902)" Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture (2006).
(http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=15)
• Woolfolk, Sarah Van V. "George E. Spencer: a Carpetbagger in Alabama," Alabama Review, 1966 19 (1): 41–52.
ISSN 0002-4341
Champagne socialist
Champagne socialist is a pejorative political term originating in the United Kingdom.[1][2] The phrase is used to
describe self-identified socialists whose comfortable upper middle class lifestyles are perceived to be incompatible
with their professed political convictions. The term is used by opposing politicians to portray and ridicule their
opponents as hypocritical.[3][4]
History and origin

The label arose from the perceived activity of proposing toasts to famous socialists with champagne.[citation needed] A
similar concept, with aristocracy in place of capitalism, comes from the 19th-century philosopher Alexander Herzen,
who in From the Other Shore (1855) wrote "It is they, none other, who are dying of cold and hunger...while you and
I in our rooms on the first floor are chatting about socialism 'over pastry and champagne.'"
Comparable terms are limousine liberal and gauche caviar, more commonly used in the United States.
Champagne socialist 40
References
[3] New York Times (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 05/ 18/ world/ europe/ 18cnd-kouchner. html?_r=1& pagewanted=all)
External links
• Dylan Jones: Card-carrying champagne socialists are looking to swap sides - but they want to do it with dignity
(http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/dylan-jones/
dylan-jones-cardcarrying-champagne-socialists-are-looking-to-swap-sides--but-they-want-to-do-it-with-dignity-1688433.
html) The Independent
• Champagne socialist (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Champagne+socialism) at The Free Dictionary
Chardonnay socialist
Chardonnay socialist is a derogatory Australasian term for those on the political left with comfortable middle or
upper-class incomes, tertiary education, and a penchant for the finer things in life, Chardonnay being a form of white
wine for example.
It is similar in thrust to the North American term limousine liberal, though without quite the same taint of great
wealth attached to it.[citation needed] The term was modelled on the British term: Champagne socialist.[] When the term
was coined around 1989,[][1] Chardonnay was seen as a drink of affluent people.[] It became a popular drink during
the next decade[] and hence the term has lost some of its sting.
The term "chardonnay socialist" is regularly used by people from throughout the political spectrum to criticise
opponents. For example, Australian left-wing "true believers" levelled it at supporters of the failed republic
referendum of 1999 (where the vote was split not along conventional party lines but very much along
socio-economic divides, with the rich overwhelmingly supporting the change while the less well-off were opposed –
a superficially bizarre pattern for a non-economic issue). Staunch Australian right-wingers, on the other hand, level it
at those who support such things as government funding for the arts, free tertiary education, and the ABC – all
causes which are described by critics as "middle-class welfare."
[2]
The older term for this or a similar kind of person was "salon communist."
Other similar terms are the "chattering classes" (coined in England in the 1980s) and "latte liberal".[]
References
External links
• The Case Against Wittfogel (http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/wittfogel2.html) - "Salon bolshevik"
Cookie pusher 41
Cookie pusher
The term Cookie Pusher has been applied as a reference to diplomats in general and members of the United States
Foreign Service specifically.
Origin
The Listserv of the American Dialect Society documents "cookie pusher" as being coined by US diplomat Hugh S.
Gibson in 1924.[1]
Usage mid-century
The term has been used a number of times throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, sometimes in derogatory form but
at other times in the spirit of a pseudonym for American Foreign Service Officers. A series of articles in the
Christian Science Monitor that ran in February 1950 were subtitled "Alias Cookie Pushers." The articles were very
laudatory towards the US Foreign Service, talking about the conditions encountered at the time, versus stereotypes of
diplomats being "striped pants Cookie Pushers from Harvard."[2]
Modern usage
Ivor Evans in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable uses the term denoting a junior diplomat who functions as a
roving waiter at an official reception, presumably "pushing" appetizers on people who don't really want them.[3]
Usage in US Department of State speeches

• Former Secretary of State James F. Byrnes in his remarks to the House Appropriations Committee delivered on
April 9, 1946, during hearings on the State Department's 1947 supply bill.
As to these 'striped-pants' fellows, I have to take off my hat to them. I have found that through the years they
have been step-children in the (diplomatic) service, so far as compensation goes... I see in the service no
inducement to a young fellow to leave home, enter the service, be sent all over the world... Perhaps he rarely
gets a chance to see his family or friends. Because we never see him, we reward him by calling him a cookie
pusher. And the fellow himself never has a chance to say anything."[4]
• Former Ambassador R. Nicholas Burns:
…We are also the victims of an unfortunate caricature of our profession. That is, a lot of people think we are
pin-striped cookie pushers. I know that because I am a regular guest, for better or worse, on the Ollie North
Show. His listeners often tell me that I'm a pin-striped cookie pusher. So we have got to find a way to
communicate to the public what it is we do and who we are and why we're worth supporting. …[5]
• State Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Wendy Chamberlin:
…It is quite clear then that the challenge to those who are responsible for protecting our citizens is to become
as global and coordinated in our response as the criminals are in their operations. We must respond
internationally. And who then are among the players on this international field — the diplomats. What a
frightening thought! The American press, not known for its gentle touch, refers to diplomats as cookie
pushers, or more charitably, as the stripe pants set. My mission today is to make a plausible case that the
newest gladiators in the international crime arena are the diplomats…[6]
• Former Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage:
…Now, I realize that when most people in this country and around the world think of the State Department,
they probably think of Secretary Powell, not the men and women standing behind him and beside him with
Cookie pusher 42
wires coming out of their ears. Or they think of polite cookie-pushers in pinstripes, not the fraud investigators
who kick down doors to arrest career criminals or the trainers who are teaching Colombians how to foil the
epidemic of kidnappings in that country. And while I would be the first to say we are fortunate, indeed, that
people associate US diplomacy with Secretary Powell, we all know the other stereotype, about
cookie-pushers, just isn’t true, in the sense that our colleagues, regardless of what “cone” or office they may
be in are putting their lives on the line for the American people every day, just like all of you are. In this
Department of State family, we have the privilege of working with some of the most talented and dedicated
people in this nation and we are all in this together.
The pinstriped stereotype is also untrue in another sense. The people who actually execute the diplomacy, the
ones who negotiate treaties and write reporting cables, they are actually a very small part of our overall
workforce. Approximately 11 percent, I believe. Moreover, they could not accomplish their duties without the
other 89 percent. … And you can see clear illustration of this in our top foreign policy priorities of the day: the
war on terrorism in general and Afghanistan and Iraq in particular. …[7]
• Former US Secretary of State Colin Powell to the U.S. Global Leadership Campaign:
…I get annoyed when someone says, "Oh, they're pin-striped cookie pushers." You tell that to Ambassador
Khalilzad in Kabul, who spent all of last week and all of last Saturday criss-crossing the country, personal risk
to himself, in order to encourage the Afghan people to vote. You tell that to Ambassador Negroponte tonight
in Baghdad, who is facing a challenging situation. You tell that to Ambassador Tom Miller in Athens, who has
done such a marvelous job representing us in Greece and did a terrific job getting the Greek Government,
helping them get ready for the Olympics.
Those ambassadors and the members of their teams are doing a great job for the American people, day-in,
day-out, under increasingly difficult circumstances and at risk to themselves and to their family. And we've got
to make sure we continue to give them the support that they need. We've got to make sure that the American
people appreciate what they are doing for them. We've got to make sure that they get the respect that they
deserve.[8]
• The American Foreign Service Association during possible forced assignment of officers to Iraq in 2007 (which
was not finally necessary due to enough volunteers):
... a diplomatic draft is unnecessary and that "thousands" of diplomats have volunteered for Iraq over the past
five years. We're not weenies, we're not cowards, we're not cookie pushers in Europe . . . This has never been
necessary in a generation.[9]
References
[1] No "Cookie Pushers" For Diplomatic Corps; The Washington Post (1877-1954), Washington, D.C.; Jan 18, 1924; pg. 1, 1 pgs
POST-SCRIPTS; By GEORGE ROTHWELL BROWN "Hugh Gibson, our minister to Finland, advocates chasing the tea hounds and cookie
pushers out of the diplomatic service, but who, then would compete in the matrimonial market with foreign noblemen for our heiresses?"
Listserv of the American Dialect Society (http:/ / listserv. linguistlist. org/ cgi-bin/ wa?A2=ind0305b& L=ads-l& P=2109)
[2] Christian Science Monitor, February 1950 (http:/ / pqasb. pqarchiver. com/ csmonitor_historic/ results. html?st=advanced&
QryTxt="Cookie+ Pushers"& sortby=REVERSE_CHRON& datetype=6& frommonth=02& fromday=13& fromyear=1950& tomonth=03&
today=02& toyear=1950& By=& Title=& restrict=articles)
[3] Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=OqIe3YFwsFkC& pg=PA76& dq="cookie+
pusher"+ diplomat& ei=NUkLR91GjvTqArSGrdQJ& sig=lLEwwZPa3rnPJ4cr9ziMuH2ZOhE) (NY: Harper and Row, 1981)
[4] Christian Science Monitor - 9 April 1946 pg.1
[5] Remarks on Foreign Service Day, May 12, 1997 (http:/ / www. state. gov/ www/ policy_remarks/ 970509. burns. html)
[6] Intensifying the Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime (http:/ / www. state. gov/ p/ inl/ rls/ rm/ jan_apr/ 1078. htm), January 23, 2001
[7] Diplomatic Security's Worldwide Management Conference, March 31, 2004
[8] Remarks to the U.S. Global Leadership Campaign (http:/ / www. state. gov/ secretary/ former/ powell/ remarks/ 37118. htm), October 14,
2004
[9] Washington Post - State Dept. To Order Diplomats To Iraq, October 27, 2007, Karen DeYoung (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/
content/ article/ 2007/ 10/ 26/ AR2007102602417. html)
Dark horse 43
Dark horse
A dark horse is a little-known person or thing that emerges to prominence, especially in a competition of some
sort[1] or a contestant that seems unlikely to succeed.[2]
Origin
The term began as horse racing parlance for a race horse that is not known to gamblers and thus is difficult to place
betting odds on.
The earliest-known mention of the concept is in Benjamin Disraeli's novel The Young Duke (1831). Disraeli's
protagonist, the Duke of St. James, attends a horse race with a surprise finish: "A dark horse which had never been
thought of, and which the careless St. James had never even observed in the list, rushed past the grandstand in
sweeping triumph."[3]
In the political arena

The concept has been used in political contexts in such countries as Iran,[] Peru, Philippines,[4] Russia[] and United
States.
Politically, the concept came to America in the nineteenth century when it was first applied to James K. Polk, a
relatively unknown Tennessee Democrat who won the Democratic Party's 1844 presidential nomination over a host
of better-known candidates. Polk won the nomination on the ninth ballot, and went on to win the presidential
election.
Other famous dark horse candidates for the United States presidency include:
• Franklin Pierce, chosen as the Democratic nominee and later elected the 14th president in 1852.
• Abraham Lincoln, chosen as the Republican nominee and elected as the 16th president in 1860.
• Rutherford B. Hayes, elected the 19th president in 1876.
• James A. Garfield, elected the 20th president in 1880.
• Warren G. Harding, elected the 29th president in 1920 after his surprise nomination.
• Jimmy Carter, elected the 39th president in 1976; in the beginning of that same year, Carter was a relative
unknown outside his home state of Georgia.
Outside of the United States, the dark horse status also attributed to Alberto Fujimori, who rose to the Presidency in
Peru and Jejomar Binay, who rose to the Vice Presidency in the Philippines.[citation needed]
In a 2011 article about possible successors for Hugo Chávez, Sarah Grainger for the BBC News website referred to
former army officer Diosdado Cabello, who helped Hugo Chávez to stage a failed coup in 1992, as a dark horse.[5]
Several government ministers, who were appointed to the third cabinet of Russian prime minister Dimitri Medvedev
on 21 May 2012, were also described as "dark horses" due to lacking experience, for instance, Olga Golodets,
Vladimir Medinsky and Alexander Novak.[] Some of the candidates for the presidency of Iran in 2013 were labelled
as dark horse, including Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf, Mohsen Rezai, Mostafa Pourmohammadi, Mohammad
Saeedikia[] and Mohammad Gharazi.[]
Dark horse 44
Use in music, film and television

In addition, surprising or unlikely nominations for such prizes as the Academy Award (awarded by the Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences) are referred to as dark horses.
Nickelback has an album named "Dark Horse" which was released November 17, 2008 consisting of 11 songs;
including highly successful "If Today Was Your Last Day", "Burn It to the Ground", "Gotta Be Somebody" and
"This Afternoon".
Guitarist and singer-songwriter George Harrison was nicknamed the "dark horse" of The Beatles, as his visibility as
a songwriter and vocalist increased later in the Beatles' career, particularly on Abbey Road. Harrison went on to
name his solo label Dark Horse Records, and to release both an album and a song named "Dark Horse."
The blues band Savoy Brown have been called the "Dark Horse" band before, because of how under-appreciated
they were in the United States.[citation needed]
American Idol season 8 winner Kris Allen was coined as the "dark horse" of the competition as he went on to win
the competition and defeat the crowd favorite and front-runner Adam Lambert. [citation needed]
Jai McDowall was described as a dark horse of the show before beating hot favorite Ronan Parke in Britain's Got
Talent. [citation needed]
Switchfoot's song, "Dark Horses" was inspired by an organization called StandUp For Kids that aids homeless and
street children (The "Dark Horses") across America.
Converge has a song named "Dark Horse" in their album Axe to Fall.
The first episode of the second season of Frisky Dingo is called "Behold A Dark Horse."
Carol Peletier from AMC's The Walking Dead can be considered a dark horse of the series due to her outliving
comic book characters who had much larger roles such as Dale and Andrea. With the conclusion of season 3 she is
the only original female character still alive.
In the song Western Biographic by Bound Stems, the term Dark Horse is used throughout the song in the lyrics
"Sometimes a dark horse dies" and "Even a dark horse wins".
Use in publishing
Dark Horse Comics is an American comic book publisher.
References
External links
• Experts Say Philippines is Dark Horse of Asia (http://randomflowmag.com/blog/2011/11/18/
experts-say-philippines-is-asias-dark-horse-and-that-is-good-news/)
• Jan 2012 - Philippine Market continue its charging rush to be Asia's Dark horse (http://randomflowmag.com/
blog/2012/01/12/philippine-market-hits-a-new-record-high/)
Democrat In Name Only

Democrat In Name Only (DINO) is a disparaging term for a member of the United States Democratic Party. A
DINO is considered to be more conservative (fiscally and/or socially) than fellow Democrats.
The term was created as an analogous opposite to "RINO" (Republican In Name Only), which refers to more liberal
members of the U.S. Republican Party.
"DINO" is used by more ideological (politically speaking) members of the Democrats to counter fellow party
members for their heterodox, or relatively moderate or conservative positions. Likewise, the term RINO is typically
given to Republican members who espouse more "middle of the road" positions or who espouse more liberal
positions.
Dixiecrats were conservative Democrats in the South during the segregation years. Some Dixiecrats switched to the
Republican Party, became independents or retired from politics. Others remained Democrats, but positioned
themselves to the "right" of other party members.
Regional differences and issues

As with the term RINO, regional variations between party constituencies are a factor. Many "DINOs" come from
more socially or fiscally conservative states or districts where a more liberal politician would face difficulty. Some
of these politicians are descendants of the Southern-based Dixiecrats, a once prominent faction within the
Democratic Party, but that shrank rapidly following the party's support of civil rights legislation in the 1960s.
Conservative Democrats today
Single-issue caucuses
The Democratic Party has a number of single-issue caucuses within the party which promote a position on the issues
in question that differ from the Democratic platform, although they support the other platform positions. These
include Democrats for Life of America (pro-life) and Amendment II Democrats (pro-gun rights).[1]
Differing views of conservative Democrats

Some see conservative Democrats as usually centrist or moderate. Some Conservative Democrats believe in social
programs (e.g., Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid). Some want all Americans to have health care coverage and
guaranteed pensions, and are vehemently opposed to the idea of privatizing any of these institutions. Their ideas
about marriage, abortion, gun control, and, to an extent, the death penalty are sometimes more compatible with the
Republican way of thinking. This viewpoint is supported by the Pew Research Center and their study "Beyond Red
Vs. Blue" [2]. This study identifies Conservative Democrats as one of three core Democratic Party constituencies
(the other two being Liberals and Disadvantaged Democrats). Conservative Democrats are distinguishable by
staunch liberal views on economic issues (a populist orientation setting them apart from conservative Republicans
and explaining their continued allegiance to the Democratic Party), with their moderate to conservative views on
other issues:
"Religious orientation and conservative views set this group apart from other Democratic-leaning groups
on many social and political issues. Conservative Democrats' views are moderate with respect to key
policy issues such as foreign policy, regulation of the environment and the role of government in
providing a social safety net...Less extreme on moral beliefs than core Republican groups, but most
oppose gay marriage and the acceptance of homosexuality, and support a more active role for
government in protecting morality. No more conservative than the national average on other social
issues such as abortion and stem-cell research. They overwhelmingly oppose The War in Iraq, and are
vehemently opposed to President Bush's foreign policy as a whole. But views of America's overall
foreign policy are mixed..."
According to the Pew Research Center study, Conservative Democrats are 15% of registered voters in the U.S.,
voted for Kerry over Bush by a 65%-14% margin in 2004, and were identified in past Pew Research Center studies
as New Dealers rather than Conservative Democrats, making this group of voters the ideological heirs to FDR's New
Deal coalition and the "Vital Center" ideology of the 1950s.
The term Democrats In Name Only has been applied to conservative Democrats by some on the left wing of the
party.
Conservative endorsements of Democratic candidates

During the 2004 election, several writers who self-identified as conservative endorsed the Presidential campaign of
John Kerry, arguing that the Bush Administration was pursuing policies which were anything but conservative.
Among the most notable of these endorsements came from Andrew Sullivan and Paul Craig Roberts, while a series
of editorials in Pat Buchanan's The American Conservative magazine made a conservative case for several
candidates, with Scott McConnell formally endorsing Kerry,[3] and Justin Raimondo giving the nod to independent
Ralph Nader.[4]
In 2006, Democratic Nebraska senator Ben Nelson received the endorsements of groups such as the National Right
to Life and the National Rifle Association, respectively a pro-life group and pro-gun group, that both typically
endorse Republicans.
In South Carolina in 2008, the Democratic candidate for United States Senator was Bob Conley, a traditional
Catholic, and a former activist for the Presidential candidacy of Ron Paul. Conley failed in his bid to defeat
Republican Lindsey Graham, receiving 42.4 percent of the vote.[5]
References
[1] Amendment II Democrats website (http:/ / www. a2dems. net)
[2] http:/ / people-press. org/ reports/ display. php3?PageID=949
[3] http:/ / www. amconmag. com/ article/ 2004/ nov/ 08/ 00008/ The American Conservative. "Kerry's The One" (November 8, 2004).
[4] http:/ / www. amconmag. com/ article/ 2004/ nov/ 08/ 00010/ The American Conservative. "Old Right Nader" (November 8, 2004).
[5] http:/ / elections. nytimes. com/ 2008/ results/ states/ south-carolina. html The New York Times. "Election Results: South Carolina"
(November 6, 2008).
Éminence grise 47
Éminence grise
An éminence grise (French for "grey
eminence") is a powerful decision-maker or
advisor who operates "behind the scenes" or
in a non-public or unofficial capacity.
This phrase originally referred to François
Leclerc du Tremblay, the right-hand man of
Cardinal Richelieu. Leclerc was a Capuchin
friar who was renowned for his beige robe
attire (as beige was termed "grey" in that
era.) The title "His Eminence" is used to
address or reference a Cardinal in the
Roman Catholic Church.[1] Although
Leclerc never achieved the rank of Cardinal, Oil painting of François Leclerc du Tremblay by Jean-Léon Gérôme
those around him addressed him as such in
deference to the considerable influence this "grey" friar held over "His Eminence the Cardinal". [2]
Leclerc is popularly referenced in several works. Aldous Huxley wrote an English biography of Leclerc entitled
Grey Eminence. There is also an 1873 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, L'Éminence Grise, which depicts him
descending the grand staircase of the Palais Cardinal. Leclerc is referenced in Alexandre Dumas' The Three
Musketeers as the character Father Joseph, a powerful associate of Richelieu and one to be feared.
An éminence grise may alternatively refer to an elderly ("grey-haired") personage who is renowned for
accomplishments in the past, but now acts as an advisor rather than a principal actor. He may be politically
influential as a consequence of his honored status within an influential group or society as a whole. For example, a
distinguished retired physics professor emeritus who advises scientific leaders and government officials on nuclear
energy; or a retired U.S. Senator who advises the President on an informal basis, etc.
References
[1] Historical reference to address in the Roman Catholic Church
• O'Connell, D.P. (1968). Richelieu. New York: The World Publishing Company.
Figurehead 48
Figurehead
In politics, a figurehead is a person who holds de jure an important (often supremely powerful) title or office yet de
facto executes little actual power, most commonly limited by convention rather than law. The metaphor derives from
the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship. Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II's[1][2]
role as Queen of the United Kingdom, sixteen Commonwealth Realms and head of the British Commonwealth
overall; she has an important office title, but no power over the nations in which she is not head of state. The Queen
also holds all powers of state in her kingdoms, but rarely exercises them. Other figureheads are the Emperor Akihito
of Japan, or presidents in some parliamentary republics, such as the President of Israel, President of Bangladesh,
President of Greece, President of Germany, President of Pakistan, and the President of the People's Republic of
China (without CPC General Secretary post).
While the authority of a figurehead is in practice generally symbolic or ceremonial, public opinion, respect for the
office or the office holder and access to high levels of government can give them significant influence on events. In
those systems of government where the head of state is in practice a figurehead, they are also generally the titular
commanders in chief of the nation's defence forces.
Sometimes a figurehead can be exploited in times of emergency. For example, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
used the figurehead President of India to issue unilateral decrees that allowed her to bypass parliament when it no
longer supported her.
During the crisis of the March on Rome in 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, though a figurehead, played a
key role in handing power to Benito Mussolini.
More than 20 years later, the same King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy played a key role in the dismissal of Benito
Mussolini in 1943. Since the abolition of monarchy in Italy and the establishment of a republic in 1948, the Italian
President assumed most of the ceremonial functions of the previous kings; however, the Italian President retains
large powers in appointing a prime minister of his choice when in parliament there's no clear majority, creating a
so-called "president's cabinet". For example, the actual (2013) Prime Minister of Italy, Sen Mario Monti, was not
elected but appointed by the Italian President (Giorgio Napolitano) as a lifetime-senator and then as Prime Minister
of the country.
Conversely, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, also a figurehead, had in 1981 a key role in defending the newborn Spanish
democracy and foiling the attempted coup d'état, known as "23-F".
As a derogatory term
The word can also have more sinister overtones, and refer to a powerless leader who should be exercising full
authority, yet is actually being controlled by a more powerful figure behind the throne.
References
[1] Constitutional monarchies (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ news/ bigpicture/ queen/ con_monarchies. html), by John Bowman, CBC News Online |
Oct. 4, 2002
[2] On queen's 80th, Britons ask: Is monarchy licked? (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ news/ world/ 2006-04-20-royals-cover_x. htm), by Jeffrey
Stinson, USA Today, | May 3, 2006 @5:22 PM ET
Gauche caviar 49
Gauche caviar
Gauche caviar (Caviar left) is a pejorative French term to describe someone who claims to be a socialist while living
in a way that contradicts socialist values. The expression is a political neologism dating from the 1980s and implies a
degree of hypocrisy.[citation needed]
It is broadly similar to the English champagne socialist, the American Limousine liberal, the German
"Salonkommunist" the Italian "Radical Chic", the Portuguese "esquerda caviar", the Brazilian "esquerda festiva", and
the Danish "Kystbanesocialist", referring to well-off coastal neighborhoods north of Copenhagen. Similar terms in
English include Hampstead liberal, liberal elite, chardonnay socialist, Bollinger Bolshevik, champagne socialist,
champagne-and-caviar socialist.
The dictionary Petit Larousse defines "left caviar" as a pejorative expression for a "Progressivism combined with a
taste for society life and its accoutrements".[1]Wikipedia:Please clarify
The term was once prevalent in Parisian circles, applied deprecatingly to those who professed allegiance to the
Socialist Party, but who maintained a far from proletarian lifestyle that distinguished them from the working-class
base of the French Socialist Party.
It was often employed by detractors of François Mitterrand.[2][3]
In early 2007, Ségolène Royal was identified with the "gauche caviar" when it was revealed that she had been
avoiding paying taxes. The description damaged her campaign for the French presidency.[4] Similarly French
politician Bernard Kouchner and his wife Christine Ockrent have been labelled with the term. However, his
appointment as Minister of Foreign Affairs was not hampered by the label.[5] Other reperesentatives of this "gauche
caviar" are Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former IMF managing director, and his wife, the journalist Anne Sinclair,
heiress to much of the fortune of her maternal grandfather, Paul Rosenberg, famous French art dealer.
The weekly French news magazine, Le Nouvel Observateur, has been described as the "quasi-official organ of
France's 'gauche caviar'".[6]
References
[1] http:/ / www. larousse. fr : under Caviar: Gauche caviar, gauche dont le progressisme s'allie au goût des mondanités et des situations
acquises
• Joffrin, Laurent (2006). Histoire de la gauche caviar. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont.
Gentoo (slang) 50
Gentoo (slang)
Gentoo, also spelled Gentue or Jentue, was a term used by Europeans for the native inhabitants of India before the
word Hindu—with its religious connotation—was used to distinguish a group from Muslims and members of other
religious groups in India.[][][][1][]
Gentio and Gentoo terms were applied historically to indigenous peoples of India; later, to Telugu-speaking persons
and their language in then Madras Province (now the Andhra region], (as opposed to the Malbars, or Tamil speakers
and their language in what is now Tamil Nadu ]).[][][1][][]An example from the Monsignor Sebastiao Rodolfo
Dalgado is "moros, gentivos e maos christãos."[] It was also an Anglo-Indian slang term used in the 17th and 18th
centuries; however, in the 20th century the word became derogatory.[][][]
Etymology
It is unclear why Indians were called Gentoo. As Portuguese people arrived in India for trade, religious conversions,
and colonisation before other Europeans, it is possible that the word was derived from the Portuguese word Gentio -
a gentile, a heathen, or native. The Portuguese also appear to have used it to distinguish the aborigines of India from
Mahommedans - the Moros or Moors.[][][]
And before this kingdom of Guzerate fell into the hands of the Moors, a certain race of Gentios whom the
moors called Resbutos dwelt therein.[]
According to 19th century philologist and Orientalist N.B. Halhed, there was a fanciful derivation of Gentoo from
the Sanskrit word jantu, meaning "mankind" or "animal."[]
The word Hindu is not originally Indian. Instead, the word Hindu started to acquire religious connotations only after
the arrival of Muslims. The very first attempt by the British to establish social laws over aboriginal people for
administrative purposes (in order to assert the distinctiveness of Indian jurisprudence) was named A Code of Gentoo
Laws. This first digest of Indian legislation was published in 1776, was funded by the East India Company,
supported by Warren Hastings, and was translated from Persian into English by Halhed.[][][1][][]
The Gentues, the portugal idiom for Gentiles, are the Aborgines, who enjoyed their freedom, till the Moors or
Scythian Tartars...undermining them, took advantage of the civil Commotions.[]
After the term Hindu as a religion was established to represent non-Muslims and non-Christians, the word Gentoo
became archaic and then obsolete, while its application on Telugu people and Telugu language [present Andhra
region, part of Andhra Pradesh] in then Madras Province continued to distinguish them from Tamil people and Tamil
language [Malbars](present: Tamil Nadu) in then Madras Province.[][][1][][]
References
External links
• William Jones and Representations of Hinduism in British Poetry - Author: Kurt Andrew Johnson (http://
etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1236/1/Final_Thesis.pdf)
• The Works Of The Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. IX. (of 12) - Author: Edmund Burke (http://www.
gutenberg.org/files/13968/13968-h/13968-h.htm)
Gucci socialist 51
Gucci socialist
Gucci socialist is an American political epithet similar to Champagne socialist or Limousine liberal that is used to
describe people who claim to support left-of-centre policy or theory, including various forms of soft socialism and
liberalism, but have an undeniably capitalist, bourgeoisie lifestyle. Gucci refers to the haute couture created at the
Italian fashion house which bears the name. This term is used largely pejoratively. Phil Allt, a New Democratic Party
of Canada member extended the use of the Gucci prefix in conjunction with another ideology when he accused the
Green Party of Canada of including "Gucci environmentalists." [1]
Usage
• Sometimes used in conjunction with Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and other celebrity members of PETA [2].
• Former guerilla commander and parliamentarian Tony Yengeni was cited as an example of a Gucci socialist [3].
• The Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt has been called Gucci-Helle, because she even wears Gucci
sunglasses, combined with having very centrist views by Social Democrat standards.
References
[1] http:/ / philallt. ca/ ?p=87
[2] http:/ / canadafreepress. com/ 2002/ inter71502. htm
[3] http:/ / www. dispatch. co. za/ 2001/ 10/ 05/ features/ GUCCI. HTM
Lame duck (politics)

A lame duck is an elected official who is approaching the end of his or her tenure, especially one whose successor
has already been elected.
Description
The status can be due to:
• having lost a re-election bid
• choosing not to seek another term at the expiration of the current term
• a term limit which keeps the official from running for that particular office again
• the abolishment of the office, which must nonetheless be served out until the end of the official's term.[1]
Lame duck officials tend to have less political power, as other elected officials are less inclined to cooperate with
them. However, lame ducks are also in the peculiar position of not facing the consequences of their actions in a
subsequent election, giving them greater freedom to issue unpopular decisions or appointments. Examples include
last-minute midnight regulations issued by executive agencies of outgoing U.S. presidential administrations and
executive orders issued by outgoing presidents.[2] Such actions date back to the Judiciary Act of 1801 ("Midnight
Judges Act"), in which Federalist President John Adams and the outgoing 6th Congress amended the Judiciary Act to
create more federal judge seats for Adams to appoint and the Senate to confirm before the Democratic-Republican
Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated and the Democratic-Republican majority 7th Congress convened. In more recent
history, U.S. President Bill Clinton was widely criticized for issuing 140 pardons and other acts of executive
clemency on his last day in office, including two former close colleagues, donors, fellow Democratic members and
his own half-brother.[3]
Origins of the term

The phrase lame duck was coined in the 18th century at the London Stock Exchange, to refer to a stockbroker who
defaulted on his debts.[4][5] The first known mention of the term in writing was made by Horace Walpole, in a letter
of 1761 to Sir Horace Mann: "Do you know what a Bull and a Bear and Lame Duck are?" [6] In 1791 Mary Berry
wrote of the Duchess of Devonshire's loss of £50,000 in stocks, "the conversation of the town" that her name was to
be "posted up as a lame duck".[7] In the literal sense, it refers to a duck which is unable to keep up with its flock,
making it a target for predators.
It was transferred to politicians in the 19th century, the first recorded use being in the Congressional Globe (the
official record of the United States Congress) of January 14, 1863: “In no event . . . could [the Court of Claims] be
justly obnoxious to the charge of being a receptacle of ‘lame ducks’ or broken down politicians.”[8]
Examples
Australia
In Australia, regardless of when the election is held, the Senate (upper house) sits from the 1st of July following the
election to the 30th of June three years later, while the newly elected members of the House of Representatives
(lower house) take their seats immediately after an election. A Senate that is destined to lose its majority as a result
of such a change is called a lame-duck Senate and often attracts criticism if it blocks Government measures
introduced in the House of Representatives.
For example, after the 2004 election, it became clear that the governing Liberal Party/National Party coalition would
gain a majority in the new Senate, which was due to sit the following July. In May, some months after the elections
but before the new Senate came to power, the old Senate refused to pass new tax laws that had been passed by the
House, which served to merely delay the passage of those laws until the new Senate assembled.
A recent example is that of minor party Family First Senator Steve Fielding who, on losing his seat at the 2010
election, threatened to block supply if the Labor Party was successful in forming a minority government.
United States
In U.S. politics, the period between (presidential and
congressional) elections in November and the inauguration of
officials early in the following year is commonly called the lame
duck period. In regard to the presidency, a president is a
lame-duck after a successor has been elected, and during this time
the outgoing president and president-elect usually embark on a
transition of power.
Until 1933, inaugurations occurred on March 4. Congress usually

had two sessions, the second of which was usually held from the
December after the election of the next Congress until March. This
session was commonly called the "lame duck session". Criticism
of this process led to the passage of the 20th Amendment in 1933,
which moved the beginning of the new Congress to January 3 and
the inauguration of the president to January 20, thus shortening the
lame duck period.
A president elected to a second term is sometimes seen as being a The lame ducks depicted in this Clifford K. Berryman
lame duck from early in the second term, because presidents are cartoon are defeated Democrats heading to the White
barred from contesting a term four years later, and is thus freer to House hoping to secure political appointments from
then President Woodrow Wilson.
take politically unpopular action. Nonetheless, as the de facto
leader of his or her political party, the president's actions affect
how the party performs in the midterm elections two years into the second term, and, to some extent, the success of
that party's nominee in the next presidential election four years in the future.
The term "lame duck President" traditionally is reserved for a President who is serving out the remainder of his term
after having been defeated for re-election. In this sense, the following Presidents in the twentieth century were lame
ducks: William Howard Taft, who was defeated for re-election in 1912, Herbert Hoover, who was defeated for
re-election in 1932, Gerald R. Ford, who was defeated in 1976, Jimmy Carter, who was defeated for re-election in
1980, and George H. W. Bush, who was defeated for re-election in 1992.
Examples
Perhaps the most disastrous lame duck period in US history was the 1860–1861 transition from the administration of
James Buchanan to that of Abraham Lincoln.[citation needed] Buchanan held the opinion that states did not have the
right to secede, but that it was also illegal for the Federal government to go to war to stop them. Between November
6, 1860 and March 4, 1861, seven states seceded and conflict between secessionist and federal forces began, leading
to the American Civil War between the Northern and Southern states.
The lame duck administration of Herbert Hoover, before the inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt (between
November 8, 1932 and March 4, 1933), was another notably difficult period. After the election, Roosevelt refused
Hoover's requests for a meeting to come up with a joint program to stop the downward spiral and calm investors,
claiming it would tie his hands, and as this "guaranteed that Roosevelt took the oath of office amid such an
atmosphere of crisis that Hoover had become the most hated man in America."[] During this period of essentially
leaderless government, the U.S. economy ground to a halt as thousands of banks failed.[9]
Canada
Unlike the United States Congress, there is no "lame duck" session of Parliament in most Commonwealth countries
between the general election and swearing in of elected officials. In almost all cases, the outgoing prime minister or
premier hands over power directly to their designated successor after a leadership contest or general election.
Usually, when the leader of a ruling party steps down, they also relinquish their caucus leadership role at around the
same time, so there is no need for an interim caucus leader.
The transition between William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent is perhaps the only lame duck example
in Canadian federal politics. After resigning the leadership of the Liberals, King became parliamentary leader and
continued as Prime Minister of Canada for some months following the leadership election of his successor, St.
Laurent, who became party leader but continued as a member of King's cabinet during this time.
While Pierre Trudeau retired from politics in 1984, he directly handed power over to John Turner after the leadership
contest. However, Trudeau recommended that Governor General Jeanne Sauvé appoint over 200 Liberals to
well-paying patronage positions, including Senators, judges, and executives on various governmental and crown
corporation boards, widely seen as a way to offer "plum jobs" to loyal party members. These appointments generated
a severe backlash across the spectrum.[10] Turner had the right to recommend that the appointments be cancelled:
advice that Sauvé would have been required to follow by constitutional convention. However, he let them stand and
made a further 70 appointments himself.[10] Turner refused to produce a written agreement he'd made with Trudeau
before taking office, documenting a secret deal that saw Trudeau step down early. This is seen by many as Trudeau
attempting to exercise some lame duck influence before resigning as Prime Minister. [10] [11]
New Zealand
In 1984, a Constitutional Crisis arose when the outgoing "lame duck" Prime Minister Robert Muldoon refused to
follow the wishes of a new incoming government led by David Lange[citation needed]. This was the only time in New
Zealand where a "lame duck" Prime Minister did not follow the wishes of the incoming government. The
Constitution Act 1986 was passed to formally prevent this from ever happening again.
Vatican
On February 11, 2013, when Pope Benedict XVI announced that he was resigning within 17 days, he was called a
lame-duck pope in certain parts of the media.[12] Also, due to Pope John Paul II's long and debilitating illness, some
journalists (such as TIME's Jeff Israely) described the final years of his reign as a lame-duck papacy.[13]
References
[2] Froomkin, Dan. " Approaching the Midnight Hour (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ blog/ 2008/ 11/ 20/
BL2008112001934. html)." Washington Post 20 November 2008.
[3] http:/ / jurist. law. pitt. edu/ pardons6. htm
[7] Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, 1998 :253.
[10] Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, Toronto 1991, McFarlane, Walter, and Ross publishers.
[11] Donaldson, p. 320; Newman, p. 71.
[12] Pope resigns: The pope who was not afraid to say sorry (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ religion/ the-pope/ 9862770/
Pope-resigns-The-pope-who-was-not-afraid-to-say-sorry. html)
[13] The Pope's Decline: A Lame Duck In Rome? (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1005800,00. html)
Limousine liberal
Limousine liberal is a pejorative American political term used to illustrate hypocrisy by a political liberal of upper
class or upper middle class status; including calls for the use of mass transit while frequently using limousines or
private jets,[1] claiming environmental consciousness but driving low MPG sports cars or SUVs, or ostensibly
supporting public education while actually sending their children to private schools.[2]
Formation and early use
Procaccino Campaign
Democratic New York City mayoral hopeful Mario Procaccino coined the term "limousine liberal" to describe
incumbent Republican Mayor John Lindsay and his wealthy Manhattan backers during a heated 1969 campaign.
It was a populist/producerist epithet, carrying an implicit accusation that the people it described were insulated from
all negative consequences of their programs purported to benefit the poor, and that the costs and consequences of
such programs would be borne in the main by working class or lower middle class people who were not so poor as to
be beneficiaries themselves. In particular, Procaccino criticized Lindsay for favoring unemployed blacks over
working-class ethnic whites.[3]
One Procaccino campaign memo attacked "rich super-assimilated people who live on Fifth Avenue and maintain
some choice mansions outside the city and have no feeling for the small middle class shopkeeper, home owner, etc.
They preach the politics of confrontation and condone violent upheaval in society because they are not touched by it
and are protected by their courtiers".[4] The Independent later stated that "Lindsay came across as all style and no
substance, a 'limousine liberal' who knew nothing of the concerns of the same 'Silent Majority' that was carrying
Richard Nixon to the White House at the very same time."[5]
Later use
In the 1970s, the term was applied to wealthy liberal supporters of open-housing and forced school busing who didn't
make use of public schooling.[6] In Boston, Massachusetts, supporters of busing, such as Senator Ted Kennedy, sent
their children to private schools or lived in affluent suburbs. To some South Boston residents, Kennedy's support of a
plan that "integrated" their children with blacks and his apparent unwillingness to do the same with his own children,
was hypocrisy.[7]
By the late 1990s and early 21st century, the term has also come to be applied to those who support environmentalist
or "green" goals, such as mass transit, yet drive large SUVs or literally have a limousine and driver. The Weekly
Standard applied the term to Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX 18) for being "routinely chauffeured the one short
block to work--in a government car, by a member of her staff, at the taxpayers' expense."[8] The term was also used
disparagingly in a 2004 episode of Law & Order by Fred Thompson's character, Arthur Branch, to belittle his more
liberal colleague, Serena Southerlyn. South Park's creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone poked fun at the tendency of
some liberals to be more concerned with image than actually helping the earth in the episode "Smug Alert".
The New York Observer applied the term to 2008 Democratic candidate John Edwards for paying $400 for a haircut
and, according to the newspaper, "lectures about poverty while living in gated opulence".[9]
In 2009, the term was applied by many commentators to former Senate Majority Leader and then-Obama cabinet
appointee Tom Daschle for failing to pay back taxes and interest on the use of a limousine service.[10][11][12]
The term has often been applied to documentary filmmaker Michael Moore over the years by both critics on the left
and right due to his habit of traveling around New York City in a limousine.[13][14][15]
Al Gore is often called a Limousine Liberal by his critics for his use of private jet planes[16] and SUVs,[17] while
giving speeches calling for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.[] In the May 16, 2007 edition of TIME
magazine, it was reported that "His (Gore's) Tennessee mansion consumes 20 times the electricity used by the
average American home"[18] On October 30, 2010, under the headline A VERY inconvenient truth, the UK
Telegraph reported that "Al Gore 'left car engine running during hour-long environment lecture".[]
International use
In Australia and New Zealand, a roughly equivalent insult of chardonnay socialist; in the United Kingdom phrases
such as champagne socialist and Bollinger Bolshevik are preferred, and in France such people are referred to as the
gauche caviar ("caviar left"). In Portugal "Esquerda caviar" is used, basically a direct translation of the French term.
In Germany "Toskana Fraktion" is used. In Italy, the term "radical chic" (borrowed from American journalist Tom
Wolfe's satirical 1970 book Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers) is used. In Turkey they are known as
tatlısu solcusu, tatlısu sosyalisti ("freshwater socialist") who promote downgrading of personal lifestyles for the sake
of people while they act the opposite. The adjective of freshwater is also used for people who promotes concepts
when they are popular and blame the same concepts while they are not as popular as it used to be.
In the Netherlands, a near equivalent of "limousine liberal" would be "salon socialist". The point of salon socialists,
however, is not that they do not spend money charitably, but rather that they are too high to be actively involved in
the class struggle. Charity is seen as a capitalist and conservative project, because it leaves the alleged social
structures of hegemony intact, and would even reinforce them (by making the poor dependent on the rich). Charity
also implies that mandatory taxation is not needed, or need not collect sufficient funds.
In Poland, the rough equivalent of this term is "coffee shop revolutionist" meaning journalists, poets or any other
intellectuals who criticize capitalism and free market mechanisms in their publications, but have a generally weak
understanding of economy because of living in the ivory tower of salon life, so they have no idea about the real life
of the poor.
In Japan, the rough equivalent of this term is "Botchan Sayoku" (leftist from rich family who is ignorant of the real
world). Yukio Hatoyama, former Japanese Prime Minister, is by some considered to be a "Botchan Sayoku".
References
[1] Time . "Limousine Liberal Hypocrisy" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1599714,00. html) by Charles Krauthammer.
Published March 16, 2007.
[2] NPR (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ transcript/ transcript. php?storyId=130020147)
[3] The New York Times. "Mayoral Follies, The 1969 Edition " (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.
html?res=9D02EFD61E38F936A15752C0A96E958260& n=Top/ Reference/ Times Topics/ People/ L/ Lindsay, John V. ) Published January
25, 1998.
[4] The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York by Vincent J. Cannato, page 428 (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=Upv5ezVPBOMC& pg=PA428& lpg=PA428& dq="john+ lindsay"+ "limousine+ liberal"+ mansions& source=web&
ots=s5SlrUkR8H& sig=4qK1rKY6qWYR_ceiCsh5JcXfh3k).
[5] The Independent. "Obituary: John Lindsay " (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_qn4158/ is_20001222/ ai_n14346783).Written
December 22, 2000 by Rupert Cornwell.
[6] "A liberal interpretation: The current definition of right- and left-" (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_qn4155/ is_20060730/
ai_n16647842) by Geoffrey Nunberg. Chicago Sun-Times. Published July 30, 2006.
[7] News/Features | (http:/ / bostonphoenix. com/ boston/ news_features/ top/ features/ documents/ 01563014. htm)
[8] Sheila Jackson Lee, Limousine Liberal (https:/ / www. weeklystandard. com/ Content/ Public/ Articles/ 000/ 000/ 000/ 867aejst. asp)
[9] Is Edwards An Easy Mark? | The New York Observer (http:/ / www. observer. com/ 2007/ edwards-easy-mark)
[13] Business Insider: The REAL Fun Was At The Michael Moore Afterparty (http:/ / www. businessinsider. com/
the-real-fun-at-the-michael-moore-afterparty-2009-9)
[14] Urban Dictionary entry (http:/ / www. urbandictionary. com/ define. php?term=limousine liberal)
[15] Newsmax: Michael Moore: The Leni Riefenstahl of the Left (http:/ / archive. newsmax. com/ archives/ articles/ 2003/ 3/ 30/ 212203. shtml)
Lucky duckies 57
Lucky duckies
Taxation in the
United States
Lucky duckies is a term that was used in Wall Street Journal editorials starting on 20 November 2002 to refer to
Americans who pay no federal income tax because they are at an income level that is below the tax line (after
deductions and credits). The term has outlived its original use to become a part of the informal terminology used in
the tax reform debate in the United States.
The original argument

The Journal defined the term in this way:
Who are these lucky duckies? They are the beneficiaries of tax policies that have expanded the personal
exemption and standard deduction and targeted certain voter groups by introducing a welter of tax
credits for things like child care and education. When these escape hatches are figured against income,
the result is either a zero liability or a liability that represents a tiny percentage of income.[1]
The worry of the Journal’s editorialist was that “as fewer and fewer people are responsible for paying more and more
of all taxes, the constituency for tax cutting, much less for tax reform, is eroding. Workers who pay little or no taxes
can hardly be expected to care about tax relief for everybody else. They are also that much more detached from
recognizing the costs of government.”[1]
For example, according to the editorial:
Say a person earns $12,000. After subtracting the personal exemption, the standard deduction and
assuming no tax credits, then applying the 10% rate of the lowest bracket, the person ends up paying a
little less than 4% of income in taxes. It ain't peanuts, but not enough to get his or her blood boiling with
tax rage.[1]
The Journal published three articles using the phrase “lucky duckies”: “The Non-Taxpaying Class”, the original
article, on 20 November 2002;[1] “Lucky Duckies Again” (20 January 2003);[2] and “Even Luckier Duckies” (3 June
2003).[3]
Expansion and limits of the original argument

In recent years, the number and percentage of Americans who pay no federal income tax has increased. According to
a 2007 report by the Statistics of Income division of the Internal Revenue Service,[4] in 2006 the Internal Revenue
Service received 134,372,678 individual income tax returns, of which 90,593,081 (67.42%) showed that they paid or
owed federal income tax for 2005. That is, 32.58% of those Americans who filed income tax returns did not owe any
federal income tax at all for 2005. This percentage increased substantially in 2008, and for 2009 was 47%.
The federal income tax is only one of several taxes Americans pay. Americans who pay zero federal income taxes do
pay other taxes, such as payroll taxes, excise taxes, sales taxes, tariffs, gift taxes, unemployment taxes, state income
taxes, property taxes, and self-employment taxes (a.k.a. FICA).
Federal payroll taxes are imposed on nearly every American with income from employment (there are exceptions for
certain students, certain religious objectors, and certain state/local government employees who participate in a
state/local pension). Federal self-employment taxes are imposed on nearly every American with net income from
self-employment above $400 (again with exceptions for certain religious objectors). So almost all Americans with
some earned income do pay some federal taxes. However, the US also allows earned income tax credits to certain
Lucky duckies 58
individuals, which can lower their income taxes below zero. When these refundable tax credits equal or exceed other
federal taxes, the individual is said to pay "no net federal taxes."
As of 2006, according to New York Times columnist David Leonhardt, approximately 10% of Americans paid no
net federal taxes.[5] Leonhardt did not have figures for 2010, and there were several refundable tax credits which
were created or expanded between 2006 and 2010.
According to Congressional Budget Office estimates,[6] the lowest earning 20% of Americans (24.1 million
households earning an average of $15,900 in 2005) paid an "effective" federal tax rate of 3.9%, when taking into
account income tax, social insurance tax, and excise tax. For comparison, the same study found that the highest
earning 1% of Americans (1.1 million households earning an average of $1,558,500 in 2005) paid an "effective"
federal tax rate of 21.9%, when including the same three types of taxes.
Precedents
In 2001, U.S. Representative Jim DeMint (R-S.C.) told The New Yorker:
I think we’ve got a major crisis in democracy… We assume that voters will restrain the growth of
government because it becomes burdensome to them personally. But today fewer and fewer people pay
taxes, and more and more are dependent on government, so the politician who promises the most from
government is likely to win. Every day, the Republican Party is losing constituents, because every day
more people can vote themselves more benefits without paying for it. The tax code will destroy
democracy, by putting us in a position where most voters don’t pay for government.[7]
Criticism
The Journal was frequently mocked for its use of the term “lucky duckies” to refer to people whose lack of a federal
income tax burden is the direct result of their lower income. This attitude was satirized as “let them eat cake”-style
myopia.
Ruben Bolling’s Tom the Dancing Bug comic in Salon magazine, for instance, periodically features a poor duck who
keeps “outwitting” a fat, top-hatted oligarch by cleverly submitting to the misfortunes of his economic class.
Jonathan Chait, in The New Republic, reacted to the Journal editorial by writing:
One of the things that has fascinated me about The Wall Street Journal editorial page is its occasional
capacity to rise above the routine moral callousness of hack conservative punditry and attain a level of
exquisite depravity normally reserved for villains in James Bond movies.[8]
And one "lucky ducky" wrote to the Journal editor, offering to share his luck (in a form of logical argument
sometimes known as a modest proposal):
I will spend a year as a Wall Street Journal editor, while one lucky editor will spend a year in my
underpaid shoes. I will receive an editor's salary, and suffer the outrage of paying federal income tax on
that salary. The fortunate editor, on the other hand, will enjoy a relatively small federal income tax
burden, as well as these other perks of near poverty: the gustatory delights of a diet rich in black beans,
pinto beans, navy beans, chickpeas and, for a little variety, lentils; the thrill of scrambling to pay the rent
or make the mortgage; the salutary effects of having no paid sick days; the slow satisfaction of saving up
for months for a trip to the dentist; and the civic pride of knowing that, even as a lucky ducky, you still
pay a third or more of your gross income in income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes and property
taxes.[9]
Lucky duckies 59
References
[1] “The Non-Taxpaying Class: Those lucky duckies!” The Wall Street Journal 20 November 2002 (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ extra/
?id=110002937)
[2] “Lucky Duckies Again: Look at who won’t pay taxes under Bush’s plan” The Wall Street Journal 20 January 2003 (http:/ / www.
opinionjournal. com/ editorial/ feature. html?id=110002938)
[3] “Even Luckier Duckies: When a tax cut becomes a welfare check” The Wall Street Journal 3 June 2003 (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/
editorial/ feature. html?id=110003577)
[4] “SOI Tax Stats — Individual Income Tax Returns Publication 1304” Internal Revenue Service (http:/ / www. irs. gov/ taxstats/ indtaxstats/
article/ 0,,id=134951,00. html)
[5] http:/ / economix. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 04/ 13/ who-doesnt-pay-taxes/
[6] “Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 to 2005” Congressional Budget Office (http:/ / www. cbo. gov/ ftpdocs/ 88xx/ doc8885/
12-11-HistoricalTaxRates. pdf#page=6)
[7] Lemann, Nicholas “Bush’s Trillions: How to buy the Republican majority of tomorrow” New Yorker 19 February 2001 (http:/ / web. archive.
org/ web/ 20030824121054/ http:/ / www. business. uiuc. edu/ seppala/ econ102/ newyork. html)
[8] as quoted in Manjoo, Farhad “March of the ‘lucky duckies’” Salon 21 December 2002 (http:/ / dir. salon. com/ story/ news/ feature/ 2002/ 12/
21/ duckies/ )
[9] Petersen, Pier “‘Lucky Duckie’ Invites Editors into his Pond” as quoted in “&c.: A Daily Journal of Politics” The New Republic Online 12 June
2003 (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20030626024327/ http:/ / www. tnr. com/ etc. mhtml?pid=475)
External links
• Low-Income Taxpayers: New Meat for the Right (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/
wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A39211-2002Nov25&notFound=true) E.J. Dionne The
Washington Post 26 November 2002
• Hey, Lucky Duckies! (http://www.gregsopinion.com/archives/002640.html) Paul Krugman New York Times
3 December 2002
• Get lucky (http://www.tnr.com/article/get-lucky) The New Republic 17 December 2002
• Tax the Poor (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,83696,00.html) Radley Balko Fox News 9 April 2003
• Tom the Dancing Bug, featuring Lucky Ducky (http://search.salon.com/salonsearch.php?search=boll+lucky+
ducky&breadth=salon)
• The Tax Foundation — Number of Americans Paying Zero Federal Income Tax Grows to 43.4 Million (http://
www.taxfoundation.org/publications/show/1410.html)
• Is it Really So Tough to Be Rich? The New, Brazen, and Completely Dishonest Attack on Progressive Taxation
(http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20070423_buchanan.html) by Neil H. Buchanan, FindLaw 23
April 2007
Massachusetts liberal 60
Massachusetts liberal
Massachusetts liberal is a phrase in American politics which is generally used as a pejorative political epithet by
Republicans against Democrats who are from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It was most significantly used in
the 1988 presidential race by Vice President George H.W. Bush against Governor Michael Dukakis, and again in the
2004 race by then-President George W. Bush against Senator John Kerry. The Democratic candidates (Dukakis,
Kerry) lost both races. In the Republican 2012 presidential primary election Newt Gingrich used the phrase
repeatedly against Mitt Romney the former Governor of Massachusetts whose main residence was a riverside
mansion in the state.
Meanings of the phrase

The idea behind the usage of the phrase is, the state of Massachusetts is "against the mainstream" in comparison to
other states. Jane Elmes-Crahall, a professor who studies political rhetoric, has said, in swing and red states, "It (the
phrase) still signals the antithesis of their (swing and red state) social and economic values." Hence, it is believed,
people in these states will not vote for someone they believe to be a "Massachusetts liberal."[]
There are several specific ideologies that are implied in the phrase:
• Being "soft on crime"; specifically,an example of this was the infamous Willie Horton incident, which was
referenced by George H. W. Bush's Presidential campaign against Governor of Massachusetts Michael Dukakis in
the 1988 Presidential election. Willie Horton was a convicted murderer who brutally raped and murdered an old
woman while on a furlow granted by Dukakis.[1]
• Alleged support for higher taxes. Among some, the state has a reputation for high taxes (5% sales tax, just
increased to 6.25%;[2] 5.3% income tax), and some Republicans refer to it as "Taxachusetts."
• Support for anti-war ideas. This particular inference comes from the 1972 Presidential race, when Massachusetts
was the only state where antiwar Senator George McGovern defeated President Richard Nixon.
• In more recent times, such as the 2004 presidential race, the term also is meant to point to the state's legalization
of same-sex marriage. It was the first state where same-sex marriage became legal.[]
References
[1] The Baltimore Sun: How A Murderer And Rapist Became The Bush Campaign's Most Valuable Player (http:/ / articles. baltimoresun. com/
1990-11-11/ features/ 1990315149_1_willie-horton-fournier-michael-dukakis) November 11, 1990.
[2] Massachusetts Department of Revenue (http:/ / mass. gov/ dor)
Muckraker 61
Muckraker
The term muckraker refers to reform-minded journalists
who wrote largely for popular magazines, continued a
tradition of investigative journalism reporting, and emerged
in the United States after 1900 and continued to be
influential until World War I, when through a combination of
advertising boycotts, dirty tricks and patriotism, the
movement, associated with the Progressive Era in the United
States, came to an end.[1]
Before World War I, the term "muckraker" was used to refer

in a general sense to a writer who investigates and publishes
truthful reports to perform an auditing or watchdog function.
In contemporary use, the term describes either a journalist
who writes in the adversarial or alternative tradition or a
non-journalist whose purpose in publication is to advocate
reform and change.[2] Investigative journalists view the
muckrakers as early influences and a continuation of
watchdog journalism.
The term is a reference to a character in John Bunyan's

classic Pilgrim's Progress, "the Man with the Muck-rake"
that rejected salvation to focus on filth. It became popular McClure's (cover, Jan, 1901) published many early muckraker
after President Theodore Roosevelt referred to the character articles.
in a 1906 speech.
History
While a literature of reform had already appeared by the mid-19th century, the kind of reporting that would come to
[3]
be called "muckraking" began to appear around 1900. By the 1900s, magazines such as Collier's Weekly, Munsey's
Magazine and McClure's Magazine were already in wide circulation and read avidly by the growing middle class.[4][]
The January 1903 issue of McClure's is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism,[5]
although the muckrakers would get their label later. Ida M. Tarbell ("The History of Standard Oil"), Lincoln Steffens
("The Shame of Minneapolis") and Ray Stannard Baker ("The Right to Work"), simultaneously published famous
works in that single issue. Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens' previous article "Tweed Days in St. Louis", in
McClure's October 1902 issue was called the first muckraking article.
Muckraker 62
Changes in journalism prior to 1903

The muckrakers would become known for their investigative journalism. Investigations
of corruption and social problems had already been introduced into the newspapers of
the late 19th century by publishers and journalists during the eras of "personal
journalism" —a term historians Emery and Emery used in The Press and America (6th
ed.) to describe the 19th century newspapers that were steered by strong leaders with an
editorial voice (p. 173)— and yellow journalism.
The muckrakers were influenced by both eras. One of the biggest urban scandals of the
post-Civil War era was the corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M.
Julius Chambers Tweed in 1871 that was uncovered by newspapers. Lincoln Steffens titled his first
muckraking article "Tweed Days in St. Louis" in comparison with the New York case.
While some muckrakers had already worked for reform newspapers of the personal
journalism variety, such as Steffens who was a reporter for the New York Evening Post
under Edwin Lawrence Godkin,[6] other muckrakers had worked for yellow journals
before moving on to magazines around 1900, such as Charles Edward Russell who was a
journalist and editor of Joseph Pulitzer's New York World.[7] Publishers of yellow
journals, such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, were more intent on
increasing circulation through scandal, crime, entertainment and sensationalism.[8]
Just as the muckrakers became well known for their crusades, journalists from the eras of
"personal journalism" and "yellow journalism" had gained fame through their
investigative articles, including articles that exposed wrongdoing. Note that in yellow
journalism, the idea was to stir up the public with sensationalism, and thus sell more
Nellie Bly
papers. If, in the process, a social wrong was exposed that the average man could get
indignant about, that was fine, but it was not the intent (to correct social wrongs) as it
was with true investigative journalists and muckrakers.
Julius Chambers, New York Tribune, is considered by many to be the original muckraker[citation needed]. Chambers
undertook a journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Asylum in 1872, having himself committed with the help of
some of his friends and his newspaper's city editor. His intent was to obtain information about alleged abuse of
inmates. When articles and accounts of the experience were published in the Tribune, it led to the release of twelve
patients who were not mentally ill, a reorganization of the staff and administration of the institution and, eventually,
to a change in the lunacy laws.[9] This later led to the publication of the book A Mad World and Its Inhabitants
(1876). From this time onward, Chambers was frequently invited to speak on the rights of the mentally ill and the
need for proper facilities for their accommodation, care and treatment.[10]
Nellie Bly, another yellow journalist, used the undercover technique of investigation in reporting "Ten Days In The
Mad-House," her 1887 exposé on patient abuse at Bellevue Mental Hospital, first published as a series of articles in
The World newspaper and then as a book. Nellie would go on to write more articles on corrupt politicians,
sweat-shop working conditions and other societal injustices.
Muckraker 63
Other works that predate the muckrakers

• Helen Hunt Jackson (1831–1885) — A Century of Dishonor, U.S. policy regarding Native Americans.
• Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847–1903) — Wealth Against Commonwealth, exposed the corruption within the
Standard Oil Company.
• Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) — an author of a series of articles concerning Jim Crow laws and the Chesapeake and
Ohio Railroad in 1884, and co-owned the newspaper The Free Speech in Memphis in which she began an
anti-lynching campaign.
• Ambrose Bierce (1842–1913(?)) — author of a long-running series of articles published from 1883 through 1896
in The Wasp and the San Francisco Examiner attacking the Big Four and the Central Pacific Railroad for political
corruption.
The muckrakers appeared at a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style and practice.[citation needed]
In response to yellow journalism, which had exaggerated facts, objective journalism, as exemplified by The New
York Times under Adolph Ochs after 1896, turned away from sensationalism and reported facts with the intention of
being impartial and a newspaper of record.[11] The growth of wire services had also contributed to the spread of the
objective reporting style. Muckraking publishers like Samuel S. McClure, also emphasized factual reporting,[12] but
he also wanted what historian Michael Schudson had identified as one of the preferred qualities of journalism at the
time, namely, the mixture of "reliability and sparkle" to interest a mass audience.[13] In contrast with objective
reporting, the journalists, whom Roosevelt dubbed "muckrakers", saw themselves primarily as reformers and were
politically engaged.[14] Journalists of the previous eras were not linked to a single political, populist movement as the
muckrakers were associated with Progressive reforms. While the muckrakers continued the investigative exposures
and sensational traditions of yellow journalism, they wrote to change society. Their work reached a mass audience as
circulation figures of the magaziness rose on account of visibility and public interest.[citation needed]
Magazines
Magazines were the leading outlets for muckraking journalism. Samuel S. McClure and John Sanborn Phillips
started McClure's Magazine in May 1893. McClure led the magazine industry by cutting the price of an issue to 15
cents, attracting advertisers, giving audiences illustrations and well-written content and then raising ad rates after
increased sales, with Munsey's and Cosmopolitan following suit.[15]
McClure sought out and hired talented writers, like the then unknown Ida M. Tarbell or the seasoned journalist and
editor Lincoln Steffens. The magazine's pool of writers were associated with the muckraker movement, such as Ray
Stannard Baker, Burton J. Hendrick, George Kennan (explorer), John Moody (financial analyst), Henry Reuterdahl,
George Kibbe Turner, and Judson C. Welliver, and their names adorned the front covers. The other magazines
associated with muckraking journalism were American Magazine (Lincoln Steffens), Arena (G.W. Galvin and John
Moody), Collier's Weekly (Samuel Hopkins Adams, C.P. Connolly, L.R. Glavis, Will Irwin, J.M. Oskison, Upton
Sinclair), Cosmopolitan (Josiah Flynt, Alfred Henry Lewis, Jack London, Charles P. Norcross, Charles Edward
Russell), Everybody's Magazine (William Hard, Thomas William Lawson, Benjamin B. Lindsey, Frank Norris,
David Graham Phillips, Charles Edward Russell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Merrill A. Teague, Bessie and
Marie Van Vorst), Hampton's (Rheta Childe Dorr, Benjamin B. Hampton, John L. Mathews, Charles Edward
Russell, and Judson C. Welliver), The Independent (George Walbridge Perkins, Sr.), Outlook (William Hard),
Pearson's Magazine (Alfred Henry Lewis, Charles Edward Russell), Twentieth Century (George French), and
World's Work (C.M. Keys and Q.P.).[12] Other titles of interest include Chatauquan, Dial, St. Nicholas. In addition,
Theodore Roosevelt wrote for Scribner's Magazine after leaving office.
Muckraker 64
Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt

After President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he began to manage the press
corps and to do so he elevated his press secretary to cabinet status and initiated press
conferences. The muckraking journalists who emerged around 1900, like the muckraking
Lincoln Steffens, were not as easy for Roosevelt to manage as the objective journalists,
and the President gave Steffens access to the White House and interviews to steer stories
his way.[16][17]
While he may never have used the term himself, the origin of the "muckraker" is
attributed to President Theodore Roosevelt, who, during a speech delivered on April 14,
Theodore Roosevelt 1906, and on the occasion of dedicating the US House of Representatives office
building, drew on a character from John Bunyan's 1678 classic, Pilgrim's Progress,
saying:
...you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck-rake, the man who
could look no way but downward with the muck-rake in his hands; who was
offered a celestial crown for his muck-rake, but who would neither look up nor
regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the
floor.[]
While cautioning about possible pitfalls of keeping one's attention ever trained
downward, "on the muck," Roosevelt emphasized the social benefit of investigative
muckraking reporting, saying:
There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and
there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless
Pilgrim's Progress, a first
edition
exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man,
every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a
benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with
merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use
only if it is absolutely truthful.
—Theodore Roosevelt[]
The muckrakers themselves proudly adopted the label.[18]
The term eventually came to be used in reference to investigative journalists[citation needed] who reported about and
exposed issues such as crime, fraud, waste, public health and safety, graft, illegal financial practices. A muckraker's
reporting may span businesses and government.
Early 20th century muckraking

Muckraker 65
Early Writers of the Muckraking Tradition
Ray Stannard Baker
Lincoln Steffens
Ida M Tarbell
Muckraker 66
Upton Sinclair
Will Irwin
Muckraker 67
David Graham Phillips
Jacob Riis
Muckraker 68
Charles Edward Russell
William English Walling
Some of the key documents that came to define the work of the muckrakers were:
Ray Stannard Baker published "The Right to Work" in McClure's Magazine in 1903, about coal mine conditions, a
coal strike, and the situation of non-striking workers (or scabs). Many of the non-striking workers had no special
training or knowledge in mining, since they were simply farmers looking for work. His investigative work portrayed
the dangerous conditions in which these people worked in the mines, and the dangers they faced from union
members who did not want them to work.
Lincoln Steffens published "Tweed Days in St. Louis", in which he profiled corrupt leaders in St. Louis, in October,
1902, in McClure's Magazine.[19]
Ida Tarbell published The Rise of the Standard Oil Company in 1902, providing insight into the manipulation of
trusts. One trust they manipulated was with Christopher Dunn Co. She followed that work with The History of The
Standard Oil Company: the Oil War of 1872, which appeared in McClure's Magazine in 1908.
Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906, which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United
States and was a major factor in the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act. Sinclair wrote the book with the
intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that industry, not food safety. Sinclair was not a professional
journalist but his story was first serialized before being published in book form. Sinclair considered himself to be a
Muckraker 69
muckraker.
"The Treason of the Senate: Aldrich, the Head of it All", by David Graham Phillips, published as a series of articles
in Cosmopolitan magazine in February, 1906, described corruption in the U.S. Senate.
The Great American Fraud (1905) by Samuel Hopkins Adams revealed fraudulent claims and endorsements of
patent medicines in America. This article shed light on the many false claims that pharmaceutical companies and
other manufactures would make as to the potency of their medicines, drugs and tonics. Using the example of Peruna
in his article, Adams described how this tonic, which was made of seven compound drugs and alcohol,[20] did not
have "any great potency".[20] Manufacturers sold it at an obscene price and hence made immense profits. His work
forced a crackdown on a number of other patents and fraudulent schemes of medicinal companies.
Many other works by muckrakers brought to light a variety of issues in America during the Progressive era.[20]
These writers focused on a wide range of issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil; cattle processing and meat
packing; patent medicines; child labor; and wages, labor, and working conditions in industry and agriculture. In a
number of instances, the revelations of muckraking journalists led to public outcry, governmental and legal
investigations, and, in some cases, legislation was enacted to address the issues the writers' identified, such as
harmful social conditions; pollution; food and product safety standards; sexual harassment; unfair labor practices;
fraud; and other matters. The work of the muckrakers in the early years, and those today, span a wide array of legal,
social, ethical and public policy concerns.
Muckrakers and their works

• Samuel Hopkins Adams (1871–1958) — The Great American Fraud (1905), exposed false claims about patent
medicines
• Ray Stannard Baker (1870–1946) — of McClure's & The American Magazine
• Burton J. Hendrick (1870–1949) — "The Story of Life Insurance" May - November 1906 McClure's
• Frances Kellor (1873–1952) — studied chronic unemployment in her book Out of Work (1904)
• Thomas William Lawson (1857–1924) Frenzied Finance (1906) on Amalgamated Copper stock scandal
• Gustavus Myers (1872–1942) - documented corruption in his first book "The History of Tammany Hall" (1901)
unpublished, Revised edition, Boni and Liveright, 1917. His second book (in three volumes) related a "History of
the Great American Fortunes" Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909–10; Single volume Modern Library edition,
New York, 1936. Other works include "History of The Supreme Court of the United States" Chicago: Charles H.
Kerr & Co., 1912. "A History of Canadian Wealth" Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1914. "History of Bigotry in
the United States" New York: Random House, 1943 Published posthumously.
• Edwin Markham (1852–1940) — published an exposé of child labor in Children in Bondage (1914)
• Frank Norris (1870–1902) The Octopus
• Mrs. Fremont Older (1856–1935) - wrote on San Francisco corruption and on the case of Tom Mooney
• Drew Pearson (1897–1969) — wrote syndicated newspaper column "Washington Merry-Go-Round".
• Jacob Riis (1849–1914) — How the Other Half Lives, the slums
• Charles Edward Russell (1860–1941) — investigated Beef Trust, Georgia's prison
• Upton Sinclair (1878–1968) — The Jungle (1906), US meat-packing industry, and the books in the "Dead Hand"
series that critique the institutions (journalism, education, etc.) that could but did not prevent these abuses.
• John Spargo (1876–1966) — American reformer and author, The Bitter Cry of Children (child labor)
• Lincoln Steffens (1866–1936) The Shame of the Cities (1904)
• Ida M. Tarbell (1857–1944) exposé, The History of the Standard Oil Company
• John Kenneth Turner — (1879–1948) author of Barbarous Mexico (1910), an account of the exploitative
debt-peonage system used in Mexico under Porfirio Díaz.
Muckraker 70
Impact
According to Fred J. Cook, the muckrakers' journalism resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact,
such as the end of Standard Oil's monopoly over the oil industry, the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of
1906, the creation of the first child labor laws in the United States around 1916. Their reports exposed bribery and
corruption at the city and state level, as well as in Congress, that led to reforms and changed election results.
"The effect on the soul of the nation was profound. It can hardly be considered an accident that the heyday of the
muckrakers coincided with one of America's most yeasty and vigorous periods of ferment. The people of the country
were aroused by the corruptions and wrongs of the age -- and it was the muckrakers who informed and aroused them.
The results showed in the great wave of progressivism and reform cresting in the remarkable spate of legislation that
marked the first administration of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917. For this, the muckrakers had paved the
way."[7]
Other changes that resulted from muckraker articles include the reorganization of the U.S. Navy (after Henry
Reuterdahl published a controversial article in McClure's). Articles like David Graham Phillip's "Treason of the
Senate" were used to change the way Senators were elected by the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.[citation needed]
Second half of the 20th century

The influence of the early muckrakers continued to inspire journalists and non-journalists alike long after the
progressive era had ended. The journalism and long-form works of non-journalists which yielded important news
and developments and was done in the spirit of reform during this period include:
• Paul Y. Anderson (August 29, 1893 – December 6, 1938) is best known for his reporting of a race riot and the
Teapot Dome scandal.
• Rachel Carson, (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) a marine biologist who became a famous writer, best known for
her 1962 book Silent Spring, which confronted the chemical industry and helped to spur legislation for regulation
and control of DDT and other industrially and domestically used substances.
• Claud Cockburn (1904–1981) - In Time of Trouble (1956), A Discord of Trumpets
• Jessica Mitford (1917–1996) — British born author of The American Way of Death (US Funeral Industry), Kind
and Usual Punishment and Making of a Muckraker (collection on various topics including writing schools)
• Ralph Nader,Unsafe at Any Speed (1965) led to reforms in automotive manufacturing in the United States.
• George Seldes (1890–1995) — Freedom of the Press (1935) and Lords of the Press (1938), blacklisted during the
1950s period of McCarthyism.
• I.F. Stone (1907–1989), known for his writings about McCarthyism and Vietnam War in The Nation and in his
own newsletter I. F. Stone's Weekly.
• Casey Swint (1904–1999) - weekly editor of Atlanta Journal Constitution, wrote Keys to the City (non-fiction
book about influence of political bosses on Atlanta politics). Early Civil Rights advocate.
• (Louis) Studs Terkel (May 16, 1912 – October 31, 2008) — Chicago writer, journalist, DJ, and oral historian
Contemporary muckrakers
• Jack Anderson - A syndicated columnist and an investigative journalist. Was a key figure in reporting on J. Edgar
Hoover's apparent ties to the Mafia, the Watergate scandal, and the John F. Kennedy assassination.
• Ben Bagdikian — (b. 1920, Ottoman Empire) Ethnic Armenian editor and journalist including at the Washington
Post and other papers, major American Media Critic. Also the dean emeritus of the University of California at
Berkeley's Graduate School of Journalism; author of The Media Monopoly and The New Media Monopoly. He
first published parts of the Pentagon Papers, received from Daniel Ellsberg in the Post.
• Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele — longtime investigative reporting team, now with Vanity Fair.
Muckraker 71
• Wayne Barrett — investigative journalist, senior editor of the Village Voice; wrote on mystique and misdeeds in
Rudy Giuliani's conduct as mayor of New York City, Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11
(2006)
• Richard Behar — investigative journalist, two-time winner of the 'Jack Anderson Award'. Anderson himself once
praised Behar as "one of the most dogged of our watchdogs"
• Andrew Breitbart - Conservative blogger, Breitbart.com founder, was involved in the Anthony Weiner sexting
scandal, the resignation of Shirley Sherrod, and the ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy.
• Chris Hedges — investigative journalist, columnist for Truthdig, Harper's Magazine, author.
• CounterPunch newsletter describing its mission as "muckraking with a radical attitude",[21] published in the
United States, edited by, among others, Alexander Cockburn.
• Barbara Ehrenreich (b. 1941) — journalist and author - Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America
• Stuart Goldman — investigative reporter, critic, syndicated columnist.
• Juan Gonzalez — investigative reporter, columnist in New York Daily News, co-host of Pacifica Radio Network's
program Democracy Now!
• Amy Goodman (b. 1957) — broadcast journalist, co-host of Pacifica Radio Network's program Democracy Now!
• David Ray Griffin - theologian, philosopher, author; leading academic critic of federal government's explanation
of 9-11 events; author of "9/11 Ten Years Later: When State Crimes Against Democracy Succeed" (2011)
• Beau Hodai (b. 1981) - investigative reporter In These Times, Extra!, Center for Media and Democracy, Truthout,
exposed influence of the American Legislative Exchange Council, Koch Industries, for-profit private prison
industry, Tea Party movement
• John Howard Griffin (1920–1980) — white journalist who disguised himself as a black man to write about racial
injustice in the south.
• Seymour Hersh — My Lai massacre, Israeli nuclear weapons program, Henry Kissinger, the Kennedys, 2003
invasion of Iraq, Abu Ghraib abuses
• Malcolm Johnson — exposed organized crime on the New York waterfront.
• Jonathan Kwitny (1941–1998) — wrote numerous investigative articles for The Wall Street Journal
• Joshua Micah Marshall - writer and journalist, operates the muckraking blog TPM Muckraker, responsible for
helping to break the 2006-2007 US Attorney firing scandal, the Duke Cunningham corruption case and others.
• Stephen Mayne — shareholder-activist and founder of crikey.com.au
• Mark Crispin Miller — professor and writer; has written on 2000 and 2004 contested elections
• Michael Moore — documentary filmmaker, director of Roger & Me, Bowling for Columbine, Fahrenheit 911,
and Sicko
• Ralph Nader — consumer rights advocate; Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), exposed unsafe automobile
manufacturing
• Allan Nairn — Indonesian slaughter of East Timorese Dili Massacre, US backing of Haitian death squad "Front
for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti"
• Jack Newfield — muckraking columnist; wrote for New York Post
• Alexey Navalny — Russian lawyer and blogger, investigating and writing about corruption
• Greg Palast (b. 1952) — politics and elections issues, Exxon Valdez, international corporate crime, corruption,
reporter for British Broadcasting Corporation.
• David Philipps - (b. 1977) - author and newspaper reporter, focusing on the military and PTSD
• John Pilger (b. 1939) — Australian award-winning war correspondent, film maker and author, based in London.
• Anna Politkovskaya — murdered Russian journalist critical of the Kremlin
• Jeffrey Robinson - author of The Laundrymen - Inside money laundering, the world's third largest business
• Jeremy Scahill - author of Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, contributor to
Democracy Now!
• Eric Schlosser — author of Fast Food Nation, an exposé of fast food in American culture
Muckraker 72
• Morgan Spurlock — American filmmaker; exposed through example the dangers of McDonalds in his
documentary Super Size Me
• Maia Szalavitz - author of Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-Teen Industry Cons Parents and Hurts Kids, an
expose of abuse in the unregulated troubled teen industry and controversy surrounding the methods and
philosophy behind tough love behavior modification.
• Matt Taibbi an American author and polemical journalist for Rolling Stone and Men's Journal
• Günter Wallraff - German journalist who famously makes extensive use of undercover journalism
• Gary Webb (1955–2004) — investigated Contra-crack cocaine connection, published as Dark Alliance (1999)
• Gary Weiss — exposed the Mob on Wall Street, described by Barron's Magazine as "an old-time gumshoe, with
a soupçon of little-guy champion Jimmy Breslin and a dash of 1950s bad-boy comic Lenny Bruce"
• Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein — journalists for The Washington Post on the Watergate scandal; authors of
All the President's Men, non-fiction account of the scandal.
Notes
[2] Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J. United States History: Modern America. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2011. Print. Page 102
[3] Regier 1957, p. 49.
[5] Weinberg & Weinberg 1964, p. 2.
[7] Cook, p. 131
[8] http:/ / www. pbs. org/ crucible/ frames/ _journalism. html
[9] "A New Hospital for the Insane" (Dec., 1876) Brooklyn Daily Eagle
[10] "An Insane Hospital for Brooklyn" (Dec.23, 1876) New York Times (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/
pdf?res=9807E5DD163EE73BBC4B51DFB467838D669FDE)
[12] Weinberg, p. 2
[15] Wilson, p. 63
[17] Steffens 1958, pp. 347–59.
[18] Steffens 1958, p. 264.
[19] Gallagher 2006, p. 13.
[20] Weinberg, p. 195
References
• Cook, Fred J (1972), The Muckrakers, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.
• Gallagher, Aileen (2006), The Muckrakers, American Journalism During the Age of Reform, New York: The
Rosen Publishing Group.
• Regier, CC (1957), The Era of the Muckrakers, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith.
• Steffens, Lincoln (1958), The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (abridged ed.), New York: Harcourt, Brace &
World
• Swados, Harvey, ed. (1962), Years of Conscience: The Muckrakers, Cleveland: World Publishing Co.
• Weinberg, Arthur; Weinberg, Lila, eds. (1964), The Muckrakers: The Era in Journalism that Moved America to
Reform, the Most Significant Magazine Articles of 1902–1912, New York: Capricon Books.
• Wilson, Harold S. (1970). McClure's Magazine and the Muckrakers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
ISBN 069104600X.
Muckraker 73
External links
• The dictionary definition of muckraker at Wiktionary
• Original Nellie Bly articles at Nellie Bly Online (http://www.nellieblyonline.com/)
Nabob
A nabob (pronounced /neɪbɒb/) is an Anglo-Indian term for an East India Company servant who had become
wealthy through corrupt trade and other practices.[1][2][] It also refers to a conspicuously wealthy man who made his
fortune in the Orient, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
Nabob literally means "deputy governor" or "viceroy" in the Mughal Empire rule of India. This title was later
adapted by British vassals in India, such as Bengal, Oudh, and Arcot.[2] [][][]
Etymology
The word is possibly a derivative of nabab/navab (Hindi), nuwwab (Arabic), or nawab (Urdu), encountered during
British Colonial rule in India. Alternatively, it might have its roots in nababo (Portuguese). The Portuguese nababo
is a possibility because the Portuguese developed a presence in India before the British.[][][][]
The word entered colloquial usage in England from 1612. Native Europeans used "nabob" to refer to those who
returned from India after having made a fortune there.[][][][]
History
European usage
The European perception of a "nabob" was that of a person who having become wealthy in a foreign country, often
India or the Indian subcontinent, and then returned to Europe with considerable power and influence. In England, the
name was applied to men who made fortunes working for the East India Company and, on their return home, used
the wealth to purchase seats in Parliament.[2][]
A common fear was that these individuals — the nabobs, their agents, and those who took their bribes — would use
their wealth and influence to corrupt Parliament. The collapse of the Company's finances in 1772 due to bad
administration, both in India and Britain, aroused public indignation towards the Company's activities and the
behaviour of the Company's employees.[2]
This perception of the pernicious influence wielded by nabobs in both social and political life led to increased
scrutiny of the Company. A number of prominent Company men underwent inquiries and impeachments on charges
of corruption and misrule in India.[2] Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of India, was impeached in 1788 and
acquitted in 1795 after a seven year-long trial. Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, MP for Shrewsbury, was forced to
defend himself against charges brought against him in the House of Commons.[3][]
Nabob 74
Metaphorical usage in the United States

United States President Richard Nixon's vice president, Spiro Agnew (1969–1974), known for his scathing criticisms
of administration political opponents, once referred to them as "nattering nabobs of negativism" in a speech written
by William Safire.[4]
Notes
[2] Related Information - Did you know?.
External links
• India and the British - The East India Company - Nabobs (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/
blackhistory/india/india_british.htm)
• The First Asians in Britain (http://www.fathom.com/course/21701766/session1.html)
Paper candidate
In a representative democracy, the term paper candidate is often given to a candidate who stands for a political
party in an electoral division where the party in question enjoys only low levels of support. Although the candidate
has little chance of winning, a major party will normally make an effort to ensure it has its name on the ballot paper
in every constituency.
Paper candidates may be local party members or members from neighbouring areas, or sometimes members from
central office. The main purpose of fielding paper candidates is to maintain or improve the profile of a political
party. The paper candidates themselves do no campaigning and neither incur nor claim any expenses. Despite this,
however, in some unusual circumstances paper candidates have actually won the election.
In Britain paper candidates are commonly fielded in different locations by all the major parties in both Local and
National Elections.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, major parties often find it difficult to field a full list of candidates for all council seats up for
election, especially in the case of councils with "all-up" elections. Parties find it desirable to persuade people to stand
as paper candidates so that:
• Supporters have an opportunity to vote for the party,
• The total vote obtained across the council and the nation is maximised,
• All seats are contested so there is no risk that candidates from other parties can be declared elected unopposed.
In Britain, being nominated as a local election candidate simply involves signing some forms, with no deposit
required. A paper candidate will often do no campaigning at all and so be able to submit a zero return of election
expenses, simplifying the paperwork for the election agent.
Some paper candidates stand in order to help their party but do not wish to be elected to the post in question. In fact,
some paper candidates only agree to stand after receiving assurances that there is no "risk" of them getting elected.
Paper candidate 75
Canada
In Canada, paper candidates may exist at both the federal and provincial / territorial levels. As in Great Britain, they
most commonly exist to allow the main political parties to field candidates in as many constituencies as possible. At
the federal level, some parties do this in order to receive a larger per-vote subsidy, paid regardless of the number of
seats actually won.[]
Alternatively, paper candidates might be used if the party is not seriously contesting the election but must run
candidates so it can either get registered or stay registered for some other purpose. An example of this scenario in
action is found in Saskatchewan, where the "dormant" Progressive Conservatives continued to run at least ten
candidates in the province's general elections until the relevant law was amended, to keep its registration with
Elections Saskatchewan (and to avoid losing control of what is believed to be a substantial amount of money).[citation
needed]
An extreme version of a paper candidate, is a "Name on Ballot", often referred to by the acronym "nob". Many NoBs
will only put up campaign signs, and some do not even do that. In most cases, the only requirement is that the
candidate show up at the returning officer's headquarters for a few moments to take an oath and pay the required
nomination deposit. In Alberta candidates don't even need to show up to talk to a returning officer, as long as
someone on behalf of the party drops off the requisite paperwork and funds.
In many smaller parties, such as the Island New Democrats, a majority of the party's candidates in any given election
are NoBs. The term is often worn as a badge of pride in one's loyalty to the party. Island New Democrat, Dr. Bob
Perry, who has been a NoB many times in the past, often calls himself "Dr. NoB" at election time.
Paper candidates ("poteau" in Canadian French), particularly of the name-on-ballot variety, can sometimes provide
unwanted attention for the candidate's party, particularly if they become viable prospects for election. For example,
in the 2011 federal election, a sudden increase in opinion-poll support, particularly in Quebec, for the New
Democratic Party – which historically has had a minimal presence in that province – led to greater scrutiny of some
of that party's lower-profile Quebec candidates — one of whom, Ruth Ellen Brosseau, won even though she had
never been in her riding and spoke its dominant language poorly.[1][2]
The Progressive Conservative Party also had a number of paper candidates who won election in the party's historic
landslide victory in the 1984 election.
References
Perennial candidate
A perennial candidate is a political candidate who frequently runs for an elected office but seldom wins. (Although
an incumbent politician may run for an office as many times as a perennial candidate, such as in the United States
House of Representatives where elections are held ever two years, candidates that win and consistently are re-elected
generally are not considered perennial candidates.)
Perennial candates can vary widely in nature. Some are independents who lack the support of the major political
parties in an area or are members of alternative parties (such as "third parties" in the United States). Others may be
mainstream candidates who can consistently win a party's nomination, but because their district is gerrymandered so
that the party can never win a general election, the candidate likewise never gets elected. Still others may typically
run in primary elections for a party's nomination and lose repeatedly. In almost all cases, there is an inverse
relationship between the number of times a perennial candidate runs for office and how seriously the candidate is
taken: if a candidate runs for office and fails too many times, he or she risks becoming a political laughingstock.
Numerous political candidates, although not all, run with the full knowledge of their inability to win election and
instead use their candidacy for satire, to advance non-mainstream political platforms, or to take advantage of benefits
afforded political candidates (such as campaign financing and television advertising benefits).
Famous perennial candidates
Argentina
• Elisa Carrió, founder and leader of the Civic Coalition and Civic Coalition ARI parties, ran for President on three
occasions (2003, 2007 and 2011). After the 2007 general election Carrió had announced that she would no longer
run for presidency, yet she did on the 2011 election, after which she once again announced her retirement from
presidential candidacy. Her results have dramatically varied since her first election, when she came out fifth with
14.05% of the votes: she ended second on the 2007 election with 23.0% of the votes, the most voted member of
the opposition to elected candidate Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who succeeded her husband Néstor Kirchner;
however, four years later, Carrió resulted the least-voted candidate, placing seventh with 1.84% of the total vote.
• José Saúl Wermus a.k.a. Jorge Altamira, leader of the trotskyist Partido Obrero, has run for President five times
(1989, 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2011). His best performance was in 2011, with 2.31% of the votes.
Benin
• Bruno Amoussou, leader of the Social Democratic Party, ran for President four times (1991, 1996, 2001 and
2006).
Brazil
• Lula da Silva also ran for the Presidency in 1989, 1994 and 1998, achieving the second largest number of votes on
each occasion. He ultimately won in 2002, and was reelected in 2006.
Canada
• Michael Baldasaro of the pro-marijuana Church of the Universe has run on numerous occasions for positions at
various levels.
• Douglas Campbell has run as a fringe candidate for federal parliament in the 1960s, the leadership of both the
Ontario and federal New Democratic Party in the 1970s and 1980s, and Mayor of North York, Ontario. He ran for
Mayor of Toronto in 2000, 2003 and 2006.
• Ross Dowson, leader of the Canadian Trotskyist group the Revolutionary Workers Party (later the League for
Socialist Action) ran for Mayor of Toronto nine times in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. His best result was in 1949
when he won 20% of the vote in a two man race. He also ran twice for the Canadian House of Commons.
• Henri-Georges Grenier ran 13 times for the Canadian House of Commons between 1945 and 1980 on the tickets
of a variety of political parties, for each of which he was the sole candidate.
• Ben Kerr, a street musician, ran for Mayor of Toronto seven times between 1985 and his death in 2005. He was
best known for his country music performances and for advocating the medicinal benefits of drinking a
concoction that has cayenne pepper as its main ingredient.
• Patricia Métivier contested 24 Canadian federal, provincial or municipal elections from 1972 to 2001.
• David Popescu has run for federal, provincial and municipal office nine times since 1998 on an extreme
anti-abortion and anti-homosexual platform. He was charged under Canadian hate crimes legislation after
advocating the execution of homosexuals in the 2008 federal election.[1]
• Naomi Rankin ran for the Communist Party of Canada in 2008, her eighth attempt at becoming an MP. She has
also ran six times for the Communist Party of Alberta, also all unsuccessful.
• John "The Engineer" Turmel is in the Guinness World Records for being the candidate who has "most elections
contested" and lost: 77 as of September 2012.
• Harry Bradley ran for the Toronto Board of Control 24 times between 1930 and 1964. He also ran for mayor in
1960 and 1962, and for city council in 1969.
Colombia
• Horacio Serpa Uribe three-time presidential candidate.
• Antanas Mockus
• Noemi Sanin three-time presidential candidate.
• Alvaro Gomez Hurtado
Cyprus
• Kostas Kyriacou, otherwise known as "Outopos", has been a candidate for every Presidential and Parliamentary
election since 1998 but has never gained more than 1% of the vote.
Czech Republic
• Jana Bobošíková is known for a series of unsuccessful candidatures in various elections. She unsuccessfully ran
two times for President of Czech Republic (2008 and 2013), chamber of Deutioes (2010), Senate of Czech
Republic (2010), Mayor of city of Prague (2010) and General Manager of Czech Television (2009).
Ecuador
• Álvaro Noboa[citation needed], Ecuador's richest business man, has run for President five times (1998, 2002, 2006,
2009 and 2013). He was elected to the National Assembly in 2007.
France
• Arlette Laguiller, leader of the Workers' Struggle, a French Trotskyist party, has been a candidate six times (1974,
1981, 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007) in the French Presidential elections.
• Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the far-right National Front party, has been a candidate five times (1974, 1988,
1995, 2002 and 2007) in the French Presidential elections.
Gambia
• Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, leader of the National Convention Party, ran for President four times (1982, 1987, 1992
and 2001).
• Ousainou Darboe, leader of the United Democratic Party, has run for President four times (1996, 2001, 2006 and
2011).
Ghana
• Edward Mahama, leader of the People's National Convention, has run for President four times (1996, 2000, 2004
and 2008).
India
• Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy was a political leader from the Indian state of Karnataka, who had a penchant for
contesting elections. He is a Guinness World Records holder for having contested the highest number of elections
- he unsuccessfully did so 86 times.
• Kaka Joginder Singh (alias Dharti Pakad meaning "one who clings to the ground", earned after several
unsuccessful runs for the President of India.[2]) was a textile owner who contested and lost over 300 elections in
India. Although his nomination papers were usually disregarded by the election commission, he reached his
high-water mark during the 1992 10th Presidential elections where he earned fourth place in the polling with 1135
votes, eventually losing to Shankar Dayal Sharma
Israel
• Vladimir Herczberg, a nuclear physicist. Ran for Mayor of Beersheba and for a Knesset seat twice, and ran for the
leadership of the Likud party in its 2012 leadership election. Also ran for the leadership of the Jewish Agency,
World Jewish Congress, and the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress.[3]
Japan
• Mitsuo Matayoshi (alias Jesus Matayoshi), leader of the World Economic Community Party and self-proclaimed
Messiah, has run in at least nine local and national elections since 1997.
• Yoshiro Nakamatsu (alias Dr. NakaMats), inventor and perennial candidate in Tokyo.
Mexico
• Nicolás Zúñiga y Miranda was a Presidential candidate ten times: 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, 1910, 1911, 1913,
1917, 1920 and 1924 and also tried to run for a seat in the Congress of Mexico at least twice. The eccentric
Zúñiga never got more than a few votes, but always claimed to have been the victim of fraud and considered
himself to be the legitimate president.
• Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano[citation needed] was a Presidential candidate three times: 1988, 1994 and 2000.
Mozambique
• Afonso Dhlakama[citation needed], leader of RENAMO, has run for President four times (1994, 1999, 2004 and
2009).
Niger
• Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye[citation needed], leader of the ANDP, ran for President four times (1993, 1996,
1999 and 2004).
Philippines
• Pascual Racuyal unsuccessfully ran for President eleven times (1935, 1941, 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965,
1969, 1981 and 1986), although he was disqualified on all but two (1935 and 1969).
Romania
• Corneliu Vadim Tudor[citation needed], unsuccessfully ran for President four times (1996, 2000, 2004, 2009)
Poland
• Janusz Korwin-Mikke unsuccessfully ran for President four times (1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010).
Russia
• Vladimir Zhirinovsky[citation needed], leader of the ultra-nationalist LDPR, has unsuccessfully run for president five
times (1991, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012).
• Gennady Zyuganov[citation needed], leader of the Communist Party, has unsuccessfully run for president four times
(1996, 2000, 2008, 2012).
Serbia
• Tomislav Nikolić[citation needed], leader of the Progressive Party (formerly Radical Party), has unsuccessfully run
for president four times (2000, 2003, 2004, 2008). However he won the 2012 elections.
Seychelles
• Philippe Boullé has unsuccessfully run for President four times (1993, 2001, 2006 and 2011).
• Wavel Ramkalawan, leader of the Seychelles National Party, has unsuccessfully run for President four times
(1998, 2001, 2006 and 2011).
Singapore
• Ooi Boon Ewe has applied three times (1999, 2005 and 2011) to run for President, all unsuccessfully. He had also
tried to contest in both 2006 and 2011 general elections, in which both times he failed to get nominated.
• Zeng Guo Yuan
Tanzania
• Ibrahim Lipumba, leader of the Civic United Front, has run for President four times (1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010).
United Kingdom
• Bill Boaks contested general and by-elections for a period of 30 years under various descriptions, most famously
"Public Safety Democratic Monarchist White Resident". Boaks's main concern was public safety on the roads and
believed that pedestrians should have the right of way at all times. In the Glasgow Hillhead by-election, 1982 he
received only 5 votes, one of the lowest recorded in a modern British Parliamentary election. He died in 1986
from injuries sustained in a car accident two years earlier.
• Arthur Hunnable's name never appeared on a ballot paper, but he campaigned and announced that he would stand
in almost every by-election from 1907 to 1909, and also in Jarrow at the 1918 general election.
• David Sutch ran in 39 general elections and by-elections under the name Screaming Lord Sutch for the British
House of Commons, and one election for the European Parliament, never winning much more than 1,000 votes.
He first ran in 1963 on the National Teenage Party ticket for the seat left vacant by the resignation of John
Profumo. He founded the infamous Official Monster Raving Loony Party in 1983 and led it until his suicide in
1999.
• Lindi St Clair ran in numerous elections for her "Corrective Party", on some occasions standing as "Miss
Whiplash".
United States
• Ted Brown, a California Libertarian, has run for state and federal office 14 times in the last 30 years, never
receiving more than 6% of the vote.
• Pasquale Caggiano, seven time candidate for Mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts. Elected on his final attempt, but
died three months into his term. He had previously served as a member of the Lynn City Council and the
Massachusetts House of Representatives. Unsuccessful Candidate for the United States House of Representatives
in Massachusetts's 7th congressional district in 1956, Lieutenant Governor in 1960 and 1962, Governor of
Massachusetts in 1964 and the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1968.
• Guy Carbone, a Massachusetts Democrat turned Republican, has run for Northern District District Attorney in
1978 and 1982, Governor of Massachusetts in 1986, Massachusetts Attorney General in 1990, 1994, and 2010,
the U.S. House of Representatives in 1996, and the Massachusetts Senate in 1998. He also ran for Governor in
1982 and 1990 before dropping out to pursue another office.
• Jacob Coxey best known for his 1894 March on Washington DC, Coxey ran 3 times for US Senate for Ohio, and
twice as the People's Party nominee for Governor of Ohio in 1895 and 1897. Coxey also was the Mayor of
Massilon, OH from 1931 to 1933 in addition to losing numerous congressional races.
• John H. Cox, a Republican talk radio host, has run for various positions in his home state of Illinois including
U.S. Congress, U.S. Senate, and Cook County Recorder of Deeds, the latter in an attempt to eliminate the
position; which he saw as unnecessary. Cox most recently unsuccessfully ran for the 2008 Republican nomination
for President of the United States.
• Jack Davis, founder of a heating element manufacturing company and protectionism advocate, has unsuccessfully
run for the seat representing New York's 26th congressional district four times in five elections between 2004 and
2011, three times as a Democrat and the fourth as an independent. He has not ruled out future runs for office.
• Eugene V. Debs was a presidential candidate for the Social Democratic Party in 1900 and thereafter for the
Socialist Party in four more elections: 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920. In the 1920 election, while in federal prison
for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 with a speech opposing the draft, he received 913,664 votes, the most
ever for a Socialist Party presidential candidate.
• Earl Dodge, a long-time activist in the temperance movement, was the Prohibition Party's presidential candidate
in six consecutive elections, from 1984 to 2004. He was also that party's vice-presidential candidate in 1976 and
1980. He ran for Governor of Colorado on five occasions (1970, 1974, 1982, 1986, and 1994) as well. He also ran
for Senator of Kansas in 1966.
• Jack Fellure ran for the Republican Party nomination in every presidential election from 1988 to 2012. In the
2012 campaign, he withdrew from the Republican nomination race, and become the presidential nominee of the
Prohibition Party.
• Edward Forchion, a pro-marijuana activist also known as NJWEEDMAN, has repeatedly run for statewide and
local offices in New Jersey.
• Gatewood Galbraith, a political gadfly known for his outspoken advocacy of civil liberties and legalization of
marijuana, ran unsuccessfully for state and federal offices in his home state of Kentucky no fewer than nine times.
He ran twice for the U.S. House, once for state agriculture commissioner, once for state attorney general, and five
times for governor. His final run for governor ended less than two months before his death in January 2012.
• Althea Garrison, has run unsuccessfully in multiple elections for the Massachusetts General Court, Boston City
Council, and Mayor of Boston as a Republican, Democrat, and independent. Served one term in the
Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1993 to 1995. She was the first transgender or transsexual person
to be elected to a state legislature in the United States.[4][5]
• Kevin Gaughan, an advocate for municipal downsizing, has run unsuccessfully for office five times, in addition to
his mixed record at spearheading referendums to eliminate municipalitiets and reduce the number of elected
officials.
• Jimmy Griffin[citation needed] had a successful career as Mayor of Buffalo, New York from 1977 to 1993, but spent
his post-mayoral career as a political gadfly: he unsuccessfully ran for Erie County executive in 1991 and 2007,
President of the United States in 1996, and twice sought to win his old job as mayor of Buffalo back, in 1997 and
2002, the latter year as part of a recall petition that turned out to be illegal. He did, in his later years, win a spot on
Buffalo's Common Council in 2003.
• John Hagelin, a physicist and co-founder of the Natural Law Party, was that party's only presidential candidate in
its history. Hagelin ran three times (in 1992, 1996 and 2000) before the party folded in 2004.
• Gus Hall, leader of the Communist Party USA, ran for Governor of Ohio in 1940 and for the presidency four
times, from 1972 to 1984 inclusive.[6]
• Howie Hawkins, co-founder of the Green Party, has run unsuccessfully for 18 political offices and is in the
process of running a nineteenth campaign.
• Abraham "Honest Abe" Hirschfeld, a New York City businessman, ran unsuccessful campaigns for the U.S.
Senate in 1974 (defeated in Democratic primary) and 2004 (on a minor party line), for the New York City
Council, for Manhattan Borough President in 1997, for Lieutenant Governor of New York, for New York State
Comptroller in 1998, and for Mayor of Miami Beach, Florida.
• John Jay Hooker, a Tennessee Democrat, ran for several Tennessee offices, in later years mainly to gain standing
for lawsuits against more serious candidates on the grounds of campaign finance violations.
• Keith Russell Judd, who is currently serving a 17-year federal prison sentence, has run for office at least five
times, including one-state runs in Democratic Presidential primaries in 1996, 2008 in 2012. Judd's 2012 run, in
the West Virginia Democratic presidential primary, was a surprisingly strong showing, as he (being one of only
two people on the ballot, the other being incumbent President Barack Obama) finished with over 40% of the vote,
winning several counties primarily as a protest vote.
• Alan Keyes, has run for U.S. President in 1996, 2000, and 2008. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1988, 1992, and, in
2004, against Barack Obama in Illinois.
• Luther Devine Knox, a Louisiana Democrat, sought several Louisiana offices between 1963 and 1999, never
winning, and only coming close once (his first election, losing to Lantz Womack by 18 votes). By the 1980s,
Knox had legally changed his name to "none of the above" because of his desire for voters to have that option on
their ballots.
• Lyndon LaRouche, a fringe political figure, ran for president of the United States in eight elections, beginning in
1976. He ran once as a U.S. Labor Party candidate and seven times as a Democrat. In 1992, he campaigned while
in federal prison. Many of his followers have also run for office repeatedly, including Sheila Jones and Elliott
Greenspan, both of whom made eight campaigns for a variety of offices.
• Andy Martin (also known as Anthony Martin-Trigona), a journalist and self-described consumer advocate has run
for several local, state and federal offices dating back to at least 1977, including two runs for president and six
runs for Senate. He has run as a Democrat, a Republican and as an independent.
• Basil Marceaux, during the 2010 election cycle filed as a candidate for the Republican nominations for governor
in the Tennessee gubernatorial election[] and U.S. House of Representatives in Tennessee's 3rd congressional
district.[] Before his 2010 candidacies for Governor and the U.S. House, Marceaux had previously run as a
candidate for the Tennessee State Senate three times, the United States Senate once and the Governor of
Tennessee in three separate elections.
• Eugene McCarthy, Senator from Minnesota, though successful in multiple campaigns for the U.S. Congress, was
a perennial presidential candidate. He ran for the Presidency five times, in 1968, 1972, 1976, 1988, and 1992. He
tried (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic Presidential nomination in three of those years (1968, 1972, and 1992),
and ran as an Independent in the other two years.
• Jimmy McMillan, founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, has run for Mayor of New York City in 1993,
2005, 2009 and 2013, US Senate in 2000, Governor of New York in 1994, 2006, and 2010, and President of the
United States in 2012.
• Marcus Morton, candidate for Governor of Massachusetts every year from 1828 to 1843. He won twice (1839 and
1842). His 1839 victory came in the closest governor's race in United States history.
• Ralph Nader, possibly the most famous perennial presidential candidate in recent U.S. history, is a consumer
rights advocate, who ran for the presidency four consecutive times and was a write-in candidate in the 1992 New
Hampshire primary. Nader ran twice as the nominee of the U.S. Green Party (in 1996 and 2000). In 2004 and
2008, he ran as an independent. Nader's 2.7% in the 2000 election has led to controversy as to whether he spoiled
the election for Al Gore.
• Mark Neumann, a former Republican congressman from Wisconsin. He ran for Congress unsuccessfully several
times in the 1990s, finally winning election in 1994. Since then, he has gone on to lose a Senate general election
in 1998, a gubernatorial primary election in 2010, and a Senate primary election in 2012.
• Christine O'Donnell, a Republican from Delaware, ran for United States Senate in 2006 and was defeated in the
Republican primary by Jan C. Ting. In 2008, O'Donnell ran again for Senate and was defeated by incumbent
Democrat Joe Biden (who simultaneously won the vice presidency). In 2010, O'Donnell ran yet again for Senate
and defeated United States Representative Mike Castle in the Republican primary; she was then defeated in the
general election by Democrat Chris Coons.
• Jim Oberweis, Illinois dairy magnate, unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate in 2002 and 2004, Illinois Governor in
2006, and U.S. Representative in the Illinois 14th district in 2008 in the special election to replace retiring Dennis
Hastert as well as in the November election.

• Pat Paulsen, a comedian best known for his appearances on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, first ran for
President in 1968 as both a joke and a protest. He ran again in 1972 and in succeeding elections until 1996, one
year prior to his death.
• Merrill K. Riddick, ran for Montana governor in 1968, U.S. Congress in 1972, and was a presidential candidate in
1976, 1980, and 1984, but never won an election.
• Jack E. Robinson, a Republican turned Independent who has unsuccessfully run in Massachusetts for United
States Senate in 2000 and 2010, Secretary of the Commonwealth in 2002, United States Congress in 2006.
• Jim Rogers, an Oklahoma Democrat notorious for his secrecy and almost complete lack of campaigning, has run
for the state's two U.S. senate seats every election since 2002; he also ran in the 2012 Oklahoma Democratic
presidential primary, finishing in third place with 15% of the vote.
• Mary Ruwart, a member of the Libertarian Party, Ruwart campaigned unsuccessfully for the party's presidential
nomination in 1984 and 2008 and for the vice-presidential nomination in 1992.[7] Ruwart was the Libertarian
Party of Texas's nominee for U.S. Senate in 2000 losing with only 1.16% of the popular vote.
• Charles W. Sanders[citation needed], the former Mayor of Waynesville, OH ran 4 unsuccessful campaigns for Ohio's
2nd Congressional district between 1998 and 2004.
• Joe Schriner, a journalist, ran for President as an independent in 2000, 2004, and 2008. He is running again in
2012.
• Al Sharpton ran for the United States Senate from New York in 1988, 1992, and 1994. He also ran for Mayor of
New York City in 1997 and for the Democratic nomination for President in 2004.
• Harold Stassen is perhaps the most famous and distinguished perennial presidential candidate in U.S. history,
along with Ralph Nader. A one-time Governor of Minnesota and former President of the University of
Pennsylvania, he ran for the Republican nomination for President twelve times between 1944 and 2000. While
Stassen was considered a serious candidate in 1944, 1948 and 1952, his persistent attempts were increasingly met
with derision and then amusement as the decades progressed. He also ran in 10 other races for lower offices.
• Vermin Supreme, former candidate for Mayor of Baltimore, Mayor of Detroit, Mayor of Mercury, Nevada,
campaigned in the Democratic Party primary in 2004, and in New Hampshire Republican Party primary in 2008
and 2012
• Glen H. Taylor, a Democrat known as "The Singing Cowboy," ran for Congress in Idaho seven times (1938,
1940, 1942, 1944, 1950, 1954 and 1956). His 1944 Senate run was his only successful campaign. Taylor was also
the Progressive Party vice presidential nominee in 1948.
• Norman Thomas was the Socialist Party's candidate for President of the United States on six occasions from 1928
to 1948 inclusive. Unlike most other perennial candidates, Thomas influenced American politics to a considerable
degree with many of his policies being appropriated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.
• Jeffrey C. Thomas a physician and former Janesville, Wisconsin city council member, lost 4 consecutive races for
Wisconsin's 1st Congressional seat between 2000 and 2008, losing all four times to the same candidate,
incumbent Paul Ryan.
• Don Wright, as president of the Alaska Federation of Natives during the early 1970s, played a major role in the
passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. However, Wright is far better known as a perennial
candidate, having run for statewide office in Alaska 15 times since 1968. Wright has run for governor of Alaska
11 consecutive times since 1974. Wright ran 7 of those campaigns under a major party, but lost in the primary
election each time. The remaining 4 times (1978, 2002, 2006 and 2010), he was the nominee of the Alaskan
Independence Party.
Zambia
• Godfrey Miyanda, leader of the Heritage Party, has run for President four times (2001, 2006, 2008 and 2011).
References
[1] "Popescu charged for comments on gays" (http:/ / www. thesudburystar. com/ ArticleDisplay. aspx?e=1465931). Sudbury Star, March 6,
2009.
[2] POLL-POURRI (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ 2004/ 05/ 03/ stories/ 2004050301221300. htm) The Hindu - May 03, 2004
[3] http:/ / www. jpost. com/ DiplomacyAndPolitics/ Article. aspx?id=251697
[7] Mary Ruwart - Libertarian (http:/ / www. theadvocates. org/ celebrities/ mary-ruwart. html), Advocates for Self-Government
Poteau
Poteau may refer to:
• A type of pillory (French for "pole")
• In Canada, a paper candidate
As a proper noun, Poteau may refer to:
• Poteau, Liège, Belgium, between the municipalities of St. Vith and Vielsalm
• Poteau, Oklahoma, USA
• Poteau River, a river in Oklahoma and Arkansas
__DISAMBIG__
Sacrificial lamb
Sacrificial lamb 85
A sacrificial lamb is a metaphorical

reference to a person or animal sacrificed
(killed or discounted in some way) for the
common good. The term is derived from the
traditions of Abrahamic religion where a
lamb is a highly valued possession, but is
offered to God as a sacrifice for the
forgiveness of Sin.
In politics
In politics, a sacrificial lamb candidate is a
candidate chosen to contest an election
despite the fact that he or she has little
chance of victory. The political party thus
appoints the person as a sort of "sacrifice" to
the stronger opponent.
In some cases fielding a sacrificial lamb

candidate can serve as an opportunity for the
party to be more creative in choosing a
Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck
candidate than would normally be
considered acceptable in a closely contested
race. For instance, Alan Keyes or Geraldine A. Ferraro. In 2004 Howard Mills was considered a sacrificial lamb
candidate for the U.S. Senate from New York against Chuck Schumer.
In the arts
In cinema and literature, the term sacrificial lamb refers to a supporting character whose sole dramatic purpose is to
die, thus galvanizing the protagonist to action and simultaneously demonstrating how evil the villain is. Very often,
the sacrificial lamb is a family member, partner, or "old buddy" of the protagonist, with whom he or she has an
assumed intimacy, thus requiring no real character development. The term is almost always used critically, with the
implication that the character was used transparently as a plot device.
An example of this in early literature is Macaria in Heracleidae by Euripides. More modern examples include
Anthony Edwards' character, "Goose", in Top Gun, and Gwyneth Paltrow’s character in David Fincher’s serial killer
film Se7en.
In husbandry
When escorting cattle across a river suspected of having pirrahas, farmers will sometimes sacrifice a sick or injured
cow downstream before letting the herd enter the water.[1]
References
[1] http:/ / www. popularmechanics. com/ science/ worst_case_scenarios/ 1289301. html
Scapegoating 86
Scapegoating
Scapegoating (from the verb "to scapegoat") is the practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative
treatment or blame as a scapegoat.[1] Scapegoating may be conducted by individuals against individuals (e.g. "Hattie
Francis did it, not me!"), individuals against groups (e.g., "I failed because our school favors girls"), groups against
individuals (e.g., "Jane was the reason our team didn't win"), and groups against groups (e.g., "Immigrants are taking
all of the jobs").
A scapegoat may be an adult, sibling, child, employee, peer, ethnic or religious group, or country. A whipping boy,
identified patient or "fall guy" are forms of scapegoat.
At the individual level

A medical definition of scapegoating is:[2]
"Process in which the mechanisms of projection or displacement are utilized in focusing feelings of
aggression, hostility, frustration, etc., upon another individual or group; the amount of blame being
unwarranted."
Scapegoating is a tactic often employed to characterize an entire group of individuals according to the unethical or
immoral conduct of a small number of individuals belonging to that group. Scapegoating relates to guilt by
association and stereotyping.
Scapegoated groups throughout history have included almost every imaginable group of people: genders, religions,
people of different races or nations, people with different political beliefs, or people differing in behaviour from the
majority. However, scapegoating may also be applied to organizations, such as governments, corporations, or
various political groups.
Projection: Unwanted thoughts and feelings can be unconsciously projected onto another who becomes a scapegoat
for one's own problems. This concept can be extended to projection by groups. In this case the chosen individual, or
group, becomes the scapegoat for the group's problems. "Political agitation in all countries is full of such projections,
just as much as the backyard gossip of little groups and individuals."[3] Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung considered
indeed that "there must be some people who behave in the wrong way; they act as scapegoats and objects of interest
for the normal ones".[4]
In psychopathology, projection is an especially commonly used defense mechanism in people with the following
personality disorders:[citation needed]
• antisocial personality disorder
• borderline personality disorder
• narcissistic personality disorder
• paranoid personality disorder
• psychopathy
At the group level

The scapegoat theory of inter-group conflict provides an explanation for the correlation between times of relative
economic despair and increases in prejudice and violence toward outgroups.[5] For example, studies of anti-black
violence in the southern US between 1882 and 1930 show a correlation between poor economic conditions and
outbreaks of violence (e.g., lynchings) against blacks. The correlation between the price of cotton (the principal
product of the area at that time) and the number of lynchings of black men by whites ranged from -0.63 to -0.72,
suggesting that a poor economy induced white people to take out their frustrations by attacking an outgroup.[6]
Scapegoating 87
Scapegoating as a group however, requires that ingroup members settle on a specific target to blame for their
problems.[7] Scapegoating is also more likely to appear when a group has experienced difficult, prolonged negative
experiences (as opposed to minor annoyances). When negative conditions frustrate a group's attempts at successful
acquisition of its most essential needs (e.g., food, shelter), groups may develop a compelling, shared ideology that -
when combined with social and political pressures - may lead to the most extreme form of scapegoating: genocide.
Scapegoating can also cause oppressed groups to lash out at other oppressed groups. Even when injustices are
committed against a minority group by the majority group, minorities sometimes lash out against a different minority
group in lieu of confronting the more powerful majority.
In management: Scapegoating is a known practice in management where a lower staff employee is blamed for the
mistakes of senior executives. This is often due to lack of accountability in upper management.[8]
For example, a teacher who constantly gets blamed or accused of wrongdoing could be a scapegoat if said teacher is
only guilty of doing her job so well that she makes her coworkers and supervisory administration look bad. This
could result in letters being placed in permanent files, condescending remarks from co-workers and constant blame
finding from administration.
The "scapegoat mechanism" in philosophical anthropology

Literary critic and philosopher Kenneth Burke first coined and described the expression "scapegoat mechanism" in
his books Permanence and Change [9] (1935), and A Grammar of Motives [10] (1945). These works influenced some
philosophical anthropologists, such as Ernest Becker and René Girard.
René Girard
Girard developed the concept much more extensively as an interpretation of human culture. In Girard's view, it is
humankind, not God, who has the problem with violence. Humans are driven by desire for that which another has or
wants (mimetic desire). This causes a triangulation of desire and results in conflict between the desiring parties. This
mimetic contagion increases to a point where society is at risk; it is at this point that the scapegoat mechanism[11] is
triggered. This is the point where one person is singled out as the cause of the trouble and is expelled or killed by the
group. This person is the scapegoat. Social order is restored as people are contented that they have solved the cause
of their problems by removing the scapegoated individual, and the cycle begins again. The keyword here is
"content", scapegoating serves as a psychological relief for a group of people. Girard contends that this is what
happened in the case of Jesus. The difference in this case, Girard believes, is that he was resurrected from the dead
and shown to be innocent; humanity is thus made aware of its violent tendencies and the cycle is broken. Thus
Girard's work is significant as a re-construction of the Christus Victor atonement theory.
Scapegoating 88
References
[3] M.-L. von Franz, in C. G. Jung, Man and his Symbols (London 1964) p. 181
[4] C. G Jung, Analytical Psychology (London 1976) p. 108
[8] The Art of Scapegoating in IT Projects (http:/ / www. pmhut. com/ the-art-of-scapegoating-in-it-projects) PM Hut, 15 October 2009
[9] http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=99056219
[10] http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=72433755
[11] Mimesis - The Scapegoat Model (http:/ / dumont. typepad. com/ publications/ Mimesis_Jean-Baptiste_Dumont. pdf), Jean-Baptiste Dumont
Further reading
Books
• Colman, A.D. Up from Scapegoating: Awakening Consciousness in Groups (1995)
• Douglas, Tom (1995)
• Dyckman, JM & Cutler JA Scapegoats at Work: Taking the Bull's-Eye Off Your Back (2003)
• Girard, René: The Scapegoat (1986)
• Perera, Sylvia Brinton Scapegoat Complex: Toward a Mythology of Shadow and Guilt (Studies in Jungian
Psychology By Jungian Analysts) (1986)
• Pillari V Scapegoating in Families: Intergenerational Patterns of Physical and Emotional Abuse (1991)
• Quarmby K Scapegoat: Why We Are Failing Disabled People (2011)
• Wilcox C.W. Scapegoat: Targeted for Blame (2009)
• Zemel, Joel: Scapegoat, the extraordinary legal proceedings following the 1917 Halifax Explosion (2012)
Academic articles
• Binstock, RH The aged as scapegoat (http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/23/2/136) The
Gerontologist 1983 23(2):136-143
• Boeker, W Power and managerial dismissal: Scapegoating at the top. (http://www.jstor.org/pss/2393450)
Administrative Science Quarterly, v37 n3 p400-21 Sep 1992
• Gemmill, G The dynamics of scapegoating in small groups (http://sgr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/
4/406) Small Group Research, Vol. 20, No. 4, 406-418 (1989)
• Katz, I Glass, DC Cohen, S Ambivalence, guilt, and the scapegoating of minority group victims - Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 6, 786-797 (1992)
• Khanna, N., Poulsen, A.B. (1995), "Managers of financially distressed firms: villains or scapegoats?", Journal of
Finance, Vol. 50 pp. 919–40.
• Maybee, Janet. The Persecution of Pilot Mackey. (http://www.halifaxexplosion.net/francismackey.pdf) The
Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XX no. 2 (April, 2010), pp. 149-173.
• Schopler, E Parents of psychotic children as scapegoats - Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy Volume 4,
Number 1 / December, 1971
• Vogel, EF & Bell, NW The emotionally disturbed child as a family scapegoat (http://www.pep-web.org/
document.php?id=PSAR.047B.0021A) Psychoanalytic Review, 1960 - PEP Web
Scapegoating 89
External links
• Scapegoating (http://www.outofthefog.net/CommonBehaviors/Scapegoating.html)
• Scapegoating in Group Analytic Theory (http://www.birchmore.org/html/scapegoating.html) (PDF files)
• Scapegoat Society (http://www.scapegoat.demon.co.uk/)
• The Scapegoat (http://www.lightshouse.org/the-scapegoat.html)
Soviet Canuckistan
Anti-Canadianism is hostility towards the government, culture, or people of Canada.
Historical
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Specific forms
Discrimination
portal
Voltaire reputedly joked that Canada was "a few acres of snow."[1] He was in fact referring to New France as it
existed in the eighteenth century. The quote meant that New France was economically worthless and that France thus
did not need to keep it. Many Canadians believe Voltaire's statement to be more an indictment of conquest in
general.[2]
Modern perceptions
United States
In the United States, Canada is often a target of conservative and right-wing commentators who hold the nation up as
an example of what a government and society that are too liberal would look like.
"Soviet Canuckistan" is an epithet for Canada, used by Pat Buchanan on October 31, 2002, on his television show
on MSNBC in which he denounced Canadians as anti-American and the country as a haven for terrorists. He was
reacting to Canadian criticisms of US security measures regarding Arab Canadians.[3]
Buchanan has a history of unflattering references to Canada, having said in 1990 that if Canada were to break apart
due to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, "America would pick up the pieces." He said two years after that "for
most Americans, Canada is sort of like a case of latent arthritis. We really don't think about it, unless it acts up."[3]
In the wake of Canada's refusal to participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, as well as its turning down of the Missile
Defense Plan (CMDP), conservative commentators Ann Coulter and Tucker Carlson have become prominent
American critics of Canadian policies. Coulter has during interviews proposed extreme solutions to Canadian
dissent, even military invasion, and has said that Canada should be grateful that the US "allows" it to exist on the
same continent,[4] while Carlson has mocked that "without the US, Canada is essentially Honduras, only less
interesting".[5]
In 2006, right-wing American strategist Paul Weyrich said Canadians are "so liberal and hedonistic" that they have a
philosophy of "cultural Marxism."[6]
In 2009, a panel of commentators on the Fox News Channel talk show Red Eye with Greg Gutfeld satirically mocked
the Canadian military for avoiding war, sparking outrage in Canada, which had troops in active combat duty in
Afghanistan since 2001. The host of the show later apologized for his remarks.[7]
Brazil
Anti-Canadian sentiment has been observed in Brazil. People boycotted Canadian goods to protest a Canadian ban of
Brazilian beef imports, reportedly because of fears of mad-cow disease.[8] A few Brazilians believed the Canadian
ban was motivated by a trade dispute between the two nations. Canada's subsidies to aircraft manufacturer
Bombardier and Brazil's subsidies to Bombardier's Brazilian rival Embraer have been a source of much tension
because they are said to interfere with each other's business.[9]
Anti-Canadian sentiment in Canada

Some hostility towards Canada as a nation can be seen within Canada itself.
From minorities
Quebec
Anti-Canadianism in the Francophone province of Quebec has its roots originally stemming from the resentment
since the conquest of New France by Great Britain in 1760, even before the official existence as entities of Canada
and Quebec themselves. However after the Constitution Act, 1867, which officially proclaimed a Canadian
Confederation, creating "one Dominion under the name of Canada" (Dominion of Canada) on July 1, 1867, with four
provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, which marked the separate existence and de facto
independence and de jure evolutionary independence of Canada, these sentiments developed into Anti-Canadianism.
Anti-Canadianism is sometimes intertwined with Quebec nationalism.
From the invasion of New France in the 1760s and the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 until the Quiet
Revolution of the 1960s, the economy of Quebec and its high-ranking positions were controlled by the English
minority in Quebec, who were always a small minority comprising less than 10% throughout Quebec's post–Royal
French Canadian history and who used to be mostly unilingual English speakers, despite the Francophone
Québécois' comprising more than 80% of the province's population. This led nationalist thinkers to denounce a
colonial phenomenon that, as they believed, was at work between Quebec and the rest of Canada; some hold that
residuals of this are still there in the present relationship. Journalist Normand Lester published three volumes of The
Black Book of English Canada detailing events of Canadian history he saw as being crimes perpetrated by the
majority on the minority.[10]
Quebec, whose sole official language is French since 1974, has introduced and implemented laws since the 1970s,
especially with the adoption of the comprehensive Charter of the French Language Law in 1977 that limits the
visibility of English on non-official signs. Commercial signs in languages other than French (especially targeting
those in English) have been permitted only if French is given marked prominence in size. This law has been the
subject of periodic controversy since its inception. While the architects and advocates of the Charter of the French
Language Law argue that it was adopted to promote and protect the French language, critics argue that it is
anti-English Canadian in its purpose by rooting out the English language from all spheres in Quebec.[11]
One of the charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education
in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the
child themselves has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada. Access to
elementary and secondary English language schools by non-anglophone immigrants have also been limited with this
law.[12]
Lucien Bouchard said that Canada wasn't a "real country", sparking outrage across Canada. He later apologized for
the remark.[13]
Newfoundland
Many in Newfoundland harbour an ambivalent attitude towards Canada. Many blame the federation for economic
difficulties experienced since the dominion joined confederation in 1949. Some Newfoundlanders perceive a
disrespectful attitude toward them from the rest of Canada, and Newfie stereotypes and ethnic jokes that depict
Newfoundlanders as stupid and/or lazy are a source of ire. There is also a fear that Newfoundland culture and
Newfoundland English are diminishing. Newfoundland premier Danny Williams notably ordered all Canadian flags
removed from provincial buildings during a dispute with the federal government in 2004.[14] Williams was, and
remains, personally popular in Newfoundland, at times receiving as much as 85% support in polls.[15]
First Nations
As for indigenous peoples, some First NationsWikipedia:Avoid weasel words call Canada an illegal nation state built
on stolen land [citation needed].
Political accusations
Sometimes Canadians accuse each other of being anti-Canadian: For example, Manitoba Premier Gary Doer (NDP)
accused the governments of Ontario and Alberta of being "anti-Canadian" due to their dislike for equalization
payments.[16]
From the political right

Some anti-Canadian criticism from a few in the right of the political spectrum is coupled with proposals that the
province of Alberta secede from the country to form a new nation, either on its own or with other Western provinces.
A separatist party obtained more than one tenth of the vote in the 1982 Alberta general election although no other
separatist party in Western Canada has obtained a similar share of the vote in a provincial election before or since
1982.
An example of conservative anti-Canadianism arose in 1997 when Stephen Harper, who was at the time
vice-president of the conservative lobby group the National Citizens Coalition, stated he believed "Canada is a
Northern European welfare state in the worst sense of the term, and very proud of it."[17] The speech was made to
members of the American conservative think tank the Council for National Policy. In the years since, claims have
been made both that Harper's words were heartfelt, and that they were not, and that he was embellishing for the
benefit of his audience. Harper himself dismissed the comments when they were cited by the centre-left Liberal
Party in attack ads against him during the 2006 Canadian federal election, saying that they were meant as humour,
not serious analysis.[18] (Harper became prime minister of Canada in 2006.)
From the political left

Some communist organizations in Canada view a Canadian nationalist or isolationist line as revisionist,
anti-communist and anti-internationalist. They believe the communist view of the national question in Canada should
be internationalist and consider that other nationalities exist within the nation-state, such as the Québécois, First
Nations and Acadian peoples; as well as the borders being artificial boundaries put in place during the colonial
period and held in place under capitalism. These views are usually held by Maoist, Trotskyite and other
revolutionary groups that tend not to participate in mainstream activities such as elections. Such alternative views
can be viewed as anti-Canadianism by more nationalist tendencies on both the left and right.[citation needed]
Anti-Canadianism and humour

Humorous anti-Canadianism often focuses on broadly-known attributes of Canada and Canadians such as cold
weather or public health care,[19] as the finer details of Canadian culture and politics are generally not well known
outside Canada. The sport of curling is also treated with some irreverence in America. However, these broad targets
are more accurately caricatured within Canada itself. The fact that others are perceived to know surprisingly little
about Canada is a frequent theme in Canadian humour and such examples of self-deprecating humour are nearly
universal among Canadian humorists. In keeping with this attitude, some genuinely critical anti-Canadianisms such
as "Soviet Canuckistan" are embraced by some Canadians as humorous, in defiance of the original intent.
Popular culture
• "Blame Canada", a song from the film South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut in which the town's parents blame
Canada for the trouble their children have been getting into, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best
Original Song. The song was generally understood to be using anti-Canadian statements as a parody, such as a
perceived tendency toward scapegoating and the shirking of parental responsibility, rather than a statement of
actual anti-Canadianism, as the singers end the song saying it is a good idea to blame Canada before someone
blames them.
• "Canadian Idiot", by "Weird Al" Yankovic, a parody of the song "American Idiot" by Green Day, is a friendly
critique of Canadian stereotypes. The American character that "Weird Al" Yankovic plays in the song uses many
common Canadian stereotypes, such as the statement by some that Canadians supposedly "live on doughnuts and
moose meat". Near the end of the song, Weird Al Yankovic (through his character) proclaims that the United
States should preemptively strike Canada, as he has no idea what they are up to.
• Canadian Bacon, a film by Michael Moore starring Canadian John Candy, also parodies anti-Canadianism,
depicting a post-Cold War American president (Alan Alda) who provokes anti-Canadian sentiment in a gambit to
produce an economic stimulus through a new Cold War and boost his poll numbers: the movie's tag line is
"Surrender pronto, or we'll level Toronto." The movie makes heavy use of irony in driving home the message that
many aspects of Canadian culture are superior to American culture, such as one scene in which an RCMP jailer
writes heartfelt letters to ex-inmates, and another in which a crew led by the Sheriff of Niagara Falls, New York
(played by Candy), "attacks" Canada by spreading litter in a public park.
• "The Canada Song", a song from the movie-mocking TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000, features Mike and
Crow singing about Canada's perceived failings while Tom Servo attempts to persuade them that Canada should
be praised, not mocked. Eventually, Mike and Crow convince Servo to join in the Canada-bashing, which he does
with a gusto that alarms the other two.
• In the fourth season episode "Little Minnesota" of the American sitcom How I Met Your Mother, Marshall takes
Robin (a Canadian) to a Minnesota themed bar in which she discovers that Minnesotans believe that all Canadians
suffer from nyctophobia (Fear of darkness).
References
[1] Will Ferguson, Bastards & Boneheads: Our Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, October 1999.
[2] Jean-Yves le Branchu, "The French Colonial Empire and the Popular Front Government," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Jun., 1937), page
125.
[3] Nancy Carr, " U.S. talk-show host Pat Buchanan calls Canada 'whining,' 'freeloading' nation (http:/ / cnews. canoe. ca/ CNEWS/ Canada/
2002/ 10/ 31/ 3057. html)," Canadian Press, November 1, 2002.
[4] Hannity & Colmes, Fox News Channel, December 1, 2004.
[5] Wolf Blitzer Reports, CNN. November 30, 2004. Quoted in Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media, Chantal
Allan, Athabasca University Press, November 15, 2009.
[6] " Canadians 'liberal and hedonistic' but can change, U.S. right-winger says (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ canada/ story/ 2006/ 01/ 27/
weyrich-harper060127. html)," CBCNews, 27 Jan 2006.
[8] Canada Bans Brazil Beef Products – Protection Against Mad Cow Disease (http:/ / canadaonline. about. com/ library/ weekly/ aa020501a.
htm)
[9] Robert Westervelt, "Potash Firms Caught in Brazil-Canada Trade War," Chemical Week; February 28, 2001, Vol. 163 Issue 9, page 16.
[10] Description of The Black Book of English Canada (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 077102259X/ ), Amazon.com, URL accessed 29 June
2006.
[11] Google Books: "The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis" (Page 9) By Charles Boberg (http:/ / books.
google. com. tr/ books?id=uW2rM_6I3gMC& pg=PA9& lpg=PA9& dq=criticism+ bill+ 101+ anti-english& source=bl& ots=2ovOje1K3E&
sig=tNnz2Qb4Klg4DSrjyUxp5lqB9BQ& hl=tr& ei=uwpsTfC2Fs74sgb-lL3iDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&
ved=0CBgQ6AEwADg8#v=onepage& q& f=false)
[12] "Can’t Speak French – You are a Second Class Canadian! Time for the NATION of Quebec to leave Canada" (http:/ / www. vigile. net/
Time-for-the-NATION-of-Quebec-to) Vigile.net
[13] http:/ / sen. parl. gc. ca/ sjoyal/ e/ articles/ C-20%20and%20the%20sov_people_cit%C3%A9libre. html
[14] Maple Leaf flags removed in offshore feud (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ canada/ story/ 2004/ 12/ 23/ williams041223. html)
[15] CBC News item (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ news/ yourview/ nl/ 2008/ 03/ williams_pcs_still_dominate_la. html)
[16] Link Byfield, " Far from equal (http:/ / calsun. canoe. ca/ News/ Columnists/ Byfield_Link/ 2006/ 06/ 16/ 1635485. html)," Fri, June 16,
2006, URL accessed 20 December 2006.
[17] http:/ / www. ctv. ca/ servlet/ ArticleNews/ story/ CTVNews/ 20051213/ elxn_harper_speech_text_051214/ 20051214/
[18] Susan Riley, "Harper's suspect evolution", 16 December 2005, A18.
[19] See Canadian Bacon for jokes about the weather and health care, and The Simpsons episode "The Bart Wants What It Wants" for jokes
about Canadian health care
Stalking horse 94
Stalking horse
A stalking horse is a figure that tests a concept with someone or mounts a challenge against someone on behalf of
an anonymous third party. If the idea proves viable or popular, the anonymous figure can then declare its interest and
advance the concept with little risk of failure. If the concept fails, the anonymous party will not be tainted by
association with the failed concept and can either drop the idea completely or bide its time and wait until a better
moment for launching an attack.
Origin
The term stalking horse originally derived from the practice of hunting,[] particularly of wildfowl.[1] Hunters noticed
that many birds would flee immediately on the approach of humans, but would tolerate the close presence of animals
such as horses and cattle.
Hunters would therefore slowly approach their quarry by walking alongside their horses, keeping their upper bodies
out of sight until the flock was within firing range. Animals trained for this purpose were called stalking horses.
Sometimes mobile hides are used for a similar purpose.
An example of the practice figures in the 1972 film Jeremiah Johnson, when Johnson and Chris Lapp ("Bear Claw")
are hunting elk in the Rockies:
Jeremiah: Wind's right, but he'll just run soon as we step out of these trees.
Bear Claw: Trick to it. Walk out on this side of your horse.
Jeremiah: What if he sees our feet?
Bear Claw: Elk don't know how many feet a horse has![2]
Usage
The expression is generally used in politics and business. In politics, the circumstances are an attempt to bring down
a powerful leader, usually by members of their own party. In business, the circumstances are an attempt at testing the
market for a potential (hostile) takeover of a business. In each case, there is the clear understanding that the
anonymous party, whether a company or an individual, has a valuable reputation that could be damaged by the
failure. The stalking horse is an exercise in assessing accurately the degree of risk, thus a full-blooded challenge is
only mounted by the main party when there is a real likelihood of success.
The loser in the exercise appears to be the stalking horse. If the idea is viable and/or popular, the stalking horse
person will lose out because the anonymous figure will discard him or her and take over the concept themselves. If
the concept is unpopular, the stalking horse will suffer any negative reaction, but if the response indicates support,
the real party behind the endeavor will emerge to press forward with confidence in a positive response. The
understanding is that the anonymous party is a major player, probably only a little weaker than the target him or her
self, and the stalking horse very much a minor figure—a minnow—who has little or no reputation to lose. The
anonymous figure is not sufficiently powerful, or does not have sufficient confidence in his power, to risk a direct
attack first off, but the stalking horse is a form of distraction tactic to enable better positioning.
The 'horse' is therefore, in politics, a junior figure who expects patronage from the senior figure, or, in business, an
associated company that expects a share in the contracts or the market-share that will result from the demise of the
business rival. In the event of success, the 'horse' will be rewarded soon, in the event of failure they will have to wait
a while, but as they are on the bottom rung of the ladder they have little or no distance to fall and can only rise. The
loyalty in volunteering, or agreeing to be 'volunteered', will ensure their name becomes known to those who matter
and should guarantee help in advancing their interests. As a weaker player, they can afford to wait a while for the
due reward.
Stalking horse 95
Alternatively, the 'horse' may be acting in a more altruistic and self-sacrificial manner, knowing there is no
possibility of realistic reward from the Third Party for the exercise, but is motivated by duty or loyalty to do so for
the greater good of the party or organization or cause to which they both belong. In this case, the 'horse' will
probably not be a young person hoping for advancement, but an older figure at the end of their career, who
volunteers as a pay-back of thanks for all the benefits they believe the cause has given them and/or as a chance to go
out in a blaze of glory.
In the event of failure, the anonymous party is seen as being sufficiently powerful to protect the 'horse' from any real
retribution on the part of the target, particularly since the anonymity will allow the Third Party to step in and pretend
to be an honest broker between the 'horse' and the target. This is a further opportunity to enhance the reputation of
the Third Party and boost their status at the expense of the target. If the exercise is viable, the Third Party gains
power immediately, but even if it fails, it engineers an opportunity to resolve a stalemate and enhance the contender's
reputation, so that ultimate success is another step nearer, to the benefit of both the Third Party and the 'horse', who
expects to slipstream in his/her wake.[][3][4]
Related concepts
One related concept is the smoke screen. Like a stalking horse, smokescreens are used to screen and mask an attack.
In the literal and genuine form, the smokescreen is still a device used in warfare (in defence as well as attack), but in
general usage, it is also a commonly used metaphor. A stalking horse would be a particular form of 'smokescreen'.
Another concept is that of kite-flying. The stalking horse pretends to be interested in a concept themselves, but in
reality they are testing an idea for another. Likewise, in journalism, the term 'flying a kite' takes the metaphor of the
child's toy to mean: advancing a concept in which one has no personal belief, or for which one has no reliable
evidence, as a similar exercise in 'testing the waters'. Another similar metaphor is that of a trial balloon. For example:
'Anonymous sources say that Adam Everyman wants to be President of the USA'. If he doesn't, he will deny it,
ruling himself out as a potential contender, allowing real contenders to see who is left in the contest. If Everyman
does want it, he has been forced to declare his position too soon, allowing others to search for arguments to counter
his threat. The politician would not give an answer when asked the question himself, so the journalist advanced it
anyway citing 'anonymous sources'. This is an honorable tradition, but in this example there was no real source to be
protected, it was a fabricated story. This would of course be uncommon and indeed unethical, but still it is 'not
unknown'. At worst, it fills space on a dull news day, but it might flush out interesting responses from real people, in
which case the non-existent sources can be 'discarded' and the real people can be presented as the sort who were
being 'protected'. Now the journalist has real stories which can legitimately be pursued. Different examples may
provoke different responses. Some may be directed to play to the readers themselves. The idea is 'to provoke a
response where otherwise there would be none'. Like the stalking horse, the means is to use a spurious debate to
provoke a real one. The difference is that the concept is advanced, not an individual. In one form of 'flying a kite', a
journalist claims to be acting on a behalf of a real but anonymous person, while in reality they are acting for
themselves: this would be the opposite of the stalking horse.
Another concept is collusion. The difference here is that collusion usually refers to the situation of the First and
Third Parties both declaring themselves openly to the Target, but each pretends to be independent of anyone else and
acting solely for themselves, whilst in reality, they are acting in concert, in joint enterprise and to mutual advantage,
at the expense of the Target. If one party acts aggressively and the other sympathetically towards the target, it may
be an example of good cop/bad cop. In the stalking horse scenario, the First and Third Parties are still acting in
concert and in joint enterprise and still at the expense of the Target, but only the first party, the 'horse', is openly
dealing with the Target. In addition, they are not acting to immediate mutual advantage: they are acting to advantage
the Third Party only, the anonymous party, who, at a later date, should in turn give reward to the First Party, the
'horse'.
Stalking horse 96
Another idiom might be that of the puppet-master. One person, the 'horse', dances like a puppet in the limelight on
the stage, but another, the anonymous figure, is the one who is actually pulling the strings, unseen by all. The
stalking horse appears to be acting for and as themselves, but there are others in the shadows. The difference is that
the eminence grise or puppet-master is definitely controlling the puppet, but the stalking horse may not always be
acting on the orders of, or to the benefit of, a particular - named - individual: they may be acting for a cause, in the
hope that some individual will be inspired to enter the fray and take over.
A final related concept is that of the sacrificial pawn. In the game of chess, a pawn may be advanced in the
knowledge that it will definitely be lost, but in so doing it will force out an enemy piece of much higher value and
make that piece much more susceptible to attack. This image is also in common usage as an obvious metaphor. The
difference with the stalking horse is that not only is the outcome not known at the outset but, furthermore, that it
cannot reasonably be estimated without a proper reconnaissance. Unlike the pawn, therefore, the horse might have a
good chance of survival. What is definite is that, either way, the 'horse' will not benefit from the initial exercise.
Examples
In politics
The phenomenon occurs particularly in politics, where a junior politician acts as the stalking horse to promote the
interests of a senior politician who remains unseen in case the actions would damage him or her but nevertheless
wants to provoke a debate or challenge to a party colleague. In some cases stalking horses are not working for a
particular individual but may wish to provoke a response that leads others to join in. In politics, the truth about the
relationship between an individual stalking horse and a candidate may never be known, as both sides may claim that
the (alleged) stalking horse acted without the agreement of anyone else.
A classic example of the latter form, from the world of British politics, was the case of the elderly and largely
unknown back-bench politician Sir Anthony Meyer,[5][6] who challenged and brought about the eventual defeat of
Margaret Thatcher in the Conservative Party leadership.
In bankruptcy
In bankruptcy, a stalking horse bid is a first, favorable bid solicited by the bankrupt company strategically to prevent
low-ball offers.[7][8]
References
[2] Jeremiah Johnson (1972) - Memorable quotes (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0068762/ quotes)
Star Chamber 97
Star Chamber
The Star Chamber (Latin: Camera stellata) was an English court of law that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster
from the late 15th century until 1641. It was made up of Privy Councillors, as well as common-law judges and
supplemented the activities of the common-law and equity courts in both civil and criminal matters. The court was
set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against prominent people, those so powerful that ordinary courts would
never convict them of their crimes. Court sessions were held in secret, with no indictments, and no witnesses.
Evidence was presented in writing. Over time it evolved into a political weapon, a symbol of the misuse and abuse of
power by the English monarchy and courts.
In modern usage, legal or administrative bodies with strict, arbitrary rulings and secretive proceedings are sometimes
called, metaphorically or poetically, star chambers. This is a pejorative term and intended to cast doubt on the
legitimacy of the proceedings. The inherent lack of objectivity of politically motivated charges has led to substantial
reforms in English law in most jurisdictions since that time.
Name origins
The court took its name from the "Star Chamber" or "Starred
Chamber" which was built during the reign of King Edward II
specifically for the meetings of the King's Council. The room at the
royal palace of Westminster, where the court would sit had stars
painted on the ceiling, hence the name "Star Chamber."
The first reference to the chamber[1] is in 1398, as the Sterred
chambre; the more common form of the name appears in 1422 as le
Sterne-chamere. Both forms recur throughout the fifteenth century,
with Sterred Chambre last attested as appearing in the Supremacy of
the Crown Act 1534. No clear etymology can be found for the name of
the chamber; the most common explanation, dating to the later 16th
century, is 'because at the first all the roofe thereof was decked with Document showing King Henry VII sitting in the
images of starres gilted'. The ceiling of the chamber in which the court Star Chamber.
convened was supposedly painted with a representation of the night

sky, including stars, so that the accused could gaze upon the decorated ceiling and contemplate his place in the
universe. Historian John Stow, writing in his Survey of London (1598), noted 'this place is called the Star Chamber,
because the roof thereof is decked with the likeness of stars gilt ...'[2] The chamber's description is regarded as the
most likely explanation for its name by the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary.[3]
William Blackstone, a notable English jurist writing in 1769, speculated that the name may have derived from the
legal word "starr" meaning the contract or obligation to a Jew (from the Hebrew ‫( שטר‬shetar) meaning 'document').
This term was in use until 1290 when Edward I had all Jews expelled from England. Blackstone thought the 'Starr
Chamber' might originally have been used for the deposition and storage of such contracts.[4] However the Oxford
English Dictionary gives this etymology "no claim to consideration".[3] Other etymological theories mentioned by
Blackstone on the use of star, include the derivation from steoran (steer) meaning "to govern", it was a court used to
punish (crimen stellionatus) (cozenage) or the chamber was full of windows.[4]
The ceiling of the Star Chamber can still be seen at Leasowe Castle, Wirral, England.
Star Chamber 98
History
Under the Plantagenets and Tudors

The Court evolved from meetings of the King's Council, with its roots going back to the medieval period. Contrary
to popular belief, the so-called "Star Chamber Act" of King Henry VII's second Parliament (1487) did not actually
empower the Star Chamber, but rather created a separate tribunal distinct from the King's general Council.[5]
Initially well regarded because of its speed and flexibility, the Star Chamber was made up of Privy Counsellors, as
well as common-law judges, and it supplemented the activities of the common-law and equity courts in both civil
and criminal matters. In a sense, the court was a court of appeal, a supervisory body, overseeing the operation of the
lower courts, although it could hear cases by direct appeal as well. The court was set up to ensure the fair
enforcement of laws against the English upper class, those so powerful that ordinary courts could never convict them
of their crimes.
Another function of the Court of Star Chamber was to act like a court of equity, which could impose punishment for
actions which were deemed to be morally reprehensible but were not in violation of the letter of the law. This gave
the Star Chamber great flexibility, as it could punish defendants for any action which the court felt should be
unlawful, even when in fact it was technically lawful; however, this meant that the justice meted out by the Star
Chamber could be very arbitrary and subjective, and it enabled the court to be used later on in its history as an
instrument of oppression rather than for the purpose of justice for which it was intended. Many crimes which are
now commonly prosecuted, such as attempt, conspiracy, criminal libel, and perjury, were originally developed by the
Court of Star Chamber, along with its more common role of dealing with riots and sedition.
Star Chamber sessions were closed to the public. The cases decided in those sessions enabled both the very powerful
and those without power to seek redress. Thus King Henry VII used the power of Star Chamber to break the power
of the landed gentry which had been such a cause of problems in the Wars of the Roses. Yet, when local courts were
often clogged or mismanaged, the Court of Star Chamber became also a site of remittance for the common people
against the excesses of the nobility.
In the reign of King Henry VIII, the court was under the leadership of Cardinal Wolsey (the Archbishop of York and
Lord Chancellor) and Thomas Cranmer (the Archbishop of Canterbury) (1515–1529). From this time forward, the
Court of Star Chamber became a political weapon for bringing actions against opponents to the policies of King
Henry VIII, his Ministers and his Parliament.
Although it was initially a court of appeal, King Henry, Wolsey and Cranmer encouraged plaintiffs to bring their
cases directly to the Star Chamber, bypassing the lower courts entirely.
The Court was used extensively to control Wales, after the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 (sometimes referred to as
the "Acts of Union"). The Tudor-era gentry in Wales turned to the Chamber to evict Welsh landowners and protect
themselves, and in general protect the English advantages of the Laws in Wales Acts.
Under the Stuarts

The power of the Court of Star Chamber grew considerably under the House of Stuart, and by the time of King
Charles I, it had become synonymous with misuse and abuse of power by the King and his circle. King James I and
his son Charles used the court to examine cases of sedition, which meant that the court could be used to suppress
opposition to royal policies. It came to be used to try nobles too powerful to be brought to trial in the lower court.
King Charles I used the Court of Star Chamber as Parliamentary substitute during the eleven years of Personal Rule,
when he ruled without a Parliament. King Charles made extensive use of the Court of Star Chamber to prosecute
dissenters, including the Puritans who fled to New England.
On 17 October 1632, the Court of Star Chamber banned all "news books" because of complaints from Spanish and
Austrian diplomats that coverage of the Thirty Years' War in England was unfair. [6] As a result, newsbooks
Star Chamber 99
pertaining to this matter were often printed in Amsterdam and then smuggled into the country, until control of the
press collapsed with the developing ideological conflict of 1640–41. [7]
The Star Chamber became notorious for judgements favourable to the king and to Archbishop Laud. An example is
the branding on both cheeks of William Prynne in 1637 for seditious libel.[8]
In 1571 Elizabeth I set up an equivalent Court in Ireland, the Court of Castle Chamber, to deal with cases of riot and
offences against public order generally (though it was also initially popular with private litigants). Under the Stuarts
it developed the same reputation for harsh and arbitrary proceedings as its parent and during the political confusion
of the 1640s it simply disappeared.[9]
In the early 1900s, American poet, biographer and dramatist Edgar Lee Masters, 1868–1950, commented:
In the Star Chamber the council could inflict any punishment short of death, and frequently sentenced objects
of its wrath to the pillory, to whipping and to the cutting off of ears. ... With each embarrassment to arbitrary
power the Star Chamber became emboldened to undertake further usurpation. ... The Star Chamber finally
summoned juries before it for verdicts disagreeable to the government, and fined and imprisoned them. It
spread terrorism among those who were called to do constitutional acts. It imposed ruinous fines. It became
the chief defence of Charles against assaults upon those usurpations which cost him his life. . . .
Abolition and aftermath

In 1641, the Long Parliament, led by John Pym and inflamed by the severe treatment of John Lilburne, as well as
that of other religious dissenters such as William Prynne, Alexander Leighton, John Bastwick and Henry Burton,
abolished the Star Chamber with an Act of Parliament, the Habeas Corpus Act 1640.
The Chamber itself stood until demolished in 1806, when its materials were salvaged. The door now hangs in the
nearby Westminster School. and the historic Star Chamber ceiling, with its bright gold stars, was brought to Leasowe
Castle on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire from the Court of Westminster, along with four beautiful tapestries
depicting the four seasons.
Recent history
In the late Twentieth Century, the expression was revived in reference to ways resolving internal high-level
questions within the government, usually relating to budget appropriations. Thatcher's government (1979–90)
revived the term for private ministerial meetings at which disputes between the Treasury and high-spending
departments were resolved.[10] The term was again revived by the popular press to describe a panel set up by the
Labour party's National Executive Committee to review expenses claims by Labour MPs in May 2009.[11] In 2010,
the term was revived for a committee established by the Cameron ministry to plan spending cuts to reduce public
debt.[12]
Influence on the U.S. Constitution

The historical abuses of the Star Chamber are considered a primary motivating force behind the protections against
compelled self-incrimination embodied in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[13] The meaning
of "compelled testimony" under the Fifth Amendment – i.e., the conditions under which a defendant is allowed to
"plead the Fifth" to avoid self-incrimination – is thus often interpreted via reference to the inquisitorial methods of
the Star Chamber.[14]
As the U.S. Supreme Court described it, "the Star Chamber has, for centuries, symbolized disregard of basic
individual rights. The Star Chamber not merely allowed, but required, defendants to have counsel. The defendant's
answer to an indictment was not accepted unless it was signed by counsel. When counsel refused to sign the answer,
for whatever reason, the defendant was considered to have confessed." Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 821–22
(1975).
Star Chamber 100
References
[1] Or, rather, the first reference in the OED. Blackstone mentions a reference in a document of 41 Edw. III – 1367 – but does not quote it
[2] Lord Denning, Landmarks in the Law (1984), p 61-62.
[3] "Star-chamber, starred chamber"; Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. Oxford University Press, 1989.
[4] Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book Four, Chapter Nineteen. Online text (http:/ / www. lonang. com/ exlibris/ blackstone/ bla-419.
htm)
[5] S.B. Crimes, Henry VII, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972: p. 99.
[6] Trevor-Roper, Hugh Archbishop Laud Phoenix Press reissue 2000 pp.254–257
[7] Raymond, Joad Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain Cambridge University Press, 2003
[8] Trevor-Roper, Hugh Archbishop Laud Phoenix Press reissue 2000 pp. 317–324
[9] Crawford, Jon G. A Star Chamber Court in Ireland – the Court of Castle Chamber 1571–1641 Four Courts Press Dublin 2005
[13] Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582, 595–98 (1990) (http:/ / supreme. justia. com/ us/ 496/ 582/ case. html)
[14] Id.
Straw man
A straw man or straw person, also known in the UK as an Aunt Sally,[][] is a type of argument and is an informal
fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position.[] To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of
having refuted a proposition by replacing it with a superficially similar yet unequivalent proposition (the "straw
man"), and to refute it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.[][] This technique has been used
throughout history in polemical debate, particularly in arguments about highly charged, emotional issues.
Origin
As a fallacy, the identification and name of straw man arguments are of
relatively recent date, although Aristotle makes remarks that suggest a
similar concern; Douglas Walton identified "the first inclusion of it we
can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy" in Stuart Chase's Guides
to Straight Thinking from 1956 (p. 40).[][1] Oddly enough, Hamblin's
classic text Fallacies (1970) neither mentions it as a distinct type, nor
even as a historical term.[][1]
The origins of the term are unclear. The usage of the term in rhetoric
suggests a human figure made of straw which is easily knocked down
or destroyed, such as a military training dummy, scarecrow, or
effigy.[2] The rhetorical technique is sometimes called an Aunt Sally in
the UK, with reference to a traditional fairground game in which
objects are thrown at a fixed target. One common folk etymology is U.S. President William McKinley has shot a
cannon (labeled McKinley's Letter) which has
that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their
involved a "straw man" and its constructors (Carl
shoe in order to indicate their willingness to be a false witness.[] Schurz, Oswald Garrison Villard, Richard Olney)
in a great explosion. Caption: S M A S H E D !,
Harper's Weekly, September 22, 1900
Structure
The straw man fallacy occurs in the following pattern of argument:
1. Person 1 has position X.
2. Person 2 disregards certain key points of X and instead presents the superficially similar position Y. The
position Y is a distorted version of X and can be set up in several ways, including:
1. Presenting a misrepresentation of the opponent's position.
Straw man 101
2. Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's actual
intentions (see fallacy of quoting out of context).[]
3. Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as the defender, then refuting that person's
arguments—thus giving the appearance that every upholder of that position (and thus the position itself) has
been defeated.[]
4. Inventing a fictitious persona with actions or beliefs which are then criticized, implying that the person
represents a group of whom the speaker is critical.
5. Oversimplifying an opponent's argument, then attacking this oversimplified version.
3. Person 2 attacks position Y, concluding that X is false/incorrect/flawed.
This reasoning is fallacious because attacking a distorted version of a position does not address the actual position.
The ostensible argument that Person 2 makes has the form:
"Don't support X, because X has an unacceptable (or absurd or contradictory or terrible) consequence."
However, the actual form of the argument is:
"Don't support X, because Y has an unacceptable (or absurd or contradictory or terrible) consequence."
This argument doesn't make sense; it is a non sequitur. Person 2 relies on the audience not noticing this.
Examples
Straw man arguments often arise in public debates such as a (hypothetical) prohibition debate:
A: We should liberalize the laws on beer.
B: No, any society with unrestricted access to intoxicants loses its work ethic and goes only for immediate
gratification.
The proposal was to relax laws on beer. Person B has exaggerated this to a position harder to defend, i.e.,
"unrestricted access to intoxicants". It is a logical fallacy because Person A never made that claim.
A: Sunny days are good.
B: If all days were sunny, we'd never have rain, and without rain, we'd have famine and death.
In this case, B falsely frames A's claim to imply that A believes only sunny days are good, and B argues against that
assertion. A actually asserts that sunny days are good and, in fact, says nothing about rainy days.
Christopher Tindale presents, as an example, the following passage from a draft of a bill (HCR 74) considered by the
Louisiana State Legislature in 2001:[]
Whereas, the writings of Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, promoted the justification of racism, and his
books On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man postulate a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. . .
.
Therefore, be it resolved that the legislature of Louisiana does hereby deplore all instances and all ideologies
of racism, does hereby reject the core concepts of Darwinist ideology that certain races and classes of humans
are inherently superior to others, and does hereby condemn the extent to which these philosophies have been
used to justify and approve racist practices.
Tindale comments that "the portrait painted of Darwinian ideology is a caricature, one not borne out by any objective
survey of the works cited. That similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and
approve racist practices is beside the point: the position that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a Straw
Man. In subsequent debate this error was recognized, and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and
Darwinist ideology."[]
Straw man 102
References
[1] Douglas Walton, " The straw man fallacy (http:/ / www. dougwalton. ca/ papers in pdf/ 96straw. pdf)". In Logic and Argumentation, ed.
Johan van Bentham, Frans H. van Eemeren, Rob Grootendorst and Frank Veltman. Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and
Sciences, North-Holland, 1996. pp. 115-128
External links
• The Straw Man Fallacy (http://www.fallacyfiles.org/strawman.html) at the Fallacy Files
• Straw Man (http://www.drury.edu/ess/Logic/Informal/Strawman.html), more examples of straw man
arguments
Straw man (literature)

Straw men of both the literal and metaphorical kind have been employed in literature over the years. The fact that a
straw man has the shape of a man, but has nothing but (symbolically) worthless straw inside, makes it a symbol for
people regarded as lacking needed qualities.
In 1900, L. Frank Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which one of the main characters was the Scarecrow,
depicted in the illustrations of the original edition and in the classic film version, The Wizard of Oz, as a man of
straw, who joins Dorothy in the hopes that the Wizard of Oz will give him a brain. According to much-debated
theories about allegorical meanings in the novel, the Scarecrow represents the American farmer of the time, both
because of his straw (indicating his agrarian nature) and his perceived lack of intellect, which we find out by the end
of the book to be illusory.
Man of Straw is one of two titles used to translate Heinrich Mann's novel Der Untertan (1918). It is the first book in
his Das Kaiserreich trilogy and an unremitting critique of Wilhelmine Germany at the turn of the Twentieth Century.
It portrays the life of a man, Diederich Hessling, a fanatic admirer of Emperor Wilhelm II, who becomes a straw man
for authority and the existing order.
"Feathertop: A Moralized Legend," by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a tale of a scarecrow (or man of straw) made lively
by the crone Mother Rigby. He sets forth into the world cloaked by magic and makes a splash in society, behaves
honorably, and falls in love. When his true nature is revealed to him, he feels ashamed, though his creator, Mother
Rigby, wonders at the success of many men who are just as hollow and false as her strawman.
The Straw Men is a book by Michael Marshall, exploring the idea of a worldwide conspiracy for human purity
through the protagonists' discovery of a group called "The Straw Men" and their belief in how "the inhuman
genome" has infected the human race.
Thank God for Mississippi 103
Thank God for Mississippi

"Thank God for Mississippi" is a common adage in the United States, particularly in the South, that is generally
used when discussing rankings of U.S. states.[1] Since the state of Mississippi generally ranks near or
(stereotypically) at the bottom of such rankings, residents of other states ranking near the bottom frequently
proclaim, "Thank God for Mississippi", since the presence of that state in 50th place spares them of the shame of
finishing in last place.[2] Examples include rankings of educational achievement,[3] overall health,[4] the poverty
rate,[5] or other objective criteria of the quality of life or government in the fifty states. The phrase is in use even
among state government officials[6][7] and journalists,[8][9][10][11] though occasionally with a slight twist.[12][13][14]
History
The saying has been attributed since before the induction of Alaska and Hawaii as states in 1959,[15] and its use,
while in use throughout the entire country, is especially common in Alabama,[16] which shares significant cultural
and historical ties with its neighbor and former Mississippi Territory co-constituent Mississippi.[17][18] Its use is also
noted in nearby Arkansas and other frequently low-ranking states such as West Virginia and
Texas.[19][20][21][22][23][24]
The saying has become something of a cliché,[25] and has seen usage across the nation with regard to rankings both
serious[26] and trivial,[27][28] and the underlying logic has been extrapolated to other states and even countries.[29]
References
[22] http:/ / www. yourhoustonnews. com/ friendswood/ opinion/ article_acce2dd0-e061-5a12-8268-939daccfa77f. html
[24] http:/ / whatwouldjackdo. net/ 2009/ 01/ the-texas-state-motto-thank-go. html
Aunt Sally
Aunt Sally is a traditional throwing game. The term is often used
metaphorically to mean something that is a target for criticism. In
particular, referring to the fairground origins, an Aunt Sally would be
"set up" deliberately to be subsequently "knocked down", usually by
the same person who set the person up.
The game
The game was traditionally played in British pubs and fairgrounds. An
A drawing from the 1911 edition of Whiteley's
Aunt Sally was originally a figurine head of an old woman with a clay
General Catalogue.
pipe in her mouth, or subsequently a ball on a stick. There are also
other theories on how the game started, one such theory is that a live
chicken was placed on the stick, and people would throw sticks at it. Whoever killed it won the game and took home
the chicken. Another theory is that in Port Meadow in Oxfordshire at the time of the English Civil War, the Cavaliers
(soldiers loyal to King Charles I) were bored and formed a game with sticks and makeshift materials similar to the
game as understood today. The object was for players to throw sticks at the head in order to break the pipe. The
game bears some resemblance to a coconut shy or skittles.
Today, the game of Aunt Sally is still played as a pub game in Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire,
Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. The ball is on a short plinth about 10 cm high, and is known as a 'dolly'. The dolly
Aunt Sally 104
is placed on a dog-legged metal spike a metre high and players throw sticks or short battens at the dolly, trying to
knock it off without hitting the spike. Successfully hitting the dolly off is known as a "doll", however if the spike is
hit first then the score does not count and is called an "iron". [citation needed]
Other kinds of Aunt Sally

• Aunt Sally is a character in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn who attempts to adopt and
‘sivilize’ Huck.
• Aunt Sally appears as a character portrayed by Una Stubbs in the television adaptation of the children's serial
Worzel Gummidge, produced by Southern Television for ITV from 1979 to 1981. She is a fairground doll of the
type used as a target for throwing competitions but nevertheless considers herself to be of a superior class to
Worzel, a scarecrow and her frustrated suitor.
• The term "Aunt Sally" is used in the United Kingdom to indicate a false adversary or straw man set up purely for
attracting negative attention and wasting an opponent's energy.
• The technique is sometimes used during planning applications when the applicant needs to show they exhausted
all other options and need to create false alternatives that are easily identified as unsuitable.
Cultural references
Aunt Sally is played in the British detective television series Midsomer Murders, episode 18, "Dark Autumn". It also
featured on the BBC Countryfile programme in August 2013.
Notes
References
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aunt Sally". Encyclopædia Britannica 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
p. 922.
• WorldWideWords (http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-aun1.htm)
• Aunt Sally – The Online Guide (http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Aunt-Sally.htm)
• TossingGames.com (http://www.tossinggames.com)
• The Original Oxford Aunt Sally League (http://www.oxfordauntsally.co.uk)
• The Official Abingdon Aunt Sally League (http://www.abingdonauntsally.com)
• Banbury Aunt Sally League (http://www.banburyasl.zymichost.com)
• Chipping Norton Aunt Sally League (http://www.chippyauntsally.co.uk)
• Bampton Aunt Sally League (http://www.bamptonauntsally.org)
• The Aunt Sally Pitch (http://www.abingdonauntsally.com/The_Pitch.php)
Bambi effect (slang) 105
Bambi effect (slang)

The "Bambi effect" in LGBT slang denotes a young gay man's foray into heterosexuality: "the turning of a young
(otherwise homosexual) man's fancy to (heterosexual) love"[1] by reference to "the 'twitter-pated' Bambi" leaving
Thumper in the 1942 movie Bambi.[] In The Gay Report it was described as the effect "where the young males in
spring all suddenly turn their attention away from each other towards females with puffy cheeks, red lips, batting
eyelashes, etc.—where even Bambi and Thumper don't need each other any more".[2]
References
Cassandra (metaphor)
The Cassandra metaphor (variously labelled the Cassandra
'syndrome', 'complex', 'phenomenon', 'predicament', 'dilemma', or
'curse') occurs when valid warnings or concerns are dismissed or
disbelieved.
The term originates in Greek mythology. Cassandra was a daughter of
Priam, the King of Troy. Struck by her beauty, Apollo provided her
with the gift of prophecy, but when Cassandra refused Apollo's
romantic advances, he placed a curse ensuring that nobody would
believe her warnings. Cassandra was left with the knowledge of future
events, but could neither alter these events nor convince others of the
validity of her predictions.
The metaphor has been applied in a variety of contexts such as

psychology, environmentalism, politics, science, cinema, the corporate
world, and in philosophy, and has been in circulation since at least 1949
when French philosopher Gaston Bachelard coined the term 'Cassandra
Complex' to refer to a belief that things could be known in advance.[1]
Usage
Psychology
The Cassandra metaphor is applied by some psychologists to
Painting of Cassandra by Evelyn De Morgan
individuals who experience physical and emotional suffering as a result
of distressing personal perceptions, and who are disbelieved when they
attempt to share the cause of their suffering with others.
Melanie Klein
In 1963, psychologist Melanie Klein provided an interpretation of Cassandra as representing the human moral
conscience whose main task is to issue warnings. Cassandra as moral conscience, "predicts ill to come and warns
that punishment will follow and grief arise."[2] Cassandra's need to point out moral infringements and subsequent
social consequences is driven by what Klein calls "the destructive influences of the cruel super-ego," which is
represented in the Greek myth by the god Apollo, Cassandra's overlord and persecutor.[3] Klein's use of the metaphor
centers on the moral nature of certain predictions, which tends to evoke in others "a refusal to believe what at the
same time they know to be true, and expresses the universal tendency toward denial, [with] denial being a potent
defence against persecutory anxiety and guilt."[2]
Laurie Layton Schapira

In a 1988 study Jungian analyst Laurie Layton Schapira explored what she called the "Cassandra Complex" in the
lives of two of her analysands.[4]
Based on clinical experience, she delineates three factors which constitute the Cassandra complex:
1. dysfunctional relationships with the "Apollo archetype",
2. emotional or physical suffering, including hysteria or ‘women’s problems’,
3. and being disbelieved when attempting to relate the facticity of these experiences to others.[4]
Layton Schapira views the Cassandra complex as resulting from a dysfunctional relationship with what she calls the
"Apollo archetype", which refers to any individual's or culture's pattern that is dedicated to, yet bound by, order,
reason, intellect, truth and clarity that disavows itself of anything occult or irrational.[5] The intellectual
specialization of this archetype creates emotional distance and can predispose relationships to a lack of emotional
reciprocity and consequent dysfunctions.[4] She further states that a 'Cassandra woman' is very prone to hysteria
because she "feels attacked not only from the outside world but also from within, especially from the body in the
form of somatic, often gynaecological, complaints."[6]
Addressing the metaphorical application of the Greek Cassandra myth, Layton Schapira states that:
What the Cassandra woman sees is something dark and painful that may not be apparent on the surface of
things or that objective facts do not corroborate. She may envision a negative or unexpected outcome; or
something which would be difficult to deal with; or a truth which others, especially authority figures, would
not accept. In her frightened, ego-less state, the Cassandra woman may blurt out what she sees, perhaps with
the unconscious hope that others might be able to make some sense of it. But to them her words sound
meaningless, disconnected and blown out of all proportion.[6]
Jean Shinoda Bolen

In 1989, Jean Shinoda Bolen, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, published an essay on
the god Apollo[7] in which she detailed a psychological profile of the ‘Cassandra woman’ whom she suggested
referred to someone suffering — as happened in the mythological relationship between Cassandra and Apollo — a
dysfunctional relationship with an “Apollo man”. Bolen added that the Cassandra woman may exhibit “hysterical”
overtones, and may be disbelieved when attempting to share what she knows.[8]
According to Bolen, the archetypes of Cassandra and Apollo are not gender-specific. She states that "women often
find that a particular [male] god exists in them as well, just as I found that when I spoke about goddesses men could
identify a part of themselves with a specific goddess. Gods and goddesses represent different qualities in the human
psyche. The pantheon of Greek deities together, male and female, exist as archetypes in us all… There are gods and
goddesses in every person."[9]
"As an archetype, Apollo personifies the aspect of the personality that wants clear definitions, is drawn to master a
skill, values order and harmony, and prefers to look at the surface rather than at what underlies appearances. The
Apollo archetype favors thinking over feeling, distance over closeness, objective assessment over subjective
intuition."[10]
Of what she describes as the negative Apollonic influence, Dr. Bolen writes:
Individuals who resemble Apollo have difficulties that are related to emotional distance, such as
communication problems, and the inability to be intimate… Rapport with another person is hard for the
Apollo man. He prefers to access (or judge) the situation or the person from a distance, not knowing that he
must "get close up" – be vulnerable and empathic – in order to truly know someone else…. But if the woman
wants a deeper, more personal relationship, then there are difficulties… she may become increasingly
irrational or hysterical.[8]
Bolen suggests that a Cassandra woman (or man) may become increasingly hysterical and irrational when in a
dysfunctional relationship with a negative Apollo, and may experience others' disbelief when describing her
experiences.[8]
Corporate world
Foreseeing potential future directions for a corporation or company is sometimes called ‘visioning’.[11] Yet achieving
a clear, shared vision in an organization is often difficult due to a lack of commitment to the new vision by some
individuals in the organization, because it does not match reality as they see it. Those who support the new vision are
termed ‘Cassandras’ – able to see what is going to happen, but not believed.[11] Sometimes the name Cassandra is
applied to those who can predict rises, falls, and particularly crashes on the global stock market, as happened with
Warren Buffett, who repeatedly warned that the 1990s stock market surge was a bubble, attracting to him the title of
'Wall Street Cassandra'.[12]
Environmental movement
Many environmentalists have predicted looming environmental catastrophes including climate change, rise in sea
levels, irreversible pollution, and an impending collapse of ecosystems, including those of rainforests and ocean
reefs.[13] Such individuals sometimes acquire the label of 'Cassandras', whose warnings of impending environmental
disaster are disbelieved or mocked.[13] Environmentalist Alan Atkisson states that to understand that humanity is on
a collision course with the laws of nature is to be stuck in what he calls the 'Cassandra dilemma' in which one can see
the most likely outcome of current trends and can warn people about what is happening, but the vast majority can
not, or will not respond, and later if catastrophe occurs, they may even blame you, as if your prediction set the
disaster in motion.[14] Occasionally there may be a "successful" alert, though the succession of books, campaigns,
organizations, and personalities that we think of as the environmental movement has more generally fallen toward
the opposite side of this dilemma: a failure to "get through" to the people and avert disaster. In the words of
Atkisson: "too often we watch helplessly, as Cassandra did, while the soldiers emerge from the Trojan horse just as
foreseen and wreak their predicted havoc. Worse, Cassandra's dilemma has seemed to grow more inescapable even
as the chorus of Cassandras has grown larger."[15]
Other examples
There are examples of the Cassandra metaphor being applied in the contexts of medical science,[16][17] the media,[18]
to feminist perspectives on 'reality',[19][20] in relation to Asperger’s Disorder (a 'Cassandra Syndrome' is sometimes
said to arise when partners or family members of the Asperger individual seek help but are disbelieved,)[21][22][23]
and in politics.[24] There are also examples of the metaphor being used in popular music lyrics, such as the 1982
ABBA song "Cassandra"[25][26] and Star One's "Cassandra Complex". The five-part The Mars Volta song
"Cassandra Gemini" may reference this syndrome,[27] as well as the film 12 Monkeys or in dead and divine's
"cassandra syndrome".
References
[1] Bachelard, Gaston, Le Rationalisme appliqué PUF, Paris, (1949)
[2] Klein, M., Envy and Gratitude- And Other Works 1946–1963, p.293 (1975)
[3] Klein, M., Envy and Gratitude – And Other Works 1946–1963, p. 295 (1975)
[4] Laurie Layton Schapira, The Cassandra Complex: Living With Disbelief: A Modern Perspective on Hysteria (1988)
[5] Laurie Layton Schapira, The Cassandra Complex: Living With Disbelief: A Modern Perspective on Hysteria p.10 (1988)
[6] Laurie Layton Schapira, The Cassandra Complex: Living With Disbelief: A Modern Perspective on Hysteria p.65 (1988)
[7] Jean Shinoda Bolen, Gods in Everyman: A New Psychology of Men’s Lives and Loves (1989)
[8] Jean Shinoda Bolen, Gods in Everyman: A New Psychology of Men’s Lives and Loves pp. 130–160 (1989)
[9] Jean Shinoda Bolen, Gods in Everyman: A New Psychology of Men’s Lives and Loves pp. x–xi (1989)
[10] Jean Shinoda Bolen, Gods in Everyman: A New Psychology of Men’s Lives and Loves p.135 (1989)
[11] Davies, P., ‘The Cassandra Complex: how to avoid generating a corporate vision that no one buys into’ pp. 103–123 in Success in Sight:
Visioning (1998)
[12] The Bear Book: Survive and Profit in Ferocious Markets, p.81 (2000)
[13] AtKisson, A., Believing Cassandra: An Optimist Looks at a Pessimist's World, Earthscan (1999)
[14] AtKisson, A., Believing Cassandra: An Optimist Looks at a Pessimist's World, p.22 (1999)
[15] AtKisson, A., Believing Cassandra: An Optimist Looks at a Pessimist's World, p.22 pp. 32–33 (1999)
[16] Web, S., Contemporary IMRT: Developing Physics and Clinical Implementation, p.357 (2004)
[17] Lantos, J.D., The Lazarus Case: Life-and-Death Issues in Neonatal Intensive Care, p.160 (2001)
[18] Humphreys, L., Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication, p.157 (2006)
[19] Eisenstein, L., 'The Cassandra Complex', pp. 37–41 in Haring-Smith, T., New Monologues For Women By Women – Vol II (2005)
[20] Delamotte, D., Women Imagine Change: A Global Anthology of Women's Resistance From 600 B.C.E. p.86 (1997)
[21] See Dr. Tony Attwood’s work, Maxine Astons conference outline as listed on WWW.FAAAS.org
[22] Jacobs, B., Loving Mr. Spock: Understanding an Aloof Lover, p.281 (2004)
[23] Jennings, Sheila Autism in Children and Parents: Unique Considerations for Family Court Professionals. Family Court Review 43 (4),
582–595. (2005)
[24] Orwell, S., Angus, I., Orwell, G., My Country Right or Left p.378 (2000)
[25] Atkisson, A., Cassandra's Lyre (song) on album Believing Cassandra 2000
[26] ABBA: 'Cassandra' recorded October 18, 1982 as the B-side of the single The Day Before You Came
[27] Fear Before the March of Flames, Taking Cassandra to the End of the World Party (song) on album The Always Open Mouth 2006
Copernican Revolution (metaphor)

The Copernican Revolution, which in terms of astronomy amounted to the acceptance of heliocentrism as
suggested by Nicolaus Copernicus, has also been used widely as a metaphor supporting descriptions of modernity. A
particularly prominent case was the selection of this comparison by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason to
explain the effect in epistemology of his new transcendental philosophy.[1]
Characteristics of the metaphor

David Luban has analysed four different sides of the metaphorical usage, deriving from different aspects of the
Copernican Revolution as it is understood in the history of science, and its wider impact on thought:
• a sense of uprootedness within cosmology;
• a way of representing the path of reason and Enlightenment;
• mistrust of common sense as a guide to truth;
• a world-picture based on scientific laws rather than narratives.[2]
The "Copernican Revolution in philosophy"

The attribution of the comparison with Copernicus to Kant himself is based on a passage in the Preface to the second
edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (1787, and a heavy revision of the first edition of 1781). In an English
translation, it begins:
“ Hitherto it has been assumed that all our knowledge must conform to objects. But all attempts to extend our knowledge of objects by
establishing something in regard to them a priori, by means of concepts, have, on this assumption, ended in failure. We must therefore make
trial whether we may not have more success in the tasks of metaphysics, if we suppose that objects must conform to our knowledge. This
would agree better with what is desired, namely, that it should be possible to have knowledge of objects a priori, determining something in
regard to them prior to their being given. We should then be proceeding precisely on the lines of Copernicus' primary hypothesis. Failing of
satisfactory progress in explaining the movements of the heavenly bodies on the supposition that they all revolved round the spectator, he tried
in metaphysics, as regards the intuition of objects.

[3]
”
whether he might not have better success if he made the spectator to revolve and the stars to remain at rest. A similar experiment can be tried
Much has been said on what Kant meant by referring to his philosophy as ‘proceeding precisely on the lines of
Copernicus' primary hypothesis’. There has been a long-standing and still unresolved discussion on the
inappropriateness of Kant’s analogy because, as most commentators see it, Kant inverted Copernicus' primary
move.[4] This inversion is explained by Victor Cousin:
“ Copernicus, seeing it was impossible to explain the motion of the heavenly bodies on the supposition that these bodies moved around the earth
considered as an immovable centre, adopted the alternative, of supposing all to move round the sun. So Kant, instead of supposing man to
move around objects, supposed on the contrary, that he himself was the centre, and that all moved round him.
[5]
”
According to Tom Rockmore,[6] Kant himself never used the "Copernican Revolution" phrase about himself, though
it was "routinely" applied to his work by others.
Don Schneier has recently proposed an alternative interpretation. On that interpretation, the Copernican thesis that is
relevant to Kant is not the Heliocentric one, but that the Earth rotates on its own axis. The relevance of this example
to his doctrine is that it familiarly illustrates how what appears to be a property of an object of perception, e. g. the
motion of the Sun in its daily transit across the sky, is actually a condition of the subject of perception, i. e. its
rotating around the axis of the Earth. This interpretation is supported by the text, and avoids some of the peculiarities
that attach to the standard interpretation.
Usage
The phrase is now widely used, particularly in the humanities, for a simple change of perspective, connoting a
progressive shift. Examples:
“ By defining hysteria as an illness whose symptoms were produced by a person's unconscious ideas, Freud started what can be called a
‘Copernican Revolution’ in the understanding of mental illness — which put him into opposition both to the Parisian Charcot and to the
German and Austrian scientific community.
[7]
”
“ Jacques Lacan's formulation that the unconscious, as it reveals itself in analytic phenomena, ‘is structured like a language’, can be seen as a
Copernican revolution (of sorts), bringing together Freud and the insights of linguistic philosophers and theorists such as Roman Jakobson. ”
[8]
“ Fredrick Barth (1969), in what could be called a Copernican revolution in the understanding of ethnicity, suggested that rather than
anthropology focusing on the cultural “stuff” contained within ethnic groups, it is also the task of anthropology to focus on the problematic and
socially constructed boundary between ethnic groups.
[9]
”
“ The gradual shift of the cause of disability from the individual person (the rehabilitation approach) or the social interaction between people
(interaction approach), to the confrontation (conflict) of the individual with the organisation of society, including the structure of the
social-spatial environment, is described by Samoy and Lammertyn as a Copernican revolution.
[10]
”
Notes
[1] Ermanno Bencivenga (1987), Kant's Copernican Revolution.
[2] David Luban, Legal Modernism (1997), pp. 18-20.
[3] http:/ / www. hkbu. edu. hk/ ~ppp/ cpr/ prefs. html
[4] For an overview see Engel, M., Kant’s Copernican Analogy: A Re-examination, Kant-Studien, 54, 1963, p.243
[5] Cousin, Victor, The Philosophy of Kant. London: John Chapman, 1854, p.21
[6] Tom Rockmore, Marx After Marxism: The Philosophy of Karl Marx (2002), p. 184.
[7] José Brunner, Freud and the Politics of Psychoanalysis(2001), p. 32.
[8] Ben Highmore, Michel de Certeau: Analysing Culture (2006), p. 64.
[9] Gailyn Van Rheenen, Contextualization and Syncretism: Navigating Cultural Currents (2006), p. 306.
[10] http:/ / www. designfor21st. org/ proceedings/ proceedings/ forum_froyen. html
Hobson's choice 111
Hobson's choice
A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one option is
offered. As a person may refuse to take that option, the choice is
therefore between taking the option or not; "take it or leave it".
The phrase is said to originate with Thomas Hobson (1544–1631),
a livery stable owner in Cambridge, England. To rotate the use of
his horses, he offered customers the choice of either taking the
horse in the stall nearest the door or taking none at all.
Origins
According to a plaque underneath a painting of Hobson donated to
Cambridge Guildhall, Hobson had an extensive stable of some 40
horses. This gave the appearance to his customers of having their
choice of mounts when in fact there was only one: Hobson
required his customers to choose the horse in the stall closest to
the door. This was to prevent the best horses always being chosen,
which would have caused those horses to become overused. Thomas Hobson
An ultimatum game is a form of Hobson's choice.
Early appearances in writing

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known written usage of this phrase is in The rustick's alarm to
the Rabbies, written by Samuel Fisher in 1660:
"If in this Case there be no other (as the Proverb is) then Hobson's choice...which is, chuse whether you will
have this or none."
It also appears in Joseph Addison's paper The Spectator (14 October 1712); and in Thomas Ward's 1688 poem
"England's Reformation", not published until after Ward's death. Ward wrote:
"Where to elect there is but one, / 'Tis Hobson's choice—take that, or none."
Modern use
Hobson's choice is often misused to mean a false illusion of choice, but it is not a choice between two equivalent
options, which is a Morton's fork, nor is it a choice between two undesirable options, which is a dilemma. Hobson's
choice is one between something or nothing.
Differences
Hobson's choice is different from:
• Dilemma: a choice between two or more options, none of which is attractive
• False dilemma: only two choices are considered, when in fact there are others
• Catch-22: a logical paradox arising from a situation in which an individual needs something that can only be
acquired by not being in that very situation
• Morton's fork, and a double bind: choices yield equivalent, often undesirable, results
• Blackmail and extortion: the choice between paying money (or some non-monetary good or deed) and suffering
an unpleasant action
Hobson's choice 112
Malapropism
On occasion, speakers and writers use the phrase "Hobbesian choice" instead of "Hobson's choice", confusing the
philosopher Thomas Hobbes with the relatively obscure Thomas Hobson.[1][2][3][4] (It's possible they may be
confusing "Hobson's choice" with "Hobbesian trap", which refers to the trap into which a state falls when it attacks
another out of fear.)[5] Notwithstanding that confused usage, the phrase "Hobbesian choice" is historically
incorrect.[6][7][8]
Historical and cultural references

Hobson's Choice is the title of a full-length stage comedy written by Harold Brighouse in 1915. At the end of the
play, the central character, Henry Horatio Hobson, formerly a wealthy, self-made businessman but now a sick and
broken man, faces the unpalatable prospect of being looked after by his daughter Maggie and her husband Will
Mossop, who used to be one of Hobson's underlings. His other daughters have refused to take him in, so he has no
choice but to accept Maggie's offer which comes with the condition that he must surrender control of his entire
business to her and Will. The play was adopted for being filmed several times: in 1920 in silent film by Percy Nash,
in 1931 by Thomas Bentley, in 1953 by David Lean, and in 1983 in a TV movie.
Henry Ford was said to have offered the Ford Model T with the famous Hobson's choice of "any color...so long as it
is black".[9]
The following examples are not Hobson's choices; they are dilemmas or double binds.
In INS v. Chadha (1983), Justice Byron White dissented and classified the majority's decision to strike down the
"one-house veto" as unconstitutional as leaving Congress with a Hobson's choice. Congress may choose between
"refrain[ing] from delegating the necessary authority, leaving itself with a hopeless task of writing laws with the
requisite specificity to cover endless special circumstances across the entire policy landscape, or in the alternative, to
abdicate its lawmaking function to the executive branch and independent agency".
See also Monell v. City of New York Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978) ("[T]here was ample
support for Blair's view that the Sherman Amendment, by putting municipalities to the Hobson's choice of keeping
the peace or paying civil damages, attempted to impose obligations on municipalities by indirection that could not be
imposed directly, thereby threatening to 'destroy the government of the states'").
In the American television series Early Edition (1996–2000), a man receives tomorrow's newspaper the day before it
is published, and must decide which of its stories presents problems that he can solve, and at what cost to himself
and others; the character's name is Gary Hobson.
In The Grim Grotto by Lemony Snicket, the Baudelaire orphans and Fiona are said to be faced with a Hobson's
Choice when they are trapped by the Medusoid Mycelium Mushrooms in the Gorgonian Grotto: "We can wait until
the mushrooms disappear, or we can find ourselves poisoned".[10]
References
[8] Oxford English Dictionary, Editor: "Amazingly, some writers have confused the obscure Thomas Hobson with his famous contemporary, the
philosopher Thomas Hobbes. The resulting malapropism is beautifully grotesque".
[10] Snicket, Lemony (2004) The Grim Grotto, New York: HarperCollins Publishers p.145 - 147
Judgment of Solomon
The Judgment of Solomon refers to a story from the
Hebrew Bible in which King Solomon of Israel ruled
between two women both claiming to be the mother of
a child by tricking the parties into revealing their true
feelings. It has become an archetypal example of a
judge displaying wisdom in making a ruling.
Fresco of the Judgment of Solomon
Biblical narrative
The story is recounted in 1 Kings 3:16-28 [1]. Two young women who
lived in the same house and who both had an infant son came to
Solomon for a judgment. One of the women claimed that the other,
after accidentally smothering her own son while sleeping, had
exchanged the two children to make it appear that the living child was
hers. The other woman denied this and so both women claimed to be
the mother of the living son and said that the dead boy belonged to the
other.
After some deliberation, King Solomon called for a sword to be

brought before him. He declared that there was only one fair solution:
the live son must be split in two, each woman receiving half of the
child. Upon hearing this terrible verdict, the boy's true mother cried
out, "Oh Lord, give the baby to her, just don't kill him!" The liar, in her
bitter jealousy, exclaimed, "It shall be neither mine nor yours—divide
School of Giorgione, The Judgement of Salomon,
it!" 1500.
The king declared the first mother as the true mother and gave her the
baby. King Solomon's judgment became known throughout all of Israel and was considered an example of profound
wisdom.
Jewish interpretation
According to the Midrash, the two women were sisters-in-law, both of whom had borne sons, and whose husbands
had died. The baby was actually the lying woman's nephew. Therefore, when Solomon suggested that the infant be
split in half, the lying woman, jealous of her nephew and sister-in-law, agreed. Thus was Solomon able to know who
the real mother was.[2]
"Splitting the baby"

The expressions "splitting the baby" or "cutting the baby in half" are sometimes used in the legal profession for a
form of simple compromise: solutions which "split the difference" in terms of damage awards or other remedies (e.g.
a judge dividing fault between the two parties in a comparative negligence case).[3]
Representations in art
The Judgment of Solomon has long been a popular subject for artists
and is often chosen for decoration of courthouses. In the Netherlands,
many 17th century courthouses (Vierschaar rooms) contain a painting
or relief of this scene. Elsewhere in Europe, celebrated examples
include:
• Fresco by Raphael
• The Judgement of Solomon by William Blake
• Etching by Gustave Doré
Sculpture given either to Pietro Lamberti or to
• Woodcut by the school of Michael Wolgemut in the Nuremberg Nanni di Bartolo (it). It stands at the corner of the
Chronicle Doge's Palace in Venice (Italy), next to Porta
della Carta
• Paintings by Andrea Mantegna, Poussin and Franz Caucig
• Relief sculpture on the Doge's Palace in Venice by an unknown
artist (near the exit into St. Mark's Square)
Other media
The scene has been the subject of television episodes of Dinosaurs, Recess, The Simpsons (where the baby was
substituted by a pie), Seinfeld (see The Seven), and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. It has influenced other
artistic disciplines, e.g. Bertolt Brecht's play The Caucasian Chalk Circle and Ronnie snatching Kat's baby in
EastEnders.
The HIM (Finnish band) song "Shatter Me With Hope" includes the line "We'll tear this baby apart, wise like
Solomon".
Footnotes
[1] http:/ / bibref. hebtools. com/ ?book=1%20Kings& verse=3:16-28& src=HE
[2] http:/ / www. jlaw. com/ Commentary/ solomon. html
[3] Stephanie E. Keer and Richard W. Naimark, Arbitrators Do Not “Split-the-Baby”: Empirical Evidence from International Business
Arbitrations (http:/ / www. eba-net. org/ adrblog/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2007/ 01/ splitting-the-baby-article-by-naimark. pdf) from the Energy
Bar Association (http:/ / www. eba-net. org/ ) Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee
External links
• D. L. Ashliman, Child Custody: folktales of Aarne-Thompson type 926 (http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0926.
html), variants on the tale
Nigger in the woodpile

A nigger in the woodpile or fence is a dated English figure of speech.
It means "some fact of considerable importance that is not
disclosed—something suspicious or wrong". In the 21st century, use of
the phrase in English speaking countries by public officials or people
in positions of power has often been followed by public shame and
apology, due to the severely offensive connotation taken on by the
term "nigger" over the decades.
A parody, titled "The Nigger in the Woodpile", of

Origin Republican efforts to play down the antislavery
plank in their 1860 platform.
Both the 'fence' and 'woodpile' variants developed about the same time
in the period of 1840–50 when the Underground Railroad was
flourishing. The evidence is slight, but it is presumed that they were derived from actual instances of the
concealment of fugitive slaves in their flight north under piles of firewood or within hiding places in stone walls.[1]
Another possible origin, comes from the practice of transporting pulpwood on special rail road cars. In the era of
slavery, the pulpwood cars were built with an outer frame with the wood being stacked inside in moderately neat
rows and stacks. However, given the nature of the cars, it was possible to smuggle persons in the pile itself; possibly
giving rise to the term.
Usage
An American film comedy titled A Nigger in the Woodpile was released in 1904,[] and the idiom was common in
literature and film during the 1920s and 30s.
The term declined in use during the 20th century. Since that time, the occasional use of this phrase by public figures
in Great Britain, the United States, and Australia has normally been followed by an apology.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
References
[1] "Heavens to Betsy" (1955, Harper & Row) by Charles Earle Funk
[2] Insurance boss apologises for racist remark Daily Telegraph, Jan 25, 2007 (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ main. jhtml?xml=/ news/
2007/ 01/ 25/ ustandard125. xml) – phrase used by an executive of Standard Life
[3] BBC apologises for general's 'racist remark' in radio interview, The Independent, Dec 24, 2005 (http:/ / news. independent. co. uk/ media/
article335041. ece) – phrase used by General Patrick Cordingley
[4] Gary Younge, Not while racism exists, The Guardian, Jan 7, 2002 (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ comment/ story/ 0,3604,628596,00. html) –
use attributed to Germaine Greer
Nigger in the woodpile 116
[5] Media Watch: Alan Moans (16/04/2007) (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ mediawatch/ transcripts/ s1898662. htm)
[6] "Police chief caught on tape using slur" (http:/ / wnyt. com/ article/ stories/ S1145858. shtml?cat=300)
[7] "Racist Comment Shocks Planners", The Sydney Morning Herald, Jul 27, 2013 (http:/ / www. smh. com. au/ nsw/
racist-comment-shocks-planners-20130726-2qpuy. html)
External links
• Racist parody of Republican platform (http://loc.harpweek.com/LCPoliticalCartoons/DisplayCartoonMedium.
asp?MaxID=&UniqueID=4&Year=1860&YearMark=) from 1860 Presidential campaign, in Harper's Weekly
• Epistemology of the Woodpile (http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/714/714_cariou.htm), University of
Toronto Quarterly
• History News Network blog post (http://hnn.us/articles/1828.html#11130301) about origins of term
• History News Network blog post (http://hnn.us/articles/1368.html#11180302) about a recent controversy
• Phrase used in 1918 advertisement for Patterson Publishing Company (http://books.google.com/
books?id=nlgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72&#v=onepage&q&f=false) The Rotarian magazine
Procrustes
In Greek mythology, Procrustes (Προκρούστης) or "the stretcher [who
hammers out the metal]", also known as Prokoptas or Damastes (Δαμαστής)
"subduer", was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who physically attacked
people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the
size of an iron bed. In general, when something is Procrustean, different lengths
or sizes or properties are fitted to an arbitrary standard.
In Greek mythology
In the Greek myth, Procrustes was a son of Poseidon with a stronghold on Mount
Korydallos at Erineus, on the sacred way between Athens and Eleusis.[1] There
he had an iron bed, in which he invited every passer-by to spend the night, and Theseus and Procrustes, Attic
where he set to work on them with his smith's hammer, to stretch them to fit. In red-figure neck-amphora, 570–560
BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen
later tellings, if the guest proved too tall, Procrustes would amputate the excess
(Inv. 2325)
length; nobody ever fit the bed exactly, because secretly Procrustes had two
beds.[2] Procrustes continued his reign of terror until he was captured by
Theseus, travelling to Athens along the sacred way, who "fitted" Procrustes to his own bed:
He killed Damastes, surnamed Procrustes, by compelling him to make his own body fit his bed, as he
had been wont to do with those of strangers. And he did this in imitation of Heracles. For that hero
punished those who offered him violence in the manner in which they had plotted to serve him.[3]
Killing Procrustes was Theseus's last adventure on his journey from Troezen to Athens.
Contemporary usage
A Procrustean bed is an arbitrary standard to which exact conformity is forced. In Edgar Allan Poe's The Purloined
Letter, the private detective Dupin uses the metaphor of a Procrustean bed to describe the Parisian police's overly
rigid method of looking for clues. Jacques Derrida, in "The Purveyor of Truth," his response to Jacques Lacan's
seminar on "The Purloined Letter" (1956), applies the metaphor to the structural analysis of texts: "By framing in
this violent way, by cutting the narrated figure itself from a fourth side in order to see only triangles, one evades
Procrustes 117
perhaps a certain complication."[4] This is one of deconstruction's central critiques of structural (and formal) literary
analysis.
"The Bed of Procrustes: Philosophical and Practical Aphorisms" is a 2010 book by philosopher and probability
theorist Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of The Black Swan and Antifragile.
Procrustes analysis is the process of performing a shape-preserving Euclidean transformation to a set of shapes.
This removes variations in translation, rotation and scaling across the dataset in order to move them into a common
frame of reference. This is generally the precursor to further statistical analysis. A related problem in linear algebra is
the orthogonal Procrustes problem of finding the closest orthogonal matrix to any given matrix.
A Procrustean solution is the undesirable practice of tailoring data to fit its container or some other preconceived
structure.
In a Procrustean solution in statistics, instead of finding the best fit line to a scatter plot of data, one first chooses the
line one wants, then selects only the data that fits it, disregarding data that does not, so to "prove" some idea. It is a
form of rhetorical deception made to forward one set of interests at the expense of others. The unique goal of the
Procrustean solution is not win-win, but rather that Procrustes wins and the other loses. In this case, the defeat of the
opponent justifies the deceptive means.
In computer science, a Procrustean string is a fixed length string into which strings of varying lengths are placed. If
the string inserted is too short, then it is padded out, usually with spaces or null characters. If the string inserted is too
long, it is truncated. The concept is mentioned in the Sinclair ZX81 and Sinclair Spectrum user manuals, where a
portion of a string is replaced by another string using Procrustean assignment—the replacement string is truncated
or padded in order to have length equal to the portion being replaced.[5] Although the term did not catch on in wider
usage, it appears in some references, notably FOLDOC.[6]
The film editor Walter Murch refers, not entirely negatively, to a certain style of film editing as "procrustean." If the
first assembly of a film is too long by a certain amount, that amount is removed quickly, sometimes brutally. Then
the film is viewed at this new length, and progress afterwards is aimed at smoothing out the amputations without
adding length.[7]
References
Notes
[1] Tripp, Edward. The Meridian Handbook of Classical Mythology. Meridian, 1970, p. 498.
[2] This detail, which injects a note of verisimilitude, is reported by both pseudo-Apollodorus (Epitome1.4) and Hyginus. "Later it was stated, by
those who did not think of the meaning of Prokrustes, Prokoptas and Damastes, that he even had two beds, a large one and a small one." (Karl
Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959:223, noting pseudo-ApollodorusDiodorus Siculus, 4.59.5.)
[3] Plutarch, Vita Thesei §11a. ( Theoi.com on-line English translation (http:/ / www. theoi. com/ Text/ PlutarchTheseus. html)).
[4] Derrida, Jacques, "The Purveyor of Truth," in The Purloined Poe: Lacan, Derrida, and Psychoanalytic Reading eds. John P. Muller and
William J. Richardson,
[7] http:/ / folkmanbrothers. com/ 2010/ 04/ 30/ nothing-ever-changes-or-does-it/
Bibliography
• Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik von. The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large (http://www.mises.org/store/
Product.aspx?ProductId=365)
• Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief
Procrustes 118
External links
• Media related to Procrustes at Wikimedia Commons
ev
Whipping boy
A whipping boy was a young boy who was assigned to a young prince and was punished when the prince
misbehaved or fell behind in his schooling. Whipping boys were established in the English court during the
monarchies of the 15th century and 16th centuries. They were created because of the idea of the divine right of
kings, which stated that kings were appointed by God, and implied that no one but the king was worthy of punishing
the king’s son. Since the king was rarely around to punish his son when necessary, tutors to the young prince found it
extremely difficult to enforce rules or learning.
Whipping boys were generally of high status, and were educated with the prince from birth. Because the prince and
whipping boy grew up together they usually formed a strong emotional bond, especially since the prince usually did
not have playmates as other children would have had. The strong bond that developed between a prince and his
whipping boy dramatically increased the effectiveness of using a whipping boy as a form of punishment for a prince.
The idea of the whipping boys was that seeing a friend being whipped or beaten for something that he had done
wrong would be likely to ensure that the prince would not make the same mistake again.
Whipping boys were sometimes rewarded by the princes they served. King Charles I of England made his whipping
boy, William Murray, the first Earl of Dysart in 1643 after he had been living in the palatial Ham House since 1626
under the request of King Charles I.[][]
The children's book The Whipping Boy by Sid Fleischman, which is about a prince and his whipping boy, was the
winner of the Newbery Medal in 1987. The Mark Twain novel, The Prince and the Pauper had a whipping boy
character, Humphrey Marlow, who, unaware that the prince is an imposter, helps him "relearn" the intricacies of
court etiquette.
References
Waft 119
Waft
Waft is a term meaning to "carry along gently as through the air." The term is commonly used to describe scents that
have diffused into other parts of a room, or to describe smoke as being seen moving through the air. Wafting may be
used for everyday substances, to make sure they are fresh, or consumable.
In chemistry and other sciences, it is a term of laboratory safety.[1] In "wafting" a person takes an open hand with the
palm towards the body and moves their arm in a rapid circular manner over the substance so as to lift vapors of the
substance towards the nose. This method allows for a lower concentration of vapors to be inhaled and is particularly
useful in safely smelling ammonia, hydrochloric acid, and other dangerous or unpleasant chemicals.
Rolls-Royce popularised the term as a description of ride quality.[2]
References
Article Sources and Contributors

Metaphor Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572416556 Contributors: (jarbarf), -- April, .K, 069952497a, 070time070, 09191863GbA, 1 black hand,
1234567890-=qwertyuiop, 14tjoyce, 21655, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 2A02:8071:9166:1E00:ADE8:8FEC:382:6324, 2bluey, 7&6=thirteen, 8ty3hree, A930913, ABF, AMRDeuce, Abby, Abce2,
Abdull, Abdullais4u, Abeg92, Acather96, Action potential, Acwild, Adam850, Admdrew, Against the current, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Alansohn, Alaphent, Aldaron, AlexTiefling,
AlexiusHoratius, Alnokta, AlphaEta, Alphachimp, Altg20April2nd, Alxeedo, Amacleod03, Amelia Pound, Analogisub, Anaxial, Andre Engels, Andrewman327, Anomalocaris, Antandrus,
Antedater, Anthony Appleyard, Anturiaethwr, AoSpades, ArielGold, Arjayay, Arthena, Atlant, Aua, AugPi, Avb, Avillia, Avoided, AxelBoldt, Axeman89, Azuris, Bamsefar75, Ban Bridges,
Beav4life, Beeeee7, BenAveling, Benss1111, Bettyboop330, Bewildebeast, Bgbblg, Bhadani, Bikebikebike72, Bill Thayer, Binary TSO, Birge, Blehfu, BlueSquadronRaven, Bluerasberry,
Bobbo, Bobby122, Bobo192, Boccobrock, Bogey97, Boing! said Zebedee, Bongwarrior, Bookofjude, Bored461, BostonMA, Brajonrondo, Breawycker, Brianga, Britannic124, BrokenSegue,
Brownie17, BryanWoody, Bsadowski1, Bsumpn, Bubbaprog, Buddy89, Burschik, Byelf2007, CAPS LOCK, CJLL Wright, CWii, Cacycle, Calmer Waters, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,
CanadianLinuxUser, Captain panda, Captain-tucker, CardinalDan, Carlsotr, Cerberus™, CesarFelipe, Charles Matthews, ChaseAm, Chmod007, Chris09j, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisO, Chrylis,
Ciaramcglacken, Cielomobile, Ciphergoth, CityGator, Ck lostsword, Ckatz, Clive Cazeaux, Closedmouth, Cmichael, Coffeezombie, Cometstyles, Comkid20, Commander Keane,
Confession0791, Connormah, Conversion script, Cooley5758, Coppertwig, Cornellier, Corpx, Courcelles, Creepzerg3, Cremepuff222, Crum375, CryptoDerk, Cst17, Cubs Fan, Cuddlyable3,
Cultural Freedom, Cureden, Cxz111, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBlomgren, DOAer, DVD R W, DVdm, Damatt, DanMS, Dark Lord of the Sith, DarkAudit, Darth Panda, Dasani, DavidOaks,
Davidiad, Davidovic, Dbtfz, Dbzlabrat, Dchau503, Dcoetzee, Ddama, DeadEyeArrow, Debresser, Defender of torch, Dekisugi, Delldot, Deltabeignet, DerHexer, Dgw, Dimwight, Diotti,
Dipankan001, Discospinster, Doniago, Donner60, Donreed, Dottydotdot, Doug, Dougofborg, DougsTech, Doulos Christos, Download, Dpv, Dr sign, Dr. Tim Farcopolous, Dreadstar, Dreamafter,
Dshfwerkj, Dspradau, Dude1818, Dureo, Durova, Dusti, Dutchman Schultz, Dzied Bulbash, E2eamon, EOBeav, ESkog, EconomicsGuy, Edgar181, Edward, Edzabomb, Ehheh, Elassint, Elfred,
Elockid, Elyaqim, Enauspeaker, Entropy, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Erebus Morgaine, Erik Kennedy, Erik9, Erpert, Escape Orbit, Eth4n, Eubulide, Eubulides, Everyking, Excirial, ExistentialBliss,
FT2, Fabiform, Falderal, Fauxcouture, Ffbond, Filelakeshoe, Finalius, FisherQueen, Flauto Dolce, FleetCommand, Fogster, Fr33ke, FrancisTyers, FrancoGG, Francs2000, Freakofnurture, Frozen
architecture, Funandtrvl, Furrykef, Fæ, GTD Aquitaine, Gadfium, Gail, Galoubet, Galwhaa, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Geni, Geopoet, GetThePapersGetThePapers, Gfeldman999, Ggdoc, Ghost9998,
Ghosts&empties, Giants27, Gilliam, Gimboid13, Ginsengbomb, Git2010, Glacialfox, Gleek13, Gogo Dodo, Goldfritha, Goodnightmush, GorgeCustersSabre, GorillaWarfare, Gotxcho,
Gracenotes, GraemeL, Grafen, Graham87, Gregcaletta, Gscshoyru, Guoguo12, GusV, Guyucguy, Gwernol, Gwooodward, H92, Hadal, Halo3 man, Harnad, Harperrrrr, Haukurth, Hawaiian717,
Hbackman, Hdt83, Headcase88, Henrygb, Herk1955, Herschelkrustofsky, HiDrNick, Hmains, Hoary, Horrorjuice, Hoziron, Hurker, Hyacinth, Hydrogen Iodide, I dream of horses, IRP, ISD,
ISTB351, Ian Pitchford, Ian13, Iani, Idle Tears, Ihafez, Immunize, Imnotminkus, Imoeng, Iridescent, Ish ishwar, Island Monkey, ItsZippy, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JForget, JLaTondre, JNW, JW1805,
Jab843, Jakob mark, James086, Javert, Jayartibee, Jayen466, Jecamkids, Jeff G., Jehorn, Jennavecia, JeremyA, Jerrycommahello, JesseGarrett, Jessicamarie1995, Jfingers88, Jfire, Jhenderson777,
Jhsounds, Jimbobaii, Jj137, Jmlk17, Joclown, JoeBlogsDord, Joel.Gilmore, JoeyTH, John, JohnOw, JohnOwens, Jolygolywog, Jomasecu, Jon Cates, Jon513, JorgeGG, Josve05a, Journalism101,
Journalist, Jovianeye, Jprg1966, Jrathy, Jrtayloriv, Jstanley01, Jtalise, Judith.d, Junglecat, Jusdafax, Jusjih, K. Annoyomous, KCFS00, KGasso, KSchutte, KYPark, Kalkaii, Kappa, Katalaveno,
Katimawan2005, Kchishol1970, Keegscee, Keilana, Kentastic2, Kerotan, Kgncombavato, Khorne85, KickTheDonkey, King of Hearts, Kingpin13, Kirby1103, Kiwi128, Kjkolb, Knowledge
Permeating Your Cranium, KnowledgeOfSelf, KobinMacroy, KonradWallenrod, KrakatoaKatie, Ks 7508, Ksempac, Kudpung, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kyledaniels, L Kensington, LOL, LarRan,
Lars Washington, Ldo, Letranova, Lhsonic, Lightdarkness, Lilac Soul, Lilydjwg, Lincolnoct, LiniShu, Linnell, Little Mountain 5, Lockal, Lordoliver, Lost Number, Lotje, Louthecat, Lova Falk,
Lozy91, Lošmi, Lpgeffen, Lsmll, Lugia2453, Luispepe, Lukethomas3, MER-C, Mac Davis, Macedonian, Madhero88, Madkayaker, Majav15, Makeemlighter, Malo, Marechal Ney, Marek69,
Marish Glides, MarsRover, Masterscruffy, Materialscientist, Mathonius, Mathx314, Matreiya, Matthew Yeager, Matthewrbowker, MattiG69, Mattisgoo, Maxamegalon2000, Maxis ftw, McSly,
Me lkjhgfdsa, Mechasheherezada, MegaSloth, MemeGeneScene, Merla25, Merope, Merovingian, Mhazard9, Michael Hardy, Michaelbusch, Michaelzeng7, Michelleem, Micru, Midgrid, Mifter,
Mike Klaassen, Mithent, Mjaballah, Mjpieters, Mnmx, Modulatum, Mojo Hand, Mombartz, Morel, Morrad, Mortzestus, Mr Bungle, MrOllie, Musicalone, N5iln, NATO.Caliber, Nagy,
NawlinWiki, Neko-chan, Netizen, Netrapt, Netsnipe, Neverquick, NewEnglandYankee, Nguyễn Thanh Quang, Niceguyedc, Nifky?, Nivix, Nn123645, Noctibus, Notnd, Ntennis, Nysalor,
O.Duke, OGKingMonkey, Odie5533, Ojay123, Onekopaka, Onorem, Orange Suede Sofa, Orannis, Ori, Ortolan88, Oshwah, OwenX, Oxymoron83, Parletre, Pascal666, Patrick, Paul August,
Paul Erik, Pcb21, Pdcook, Pdturney, Peacearena, Peak Freak, Perfect Proposal, Peter Pan, Pgk, Philip Trueman, Piano non troppo, Pichpich, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Piotrus, Pitan,
Pjrich, Polyparadigm, Pottypat, Prashanthns, Prestonmarkstone, PrettyPoison, Prodego, Proxima Centauri, PseudoOne, Pseudosection, Psy guy, Psychlohexane, Puffin, Qarakesek, QueenCake,
Quintote, Qxz, R Calvete, RA0808, RJaguar3, Racerx11, Radicaledwardflo, Radon210, RandomP, Ranveig, Raymondwinn, Razorflame, Rdsmith4, Reatlas, Red, Red Bowen, Reporter shrimpy,
Rettetast, RexNL, Rhae Ray, Riversider2008, Robertkeller, Robomaeyhem, Rolf-Peter Wille, Ronhjones, Rory096, Rrburke, Rror, Ruiner73, Rushbugled13, Ryan-McCulloch, Ryguasu, S3000,
SD5, SMC, SQGibbon, Samwaltz, Sango123, SarahStierch, Satanael, Scarian, Scepia, Sceptre, SchfiftyThree, SchreiberBike, Scientizzle, Seramai, Sevenone71, ShadowRangerRIT,
Shadowblade468, Shadowjams, ShakingSpirit, Shanes, Shantavira, Sicaruma, Silentaria, SilkTork, Silversmith, Sinatra, Sintaku, Sionus, Sj, Sjö, Skata*d, Skipnicholson, Skizzik, SkyWalker,
Slakr, Slazenger, Slffea, Slightsmile, Smalljim, Snow Blizzard, Snow Eater, Snowolf, SoWhy, Soccergirly108, Soliloquial, Some jerk on the Internet, Sonicyouth86, Sophia, South Bay,
Spartan-James, Spellmaster, Spinningspark, Spontaneous generation, SpookyMulder, Squeemu, SquidSK, Staffwaterboy, Starnestommy, Stefanomione, Stellmach, Stephenb, Steve2011, Stickee,
Stormie, Subversive.sound, SunDog, Sundar, SupermanReturns, Supertouch, Susan C.Strong, SusikMkr, SwisterTwister, Symane, Synchronism, TATOLPREP, Tanaats, Tango, Tarquin,
Tatkinnu, Tb149208, Tbo 157, Tcncv, Techman224, Terrencereilly, Tgeairn, That Guy, From That Show!, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Wednesday Island, The dark lord trombonator,
The wub, TheThingy, Theteloch, Thingg, Thohstadt, Thomas Mills Hinkle, Tide rolls, Tigerclaw221, Tim Q. Wells, Tim Shell, Titoxd, Tnxman307, Toddst1, Todwyer, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tom
Gore, Tom harrison, Tommy2010, Tone, Treisijs, Trevor MacInnis, True, Trusilver, TubularWorld, Twiggy17, Twinsday, TwoTwoHello, TychaBrahe, Tylerthebuilder, UED77, Urbane Legend,
Useight, User2004, Usuallylucid, VMS Mosaic, Vaganyik, Vani chan, Vanieter, Vanished user 01, Veinor, Velho, Versus22, Vickaul, Viriditas, Vivio Testarossa, Volatilmolotov, Vrenator,
Vrrad, Vzbs34, W.D., WDavis1911, WODUP, Waggers, Wahrmund, Wailmer1997, Wasabiroot, Waveguy, Wavelength, Wayfarers43, Wayne Slam, Waywardhorizons, Webclient101, Werdan7,
Weregerbil, West.andrew.g, Wetman, Wherenow, Whitechocalate, Why Not A Duck, Widr, WikHead, WikiDao, Wikieditor06, WikipedianMarlith, Wikipelli, Wikivangelist, William Avery,
Willy brown, Wimt, Wknight94, Wolfdog, Wolfnix, Wtmitchell, Wzf09iwzd, XDanielx, Xaosflux, Xingzeng, Xompanthy, Xurich, Yansa, Yaris678, Yellow Evan, Yidisheryid, Ykhwong,
Youandme, Your grey blue eyes, YourEyesOnly, Yrrah, Yutsi, Zandperl, Zaynabasdfghjklpoiuybnm, Zeke8888, Zenity, Zeno Gantner, Zenohockey, Zimmermanstein, Zjrong, Zuchinni one,
ZuilSerip, Zukeeper, 2415 anonymous edits
List of English-language metaphors Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=550140598 Contributors: BritishWatcher, CaseyPenk, Jafeluv, Kilopi, Mrt3366, SilkTork, 7
anonymous edits
List of political metaphors Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=570439591 Contributors: 2602:306:377D:1EC0:3093:7B25:6AEF:CD7F, Anomalocaris, AvicAWB, Bobo192,
Bodnotbod, BrokenSegue, Bromador, Canglesea, Cmdrjameson, Gnat, GoldRingChip, Harvardhall, HistoryBA, IlyaHaykinson, Intangible, JacksonPuckey, John J. Bulten, Kizor, LeaveSleaves,
Marcika, Paul Murray, PhilKnight, Prmwp, Quale, Redtigerxyz, Ssbohio, Stefanomione, Tide rolls, Tinctorius, User2004, Vzbs34, 45 anonymous edits
Simile Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572418712 Contributors: (jarbarf), -Barry-, 15turnsm, 2001:610:1908:8000:211:2FFF:FE0B:3C33, 2001:db8,

2602:306:CE48:D500:C9A1:BD26:C498:6277, 2602:306:CEF4:E210:64B2:CE2D:6303:A24, 3picloolio64, 4dhayman, 7 R O J A N, A Softer Answer, A-man262, A. Parrot, A.amitkumar,
ADyuaa, AUG, AbigailAbernathy, Action Jackson IV, Adashiel, Addihockey10, Addshore, Agamemnon2, Aherunar, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Alexius08, Allens, Alokthegreat, Altenmann,
Amanbis, Amazins490, Anaxial, Andrewpmk, Antandrus, Archfalhwyl, Aremith, Art LaPella, Astronautics, Auntof6, Avono, Az29, B Fizz, Baa, Backslash Forwardslash, Bdesham, Bearcat,
Beardo, Becky Sayles, Becritical, Belasted, Bigdottawa, Birchtrail, Blue520, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Booyabazooka, BostonMA, Bridgecross, Bro25, Burschik, Byelf2007, CWii, Callanecc,
Calmer Waters, Caltas, Camyoung54, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Capricorn42, CardinalDan, Cartoonmaster, Catgut, Catherineyronwode, CesarB, Cestmavie, Chinju,
Chmod007, Chrismcelwain, Christopher Kraus, Chriswiki, Cimorcus, Citicat, Closedmouth, CnkALTDS, Codwiki, Colombiano21, Cometstyles, Comkid20, Confession0791, Conversion script,
Coralmizu, Cornu, Cotteta101, Courcelles, Crazy Boris with a red beard, Cremepuff222, Crisses, Crohnie, Ctbolt, Cubzrule, Cutienemo04, Cyan, DVdm, Dah31, Dasani, Davhorn, DavidCary,
Dbzlabrat, Ddama, DePiep, DeadEyeArrow, DennyColt, Deor, DerBorg, DerHexer, Desertfox892, Dgw, DinnerPlateFan, Dionysodorus, Discospinster, Djonesx, Dnbmathguy, Docboat, Doczilla,
Dominic, DougsTech, Download, Dreftymac, Drgnmstr68, Dude1818, Durova, Dynaflow, E Wing, E2eamon, Editor232, Edwy, Eliz81, Elkman, Emrysc, Epbr123, Equazcion, Estevoaei,
EuroCarGT, Euryalus, Facts707, Faizan, Famine, FinalRapture, FisherQueen, Fluffernutter, Foochar, Frankenpuppy, Friginator, Frosted14, Fæ, GD 6041, GVOLTT, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth
Griffith-Jones, Garnet avi, Gemini1980, Geoff B, Geraldshields11, Gfoley4, Gilliam, Ginkgo100, Gizurr, Glory Note, Gnowor, GoShow, God of Pants, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Golden
bear jaymes, Goodvac, GraemeL, Greeves, GregZak, Grutness, Gurch, Gwernol, Gökhan, H Bruthzoo, Hahayoumessedup, Hakuna786, Halo3 man, Hanik20148, Haruth, Haukurth, Hkoala,
Hmrox, HoodedMan, Hotcrocodile, Husond, IRP, ISD, Ianblair23, Ingramhk, Insanity Incarnate, Iridescent, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, J991, JForget, JYi, Jackzyn, Jadtnr1, James Eldred, Jan1nad,
Jecamkids, Jeff Silvers, JeremyFarrance, Jim1138, Jimmy Pitt, Jimp, Jlittlet, Jnestorius, John Cline, Johnbibby, Johnnybuzz19, Jonathanfu, Jonel, Jonesey95, Jose Ramos, JudahH, Juliancolton,
Jusdafax, KF, KNHaw, Katanada, Kbh3rd, Kencf0618, Kevin, Kevinoid, Klilidiplomus, KobinMacroy, Kotjze, Kristen Eriksen, Kukini, Kyle Cronan, KyraVixen, LOL, Lahiru k, LakeHMM,
Laura YY, Laurascudder, Ld100, Ldo, Leederick, Lenin and McCarthy, Lhw1, Limpwristed, Linguist Dan, Little Mountain 5, Lolmaster31, Loodog, LuYiSi, Lugia2453, Luispepe, Luk, MC10,
MER-C, MZMcBride, Marek69, Mario777Zelda, Mark Arsten, Materialscientist, Matt Deres, MattOates, MattieTK, Maxim, Mcfar54, Mediran, MegX, Megaversal, MelbourneStar,
Mfreedman33, MichaelMaggs, Midnight364, MightyWarrior, Mihirpmehta, Mike Klaassen, Miss smilie, Mlouns, Moe Epsilon, Mosca, Movielover101, Mr. Wheely Guy, Mrt3366, N00B20000,
NJA, Nailbiter, Neelix, NellieBly, Neurolysis, NewEnglandYankee, NickBush24, Nickylame, NisseSthlm, Nivix, NotAnonymous0, O.Koslowski, Octahedron80, Olive082501, Omnipaedista,
Onekopaka, Ortolan88, Oxymoron83, PGWG, PS., Pb30, Peanutbuttercupcakes, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phgao, Philip Trueman, Philippe, Pigby, Pikajaepika, Pinethicket, Pinnaisawesome,
Podium3, Pumpkinking0192, Pwnage-619, Qst, Que, Qxz, R, R3m0t, Radon210, RandomStringOfCharacters, Razorflame, Reindra, Richardf., Richi, Riley Huntley, Rjwilmsi, Rmosler2100,
Roastytoast, Robfwoods, Rory096, SJK, SJP, SPETE1234567, SQGibbon, ST47, Sagaciousuk, Samdacruel, Sander123, Sap00acm, SarahStierch, Sbfw, SchfiftyThree, Scientizzle, Sciurinæ,
Scjessey, Scotinus, ScottSteiner, Seaphoto, Selket, Shamrock832, Sharaban khan, SheepNotGoats, Shreevatsa, Simmy215, SiobhanHansa, Sionus, Skater, SkyMachine, Slightsmile, Slon02,
Smartings, Snowgrouse, SoWhy, Some jerk on the Internet, Sovay806, SpK, Spazkake, Spitfire, Srago, Staffwaterboy, StanBrinkerhoff, Ste281, Steel, Stefanomione, Stephenb, Stevecudmore,
Steven Weston, Stillnotelf, Stuvw, Subatomik, Sunderland06, Sunny910910, SuperHamster, Symane, Synchronism, Syvanen, TFrenay, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tattoo-Mage-13, That Guy,
From That Show!, The Fat Man Who Never Came Back, The Haunted Angel, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheProject, TheRedPenOfDoom, Thehoopisonfire, Theoneintraining,
Theonhighgod, Theopolisme, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tim1357, Timtak, Tiptoety, Titoxd, Tnxman307, Todd Gallagher, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tolly4bolly, Tom harrison, Tomasboij, Tommy2010,
TomoK12, Toon05, TotalFailure, Tresiden, Trevor MacInnis, Trotter, Ttony21, Turtle123456789, TwoTwoHello, Tygrrr, Uhai, Useight, Vandeburgt, Vanished user 342562, Vanished user
ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Versus22, VincePirez, Viriditas, Voidvector, WDavis1911, Ward3001, Way2veers, Wayward, West.andrew.g, Wetman, Why Not A Duck, Widr, WikiLaurent,
Wikieditor06, Wikisnug, Wimt, Wknight94, Wolfdog, Wraithdart, Yintan, Yngvarr, Zack wadghiri, Zahid Abdassabur, Zyamada, Ὁ οἶστρος, 1658 anonymous edits
Analogy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568650483 Contributors: 16@r, A157247, ARAJ, Addshore, AdjustShift, Aeusoes1, Aitias, Ajolewis, Alansohn, Alexrudd,
Amire80, Analgape, Anchjo, Angr, Anypodetos, Aruton, Aude, AxelBoldt, BD2412, BMWman, Bill william compton, Blainster, Blaxthos, Bobet, Bobo192, Boxplot, Bradeos Graphon,
Branddobbe, Brim, Bsadowski1, Burntsauce, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanisRufus, Capricorn42, Captobvius, Carrot Lord, CatherineMunro, Chris Dubey, ChrisGualtieri,
Christian75, Cleared as filed, Conser, Coochie3, Corpx, Cst17, Cybercobra, DAJF, DanielCD, DavidCary, Decagon, Delldot, Dfrg.msc, Dhmelody, Dodo78, Doktor Who, Donner60, Dougbast,
Download, Dragunova, Draicone, Drunken Pirate, Dysepsion, E235, EIN x FAMOUSxX, EagleFan, Echuck215, Emptymountains, Enigmaman, EscapingLife, Excirial, Faus, FisherQueen, Fpahl,
Fuzheado, Fuzzycasserole, Fvw, Gamewizard71, Garzo, Gawaxay, Gdvwhite, Geeoharee, Good Vibrations, Grafen, Greg-si, Gregbard, Grumpyyoungman01, Grunty Thraveswain, HJ Mitchell,
Helelen, Helgus, Hephaestos, Hermeneus, HiLo48, Holyoak, Hut 8.5, Ihcoyc, Ikip, Ines it, Insanity Incarnate, ItsZippy, Ivo Coelho, J.delanoy, J151e, JackLumber, Jackfork, Jagged 85, Jake
Wartenberg, JamesBWatson, Jandalhandler, Jander80, Jarble, Jeff G., Jhsounds, Jon Awbrey, JonHarder, Joseph.little, Jredmond, Julian Mendez, Jwh335, KYPark, Karol Langner, Katalaveno,
Kelisi, Kiore, Kirkoconnell, Kjoonlee, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kolbasz, Kutu su, Kwamikagami, Kyoakoa, Kzollman, La Pianista, Lavintzin, LeaveSleaves, Letranova, Lewisswinger, Ling.Nut,
Luch4, MKFI, Macedonian, Magister Mathematicae, Majorly, Marc Mongenet, Marc Venot, Martarius, Martg76, Martin451, MatrixFrog, Megaman en m, Metasquares, MezzoMezzo, Mhss,
Micmachete, Miguel de Servet, Mikeo, MindShifts, Mitchellriley46, Moeron, Morris.jake, Nakon, NewEnglandYankee, Niceguyedc, Nick Green, Nofrak, Numbermaniac, Omnipaedista, Orarch,
PRMerkley, Papa November, Pdturney, Pgan002, Pgr94, Phatom87, Pishogue, Quincy, R'n'B, Raidon Kane, RazorICE, Reaper Eternal, Rebels12, RexNL, Reyk, Reywas92, Riana, Rich
Farmbrough, Riley Huntley, Rjwilmsi, Rocastelo, Ronhjones, Rumping, Ryanjcolligan, SJP, Salgueiro, Sam Korn, Scgtrp, Schmloof, SchreiberBike, Sfdan, Sheherazahde, Spiritia, Star767,
Student7, Supertouch, Syncategoremata, Szquirrel, Tevildo, The Thing That Should Not Be, The world deserves the truth, The wub, TheDJ, Theasad.ali, Thetorpedodog, Tikitactinker, Toby
Bartels, Transhumanist, Trusilver, TyA, Undead Herle King, Universalcosmos, Velho, Verkhovensky, Vic226, Vicki Rosenzweig, Vrenator, Walden, Wapcaplet, Wavelength, Wbm1058,
West.andrew.g, Wetman, Who.was.phone, Wikidea, Wikidrone, Wikivangelist, Wolfdog, YAYLOLAGE, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yidisheryid, Yomellamamama, Yuki huang, ZX81, Ziddy, Σ, ‫דניאל‬
395 ,.‫ ב‬anonymous edits
Parable Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572400022 Contributors: 16@r, Abce2, Adam78, Alansohn, AlexTiefling, Allen Riddell, Allens, Andrew c, Andrewa, Annielogue,
Anyep, Arcadian, Arvindn, AugPi, Axlq, BD2412, Ballchin9, Barkingdoc, Bento00, Binky The WonderSkull, Blah28948, Blehfu, Bloodofox, Bobblehead, Bonadea, BorgQueen, Cactus.man,
Calabe1992, CalumH93, CambridgeBayWeather, CanadianLinuxUser, Chairman S., Chodorkovskiy, ChrisGualtieri, Cinik, Curryboi, DMS, DSRH, DarkElf109, Davidng150, DerHexer, Dgies,
Digitalme, DionysosProteus, Discospinster, DonPaolo, Donnie Love, Dysprosia, ENeville, EdGl, El C, Elb2000, Ephilei, Favonian, Fayenatic london, Feinoha, Fraggle81, Frongle, Gary D, Gerry
D, Gilliam, Glacialfox, Glane23, Hadal, Harland1, Hotcrocodile, I dream of horses, Imchinksea, Imre.peto, Infrogmation, Inter, ItsZippy, IvanLanin, J S Ayer, J.delanoy, Jauhienij, Jelly Beanie,
Jesus Quintana123, Jmabel, Jnothman, John J. Bulten, Jojhutton, Jojit fb, JonHarder, Junglecat, Kbdank71, Kchishol1970, Keilana, KeithB, Kenzie1722, Kenzimone, Kevinalewis, Kingpin13,
Kintetsubuffalo, Koavf, Konrad West, Korovioff, Kostisl, Koveras, Kuru, LEMeZza, LFaraone, Lelapindore, Leszek Jańczuk, Logologist, Macedonian, Markmark12, Materialscientist, Mattissa,
Megz09, Millahnna, Mkmcconn, Mr abbey, MrOllie, Neil pye, Nihil novi, Nik Gibbs, Nikai, Noctibus, OriginalJay, Oroso, Paul Barlow, Pchov, Philip Trueman, Pillcrow, Pjoef, Plastictv,
Quiddity, R'n'B, RB972, RandomAct, Ret.Prof, RexNL, Reyk, Riana, Ricky81682, Riversider2008, Robma, RockMFR, Rooster613, RoyBoy, Sap00acm, Saturn star, Seglea, Shane0016,
Skarebo, Smanzoor, Smatthews11, Spirituality Guy, Stefanomione, Stephenb, Stuartgustafson, Student7, Systr, Tagishsimon, Thatguyflint, The Thing That Should Not Be, Tothebarricades.tk,
UltimatesocCer, Valentinian, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Verkhovensky, Versageek, Vincent Steenberg, Vrenator, Wahrmund, Wasell, Wavelength, Wetman,
Wikinterpreter, William Avery, Woohookitty, Wwallacee, Бахтін, 363 anonymous edits
Angry white male Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559076538 Contributors: A plague of rainbows, Acjelen, Aeusoes1, AgnosticPreachersKid, Allstarecho, Apokrif,
Arxiloxos, Aucaman, Az81964444, Blaxthos, Bobblewik, Bovineboy2008, BrendelSignature, Bsadowski1, Chaz.bush1, Cheeser1, Chick Bowen, Chris Capoccia, Colonel Warden,
Crazymonkey1123, Curps, Da Killa Wabbit, Deepred6502, Derek12321, Dgw, Discospinster, Doppelheuer, Dukemeiser, Dunc0029, DuncanHill, Ecoleetage, EoGuy, Everyone Dies In the End,
Freshfighter9, Futurebird, Fuzbaby, Gator4life, Glo145, Haymaker, Heroeswithmetaphors, Hijiri88, HisSpaceResearch, Hmrox, Hoopiefromwayback, I dream of horses, Iselilja, JForget,
Jcaraballo, John Asfukzenski, Jonel, Kelisi, Kwiki, Leonard^Bloom, Lionelt, Loggerjack, Matt11919, Mdumas43073, Michaelmas1957, Minism, Moderate and assertive 23, Monovrim, Natalie
Erin, NawlinWiki, Nikkimaria, Norwaystudent, Nsaa, Oxenstierna, Paul foord, PhilKnight, President Rhapsody, Rgambord, Robofish, Rockybal, Roscelese, Rrburke, Sanitas, Ser Amantio di
Nicolao, Shirik, Simpsonguy1987, Sjakkalle, Skomorokh, TaintedMustard, Tassedethe, TheEvilBlueberryCouncil, TheRedPenOfDoom, Tide rolls, Tom Morris, Treybien, Twinsday,
Unused0029, Wiki1889, Wikipedian3, Woogers, Yintan, Zenohockey, Zerasmus, Zgzl, 154 anonymous edits
Atari Democrat Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545359000 Contributors: Ad&d-ROLF Bitner, Bobmack89x, Classicfilms, Deepred6502, FrankTobia, Furrykef, Gene93k,
Graham87, Ichabod, John of Reading, Kintetsubuffalo, LilHelpa, Mlaffs, NawlinWiki, Northamerica1000, Polentario, Qwertyus, Tim!, TutterMouse, Wgungfu, Wiki Wikardo, Ylee, 6
anonymous edits
Carpetbagger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=570219088 Contributors: 2602:304:AE85:4DE9:904E:696F:6D15:616A, 90 Auto, ALargeElk, Accordionman, AdRock,

Adam.J.W.C., Adclarke, Addshore, AlexBoney, Algebraist, Allstarecho, Altenmann, Altomic, Anaxial, Andy4789, Andydriscoll, Animum, Anthony Appleyard, Aquabliss, Ashton Coochter,
Ask123, Asontag, Astuishin, AtheWeatherman, Beeawwb, Bettymnz4, BigJCaudle, Billy Hathorn, Bkonrad, BlackKettle, Blueandgreen24, Blueyoshi321, Bodragon, Bongwarrior, Bowler man,
BoyyyGurlll, Brighterorange, Brittanyjohnvega, BrownHairedGirl, Bth, Bushidodude, Butros, Bwintor, Calvin 1998, CantStandYa, CapitalR, Captain Infinity, Captain-tucker, Captainpancreas,
Carpetbagger1995, Carre, Catdude, Celarnor, Charles Matthews, Cholling, Cholmes75, ChrisGualtieri, Chrisd87, Chunky Rice, Civil Engineer III, ColbeagleTheEagle, Conasse, Crouchbk,
CullVernon, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DHN, Danjnk, Darth Panda, Darwinek, Decltype, Delirium, DerHexer, Dhollm, Dia^, Dino, Dondidio, Donmike10, Dpbsmith, Dr who1975, Dreadstar,
DreamGuy, Dro Kulix, DukePatton, DyonS, ERcheck, EdiTor, Edward, Egm6341.s10.team1.andrewdugan, ElinorD, Ensrifraff, Epbr123, Excirial, Faithlessthewonderboy, Fat&Happy,
Fieldday-sunday, Fosaisu, Freakofnurture, Freakshownerd, Fuelsaver, Fusionmix, Fyrael, GB fan, GCarty, Gadfium, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, GiantSnowman, Gilliam, Goldgopher, Grafen,
GregorB, Ground Zero, Guat6, Gwen-chan, Hairy Dude, Heazn, Hellmark, Hello71, HelloMotto14384, Hillbillyholiday81, Hroðulf, IGeMiNix, IceDrake523, Ichabod, Ilunga Shibinda, Ingolfson,
Iolaire, Iridescent, Italia2006, J.smith, JK the unwise, Jaque Hammer, JayJasper, Jaysweet, Jengod, Jenhaysantay, John of Reading, Josce, JosephBarillari, Joshmaul, Jpatokal, K10wnsta, KILNA,
Karenjc, Kevin j, Kimpire, KnightRider, Kornjaca, Kremit, Kugland, Kukini, Kumioko (renamed), Ld100, Liftarn, Lihaas, Lockesdonkey, Lorzu, MER-C, Machn, Mana Excalibur, Manticore,
Marek69, Martinevans123, Martinp23, Masmith, Masterpiece2000, McSly, Mendaliv, MikeX, Millionsandbillions, Moe Epsilon, Mysekurity, Mysidia, N3362, Naaman Brown, Nach0king,
Narson, Neverdespairgirl, NewEnglandYankee, Nickshanks, Nikpapag, Nnnnmmmm, North Shoreman, OCNative, OjaiLiberal, Olof nord, Omicronpersei8, Oop, Oreo Priest, PMLawrence,
Pacifica007, Parkwells, Pax139, Peckerwood, Pegship, Penbat, Persian Poet Gal, Petri Krohn, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Pharpe, Philip Trueman, PhoenixMourning, Pinethicket, Pmanderson,
Quebec99, RSStockdale, RScheiber, RTaptap, Ralp, Randy2063, Red Harvest, RedWolf, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Richiekim, River maximus, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Robert Nagle,
Rocknrollfanatic, Rodeosmurf, Romeisburning, Rorschach567, Rrius, Rumpelstiltskin223, Rwendland, Ryuhaku, S3000, Sadads, Sam Vimes, Samurai Theologian, Samwb123, Sateros, Scruffy1,
Sdt33, Sf46, Sharkface217, ShelfSkewed, Skywriter, Smalljim, Snori, Soliloquial, SteinbDJ, Stevage, Stevertigo, Storkk, Str1977, SummerPhD, THATJERK!, Tbomb1491, Techtri, Terence,
Th1rt3en, The Thing That Should Not Be, Thebestofall007, Thiseye, Thryduulf, Tide rolls, Timcha, Toconnell, Tom harrison, Tomcat16789, Tommygunn0929, Tony1, TyA, V gamer 16,
Versageek, Victoria h, VirginiaProp, VolatileChemical, Vrenator, Vzbs34, W Nowicki, WadeSimMiser, WereSpielChequers, West.andrew.g, Wfaulk, WhiskyWhiskers, Widr, Wikipelli,
Willking1979, Wilmeland, WolframSiever, Woohookitty, Wukong6666, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Y4kkob, YUL89YYZ, Yamamoto Ichiro, Zigger, Zoohouse, Zzyzx11, 614 anonymous edits
Champagne socialist Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568780617 Contributors: A Geek Tragedy, Alligators1974, Altenmann, Amisom, AndrewHowse, Avaya1, BD2412,
Bearcat, Benjah-bmm27, Britannicus, CCMoir, Cactus Wren, CannedLizard, Captainj, ChrisG, Chrissmith, Coentor, Colonol121212, Cwolfsheep, D880f3, Dakinijones, Deepred6502,
Dianarama, DragonFury, Dysprosia, Ebelular, Ekabhishek, EnglishEfternamn, Factorylad, Fasrad, Feen, Frontcompany, Fuzheado, Gaphillips, Garion96, Gimboid13, GoHawks4, Gonzalo84,
Grim23, Hmains, Hugo999, In ictu oculi, JBsupreme, JRawle, Jacob Lundberg, Jamesinderbyshire, Jeremy Bolwell, Jfp2006, Jmorrison230582, Johan Lont, Kaisershatner, Kariteh, Kilburn
London, Kosebamse, Lancsalot, Liface, Liftarn, Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair!, Lucky Mitch, Mais oui!, Mankytoes, Matilda, Maxí, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mitsuhirato, Morwen,
Nbarth, Neutrality, Nick Drake, Nunquam Dormio, Onebyone, Paul S, Pcb21, Pcernuta, Pharos, Phlegat, PhnomPencil, Pigsonthewing, PoM, Pok148, Proof Reader, Radagast83, Realist2,
Richygreek, Robofish, Rtdixon86, Sabiusaugustus, Secretlondon, Shakehandsman, SilhouetteSaloon, Silvonen, Sisalto, Slarre, Squashy, Stefanomione, Stewacide, Tannin, TheOldJacobite,
Tregoweth, Vardion, Vaughnstull, WikiSkeptic, Yworo, 172 anonymous edits
Chardonnay socialist Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558076239 Contributors: 144.132.75.xxx, 61.9.128.xxx, Aeusoes1, Alan Liefting, Altenmann, Ashley Y, Bearcat,
Carrionluggage, Conversion script, Daniel Quinlan, Dave au, Fish and karate, Fraunfelder, Gilliam, Haakon, Hari, Hugo999, JBsupreme, Jfdwolff, Liftarn, Matilda, Mintguy, Olivier, Pharos,
Pigsonthewing, Pm67nz, QaBobAllah, RSido, Radagast83, Realist2, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, ShaneKing, Stefanomione, Tannin, Targaryen, Tregoweth, Vardion, Wereon, 10 anonymous
edits
Cookie pusher Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571842428 Contributors: AvicAWB, BD2412, Briaboru, Closeapple, Cody5, Eastlaw, Fratrep, Iknowyourider, Iridescent,
Kevlar67, Life of Riley, MementoVivere, Mikebar, Night Gyr, Sweet Beets, TreasuryTag, Wasted Time R, 5 anonymous edits
Dark horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568752678 Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, Aeusoes1, Alberrosidus, Andygray110, AnemoneProjectors, Attys, BigHaz, Binadot,
Bruce Hall, CR85747, Calabraxthis, Calvacadeofcats, Cdaughertyjr, Cforkash, Chadshef, Chanlyn, Chris the speller, Corruptcopper, Cra0422, Crt, Cwolfsheep, Cyko149, DStrat, Danger,
Danleary25, Darkhorse1975, Demiurge, Dodiad, Dr Gangrene, Drutt, Edward321, Egeymi, Eltiel, Faigl.ladislav, Falcon8765, Feezo, Firch, Fischn, Flashmorbid, GATOSALVAJE, Geremia,
Great Scott, Ianthegecko, Iknowalltheanswers, Intangible, Irn, JD79, JForget, James599, Joeyc2156, John, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kevinalewis, Kickstart70, Kidlittle, Kingboyk, Kksf5164,
Kowloonese, LOL, Lairdus, Lammidhania, Levineps, Lightmouse, Lithistman, Lokpest, Lord of the Pit, Lowellian, Luckygoon, M1ss1ontomars2k4, MBisanz, MCTales, MacRusgail, Manticore,
Mean as custard, Menchi, Millstream3, Mogism, MtulliusC, Neitherday, Neo-Jay, Niagara, Nick Number, Nishkid64, Ohiostandard, Pertristis, Philip Stevens, PhilyG, Piano non troppo,
Pointlessforest, Popeye4buzz, Qutezuce, RPH, Raigeiki55, Retromies, Rivertorch, Roadrunner, Rockyobody, Rodeosmurf, Rrose Selavy, Ryoung122, Schneelocke, Shallowharold, ShelfSkewed,
Sketchinyouout, Sn0wflake, Soprandolin, Stefanomione, Stemonitis, Stevekerver, Tabletop, Tbjablin, Teiladnam, The Mystery Man, Thincat, Timwalter1989, Tony Myers, TrojanMan, Uhai,
Uncle Dick, User2004, W0kdat0k, WOT, Wolf-lad, Woohookitty, Xelnanga, Ylee, Zana Dark, Zellin, 201 anonymous edits
Democrat In Name Only Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=552960465 Contributors: AEMoreira042281, AbigailAbernathy, Acsenray, Adam9389, AgnosticPreachersKid,
Alex43223, AmeriCan, Apollo1758, Armyrifle9, Asbl, Ascendedalteran, Avraham, BDD, Barney Gumble, Bdesham, Bill2006, Bjarki S, Bjeversole, Blindman shady, Blue387, Branflakes,
Brentt, Brossow, Bwiki, Chris Capoccia, Chris the speller, Cool Hand Luke, Croctotheface, DandyDan2007, Daniel Case, Dcflyer, Debresser, Dissident, Dylan Lake, EPM, Everyking, FRCP11,
Fanaticbogey, Folksong, Gaius Cornelius, Goethean, GoldenTorc, GrapedApe, Greg Kuperberg, Griot, Ground, Ground Zero, HG707, Hairymon, HangingCurve, Hosedeck, Hydrargyrum, Ian
Burnet, IceKarma, Ikanreed, Ilyag, Improve, Intangible, Iridescent, Italiavivi, J390, JBsupreme, JCDenton2052, JForget, JaimeTorres, James57, Jcam, Jeff5102, Jharp07, Jimhowley, Jmabel,
Joseph Solis in Australia, Jreferee, Jtowns, Judson, Jules7484, K13060, Karmosin, Keithd, Kuralyov, LILVOKA, Leif, Leviathan8866, Li@m, Lightmouse, Lockwood Like, MakeRocketGoNow,
MarshallStack, Meelar, MementoVivere, Minesweeper, Modargo, Moogle10000, Moregrizzled, Mr2001, N328KF, Nancymc, NeonMerlin, Neutrality, O^O, Ocicat, OddibeKerfeld, Offenbach,
Old Right, One, Owen, Pfahlstrom, Potato dude42, President Rhapsody, Prodego, Pwu2005, Qwerty Binary, RNJBOND, Radicalsubversiv, Rlquall, Robert Smith 1956, Robofish, Rockyobody,
SMcCandlish, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sestet, Sina, Soultaco, SuperNova, T. Anthony, TShilo12, Tdl1060, Tgeairn, The Tom, Thefreemarket, Thrashking88, Tonywiki, Ttwaring, Twin Bird,
Wcp07, Wgbc2032, Wikisux, Will Beback, Wistuom, Woohookitty, Xinoph, Yworo, Zigger, Zoicon5, 255 anonymous edits
Éminence grise Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=543978405 Contributors: Angr, Anna Lincoln, Bbcody, Ben-w, Biruitorul, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Cattus, DVD R W,
Dominics Fire, Egil Arne, EminenceGrey, Gentgeen, Gwern, Iridescent, JHvW, JackofOz, Jagannathshipra, Jessicapierce, Jnestorius, Jpeeling, Lacrimosus, Lotje, Lucien leGrey, Martynas
Patasius, Mathiastck, Mattisse, Mecalith, Mediasource2011, Mervyn, Mike hayes, Modify, Mr.bonus, NYKevin, Nagelfar, Nick Number, Nimrod7777, Noisy, Orphan Wiki, PhGustaf,
Salamander724, Seanwal111111, Seduisant, Station1, Stefanomione, SteveStrummer, Suffice, Superzohar, Tieno, Titeuf06, Tony Sidaway, Tpudlik, Ufinne, Wiccan Quagga, WikiPedant,
Williamborg, 에멜무지로, 29 anonymous edits
Figurehead Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571408455 Contributors: Andries, Andy120290, Andyman531, Anthony Appleyard, Battmutler, Brad101, CaribDigita,
ChrisGualtieri, Corjay, Dthomsen8, EngineerFromVega, Ericoides, Franco-eisenhower, Gabbe, Gnomus, Ground Zero, HistoryBA, IRP, Jehorn, Joshua, Kahkonen, Knowz, LCpl, Leszek
Jańczuk, LilHelpa, Marowmerowmer, Mnh123, PatriotsVoice, Pedro, Pharos, Ri3mannZeta, Roadrunner, RomanSpa, Ronebofh, Sesel, Soniczaragoza, Stefanomione, The way, the truth, and the
light, TheOldJacobite, Tiago Penedo, USchick, Vzbs34, Zahael, 52 anonymous edits
Gauche caviar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561929570 Contributors: Aeoviture, Altenmann, Avaya1, Bender235, Berchemboy, Bmclaughlin9, Dawynn, Dpr, EuTuga,
Fish and karate, Gangel, Jfp2006, JustAGal, Liftarn, Lucky Mitch, Matilda, Olivier, Pharos, Pok148, Radagast83, Realist2, Robofish, Sj, The Epopt, Tregoweth, Varlaam, Xyzzyplugh, 26
anonymous edits
Gentoo (slang) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562770257 Contributors: Aichik, Arzel, Bodige Nagesh Goud, DaltonCastle, Danielbullis, Debating master, GoingBatty,
Headbomb, JanetteDoe, Jayasri Goud, Jonesey95, LilHelpa, Northamerica1000, Praveen goud, Queenmomcat, Revanthsaigajula, Tgrosinger, Woohookitty, Yworo, Zed Arya, 3 anonymous edits
Gucci socialist Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=553593536 Contributors: Brianyoumans, BrownHairedGirl, Dermo69, Ekabhishek, Frank, GregorB, Ground Zero,
Hbdragon88, Liftarn, Lotusland, Pierremenard, Sanya3, Stefanomione, Targaryen, Woohookitty, Yworo, 6 anonymous edits
Lame duck (politics) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569291671 Contributors: Aaronhill, AnOddName, Andycjp, ArbiterOne, Arthena, Atlant, AznBurger, Bbx, Bearcat,
BeastmasterGeneral, Bfabre220, BigHaz, Boccobrock, Brandon, Bugefun, CSWarren, CTF83!, Casito, Cassowary, Cdespinosa, Charlesriver, Chrism, Chutiah, Crd721, Cwolfsheep, Dave Law,
Dave souza, Deeptrivia, Dickdock, Dmcl404, Docu, Dysmorodrepanis, EdC, Editor99999, Edward321, Emurphy42, Everyking, Everyme, Evil saltine, FisherQueen, Foofighter20x,
Gnomeliberation front, Gogo Dodo, GoldDragon, GoldRingChip, Graham87, Granburguesa, GreenGopher, GregorB, Grifter84, Gulbenk, H Padleckas, Hairy Dude, Hnc197, Jimw338, John K,
John Paul Parks, Jonathan321, Jorfer, Joseph Solis in Australia, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kaisershatner, KelvSYC, King of Hearts, KnowledgeOfSelf, LS1010, Lil ricky boy, Lior Kleinman,
Lockesdonkey, Maneesh, Mateo SA, MaxForce, Medico80, Meelar, Merkurix, Michaelvolbeda, Mifren, MisterBadIdea, Mqmercer, Mr Gronk, Mrwojo, MurderWatcher1, Mxn, Nae'blis,
NeoChaosX, Neutrality, NickPenguin, Nobunaga24, Nuggetboy, Orderinchaos 2, Pakaran, PeterSymonds, Philip Trueman, Piandcompany, Pioneer-12, Poccil, Prothonotar, RamzyAbueita,
Rcannon100, Renaissancee, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rnasty98, Robmods, Rrius, SchuminWeb, SimonP, Smack, Sperril, Stefanomione, Stephenb, Str1977, Studerby, Swpb, The Invisible
Hand, The ed17, Tide rolls, Tktru, TommyBoy, Turtyl, Ufinne, Useight, User2004, V3rt1g0, Vikingstad, Vinay84, Vzbs34, Wetman, Widr, WikiAce, Wilhelm meis, Wnorris, YanA, Yeti Hunter,
Zachlipton, Zulitz, Zumbo, 191 anonymous edits
Limousine liberal Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567880068 Contributors: 198.207.223.xxx, 61.9.128.xxx, ADM, AaronSw, Adam9389, Alan Millar, Altenmann,
Apothecia, Avaya1, Awg1010, Barney Gumble, Barneygumble, Bdell555, BrokenshireGWC, Bryan Derksen, Bullzeye, Ceabaird, ChrisGualtieri, ClarusWorks, Cleared as filed, ColdChowMein,
Conversion script, David Unit, David.Monniaux, Deepred6502, Deglr6328, Denisarona, Dinopup, Dismas, Don4of4, DoxTxob, Dozzzzzzzzzing off, Dr. Persi, Drawn Some, E tac, E.G., EastTN,
Fusillijerry86, Fuyoukaede, G(A)IA, GCarty, Gaphillips, Gjking, Gooberliberation, Graham87, Guusbosman, Hal Raglan, Hex 16, Hmoul, Hugo999, Ichabod, Intangible, Ipatrol, JAWolf,
Jimlyttle, Jmabel, Jonathan.s.kt, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kablammo, Kent Wang, Kesh, Kester Teague, Kevin W., LanternLight, Laval, LeeHunter, Loremaster, Lowellian, Lucidish, Lucky
Mitch, Lukeno94, M-le-mot-dit, Matilda, Mdumas43073, Meelar, Moderate and assertive 23, MrSampson, Msr69er, Muchness, Nikodemos, Nopm, NorthernThunder, Nuberger13, Onorem,
Pharos, Phlegat, Pjrich, Potato dude42, Radagast83, Realist2, Revolutionaryluddite, Rich Farmbrough, Rogimoto, Roodog2k, Roregan, Shawn D., Sievert, Sketchmoose, Smayforest, Snovember,
Stefanomione, TOttenville8, Targaryen, Teratornis, Thrane, Tlogmer, Tom.Reding, Treekids, Tregoweth, Trexsandwich, Valentimd, Vjmlhds, Wheatfields, WhisperToMe, Wickeder5,
Wikidemon, Wilfried Derksen, Wl219, Wlievens, Wulfilia, Yakuman, Yespm, Yworo, 128 anonymous edits
Lucky duckies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544034583 Contributors: Avenged Eightfold, BDD, Charles Matthews, Dreslough, ESkog, Enon, Impaciente, Inkburrow,
Kenfair, Limulus, Mark Miller, Mboverload, MelanieN, Moorlock, Morphh, Mzolta, PaulHanson, Pencil Pusher, Pittsburghmuggle, Rich Farmbrough, Ricky81682, Sdedeo, Ser Amantio di
Nicolao, Spuckupine, Stifle, Yworo, 25 anonymous edits
Massachusetts liberal Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571770682 Contributors: Capitalismojo, CaribDigita, Closedmouth, Dirtybutclean, Drzaphod, Eternalmonkey, Gnp,
GoingBatty, GregorB, Jmorrison230582, Katana0182, Kendrick7, Legis, Loodog, Lost Number, Lucky Mitch, MarshalRight, Mr Beale, Realist2, Robofish, SE7, Sopm, Soxwon, Stefanomione,
Steven J. Anderson, Strungoutonsix, Thargor Orlando, Yoman82, Youngamerican, Yworo, Zuejay, 27 anonymous edits
Muckraker Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569610470 Contributors: 15lsoucy, 172, 3coma14, A930913, ABF, Activist, Adrigon, Agamemnon2, Ahoerstemeier, Ainlina,
Aithérios, Al.locke, Alansohn, AlexPlank, Amontero, Andrew Gray, Andycjp, Angelo Michael, Aoi, ArglebargleIV, Arne List, Auntof6, Auric, Azrael555, BD2412, BEDownes, BIGBUTTY,
Bassbonerocks, Bearcat, Bkonrad, Blooooo, Blumentrop, Bogey97, Bonewah, Bongwarrior, BoomerAB, Booworkbobby, BrownHairedGirl, Bry0000000, Bubya, Bunthorne, Calamari, Calicocat,
Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Carcharoth, Ccacsmss, Ccon73, Cgingold, Chazzaw, CheeseStakeholder, Chillkc, Click23, Clovis Sangrail, Coby Logen, Colonies Chris,
Courcelles, Crtew, CzarB, D4g0thur, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Daemonic Kangaroo, Daliofernandez, Darkavenger64, David Schaich, Delirium, Derek Ross, Diego2x2, Discospinster, DobryDamour,
Dodiad, Doglover973, Dogru144, Drilnoth, Drorzm, Dycedarg, E0N, EarthPerson, EchetusXe, Eclecticology, Ed Poor, Eivindsol, Ejosse1, El Maestro Viejo, Elassint, Epbr123, Eric bam,
Eric-Wester, Ericamick, Erik9, Everyking, FF2010, FHMRUSSIA, Falcon8765, Favonian, Ferkelparade, Fiddledeedee, Fieldhockey56, Finduilas, Firestormsrm, Flyhygh, ForestAngel,
FrigidNinja, Fritzpoll, Fui in terra aliena, FunPika, Furiousgeorge1978, Fyrael, Fæ, Gaius Cornelius, Geekdiva, GeorgeLouis, Geschichte, Getwellsam, Gilliam, Glacialfox, Glane23, GoingBatty,
Gr8tGatsby, Grandinquisitor, GrayFullbuster, GreenReaper, GregorB, Ground Zero, Gscshoyru, Gus Polly, Guy Peters, Hadal, HaeB, Hall Monitor, HappyInGeneral, Henry W. Schmitt,
Hephaestos, HexaChord, Heyangeluduhsexy, Hiddenfromview, Hmains, Horologium, Horselaugh, Hugo999, Hut 6.5, Idontcare123, Ilamb94, Imanheim, Indeterminate, Ingolfson,
InnocuousPseudonym, Iokerapid, Iridescent, Isfisk, Izuko, JForget, JLogan, Jack Bethune, Jandalhandler, Jarble, Jaystandifer, Jbergste, Jeandré du Toit, Jedibob5, Jengod, Jeni, JillandJack,
Jim1138, Jivecat, Jncraton, John Jones17, John254, Jonyyeh, Jusdafax, JustAGal, KF, Kane5187, Kbdank71, Kchishol1970, Keith-264, Ketsuekigata, Khazar, Kingturtle, Kleopatra,
KnowledgeOfSelf, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kross, Kukini, Kurykh, Lamro, Leafyplant, Leandrod, Legis, Leolaursen, Lgfcd, LilHelpa, Livajo, Logan, Longl019, Lpgeffen, Lquilter, Lugia2453,
LukeTheSpook, LurkingInChicago, Maarten1963, Madhero88, MagneticFlux, Malik Shabazz, Mantanmoreland, Mark Yen, MarkGallagher, Marteau, Master of Puppets, Materialscientist,
Mattrix, Maurreen, Mavenp, Maxis ftw, Mb1000, Meeowow, Melsaran, Message From Xenu, Mifter, Mike Schwartz, Mike hayes, Mirv, Mittens2.0, MoogleEXE, Mrmrsgwangi, Myleschristian,
NawlinWiki, Nettor, Nick Number, Nikai, Nlu, No Guru, Noahboa12 12, Nofxrasta, Noian, Noneforall, North Shoreman, Nutzer 2206, O Fenian, Ocaasi, Ocatecir, Ohms law, OlEnglish,
Ombudsman, Oxymoron83, Ozdaren, Pajz, Pascal.Tesson, Paul A, Pegship, Penbat, Persian Poet Gal, Peruvianllama, Philip Trueman, Pigactor, Pinethicket, Piotras, Plazak, Popefauvexxiii,
Postdlf, Prescott523, President Rhapsody, Purplebackpack89, Quickdart, Quiddity, Qwyrxian, R'n'B, Radon210, RafaRey, Razorflame, Rd232, Res2216firestar, RexNL, Rgoodermote, Richard
Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rivertorch, Rixxk, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rlitwin, RoyBoy, Ryanjohnson118, SDY, Savm, Scarian, Seaeagle04, Seeker alpha806, Sfmammamia, ShadesofGrey92,
Shadow7789, Shagwong, Shell Kinney, Shellreef, Sherurcij, Shi Gelei, Shulzi, Sillyputty56879, Sims2789, Skizarrocks, Skomorokh, Skysmith, Sm8900, Smerus, Sofia Roberts, Soshima,
Spellbinder, Spesh531, Spotty11222, Stefanomione, Stephenb, Stillwaterising, Suemolen, Suffusion of Yellow, Sun Creator, Super48paul, Swliv, T g7, Tacoman12322, Tannin, TehBrandon,
TenPoundHammer, Thatotherdude, The Random Editor, TheGrimReaper NS, TheOldJacobite, TheSuave, Thebestofall007, Thejka, Tide rolls, Tidedit, Titodutta, Tlim7882, Tobogganoggin,
Tripsitinka, Trunks ishida, Turgan, TyA, Uglysquared, Unitedstatesofwhatever, Uruiamme, Versus22, VeryGimpy, Viajero, Virek, Viriditas, Vranak, Vrenator, WFinch, Wayne Miller,
Wcquidditch, Webmaren, Wetman88, Widr, Wiki13, WikiHaquinator, Wikidudeman, Wikieditor06, Wikipelli, Wikitumnus, WinterSpw, Wolfe500, Woohookitty, WorkForPeace, Wrinehart,
Wvanengen, Ybbor, Yelyos, Yllosubmarine, Yunshui, Zephyr2k, Zvar, 867 anonymous edits
Nabob Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=566287505 Contributors: Benea, Bodige Nagesh Goud, Ground Zero, Hvn0413, JustinTime55, Klavss, Malik Shabazz, Praveen goud,
Qwerty Binary, Steven Walling, 4 anonymous edits
Paper candidate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=557850990 Contributors: Alanpembleton, Bearcat, Biederman, Cwolfsheep, Davebesag, Download, Gnfnrf, Jess Cully,
Montrealais, Niteowlneils, Peter Geatings, RetiredUser167213, Robofish, Ronald S. Davis, Rupertslander, Stefanomione, Stickguy, Vegaswikian1, Zundark, 30 anonymous edits
Perennial candidate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571882376 Contributors: 90 Auto, A.Z., Agmonaco, Airwolf, Albany NY, Aldrich Hanssen, Andrew Gwilliam,
Apyule, Avala, Balsumeet, Barek, Bearcat, Bell4senate, Bellemare, Billymac00, Bogdangiusca, Bonkers The Clown, Brianearlhaines, Canuckguy, Craverguy, Crotalus horridus, DMG413, Dale
Arnett, DandyDan2007, Dbrodbeck, Dewritech, Dodge rambler, Doktorbuk, DoruMarx, Download, Dzenanz, Earl Andrew, Ed Poor, EoGuy, Eugene-elgato, Faustus37, Fenianb, Floaterfluss,
Formeruser-81, Formeruser-82, Fredi96, Gobonobo, Ground Zero, HangingCurve, HardcoreHippie, Hekerui, Highground79, Hirolovesswords, Hmains, Holdwell, Hoponpop69, Hopper2011,
Howard the Duck, Ice Cold, Icep, JBFrenchhorn, JMyrleFuller, JayJasper, Jean-Jacques Georges, Jgmccue, Jkelley51, Jord, JosefAbraham, Jsc1973, JustAGal, Kencf0618, Kevintoronto,
Khanartist, Koavf, Krunk9, LAWinans, Lapaz, Leotolstoy, Levineps, LilHelpa, LittleWink, Lkmorlan, Magicpiano, Mandarax, Michael A. White, Michael Hardy, Mikeblas, Milowent, Mixcoatl,
Mr Beale, Mr Grant, Myszodorn, Nat Krause, Nick Number, Off2riorob, Olivier, Orangemike, PedanticallySpeaking, Peripitus, PhnomPencil, Pictureprovince, Pmanderson, Purplebackpack89,
Quidam65, Racingstripes, RadioKAOS, Reenem, Rich Farmbrough, Rlquall, Robofish, Ron Ritzman, SGBailey, Samaritan, SeNeKa, Searcher 1990, Sekicho, Sethpt, SimonP, Sloane, Tabletop,
Tazmaniacs, Teiladnam, Teleutomyrmex, The Moose, Timrollpickering, Tizio, Tktru, UESPArules, User2004, VeryVerily, W guice, Warofdreams, Wiendietry, Will Beback, Wmcg,
Woodstein52, Woohookitty, Yworo, 达伟, 116 anonymous edits
Poteau Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544013332 Contributors: Anthony Appleyard, Boleyn3, Danny, Xyzzyplugh, 7 anonymous edits
Sacrificial lamb Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=556377487 Contributors: Ace of Spades, AdamWeeden, Aherunar, Albrozdude, Auntof6, Bearian, Belovedfreak, Binadot,
Boneyard90, Burgundavia, Chris-marsh-usa, Conf, Cwolfsheep, Cynwolfe, Dew N O, Donama, Donfbreed, Ewlyahoocom, EyeOfLyger, Farrajak, Giant89, Gwalla, Henning Makholm,
Iridescent, JMyrleFuller, Java7837, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kchishol1970, Melaen, Michael Hardy, Nikki311, Observer99, Penbat, Prez2016, RJFJR, Rchamberlain, Ruud Koot, SAMAS, SDC,
Shagmaestro, Skullketon, Srborlongan, Stefanomione, Thatother1dude, Tom harrison, User2004, Valenciano, Vzbs34, Yworo, Zondor, 20 anonymous edits
Scapegoating Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=566302338 Contributors: - ), 2Legit2Quit, 8teenfourT4, AJR, Achangeisasgoodasa, Addicted2Sanity, Aeternus, Aitias, Aksi
great, Alansohn, Alexb102072, Allenroyboy, Alrasheedan, Altenmann, Andycjp, Angela, Annabells, Aristeo, Atkint, Az29, Bachrach44, Balph Eubank, Barbara Shack, Binadot, Bitsnpieces,
Blanchardb, Boleyn-B, Borock, Buz lightning, CBM, Caduon, Caesare, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianCaesar, CardinalDan, Caribbean H.Q., Carmichael, Catalographer,
CedricElijahHenry, Ceoil, Chris G, Clarityfiend, Colin MacLaurin, Commander Keane, Conman33, Cubs Fan, Dan6hell66, Dangherous, Danny-w, Dantadd, Daram.G, Davidhorman,
Dbachmann, Deepred6502, Dekisugi, Dheffernen, Dolphin51, Download, Drmies, Dungodung, Eliyak, Elizium23, Endlessdan, Epbr123, Eric-Wester, Excirial, FJM, Fierywindz, Flewis, Former
user, Frer3, FruitMonkey, GabrielF, Gamingboy, Gfoley4, Ghostfletcher, Gobonobo, Goddy5890, Goodcharlotte123, Graham87, Greenguy1090, Gurch, Gusflaubert, GutenMorgan, He who hath
7 horns, Hekerui, Heptazane, HisSpaceResearch, Hughcharlesparker, Husond, IZAK, Ihcoyc, Ima.Sure, Immunize, In ictu oculi, Indon, Interlingua, Iridescent, IvoShandor, J.delanoy, Jacobisq,
Jaranda, Jaredstein, Jason One, JeremyA, Jeremystalked, Jim1138, Jimduchek, Johnmorales777, Jose77, Josephconklin, Joshbaumgartner, Just plain Bill, Justanother, KFP, Kaldari, Katalaveno,
Kbh3rd, Kingkiki217, Kingpin13, Korny O'Near, Kweh!, LameNameDav3, Lamro, Lando Calrissian, Lightdarkness, LilHelpa, Limp Trizkit, Little Mountain 5, Littlespeaker, Looper5920, Lova
Falk, Lukefan3, Lupin, M0rphzone, Magioladitis, Magwebeditor, Makaristos, MakeChooChooGoNow, Malleus Fatuorum, Mardetanha, Marek69, Materialscientist, Mayfaere, Mayh002,
Megan1967, Memphisheel, Merseysites, Michael Hardy, Michael Slone, Michaelmovies, MightyAtom, Miguel de Servet, MishaPan, Mooncow, MrHaroldG2000, MrOllie, Mu, Muijz, N5iln,
Narker, Neutrality, Neverascapegoat, Nick, Northamerica1000, NuclearWarfare, Nyro1980, PANDA(PersonAmendingNumerousDefectiveApostrophes), PJM, Pat Payne, Patrick, Paul Barlow,
Pavel Vozenilek, Penbat, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Peyre, Pgk, Phileas, Pigman, Pinar, Pinethicket, Plynn9, Pm215, Porkoribs, Psychology6402, Quarl, Qwyrxian, R Lowry, R'n'B, Radyx,
RainbowTime, Rambam rashi, RexNL, RickBeton, Riverfield, Robina Fox, Robofish, Ron Ritzman, Ronline, Rrburke, Rsgdodge, SNIyer12, Sagaciousuk, Sangajin, SeerWave739, Sfdan,
Shannon.jones553, Shoeofdeath, Simetrical, Skraz, Skysmith, Slawojarek, Snowdog, StAnselm, Star767, Stbalbach, Stefanomione, Stifle, Stupid Corn, Suddy94, SummerWithMorons, Supt. of
Printing, Synthe, The Anome, Tide rolls, Tijuana Brass, Tim1357, Toddmagos, Tom harrison, Trevor MacInnis, Trous, Twinsday, VanishedUserABC, Versus22, Vicbeknowing, Vranak, Vzbs34,
Walshga, WatchAndObserve, Wdfarmer, Wetman, Winslow Shea, Wkdewey, Woodywoodpeckerthe3rd, Yosefsimcha, YumaTuba, Zeraeph, 436 ,‫ דוד‬anonymous edits
Soviet Canuckistan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=402477865 Contributors: AED, Aagtbdfoua, AiOlorWile, Alan Canon, Alansohn, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, Andrewpmk,
Andy Marchbanks, Anger22, AnonMoos, Armon, Beao, Bearcat, Beginning, BigrTex, Bornhj, Branddobbe, Bucoli, CAVincent, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadia, CanadianCaesar,
Canuckistani, CarolineWH, DUMKOOLMAN61290, Deville, Diannaa, Discospinster, Dwanyewest, Eastlaw, Eleland, Elpincha, Evans1982, Feydey, ForgottenHistory, GM11, GabrielF,
Geedubber, Gilgamesh, Gleemonex, Gogo Dodo, Gregbard, GrimRX, Grstain, Guyane, Harrythemaster, Haymaker, Hermajesty1234, Hmwith, Homagetocatalonia, Hugo Dufort, Indefatigable,
Irmão, JQF, JdeJ, Jeff3000, Jeffq, Jfry3, Jigokuniotirokusogaijin, Jmw0000, John, John FitzGerald, John Vandenberg, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josephwb, Kevlar67, Khoikhoi,
Khukri, Király-Seth, Kitch, Klaam, Kultur, Kungfuadam, Kurieeto, Kvn8907, LMB, LarRan, LastOthello, Leapster, Legalizeit, Liberlogos, M-le-mot-dit, MTLskyline, MalucoQc, Mana
Excalibur, Mandarax, Marskell, Marysunshine, Mattarata, Mboverload, Mdw0, Midnightsalad, Mike McGregor (Can), Mindmatrix, Mista-X, Monegasque, Montgomery middle, Montrealais,
Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Moxy, Munci, Nableezy, NeilN, Newlloreda, Odin of Trondheim, OhlundFan2, OlEnglish, Onhm, Orderinchaos, Oren neu dag, OttawaAC,
Pendragon39, Peregrine981, Pharos, Plasticup, Pol098, Portillo, Quentonamos, Raccoon Fox, Redddogg, Reginald Perrin, Remiel, Revolving Bugbear, Robin Hood 1212, RockMFR, Samuell,
Sardanaphalus, Saxifrage, Scott Paeth, Sherurcij, Sirtrebuchet, Skinmeister, Skomorokh, Skookum1, Slatersteven, Spellmaster, Splash, SquidBay, Stannered, Starghost, Surfcuba, Synthemesc,
TShilo12, Tabletop, TastyCakes, Tearfree, Thargor Orlando, The Architect 01, The Banner Turbo, Thenutintheushanka, Theshowmecanuck, Thirty-seven, Toddsschneider, Tokek, Traitorfish,
Travis Cleveland, Trollcollins, Tssha, Vranak, Whiskymack, Wl219, Woohookitty, Yahel Guhan, Yakuman, Yanksox, 223 anonymous edits
Stalking horse Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=570930940 Contributors: Alfvaen, Amead, Brimba, Ccscott, Chanlyn, Closeapple, Cybercobra, Danceswithzerglings, David
Gerard, Dbryant 94560, Derek Ross, Dying, Ed Poor, Elembis, EmanWilm, F W Nietzsche, FT2, Facts707, FeloniousMonk, Gaius Cornelius, GoingBatty, Hariboa, Hateless, Historianun, IZAK,
Ian Cheese, J.A.McCoy, Jim.henderson, Johnbod, Jtdirl, Katieeohyeaah, Khym Chanur, Leavemade, Legis, LilHelpa, Macrakis, Magioladitis, Maksdo, Mauls, McGeddon, Minesweeper, Miss
Madeline, Modargo, N328KF, NawlinWiki, Neutrality, OwenX, Peterius, Reinyday, Rich Farmbrough, Richard75, Riddley, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Robofish, SGBailey, SalineBrain, Sbledsoe,
SidP, Snappy, Stefanomione, Stuffisthings, Suitov, THobern, Tanthalas39, Topbanana, TravisM, Trivialist, Woohookitty, Yworo, ZayZayEM, 52 anonymous edits
Star Chamber Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568766472 Contributors: A. Parrot, AXXHegemon, Adam Bishop, Adambro, Amovrvs, Amysuzannemartin, Andre Engels,
Andrew Gray, Andrew Gwilliam, AnonMoos, Antenamantis, Apokrif, Aquarius Rising, Arkalochori, Bellatrix318, Blainster, Blanchardb, Bobo192, Bogart99, Brother Dave Thompson, Bryan
Derksen, Buck Mulligan, Casliber, Centrx, Charles Matthews, Charlie fong, Chrisdoyleorwell, Chrisvls, Codspell, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cutler, Cybercobra, Dachshund,
Danntm, David.Monniaux, Decora, Dehumanizer, Djnjwd, Dpr, Eastlaw, Eclecticology, EdwinHJ, Ereunetes, Erianna, FT2, Facts707, Fanf, Fatidiot1234, FuegoFish, Furrykef, Future Perfect at
Sunrise, Gaius Cornelius, GangofOne, GentlemanGhost, Gimboid13, Graham87, Greenshed, Grievous Angel, Ground Zero, Guedalia D'Montenegro, Hydrargyrum, InPrivate, Inkling, Jdcook,
Jezzabr, Jmagnuss, JoDonHo, Joadraymond, Johnhousefriday, Kablammo, Kevin.J.Hickey, KevinOKeeffe, Kraussian, Kurando, Lachrie, Lamro, Leopheard, LilHelpa, LizardPariah, Lot49a,
MPLX, Mais oui!, Makeswell, Markell West, MarnetteD, Mattrose, Mauls, Maurice Carbonaro, Mercy, Mitbeaver2000, Mitrius, Mkishlan, Molly-in-md, Monkey Bounce, Moonraker, Morgan
Riley, Mrzaius, Mullet, Mushrom, NEMT, Nakon, NawlinWiki, Necrothesp, Neustriano, Neutrality, Nimetapoeg, Nostrebors, OlEnglish, Orange Suede Sofa, Orpheus, OwenBlacker,
PaperTruths, Patchouli, Paul D. Anderson, Penbat, Pepperpicker, Piledhigheranddeeper, Proteus, Ptomng, PullUpYourSocks, Qwghlm, Rakela, Renroh, Rfc1394, Rhsimard, Richerman, Richhill,
Rl, Robth, Rockfang, Rrius, Rumping, Ryulong, Sam Korn, Scapler, Shawfestival, ShelfSkewed, SimonP, Sir Vicious, Sirtin, Skljfsl;, Smeddlesboy, Spudstud, Stefanomione, Steveprutz,
SummerPhD, Superm401, TerraFrost, Tevildo, The Duke of Waltham, Theoreticallyenough, ThinkingTwice, Thumperward, Tickle me, Tim!, TimBentley, Trevor Burnham, Uhhlive, Vasi,
Vrenator, Wingman4l7, Wulfilia, Xe7al, Xwu, Yworo, Zeimusu, Zsero, Ὁ οἶστρος, 157 anonymous edits
Straw man Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569505587 Contributors: 1984AnimalFarm, ACE603, Aaronak, Acroterion, AffableDragon, AgentPeppermint, Al Lemos,
Alan012, Alex756, AlmostReadytoFly, Altenmann, Anakin101, AndarielHalo, Andeggs, Andrei.smolnikov, Antaeus Feldspar, Anthraxdude88, Archiesteel, Asnac, AstroHurricane001,
Avashurov, B, BD2412, BTfromLA, BeenBeren, BeforeTheFoundation, Bellemonde, Belltower, Berean Hunter, Betsythedevine, Bhumiya, BigFatBuddha, Bingo182, Blandoon, Bobby D.
Bryant, Bonadea, Bongoo, Bossrat, Brenont, BrokenSegue, Bryan Derksen, Bulmabriefs144, Bytbox, Calle555, Calton, Capitalismojo, Captain-tucker, Chaifilius, Chairman S., Charles Matthews,
Chetvorno, Chip Zero, Chlorinator101, Chochopk, Christofurio, CieloEstrellado, Colincbn, Conversion script, Copana2002, Courcelles, Crossmr, Cuddlyable3, Cybercobra, Cybermud,
Dachshund, Damian Yerrick, Damien Shiest, Dancindazed, Danntm, Dante Alighieri, Darth Panda, DasCrushinator, David Schaich, Davidnortman, Deon, Desertmonk, Diberri, Dmeranda, Dmz5,
Doktorbuk, Dondoolee, Doomen, Dottoreso, Doug Sacks, Dripgrind, Durova, Dvd-junkie, Edcolins, El C, Eleland, Epbr123, Factoid Killer, Fainites, Flameviper, Foregone conclusion,
Formeruser-82, Frasor, Frungi, Fuddlez, Gadfium, Gaijin42, Gatohaus, Gilliam, Gillyweed, GoingBatty, Gprobins, Graham, Graham87, Greatgavini, GregorB, Gronky, Ground Zero,
Grumpyyoungman01, Gunny01, HMSSolent, Haeinous, Harlem Baker Hughes, Heavystones, Heptite, Hertzsprung, Hiperfelix, Home Computer, Homo logos, Hu12, Hydroksyde,
IAmTheCoinMan, INeverCry, IRP, IZAK, Iamorlando, Igny, Ikiroid, Intigfx, Isnow, Iulianu, Iviney, J.delanoy, JHP, Jade Knight, JamesMLane, Japanese Searobin, Jarble, Jasoncart, JesterXXV,
JimiMc, Jimmithy, Jnothman, John Carter, JohnsonL623, Jojalozzo, Jordgette, Jrtayloriv, Jugander, JzG, KEK, Kat, Kd4ttc, Kernadan000, Kevinkan1, KillerChihuahua, King Vegita,
Kintetsubuffalo, KissL, Knucmo2, Kwertii, L33f15ho, Le poulet noir, Lee Daniel Crocker, Legitimus, Lendorien, Lex Medlin, LittleDan, LoanView, Lotje, Lova Falk, Lycurgus, M.O.X,
Macalesterbarnes, Mace6Miguel, Malamockq, Mark Christensen, Mark.camp, Martin Hogbin, MartinHarper, Master Deusoma, Master of the Oríchalcos, Mat-C, Materialscientist, Mav, Mbecker,
Mcmarturano, Mendaliv, Metropolitan90, Michael Bednarek, Michael Frind, MichaelTinkler, Mifter, MisterHand, Mohsens, Monado, Monotonehell, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg,
Mr2001, MrFish, Mrwojo, Muchness, Mungface, Mutoso, NJGW, NMChico24, Narym, Neillawrence, Nekidchickens, Nikkimaria, Noe, Northamerica1000, Ntennis, NuclearWinner,
O.Koslowski, OldSkoolGeek, OnBeyondZebrax, Oni Lukos, Onopearls, Onorem, Orborde, Otterathome, Ouroboros0427, PStrait, Pass a Method, Patstuart, Pb30, PcChip, Peace and Passion,
PeaceNT, Penbat, Persian Poet Gal, Phantomsq, Phil.wasag, Philip Trueman, Pimlottc, PinchasC, Pinethicket, Pinkmanlovemouth, Plasticup, Plrk, Poccil, Pokipsy76, Pologic, Portillo, Prosweda,
Psychless, Psychopuppy, Psychosomatic Tumor, PurplePlatypus, RL0919, Rahzel, Randem, Randomalias, Reedy, RenniePet, Reswobslc, Rh, Rich Farmbrough, RickK, Rjanag, Rlove, Robert P.
O'Shea, Ronz, Roo72, Rossroenigk, Rufous, Rursus, Ryajinor, Ryan256, RyanEberhart, S.dedalus, Samir, Savidan, Saxifrage, Schi, ScottyBerg, Selket, Sensemaker, SharkinthePool, Shii,
Shreevatsa, Silence, Silvermane, SlimVirgin, Snorlax Monster, SouthernMNrabbitrescue, Spalding, Spazquest, Spidern, Srikala 1972, StAnselm, Stannered, Steel, Stefanomione, Stillwaterising,
Street Scholar, Swissguy123, Taak, Tablesaw, Talkloud, Tealwisp, Teammm, Techman224, The Anome, Tijfo098, Timwi, Torchiest, Tronno, True, Tschel, Tumbarumba, Twas Now, Twinsday,
Underhi2p, Unfree, User2004, VX, Vampyre, Vanished user 1234567890, Velella, VictorAnyakin, Viridium, Waluigi-Soap, Wavy G, Weareboilingfrogs, Wik, Wikieditor1988, Woohookitty,
Wykypydya, Xenfreak, Ya2020, ZPM, ZackTheJack, Zoe, Zondor, Zzyxzaa26, 490 anonymous edits
Straw man (literature) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568940473 Contributors: AngelVigilante, Cynwolfe, David Gerard, Draeco, Flowerpotman, Grafen, Kabuto
Yakushi, Man and literature, MisterHand, MoogleDan, Pegship, PollyNim, Stefanomione
Thank God for Mississippi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=564317649 Contributors: Derek R Bullamore, Eeekster, JohnMorse73, MSGJ, Mabeenot, Red Slash, Student7, 7
anonymous edits
Aunt Sally Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571848487 Contributors: Aaronbrick, Alan Liefting, AuntSallyLeague, BD2412, Bfinn, Bluemoose, Bodders, Cardibling, Charles
Matthews, ChedderCheeseGoldfish, Craw-daddy, Dave.Dunford, Deantheguvnor, Edgar181, Ego White Tray, Emersoni, George E Brown, Gobonobo, GoldenMeadows, Graham87, Hailey C.
Shannon, Ian Dunster, Klemen Kocjancic, L337p4wn, Leondumontfollower, Lord Cornwallis, Martin Hogbin, Materialscientist, PBS-AWB, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Picojeff, Raul654,
RetiredUser2, Rich Farmbrough, Rklawton, Rodolfou, Royltaylor, Severisth, Sheherazahde, Shinigami27, SilkTork, SimonP, Solipsist, Solomonfromfinland, Staccatoque, Stewy5714, Storkk,
Tarka the blowpig, TheBigJagielka, Tony Sidaway, TonyW, Tradingcalc, Tuxlie, Woohookitty, Ὁ οἶστρος, 40 anonymous edits
Bambi effect (slang) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516592738 Contributors: Drmies, Koavf, SatyrTN, Solar-Wind
Cassandra (metaphor) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=550909455 Contributors: Altenmann, Auric, B7T, BakerBaker, Cybercobra, Dakinijones, Der Golem, Diwolfio,
DreamGuy, Feline1, Fraise, France3470, Goddessculture, JaGa, Jcoldwell, John Belushi, Kaihsu, Kmusser, Lova Falk, Majorclanger, Mattisse, MegX, Michael Hardy, MrOllie, Muchness,
Nathan Johnson, OlEnglish, OliviaWoodward, Penbat, Pennbrook, Petersam, Pseudomonas, Rjwilmsi, Rodneyorpheus, Simon Villeneuve, Someguy1221, Spatulli, Stefanomione, Thecurran, Tide
rolls, Tirkfl, TomWilliams1993, Uriel8, Woohookitty, Zeraeph, 53 anonymous edits
Copernican Revolution (metaphor) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571425330 Contributors: Antique Rose, Binksternet, Charles Matthews, Eastlaw, Gfvolkert, KYPark,
Krysippos, Shrussell, Thinking of England, Vanakaris, 3 anonymous edits
Hobson's choice Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571580045 Contributors: -asx-, 21655, 7&6=thirteen, 900mill, ACookr, Afterwriting, Ajdz, Andrew Gray, Arteworks,
Aruffo, Autumnalmonk, Bill Thayer, Bobrayner, BookwormUK, Boredindrama, Brewcrewer, Bronayur, Brucemcdon, Bryan Derksen, CapitalSasha, Centrx, Chanlyn, Chaps1, Charles Matthews,
ChazBeckett, Chiplynch, Chris-marsh-usa, Clarityfiend, Closedmouth, Colonies Chris, ContinueWithCaution, Crookesmoor, CrowbarSka, David Gerard, Deb, Demonsdemon, DocWatson42,
Doctor Sunshine, Dysepsion, EagleOne, Eastlaw, Edward, Eljaziel, Ellwd, Emerson7, Falcor84, Favonian, Flarity, Fluke, Fotoguzzi, Furrykef, Fys, Galoubet, Gargaj, Geoduck, Gioto, Gja822,
GoingBatty, Gopple, Green Cardamom, Greg321, Gregbard, Gwern, Haeinous, Hairy Dude, Hammerquill, Hcsexton, Helmsdale, Henry Merrivale, Heron, Hibernian, Hibsch, Husond, Hydnjo,
Ingolfson, Jay, Jayjg, Jellyboots, Jfdwolff, Jgcxelite, JohnOwens, JohnsonL623, Johntex, Jon Osterman, JustAGal, Kershner, King Hildebrand, Kinghiggs, Klod, LCP, Lanway, Leotohill, Liko81,
Lizh16, Loopy48, Madamejourdain, Madmardigan53, Markaci, Marudubshinki, MasterXC, Mattpersons, Mclay1, Michael Hardy, Mindmatrix, Mintrick, Mlusby, MushroomCloud, Nakon, Neil
Deuis, Nunh-huh, Ohconfucius, Paradoctor, Paul from Michigan, Pauli133, Phenry, Philip Trueman, Philwelch, Pifactorial, Pipedreambomb, PlaysInPeoria, Pollinosisss, PoqVaUSA,
Projectmiller, Psiphiorg, Psyclet, Pthag, Rangek, Renata3, Reveilled, Rklawton, Rocinante9x, Rossami, Samw, Savidan, Schneelocke, Search4Lancer, Sfahey, SheffieldSteel, SidP, SimonTrew,
Skraz, Snowdog, Srleffler, St.York, Stepp-Wulf, Steveconnell, Strani Beeap, Superm401, Sweetfreek, Tassedethe, The Man in Question, The Rogue Penguin, Thumperward, Tonysuch, Tradimus,
Tssbusiness, Tymothy, Urbane Legend, Vbutt, Waerloeg, Wetman, Wikinegern, X96lee15, Xanzzibar, Xezbeth, Yahya Abdal-Aziz, ZPM, 233 anonymous edits
Judgment of Solomon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567863100 Contributors: Andycjp, Angr, Ash, CinchBug, DenisKrivosheev, Diego Moya, Edgehawk, Eleassar,
FactStraight, Goldfritha, Good Olfactory, Graham87, Ilan Sendowski, Jane023, John of Reading, Karmela, Kevmkjd, Legis, Leonbre, Lindert, Lotje, Mike Young, Oprahwin, Pare Mo, Paul
Barlow, Raytech70, RenamedUser01302013, Rsquire3, StAnselm, Svlioras, The Anome, The Devil's Advocate, Traveliotis, Vchimpanzee, Whisky drinker, Woofboy, 47 anonymous edits
Nigger in the woodpile Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571736549 Contributors: Addshore, Airsun1959, Alan Canon, Anastrophe, Angusmclellan, Asenine, AuburnPiIot,
Boomootwo, Chris the speller, DGG, DLevyinBFLO, DVdm, Dawn Bard, Denjen1, Dhartung, Filll, Format, Gregory Benoit, Groyolo, HalfShadow, Harrisdg, Honeyfoot, Isaac Rabinovitch,
Lead Farmer, LlywelynII, Loadmaster, MadMax58, Mark Arsten, Martinevans123, Mat456, McGeddon, Mereda, Mergy, Mh4yn3s, Mroconnell, MusikAnimal, Nobbster, Ntsimp, OMouse,
Ocaasi, Philg88, Philip Trueman, Piano non troppo, Pinethicket, RedCoat10, RedHillian, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richigi, Snori, Solomonfromfinland, Srudes2, Tahdah, The Mysterious
El Willstro, TigerShark, Tizio, Tpellman, Vivio Testarossa, Wareq, XRK, Ὁ οἶστρος, 85 anonymous edits
Procrustes Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=564021247 Contributors: Adam Bishop, Adrian two, Ailanto, Alfasst, Axeman89, Bathrobe, Bdwilliamscraig, Beyond My Ken,
Bobrayner, CCooke, CLW, CambridgeBayWeather, Care, Catalographer, Charles Matthews, Che!, Corpus juris, Csernica, Denihilonihil, Donimo, Dr Oldekop, ENeville, Falcorian, Floris V,
Graham87, Grcaldwell, Historiese huise, J.V. Martin, JLaTondre, Jasperdoomen, Javierito92, Jeffq, Jon Awbrey, Jordgette, Joro Iliev, Keilana, Keroessa, Kipwiki, Kuralyov, Lockesdonkey,
Makemi, Malleus Fatuorum, Melchoir, Mike Dallwitz, Munahaf, Neddyseagoon, NeonMerlin, NickCT, OG17, Obsidian Soul, Ojay123, Omnipedian, Ortolan88, Pak21, PatGallacher, Paukrus,
Pleroma, Preslethe, Quiddity, Rich Farmbrough, Richard W.M. Jones, Rudolf 1922, SDC, Safalra, Salgueiro, Salix alba, Sarefo, Scottandrewhutchins, Slocombe, Solar flute, Stefanomione,
Suslindisambiguator, Timrollpickering, Tucci528, User2004, Wandering Courier, Waveguy, Wetman, Wikiwikiwoolgar, Wimt, Wolfkeeper, Xnn, Yaris678, Zntrip, Ὁ οἶστρος, 136 anonymous
edits
Whipping boy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=568609752 Contributors: .V., Academic Challenger, Andycjp, Antidrugue, Ariel., Asarelah, B0at, Bobo192, Bradtcordeiro,
Cadastral, Calabe1992, Coolhs, D6, DMacks, Dagonet, Dan6hell66, Dbiel, Demize, Donfbreed, Eisnel, El C, Fastifex, Flattea2, FreplySpang, Frondean, Furrykef, Geni, Glacialfox, Gobonobo,
HillbillyProfane, Hmains, Holly25, IW.HG, IZAK, Interiot, Jmabel, Joel7687, Jonathanfu, Julesd, Kaini, Kchishol1970, KenBailey, Khvalamde, Kjkolb, Lisasmall, Lustywench, Luwilt, Maxis
ftw, Mean as custard, NaLaochra, Neutrality, Nippashish, Northamerica1000, Olegwiki, Peckerwood, Pekinpekin, PhilKnight, Quadspect, Quintote, Raul654, Rcaroe, Rettetast, RichardSmith,
SPKirsch, Shoehorn, SquarePeg, Tommyduva, Useight, Wehwalt, Willking1979, Zephyrad, Чръный человек, 114 anonymous edits
Waft Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571423423 Contributors: Beliason, Bioengineer+attorney, Dl2000, Earwig, Escape Orbit, Gimboid13, Gyre, Hersfold, Kaldari, Kemiv,
Lincher, N1RK4UDSK714, Rory096, Sadads, SchreiberBike, V8rik, Wavelength, Widr, 20 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 125
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:OZ5-2-94.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OZ5-2-94.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Infrogmation, Lotje, Mu, Tony Wills, Zimio, Zolo
File:Anger Symbol.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anger_Symbol.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Petar Pavlov
File:Tombe juive de femmes - Jewish tombstone of women.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tombe_juive_de_femmes_-_Jewish_tombstone_of_women.jpg
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Shiker
Image:Bohr atom model English.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bohr_atom_model_English.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Brighterorange
Image:Crepuscular rays8 - NOAA.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crepuscular_rays8_-_NOAA.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: J 1982, Saperaud
Image:Latimeria chalumnae01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latimeria_chalumnae01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: FunkMonk, JoJan, Lycaon, TinoStrauss, 2 anonymous edits
File:Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn - Return of the Prodigal Son - Google Art Project.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Dcoetzee, Yann,
Zolo
File:Ignacy Krasicki 111.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ignacy_Krasicki_111.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Ecummenic, Mathiasrex
File:Jan Wijnants - Parable of the Good Samaritan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jan_Wijnants_-_Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Bukk, Diomede, Mattes, Rlbberlin, Shakko
Image:Carpetbagger.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carpetbagger.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Cirt, Howcheng, Infrogmation, Jospe, Lilared, Taric25
Image:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Bogdan,
Cirt, Djembayz, Erri4a, HenkvD, Herr Satz, Howcheng, Infrogmation, JMCC1, Mattes, Okki, Quadell, R. Engelhardt, 1 anonymous edits
Image:Gérôme Eminence grise 1873.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gérôme_Eminence_grise_1873.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jean-Léon Gérôme
Image:The Post-Season Parade.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Post-Season_Parade.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Infrogmation, Nikkimaria,
Wolfmann
Image:McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Infrogmation,
User:SlimVirgin
Image:Julius Chambers 1872.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: uncredited
Image:Nellie Bly 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nellie_Bly_2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mu, Red devil 666, Shizhao, ÇaCestCharabia
Image:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Pach
Brothers
Image:Pilgrim's Progress first edition 1678.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pilgrim's_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Original uploader was Drboisclair at en.wikipedia
File:Ray Stannard Baker.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Uncredited Bain News Service
photographer.
File:Lincoln Steffens.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lincoln_Steffens.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Rockwood, New York, New York
File:Ida M Tarbell crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: On recto: J.E. Purdy & Co. Copyright by
J.E. Purdy, Boston.
File:Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Pevernagie
at nl.wikipedia (Original text : Time Magazine)
File:Will Irwin1904-6.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Howcheng, Sq178pv, Struthious Bandersnatch
File:David Graham Phillips.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:David_Graham_Phillips.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Grantham Bain Collection
(Library of Congress)
File:Jacob Riis 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jacob_Riis_2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Dantadd, Howcheng, Jarekt, Lupo, Patrinet, Skeezix1000
File:Charles Edward Russell by William M. Vander Weyde.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Edward_Russell_by_William_M._Vander_Weyde.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: George Eastman House from Rochester, NY, United States
File:William English Walling.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_English_Walling.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SreeBot
file:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vectorized by , based on original logo tossed
together by Brion Vibber
Image:Ghent Altarpiece D - Lamb.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghent_Altarpiece_D_-_Lamb.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Auntof6, Kairios, Piet
De Somere, Shakko
File:Disclogo1.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Disclogo1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Recomposed by User:Stannered
File:Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Charity_Performance.jpg License: unknown Contributors: The National Archives UK
File:McKinley Destroys Imperialism Straw Man.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McKinley_Destroys_Imperialism_Straw_Man.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: William Allen Rogers; scanned by Bob Burkhardt
File:Aunt Sally 1911 WGC.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aunt_Sally_1911_WGC.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cathy Richards, Infrogmation,
Motacilla, Peng, Severisth
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, MichaelMaggs, NielsF,
Rei-artur, Rocket000
File:Cassandra1.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cassandra1.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bdk, Bibi Saint-Pol, Cnyborg, Dodo, Kalki, Maksim,
Mattes, Nilfanion, Quentar
File:ThomasHobson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ThomasHobson.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Adam sk, ArséniureDeGallium, Ecummenic, Jwh,
Mattes, Shakko
File:Frauenberg 030.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frauenberg_030.jpg License: unknown Contributors: User:Fb78
File:Giorgione Salomone.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giorgione_Salomone.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Attilios
File:4401 - Venezia - Pietro Lamberti o Nanni di Bartolo, Giudizio di Salomone - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 30-Jul-2008.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:4401_-_Venezia_-_Pietro_Lamberti_o_Nanni_di_Bartolo,_Giudizio_di_Salomone_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto,_30-Jul-2008.jpg License:
Attribution Contributors: Giovanni Dall'Orto
Image:The Nigger in the Woodpile.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Nigger_in_the_Woodpile.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Believed to have been
drawn by Louis Maurer
Image:Theseus Prokroustes Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2325.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Theseus_Prokroustes_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2325.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Bibi Saint-Pol
file:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie
License 126
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Metaphor Simile PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Metaphor Simile PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

In simpler terms, a metaphor compares two

Comparison with other types of analogy

Use outside rhetoric

Metaphors can also be implied and extended throughout pieces of literature.

Historical theories of metaphor

Metaphor as style in speech and writing

Metaphor as foundational to our conceptual system

[17] (http:/ / www. sylviaplathforum. com/ index. shtml)

List of English-language metaphors

• Turkeys voting for Christmas

List of political metaphors

Relating to the executive

Relating to the issues

Without 'like' or 'as'

correspondence, mathematical and morphological homology,

Usage of the terms "source" and "target"

Models and theories

Special case of induction

Analogy and Complexity

Applications and types

Analogies from codes and statutes

Analogies from precedent case law

Some scholars of the Canonical gospels and the

The defining characteristic of the parable is the presence of a prescriptive subtext

types, including the allegory, the fable and the apologue.

Parables also appear in Islam. In Sufi tradition, parables

Angry white male

Examples of prominent carpetbaggers in state politics

Klux Klan in North Carolina.Wikipedia:No original research

Algernon Sidney Badger, a Boston, Massachusetts native, held

George Luke Smith, a New Hampshire native, served briefly in the

The United States

History and origin

Usage in US Department of State speeches

In the political arena

Use in music, film and television

Democrat In Name Only

Regional differences and issues

Conservative Democrats today

Differing views of conservative Democrats

Conservative endorsements of Democratic candidates

Lame duck (politics)

Origins of the term

Until 1933, inaugurations occurred on March 4. Congress usually

Formation and early use

The original argument

Expansion and limits of the original argument

Meanings of the phrase

Before World War I, the term "muckraker" was used to refer

The term is a reference to a character in John Bunyan's

Changes in journalism prior to 1903

Other works that predate the muckrakers

Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt

Early 20th century muckraking

Early Writers of the Muckraking Tradition

Ray Stannard Baker

David Graham Phillips

Charles Edward Russell

William English Walling

Muckrakers and their works

Second half of the 20th century

Metaphorical usage in the United States