Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the background of the study, general statement of the problem,

background of the study, specific sub-problems, statement of hypothesis, significance of the

study, definition of terms, scope and limitations, and conceptual framework.

Background of the Study

A Sanitary landfill is a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained

in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts

arising from the development and operation of the facility. This is the definition from R.A. 9003

also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, an act that ensures the

proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through

the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste

management.

According to Philippine Statistics Authority from the 2015 Census Population, Bacolod

City is the second most populous city in Visayas after Cebu City. The city needs to maintain

proper waste disposal and to ensure the presence of a sanitary landfill for garbage collection and

storage.

The absence of a sanitary landfill in Bacolod City will not only violate the law, it will

create a big impact in terms of health and pollution issues on the residents of the city especially

those that resides near the dumpsite. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR) Undersecretary Arturo Valdez has warned mayors who are violating environmental

laws. Currently, Bacolod City is violating RA9003 of the Philippines. Its sanitary landfill is no

1
longer operational and is now categorized as an open dumpsite. The violations include Article 2 -

Segregation of Wastes which includes Section 21 and Section 22 or the Mandatory Segregation

of Solid Wastes and Requirements for the Segregation & Storage of Solid Waste. It has also

violated and Section 37 which is the Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid

Waste.

The study will investigate the market, technical, financing, financial, environmental and

administrative feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City. The feasibility of the study

were divided into these seven areas of focus. Each aims to contribute to the serviceability and

improvement of the new sanitary landfill.

Bacolod City built a sanitary landfill last April 19, 2013 making it among the first 5%

Local Government Unit to comply with the sanitary landfill requirement in the whole country.

However, in 2015, the landfill was turned to an open dumpsite. According to Mr. Ramel Palalon,

Public Service Officer II of Bacolod City and is in-charge of the city’s landfill, if segregation

was implemented in the landfill, it will be full by next year. The difference between the expected

and the current situation of the landfill stresses the pressing need of proper waste disposal and

storage for the city.

Civil engineers specializing in waste management have designed landfill sites that

incorporate environmental protection measures. Civil engineers specializing in geotechnical

engineering, hydrology, and environmental science are involved as soon as a landfill site is

proposed (Kielmas, 2017). The researcher's goal is to have a deeper and clearer understanding of

the landfill problems and current situation to help improve the current condition of the sanitary

landfill of the city.

2
 Landfills present engineers with a variety of challenges, including how to manage land

use, traffic, liquids, and gases, as well as other environmental, civil, geotechnical, mechanical,

and electrical engineering issues (Galvin & Steinhauser, 2017). The researchers would like to

rise up to the challenges by discovering methods appropriate for the feasibility of the new

sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

The current site of the open dumpsite is in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. According to

Pollution Abatement Systems Specialist, Inc. (PASSI) president Julito Pugoy, Felisa is the best

site to host the facility because it has a landfill. It is also the best barangay to host the project

because it is zonified as a heavy industrial zone, and in terms of social responsibility, the

problem is minimal.

Bacolod City should dispose its waste in a sanitary landfill to address the current situation

in compliance with the law as soon as possible. The aim of the study will be focused on the

feasibility of a new landfill for the city.

1. General Statement of the Problem

1.1 The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

2. Specific Sub-problems

2.1. Is there a need for a new sanitary landfill in Bacolod City?

2.2. Is it the most advantageous than other methods of waste disposal?

2.3 Is it technically feasible?

2.4 How much will it cost if a new landfill will be constructed and operated?

2.5 Will the operation of the landfill be financially feasible?

3
2.6 Will it comply with the environmental regulations stipulated in R.A.9003?

2.7 Can it be managed and operated effectively and efficiently?

Statement of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

The propose sanitary landfill for Bacolod City is not feasible; in terms of its market

feasibility that asses if there is a need of a new sanitary landfill, technical, financing and

financial, socio-economic, environmental provisions and administrative aspects for operation and

management.

Significance of the Study

1. Residents. If a new sanitary landfill will be constructed and will be projected to

accommodate a greater volume, it will be very beneficial and convenient to the

residents, workers of the operation in the landfill and to the city government. It

will also ensure the health of the people, reduce environmental hazards of an open

dumpsite and avoid the violation of R.A. 9003.

2. Compliance with R.A. 9003. The violation of R.A. 9003 is prompting the city

government to come up with a new Solid Waste Disposal facility and process.

Thus, eliminating the risks that the current open dumpsite are causing the people

living within the vicinity of the dumpsite.

3. City Government. The result from the study can help the government of Bacolod

City in their decision-making regarding their action on how to address the current

garbage situation of the city.

4
 4. Civil Engineering. The result, findings and recommendation of the study can

contribute additional knowledge especially to Civil Engineering since it is dealing

with the feasibility of the technical aspect of a sanitary landfill, also considered to

be in the area of concern of the profession.

5. Eliminate failure of previous landfill. The problem aims to eliminate the

deficiencies of the previous landfill. The study’s purpose is to provide a solution

to the need of a sanitary landfill.

Definition of Terms

Feasibility

Conceptual: A Feasibility Study is the first stage of the product or service development cycle. It

aims to analyze the viability of a proposed project, product or service. It analyzes the proposed

project, product or service with respect to the performance objectives expected by the

organization, and may be include an evaluation of a current system. The feasibility study may

produce a cost benefit report and a project charter to be used as a guide during the analysis

phase. A feasibility study is the process of defining exactly what a project is and what strategic

issues need to be considered to assess its feasibility, or likelihood of succeeding. (Overton, 2007)

Operational: The feasibility study will assess the operational, technical, market, financial,

financing, environmental and socio-economic merits of the proposed project.

5
Market feasibility

Conceptual: In general, a market analysis searches for the intersection of demand and supply that

will create a market for a product at a given price, and a feasibility analysis tests whether a

certain product will meet certain financial or social goals in the market. The market study will

examine comparables in the study area to see what scale and amenities will increase absorption

and capture rates. The marketability study is mainly used to describe what conditions are

necessary for the project to be successful. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: In this study market feasibility will determine the demand and supply. It will also

assess the potential return on the investment, absorption and market capture rates and the

project’s timing.

Technical feasibility

Conceptual: Technical and operational feasibility are concerned with whether the proper

resources exist or are reasonably attainable to implement a specific alternative. This includes the

square footage of the building, existing and available utilities, existing processing and material

handling equipment, quality requirements, and skill level of employees. During this process,

product specifications and facility constraints should be taken into account. (Franchetti, 2011)

Operational: Technical feasibility will determine the design and specifications, process of

construction and equipment to be used for the proposed sanitary landfill. The technical feasibility

study will involve evaluating the engineering aspect of the project by applying the principles of

civil engineering.

6
Financial feasibility

Conceptual: Financial feasibility analysis is performed to test whether the project's return will

exceed opportunity costs. Financial feasibility is tested on all types of projects, but the high risk

of real estate development necessitates a successful analysis before proceeding. The financial

feasibility analysis is performed once preliminary drawings and construction cost estimates have

been developed. By combining the results of the market analysis and the cost estimates, the

feasibility analysis will estimate financial returns. Most feasibility analysis include a pro forma

which outlines expenses and incomes in a spread sheet. The feasibility study estimates value

based on market prices and the present worth of the site. Some feasibility studies weigh social

costs and benefits in addition to monetary values. The feasibility analysis will also outline

potential risks and criteria for success. Developers, investors and lenders base many of their

decisions on the feasibility study. : (Novak, 1996)

Operational: Financial feasibility study will estimate values based on market prices and the

present worth of the site. It will determine how much will be the cost of the project. A financial

feasibility study involves evaluating the capability of the organization to come up with the funds

needed to complete the project.

Financing feasibility

Conceptual: The use of appropriate technology, combined with good planning and management

can cut service costs, making it possible to charge a reasonable tariff that the users can afford, to

ensure the self-financing of the service. (Jaramillo, 2003)

Operational: Financing feasibility will determine who will finance the project if proven to be

feasible and approved.

7
Environmental Impact

Conceptual: Modification of the environment caused by the action of man or of nature.

(Jaramillo, 2003)

Operational: Environmental feasibility will determine the effects of the project to the

environment. Environmental feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the project

to secure licenses, approvals and permits in a timely and cost effective way.

Administrative feasibility

Conceptual: Responsibility of the local authority: Accordingly, the management and sanitary

final disposal of MSW also reflect the quality of the local management and the commitment of

its leaders, as well as the performance of the highest authority (the mayor). The quality of the

urban cleaning service is an indicator to assess the municipal authorities’ political purpose,

management skills, and responsible attitude toward protection of public health, municipal

workers’ health, and the environment within their jurisdiction. (Jaramillo, 2003)

Operational: Administrative feasibility will determine how the project will be managed

effectively and efficiently to achieve its purpose.

Scope and Limitations

Scope

General purpose: To determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

Subject matter: Sanitary Landfill

8
Topics studied: Market Feasibility, Technical Feasibility, Financial and Financing Feasibility,

Environmental Feasibility and Administrative Feasibility

Population:

Market: Solid Waste Volume

Technical: Provisions and Specifications, Building and Structural Codes

Financial and Financing: Investors and Contractors

Environmental: Pollutants and Hazards

Administrative: Possible Managements

Locale of the Study: Bacolod City Residents

Period of the study: June 2017-March 2018

Limitations

The basis of the study is the historical data of Bacolod City regarding its waste collection

and projection. The study will not include cases of increase and decrease of prices due to

inflation or deflation. The feasibility of the study will be limited to the six aspects to be

investigated which are market, technical, financing, financial, environmental, and administrative

feasibility. Further problems on other aspects to arise not included in the scope of study will not

be covered by the study.

9
Conceptual Framework

DATA PROCESSING
INPUTS AND ANALYSIS
MARKETING DATA TO DETERMINE FEASIBILITY
OUTPUT
TECHNICAL DATA MARKETING
FINANCING DATA TECHNICAL ESTABLISH FEASIBILITY OR
FINANCIAL DATA FINANCING NON FEASIBILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA FINANCIAL
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA ENVIRONMENTAL
ADMINISTRATIVE

Figure 1. Feasibility of Proposed Landfill for Bacolod City at Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City

The feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill will be evaluated through the six aspects

namely; marketing, technical, financial, financing, environmental and administrative. All these

aspects for the feasibility studies are interconnected and may affect one another:

1) The technical feasibility will include the following factors:

a) Product / Service

b) Process

c) Technology

d) Equipment / materials, facilities

e) Capacity / production rate

f) Cost (facilities and equipments)

g) Production cost

2) The marketing feasibility will cover the volume produced and volume capacity.

3) The financing feasibility will cover the investment while the financial feasibility will

include the operation, maintenance and affordable management costs at the local level.

4) Administrative being the simple, dynamic management of the service.

10
 5) The environmental factors include negative impacts on soil, water and air that should be

minimized.

Each of the six main feasibility studies will be evaluated by data collection and data

processing procedures setting a criteria in each area. The data collected will serve as the basis for

the technical design of the study considering its market and environmental factors. The technical

aspect will affect the financial, financing and administrative aspect of the landfill. The

environmental and social data can be taken from RA9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 and the standards set by DENR.

11
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes concepts, ideas and researches relevant to this study and that can

provide insights for the problems discussed in the first chapter. The concepts and researches are

presented in the following order: Local and Foreign Related Literature, Local Studies and

Foreign Studies.

Related Literature

MARKET FEASIBILITY

Quantity of Waste

In the Philippines, where the population has already exceeded 100 million in 2015, and

an average solid waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, it can be estimated that an

average of 50,000 metric tons of garbage per day is being generated, of which only 35,000

metric tons/day are collected. (Gilbert and Ramos, 2012)

Recycling offers some of the most pragmatic solutions to reduce the volume of generated

waste. The Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, defines recycling as

“the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them sustainable for

beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials

are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their

identity…” It is differentiated from Reuse in which there is no alteration of the physical or

chemical characteristics of the recovered material.

12
 Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as

garbage production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.

Though not yet quite a pervasive practice, organized recycling in the Philippines has picked up in

recent years. According to the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC),

recycling rates have been increasing, particularly in Metro Manila, from 6% in 1997; 13% in

2000; and 28% in 2006 (Andin, Z; NSWMC, 2007). Among the major reasons for this

improvement are the following: the implementation of RA 9003, the grassroots SWM/ recycling

movement, and the market forces. (Antonio, L. C., 2010)

Population (Produce Garbage)

Based on the 2015 Census of Population, the population of the Philippines as of August

1, 2015 was 100.98 million persons.

With a total area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers, the population density of

the Philippines in 2015 was posted at 337 persons per square kilometer. This represents an

increase of 29 persons per square kilometer (9.4 percent) from the population density of 308

persons per square kilometer in 2010. (POPCEN 2015)

Volume of Waste Generated per Year

With an average per-capita waste generation ratio of about 0.5 kg per day, the annual

waste generation in the Philippines is 12 million tons in 2012. This figure is expected to double

by 2025. The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) reported that the

country’s solid waste generation includes 73% of households, 26% of commercial

establishments, institutions and industries, as well as 1% of healthcare facilities. (CCAC, 2014)

13
Capacity of Landfill

The Designed Landfill Capacity (DLC) shall be determined by calculating the product of

the sum of planned waste to be landfilled and soil covered per year, by the number of years that

the landfill is to be operated.

Density of Compacted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

The municipal solid waste is the combination of different individual waste components,

properties of the individual components controls the overall characteristics of the landfill waste.

The understanding of the variation in compositional characteristics is helpful to estimate

properties when MSW is subjected to spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (Tiwari, 2014)

It is of utmost importance to have reliable engineering properties of MSW in order to

evaluate and predict landfill behavior and hence for landfill operation. However, determining

engineering properties is extremely difficult as mentioned by Manasslero et al., (1997) due to the

following reasons:

1) Difficulties in sampling of MSW which simulate the in site condition

2) Lack of generally accepted sampling procedure for geotechnical characterization of

waste material

3) Variation in properties of municipal solid waste with time

4) Level of training and education of the personnel on site for basic interpretation and

understanding of the measurements

14
 5) Heterogeneity of the MSW within the landfill and its variation with geographical

location.

The properties of MSW are determined for designing landfill, particularly bioreactor

landfill. Generally, density, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, compressibility, stiffness and shear

strength are the most important properties of any solid waste. (Dixon and Jones 2005). Density

of MSW is determined to assess volume of transportation vehicle and size of the disposal

facility. (Chandrappa & Das, 2012)

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Design Landfill Layout

The site layout shall be designed to satisfy all criteria including the siting criteria, and

minimize environmental impacts. (British Columbia Ministry of Environment, June 2016)

The site layout shall provide for site entrance, gatehouse, material recovery/recycling

area, structures, access roads, landfill footprint, surface water ditching and management ponds

and leachate and gas management infrastructure if applicable. The site layout should minimize

the potential for leachate and landfill gas impacts offsite taking into consideration groundwater

flow direction and surface water infiltration and discharge points.

Site Equipment

Basic functions to be performed by landfill equipment are:

• waste grading and compaction; and

• excavating and placing of daily and intermediate cover.

Typically, these functions will be performed by a landfill compactor and a wheeled

loader. A pick-up truck will also be included in the typical on-site equipment fleet (Dillon, et. al.,

15
2007). Other functions requiring equipment are landfill cell preparation, final cover construction,

delivery of drop-off bin wastes to the working face, road maintenance and dust control. Some of

these functions may be performed with on-site equipment, but others may require equipment to

be leased or a contractor to be hired. Routine maintenance and cleaning will be performed as

necessary to keep onsite equipment in good operating order.

Topography of the site

The method of construction of a manual sanitary landfill depends mainly on the

topography of the site, although it is also influenced by the type of soil and the depth of the water

table.

The area method is used on flat terrain, abandoned quarries, depressions, and low parts of

ravines. The features of each individual site will determine whether it is possible to extract the

cover soil from the site or whether it will have to be hauled from nearby places. The area method

consists of depositing the wastes on the surface and laying them against the slope of the inclined

terrain; they are then compacted in sloping layers to form the cell that will afterwards be covered

with earth. The first cells are built at one end of the area to be filled and the work advances to its

completion at the other end.

The trench method is used when the water table is deep and the gradients of the terrain

are gentle. The trenches can be excavated with earthmoving equipment. This method consists of

depositing the waste at one end of the ditch, placing it against the slope; the workers then spread

and compact the waste in layers using masonry tools until a cell is formed which, at the end of

the day, will be covered with the earth from the excavation. (Jamillo, 2003)

16
Foundation Design

Foundation construction on reclaimed landfills is a challenging task since it requires

considering unusual aspects related to the mechanics of wastes. Large total and differential

settlements are usually the governing factors in the choice of the foundation types. Shallow

foundation systems are generally preferred to support relatively light structures. Heavier

structures will require deep foundations. However, deep foundations are generally restricted to

older landfill without engineered bottom liner systems. Table 3 summarizes the relative

advantages and disadvantages of deep and shallow foundations on landfills. A detailed overview

on foundations in landfills is given by Phillips et al. (1993), Dunn (1995) and Bouazza and

Seidel (1999).

In assessing the bearing capacity of landfills, one has to keep in mind that the thickness

and the strength of the cover system play a very important role in foundation support. If the soil

cover is relatively thick, then it may provide substantial bearing capacity for shallow

foundations. However, the soil cover may often be thin compared to the foundation size. In this

case, the load for the foundation will be transferred through the cover and will develop its

bearing resistance in the waste. Therefore, a bearing capacity analysis will require evaluation of

the strength of the waste. However, experience has shown that, because of the ductile

characteristics of MSW, large deformations are necessary to activate the bearing capacity of the

waste, and it is difficult to design a structure that will allow such large deformations. Therefore,

while total settlement must be considered with respect to utility connections and building access,

differential settlement tends to govern the structural design of shallow foundations on waste. For

this reason, raft foundations are typically employed rather than isolated footings on waste. In

many cases, if the soil cover is thin, engineered fill is provided beneath the foundation to bridge

17
over non-uniform settlements. Furthermore, the fill can be combined with georgics or high-

tensile geotextiles to create a composite material with a higher rigidity to support larger

foundation loads. (A. Bouazza & E. Kavazanjian Jr., 2001)

FINANCING AND FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

Payback period

Landfill cost recovery potential from 8% to 106% of total sanitary landfill costs

(including the gas system), if all revenues go only to landfill cost recovery. However, usually

some revenue needs to cover private developer profit and some is allocated to community

development funding to the host municipality and surrounding neighborhood or waste picking

community. No funds are likely to be leftover for the rest of the solid waste system. When

systems are small and poorly operated, cost recovery potential can be half of the above estimates.

(Cointreau, March 2008)

Initial Working Capital

The capital investment portion of the total costs is divided between site development,

equipment purchases and construction costs. The facility development costs are preliminary costs

associated with the entire site (e.g., characterization studies, land acquisition, engineering and

design studies, and permit package fees) thereby occurring only in the first year of operation.

The construction phase typically occurs in stages as required. Only a portion of the site or “cell”

is developed with each subsequent cell being developed as the previous cell nears capacity.

(Eilrich, et. al., 2002)

18
Total Landfill Costs

Landfill costs fall into one of four categories: (1) initial construction, (2) cell

construction, (3) operations, and (4) closure as modeled. Initial construction costs consist of

those activities that would be completed prior to operation of the facility, which would not be

repeated for each individual cell. These costs are amortized over the facility life. Cell

construction costs include all engineering design and construction completed for each individual

cell of the facility and are amortized over the life of the cell. Operation costs include all costs

incurred annually to run the facility. Closure costs include all one-time activities conducted after

all cells in the facility are completed, as well as post-closure monitoring and other long-term

activities related to site maintenance after closure. The post-closure costs are amortized over the

life of the facility so that these costs are reflected in the cost of waste disposal. Landfill gas can

be used directly or to generate electricity or steam. The associated revenues can be sold to offset

some of the costs associated with building, operating, and maintaining a landfill. (Barbara Sich

and Morton Barlaz July 2000)

ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY

Identification of standards in force

Another aspect not to be overlooked by the designer of a sanitary landfill is the need to

consult with the standards currently in force for the design and construction of the landfill and

infrastructure works, and also for the issue of environmental impact (constraints on the project in

order to prevent or mitigate possible negative effects from the construction and operation of the

landfill). (Jaramillo, 2003)

19
Analysis of environmental impacts

Environmental impact analyses serve to anticipate the positive and negative effects that every

sanitary landfill project has during its different stages: site selection, construction, operation, and

closure. The measurement of these impacts should be interdisciplinary and should be carried out

on the natural components (water, soil and air), of the site and surrounding area as well as on the

project-related economic and social variables. (Jaramillo, 2003)

Republic Act No. 9003

According to Republic Act No. 9003 or “An act providing for an ecological solid waste

management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring

certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other

purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies wherein it is hereby declared the

policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery,

green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically

sustainable development principles;

20
(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological

waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management

and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous

and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other

local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of

market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to

promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Section 40, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for siting a Sanitary

Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the siting of sanitary landfills:

(a) The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;

(b) The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;

(c) The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled and

compacted;

21
(d) The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;

(e) The size must be located in an area where the landfill’s operation will not detrimentally affect

environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area;

(f) The site should be large enough to accommodate the community’s wastes for a period of five

(5) years during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and

sustainable solid waste disposal;

(g) The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary constraints,

including site development, operation for many years, closure, post-closure care and possible

remediation costs;

(h) Operating plans must include provisions for coordinating with recycling and resource

recovery projects; and

(i) Designation of a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes.

Section 41, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for Establishing a

Sanitary Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the establishment of sanitary

landfills:

(a) Liners – a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and

reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater;

(b) Leachate collection and treatment system – Installation of pipes at the low areas of the liner

to collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge;

(c) Gas control recovery system – a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing

permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect gas for treatment or

productive use as an energy source;

22
(d) Ground water monitoring well system – wells placed at an appropriate location and depth for

taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality;

(e) Cover – two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect the

waste from long-term contact with the environment:

(i) a daily cover place over the waste at the close of each day’s operations, and;

(ii) a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control

infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion.

(f) Closure procedure – with the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover systems and

final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste. Installation of the final

cover must be completed within six (6) months of the least receipt of wastes; and

(g) Post-closure care procedure – During this period, the landfill owner shall be responsible for

providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the landfill’s environmental

protection features, operating monitoring equipment, remediating groundwater should it become

contaminated and controlling landfill gas migration or emission.

ADMINISTRATIVE FEASIBILITY

Operational Procedures

The operational procedures employed at any landfill site will have a significant bearing

on its planned development, performance and potential effects on the environment, particularly

effects on site neighbours. The procedures are the following: landfill management plan, staffing

and training, health and safety, site access,waste acceptance and monitoring, roading, visual

impacts, waste compaction, cover, nuisance control, fire prevention, water control, landfill gas

management, and closure and aftercare. (Centre for Advanced Engineering , 2000)

23
Staffing

The level of staffing should be adequate for environmentally-responsible and safe

management of the landfill. Staffing requirements will vary as a function of size, types of wastes,

and diversity and complexity of site operations. Landfill operators should provide adequate

staffing to ensure that during operating hours all continuous tasks (including waste reception, and

security, compaction and covering) are completed in accordance with the landfill management

plan. (Centre for Advanced Engineering , 2000)

Related Studies

Local Studies

Market Study

A Study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe and Richard B. Parilla entitled

“Opportunities and Threats to Adjacent Community in a Sanitary Landfill, Philippines” assessed

the adjacent community in Cebu City Sanitary Landfill (CCSL), Philippines. Data were gathered

on April, 2011 using interview-questionnaire covering sixty three households. Areas assessed

include the general household profile, perceived opportunities, water resources and utilization,

health status and services, waste management practices, and perception to CCSL management

and institutions. Result showed that households perceived opportunities in CCSL as a result of

employment, resources, and security through informal workforce like scavenging. However, the

adjacent community was found to be at high risk owing to use of contaminated groundwater and

unsafe waste management practices. These threats were manifested through prevalence of

gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermal diseases. Households also acknowledged the negative

impacts to health and environment however their major concern was accessed to employment

24
upon closure and relocation of CCSL. The study provided basis for policy makers and concern

institutions on identifying basic services to be made available to the adjacent community

considering the closure of CCSL. The study gave idea to the researchers on what to consider in

the formulation of the design and considerations for the new sanitary landfill in study.

Financing and Financial Study

In the study “Final Report on Consulting Services for Solid Waste Management

(Environmental Management) Within Project Micropolis in Metro Manila, Republic of the

Philippines” last April 2007 provided a breakdown of the costs. The table includes a schematic

calculation for a Barangay in Metro Manila with 10,000 inhabitants of mixed population. The

Barangay has initially eight (8) hauling trips per week to collect the Solid Waste. The Barangay

has initially no Eco Aids designated to the Solid Waste Management System. Each item can

naturally be discussed and modified, but the ambition of the table is to show the orders of

magnitude and where the critical costs and revenues are found.

The investments can naturally vary a lot depending on the starting conditions in the

specific Barangay, the level of ambition, stepwise implementation of the new schemes, etc.

However, the order of magnitude, 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 pesos, is a good estimate for a

Barangay of 10,000 inhabitants. An investment of this magnitude is very hard for a typical

Barangay to handle in one step. However, with a good planning of budget allocations over the

years and a stepwise implementation it would be possible to build up a well-functioning Solid

25
Waste Management System within just a few years. Experience from various other projects also

shows that there are other sources of funding than only the Barangay budgets.

Waste Management Fund as a part of the Property Tax allocations;

Savings and funding;

Soft Loans / Concessionary credits;

Donations from companies and individuals; and

Various “politically” allocated funds

are some examples of funding used in other projects.

The use of part of the Property Tax to the Waste Management Fund seems to be

supported by law. Savings and funding are sometimes difficult due to administrative rules and

regulations where a “saving” from one budget year can not be transferred to the following.

However, it seems as if such transfers can be done given one of the basic rules: “If there is a will

there is a way”. Countries that are engaged in various kinds of support to developing countries

sometimes provide so called Soft Loans (or Concessionary Credits) at favorable conditions.

Naturally, a single Barangay cannot get involved in such a financing scheme, but with a good

coordination between Barangays and the City Level or at the Central Government Level (like the

DILG, Department of Interior and Local Government), such financing would bring down the

costs and increase the implementation pace.

The latter two types of funding are available especially during election periods. This kind

of sources can, of course, not be utilized in every Barangays when a full scale Solid Waste

Management work is started. The interest on the investment should be included as a cost in a

complete budget estimate. However, since the budgets for investments in a Barangay are

26
provided on an annual basis by City / Municipality, the interest is of no significance on the

Barangay level.

Another study entitled, “Funding Solid Waste Disposal: A Study from the Philippines” by

Antonia Corinthia C. Naz and Mario Tuscan N Naz , talks about the treatment of solid waste as

a major priority in countries across Southeast Asia. Economic development and population

growth, particularly in the region's mega-cities, have made the challenge more acute. This is

particularly true in the Philippines, where the legacy of dangerous open dump sites such as

'Smokey Mountain' have kept the issue high on the political agenda. This study looks at how a

municipal government in one of the Philippines's provinces should organize its solid waste

management plans to meet strict new national targets. It recommends that the local government

charge user fees for its waste collection & disposal services and recommends a level of service

that will reflect people's preferences, However, even with this level of charges, the study warns

of a funding gap and says that the local government may have to divert as much as 25% of its

development fund to pay for it.

Environmental Study

A study by Paz B. Reyes, Mabelle V. Portu entitled, “Greening of the Solid Waste

Management in Batangas” can also help improve design the new sanitary landfill. Management

of solid wastes in the Philippines has long been a responsibility of the Local Government Units

in the country since the enactment of Republic Act 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2002. In support to the local government of Batangas City, this study

was conducted to propose a plan of action that will enhance the level of implementation of solid

waste management in the city, lessen the harmful effects to the environment and health of the

27
people and find solutions to problems encountered in its implementation. The descriptive survey

method was used with 204 respondents taken by stratified sampling from selected 69 barangays.

A Likert scale instrument was used to measure the level of implementation of solid waste

management practices of the residents and the problems encountered by the residents in the

implementation of solid waste management practices. A checklist determine the effects of the

implementation of solid waste management practices to the environment and health of the people

Data analysis made use of frequency distribution, weighted mean and ANOVA. From the

findings gathered on the level of implementation of solid waste management and the observed

effects to the environment and health of the people including the problems encountered in its

implementation, a plan of action was proposed with the hope of enhancing the level of

implementation of solid waste management thereby lessening its harmful effects and problems to

health and environment.

Another study by Leonora E. Ngilangil entitled, “Assessment of Groundwater and

Leachate Quality from Balaoan Sanitary Landfill in La Union, Northern Philippines” could be

very helpful as well. The study emphasizes that landfills are point sources of pollution. In this

study, it seeks to assess the groundwater and leachate quality in Balaoan sanitary landfill using

physico-chemical and biological characteristics and to compare the results to quality standards.

Proper coordination with authorities, ocular visits and surveys and final evaluation on the study

site were made to ascertain the presence of a leachate pond and deep/tube wells within or near

the facility.

Groundwater and leachate samples were collected through grab sampling during the

months of February and April and sent for laboratory analyses .Except for the Total coliform and

E.coli counts, the physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples such as pH,

28
turbidity,total dissolved solids, and nitrate were found to conform to the Philippine National

Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). Leachate water samples in terms of chemical oxygen

demand were found to conform to the regulatory limit while toxic metals such as cadmium,

chromium, copper, lead and mercury showed very low concentration based on DAO 35, series of

1990 class C waters.

Technical Study

Solid waste management remained to be a serious problem in the country. Despite the

enactment of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, nothing has

improved. The volume of wastes being generated particularly in the urban centres tends to

increase with increased population growth. Improper waste disposal is not only an eyesore but

has serious environmental consequences to the soil, air, ground and surface waters and even to

human health. Groundwater contamination may be the most serious problem caused by improper

waste disposal because, as usually the case in the Philippines where dependence on groundwater

for drinking purposes is very common. Sanitary landfills are the most widely utilized method for

solid waste disposal. (Rebullida, 2000)

According to Republic Act No. 9003 which states that “An act providing for an

ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms

and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds

therefor, and for other purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies: It is hereby declared the policy of

the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program

which shall:

29
(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery,

green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically

sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological

waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management

and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous

and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other

local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of

market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

30
(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to

promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Republic Act No. 9003, Article 2, Section 21 states the Mandatory Segregation of Solid

Waste; The LGUs shall evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in providing

collection services, type of collection system, or combination of systems, that best meet their

needs: Provided, That segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at the source, to

include household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources: Provided,

further, That wastes shall be segregated into the categories provided in Section 22 of this Act.

Foreign Studies

Market Study

A study in India is entitled “Modified Landfill Design for Sustainable Waste

Management” by Sudhakar Yedla states that waste management, being one of the most important

aspects of urban development, is gaining importance among developing nations. Landfills, which

were initiated for hazardous waste management and subsequently transformed into sanitary

landfills, have been the most widely adapted practice for municipal solid waste management

worldwide. However, the conventional design of landfills not only fails to fulfil the needs of

waste management but also fails to target optimal resource recovery and energy generation. In

the present study, modified design was proposed for partially engineered landfill system based on

theoretical considerations. Its potential for energy generation and resource utilization was

analyzed with a case study of Mumbai municipal solid waste. It was found that the system with

31
modified design could yield 0.157 million tons of landfill gas (0.145 million tons of coal

equivalent) out of one year of solid waste. Further, this could recover resource valued at US$2.49

million per year.

“The Normandy Landfill: A Case Study in Solid Waste Management” is a study by S.

Sadek* and M. El-Fadel in Lebanon and was published in 2000. As in most developing

countries, municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has been a chronic problem, particularly in

areas with high population density, high production of refuse, and scarcity of land adequate for

landfills. In such settings, uncontrolled waste dumping along the seashore has been an

unfortunate, yet common practice for solid waste disposal in major urban centers. These

practices along the Mediterranean coast resulted in serious sea pollution problems. Random

disposal activities began around 1975 and were suspended in 1994. Initially, the waste was

limited to household wastes and later included inert fill and construction material. The site

currently covers about 360000m2 and extends about 600 m beyond the original shoreline. During

the period 1975 to 1982, the material dumped was mostly municipal waste with some

construction rubble. At that point 30 000m2 land area had been deposited into the sea. Between

1982 and 1983, large quantities of demolition debris were dumped into the sea north of the

existing waste piles. In addition, the years of war resulted in significant damages to the city

infrastructure, including sewage and wastewater disposal, resulting in the discharge of large

volumes of untreated wastewater at the edge of the fill.

32
Financing and Financial study

The study “Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Economic Impact Analysis for the Proposed

New Subpart to the New Source Performance Standards” by staff from the Office of Air and

Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency last June 2014 had given insights about costs

and revenue streams for landfills. Landfill costs are site specific and vary based on factors such

as terrain, soil type, climate, site restrictions, regulatory issues, type and amount of waste

disposed, preprocessing, and potential for groundwater contamination. Landfill costs fall into the

following categories: site development, construction, equipment purchases, operation, closure,

and post-closure. Site development includes site surveys, engineering and design studies, and

permit package fees. Surveys are necessary to determine if a potential site is feasible. Permits are

required from local, state, and federal governments.

Construction costs encompass building the landfill cells as well as development of

permanent on-site structures needed to operate the landfill. Cortland County, New York

estimated that the cost for site development and cell construction (not including on-site building

construction) for a 224.5-acre site would be approximately $500,000 per acre (EnSol, 2010). In

2005, a series of articles was written that estimated costs for a hypothetical landfill based on

known market conditions and cost data. The theoretical landfill had a design capacity of 4

million cubic yards and a footprint of 33 acres. The study determined that the cost of

constructing a landfill of this size would be between $300,000 and $800,000 per acre. For the

hypothetical landfill in the study, total building and additional structure costs could total between

$1.165 million and $1.77 million. Operation of the landfill requires a truck scale, scale house,

wheel wash facility, and buildings to accommodate an office and provide space for maintenance.

The cost of each building structure varies depending on its functions and could range from $10 to

33
$100 per square foot. Office buildings cost more while maintenance buildings and tool sheds

cost less. In addition, fencing around the facility and roadways are required and add to the costs

(Duffy, 2005a).

Operating costs of the example landfill include staffing, equipment (payments and

maintenance), leachate treatment, and facilities and general maintenance. Landfill operations and

maintenance activities are performed using a variety of heavy construction equipment with

operating costs dependent on fuel, repairs, and maintenance. Operating costs are relatively small

when compared to the capital costs; estimated annual operating costs from this study are:

• Operations (equipment, staff, facilities and general maintenance): $500,000.

• Leachate collection and treatment (assumes sewer connection and discharge cost of

$0.02/gallon): $10,000.

• Environmental sampling and monitoring (groundwater, surface water, air gas,leachate):

$30,000.

• Engineering services (consulting firms and in-house staff): $60,000.

Environmental Study

“Landfill site suitability assessment by means of geographic information system

analysis,” is a study by M. Yazdani1, S. M. Monavari, G. A. Omrani, M. Shariat, and S. M.

Hosseini in Iran and was published last July 30, 2015. Open dumping is the common procedure

for final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Iran. Several environmental pollution and

soil degradation problems were found as a consequence of poor planning of landfills.

So recognition of the MSW landfill state is required to prevent environmental problems.

The objective of this research was to study the suitability of existing municipal landfill sites

34
using geographic information system methods. Tonekabon city in the west area of Mazandaran

province, northern Iran, along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, was chosen as a case study.

In order to carry out this evaluation, two guidelines were used: Minnesota Pollution Control

Agency (MPCA) and regional screening guidelines. The results indicate that the landfills were

not located in suitable sites and also that there are few suitable locations to install the landfills.

The study entitled “The Challenge Of Future Landfill: A Case Study Of Malaysia” by

Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail and Latifah Abd. Manaf focuses on Toxicology and

Environmental Health Sciences published last May 16, 2013. Landfilling is the most frequent

waste disposal method worldwide. It is recognized as being an important option both now and in

the near future, especially in low- and middle-income countries, since it is the easiest and the

cheapest technology available. Owing to financial constraints, landfills usually lack of

environmental abatement measures, such as leachate collection systems and lining materials. As

a result, a lot of contamination is inflicted upon the environment. Importantly, even with proper

abatement measures in landfills, there is no guarantee that contamination will be prevented.

Another major concern is the appropriate location for landfills to ensure the impact towards the

environment are minimized. This paper highlights the challenge to find suitable place for future

landfill in Malaysia. There is a tendency of landfill to be built on unsuitable area such as near to

residential area or on agricultural land where most of the land are grading as high prospect value

to be developed as business or industrial area that are more profitable.

The situation in Sweden, relates a lot in the current situation in the city in sanitary

landfills turning into open dumpsites. Mohammad Aljaradin and Kenneth M Persson elaborates

in their study entitled “Design of Sanitary Landfills in Jordan for Sustainable Solid Waste

35
Management” that Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the major environmental problems in

Jordan. World Bank visibility study (2004) showed that the rate of production of solid waste in

Jordan was estimated annually of about 1.46 million ton, and is expected to reach 2.5 million ton

by year 2015 with generation of 0.9/kg/capita/day. This solid waste volume is still increasing at

high rates due to the rapid increase of populations and change in living standards and the

consumption patterns. The Majority of landfills in Jordan are practicing open dumping and thus

cause various environmental problems such as health hazards, surface water and ground water

contamination, odors, etc. Sanitary landfills offer a viable option for the Common Service

Councils (CSCs) which are responsible for operation and management of disposal sites in the

country, to deal with the environmental hazards caused by open dumps practice within its

financial constraints. If sanitary landfills are conducted properly, the negative environmental

impacts can be kept to a minimum level.

36
 SYNTHESIS

MARKET STUDY

The estimation and analysis of the capacity and volume of waste of the new sanitary

landfill study can be based on the historical information about the amount of population, average

volume of garbage collected in a certain amount of time and other processes necessary for the

landfill from cities in the country or in the Philippines as a whole. The aim is to come up with a

capacity that can hold the amount of volume of garbage collected to be disposed in the landfill. A

study was cited about the market aspects of a landfill in Cebu City in terms of its market

feasibility. Foreign studies cited, also based their landfill capacity from market studies conducted

to provide a feasible supply from the demand.

TECHNICAL STUDY

This related literature provides insights for determining the equipment, facilities, materials

and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary landfill . It will provide

procedures and process in searching for a site that will be suitable for the landfill. This study also

provides reference for the technical terms and specifications to be used in the study. It also provided

ideas and better understanding of the study.

FINANCING AND FINANCIAL STUDY

This study provides estimates for total cost of landfill. Results indicate that volume

significantly impacts feasibility. Additional information is required to localize the estimate to a

specific site. However, this study provides useful information to assist community and county

decision-makers as they attempt to evaluate their alternatives.

37
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Environmental related literature stresses the importance of negative effects during site

selection, construction, operation, closure. R.A. 9003 that regulates the protection of public

health and environment information about the environmental risks of landfills. Also, some

procedures stated could be applied in the environmental feasibility of the new sanitary landfill in

Bacolod City.

ADMINISTRATIVE STUDY

This study aims to provide guidelines in how an organization manages a landfill. It

provides different functions of an organization that needed to be fulfilled properly so that the

landfill would serve its purpose well. This could help us in creating a project schedule for the

construction of the landfill.

38
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, data gathering procedures, and data analyses

procedures.

Methodology

The study aims to determine the feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill of Bacolod

City. The type of research that will be used for this study is descriptive research, this kind of

research focuses on the current issues or problems done by a process of data collection that

enables them to describe the situation completely than without using this method. To describe

the aspects of the phenomenon, descriptive studies are used. And also, descriptive research is

used to described characteristics and/or behavior of the sample population. The most important

trait of descriptive research that more researchers use this kind of study is that it can employ a

number of variables, however only one variable is required to conduct the study.

The descriptive research has its three main purposes: describing, explaining and

validating research findings. The kind of study is also closely related with observational studies

but not just limited for observation data collection method and case studies. Descriptive study

also has surveys as a popular data collection method.

An effective method to analyze non-quantified topic and issues, possibility to observe the

phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment, and its opportunity to

integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection are some of the reasons why

descriptive research is used for this study.

39
 The study aims to determine the feasibility of marketing, technical, financing, financial,

environmental and administrative. The methods of descriptive research is most closely practical

for determining the feasibility of the said studies. Collecting data by historical method, surveys,

observations, interviews, and taking it from a reliable source, are used in the descriptive research.

The procedure for the conduct of a project feasibility study are the following:

1. Market Study

2. Production/ Technical Study

3. Financial and Financing Study

4. Management and Organization Study

5. Environmental Study

1. Market Study

1.1 Service: The “Proposed Sanitary Landfill of Bacolod City” aims to come up with a

sanitary landfill that is designed and constructed in a manner that exerts engineering

control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development

and operation of the facility.

1.2 Volume of Wastes:

1.2.1 Data Gathering:

1.2.1.1 Gather records from the local government about the average volume of

solid waste disposed in the landfill per day and per week.

1.2.1.2 Conduct a research about the volume of solid waste disposed in to the

Landfill from last 5 years.

40
 1.2.1.3 Determine the number of inhabitants and population in Bacolod City for

the next 5 years using the rate of population growth from the City

Government.

1.2.2 Data Processing:

1.2.2.1 Project the volume of the solid waste for the next 5 years based on

historical records.

1.2.2.2 Determine the volume and weight capacity of the proposed sanitary

landfill.

1.2.2.3 Estimate the volume/weight produced by the population.

ppc = DSr / (Pop x 7 x Cov)

DSd = Pop x ppc

Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.2.2.4 Estimate the projected total volume

1.3 Capacity of Landfill:

1.3.1 Data Gathering:

1.3.1.1 Create criteria for feasibility

1.3.1.2 Visit current site and check for feasibility

1.3.2 Data Processing:

1.3.2.1 Determine if current landfill is still operational or there is a need to design

for the new landfill.

1.3.2.2 Estimate required volume capacity of the landfill.

Volume of Solid Waste:

41
 Vdaily = DSp / Dmsw

Vcompacted annually = Vdaily x 365

Volume of the Cover Material:

c.m = Vcompacted annually x (0.20 or 0.25).

Volume of the Sanitary Landfill

VSL = Vstabilized annually + c.m

VSLul = VSL x n

Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.3.2.3 Estimate the landfill land area for the next 5 years.

ASL = VSL / hLS

AT = F x ASL

Source: Jaramillo, (2003)

1.4 Volume Capacity

1.4.1 Data Gathering:

From the processed Market Feasibility Analysis on the average volume per day

that solid waste in Bacolod City have and the volume capacity of the sanitary

landfill, determine the discrepancies between its past 5 years and the projection

for the next 5 years.

1.4.2 Data Processing:

Determine design specification of new landfill.

42
2. Technical Study

The determination of engineering layout and design and its corresponding equipment,

facilities, materials and process involved in creating the design for the new

2.1 Data Gathering:

2.1.1 Create criteria for feasibility on technical aspect of landfill

2.1.2 Site visit and determination of technical violations of current landfill

2.1.3 Asses common topography, type of soil, permeability coefficient and the

depth of the water table of the Bacolod City.

2.1.4 Determine the mean annual precipitation.

2.1.5 Determine raw materials and supplies requirement to include the following:

 Specifications

 Total Requirements and Schedule

 Transport, Handling and storage

2.1.6 Identify different kinds of construction method for a sanitary landfill.

2.1.7 Determine the labor requirements taking into consideration the following:

 Type and number by skill or trade

 Type and numbers to cost (Direct, Indirect and Administrative)

 Production schedule

 Pay scale

2.2 Data Processing:

2.2.1 Identify if the current site is complying with technical criteria.

2.2.2 Use the data from 2.1.3 for the design of the landfill.

43
 2.2.3 Select construction method that is suitable for the project study.

2.2.4 Select building and facilities specification.

2.2.5 Prepare vicinity plan or sketch of site.

2.2.6 Design Landfill Layout.

2.2.7 Prepare detailed sketch of Landfill Layout.

3. Financial and Financing Study

3.1 Data Gathering:

3.1.1 Determine total project cost which will include the following:

 Equipments

 Machinery

 Labor

 Raw materials

 Supplies Requirements

3.1.2 Determine sources of financing which should come from.

3.2 Data Processing:

3.2.1 Make a listing of materials and supplies requirements indicating quantity

and costs in a monthly or yearly basis.

3.2.2 Make a list of labor requirements to include payscale, number and monthly

or yearly labor costs.

3.2.3 Formulate assumptions with regards to the following:

 Operation cost / unit volume

 Labor and Management Compensation

44
  Initial Working Capital

3.2.4 Conduct finanacial analysis

 Cost / benefits

 Net profit margin

 Payback period

4. Management and Organization Study

4.1 Data Gathering:

4.1.1 Determine the functions involved in setting up the organization.

4.2 Data Processing:

4.2.1 Set up the organization.

4.2.1 Indicate the form of ownership.

4.2.2 Set up project schedule.

5. Environmental Feasibility

5.1 Environmental Provisions

Determine environmental requirements set forth by R.A. 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 and the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

from DENR pursuant to P.D. 1586. Compile in a checklist as environmental criteria

5.2 Site Investigation

Visit current site at Brgy. Felisa and check for environmental criteria.

5.3 Data Processing

Identify mitigating measures to counteract violations from environmental criteria.

45