EBRADA, SHARELE D. Assignment No. 1 Aug.

14, 2018
B.S.E.E./ 5th yr. Prof. Espiritu
1. What are some of the applications of fluid mechanics in electrical engineering?
 Turbines: The flow of fluid (air or steam) through turbines is a natural study requirement
since the attached electrical generator has to work according to the turbine rotations.

a. Thermal Power Plants: Steam issued from boiling water from the heat generated by
combustion of coal runs turbines.
b. Hydro Power Plants: Water through pen-stock runs turbines to rotate the blades
running the generator.
c. Wind Power Plants: The bladed rotor is in direct coupling with the induction
generator which generates power with the rotations.
 Transmission Lines construction: In regions prone to winds and cyclones, the transmission
lines must be able to withstand the force projected on them by the turbulence and maintain
the tension within the lines.
 The electrical generator is a magnificently costly device. Millions go into designing &
constructing generators. For turbine applications, usually, generators are specifically
designed. Keeping in mind the environment it has to withstand, the dynamics of turbines,
impose a direct design constraint on generators. Hence, Fluid mechanics indirectly comes
to much use.
 The flow of air through the cooling fans and along the circuit board to prevent it from
overheating.
 The flow of water in advanced cooling pads to prevent the motherboard from overheating.
 Fluid mechanics is not applied in the primary work of electrical engineering. However,
there are many situations where engineers working in one discipline require some
knowledge of the work of another discipline.
 In electrical engineering the removal of excess heat from electrical devices is always a
problem. One solution involves forced or convection air flow over heatsinks or through
and around electrical equipment or components. Mechanical engineers are often employed
to assist with that problem, but electrical engineers find it useful to have some knowledge
of fluid mechanics in that situation.
 Electrical engineers also design equipment that is used in measuring and controlling fluid
pressure, level and flow. The majority of electric motor are used to move fluids by driving
fans and pumps. Often flow is controlled by controlling the motor speed. Electrical
engineers find it useful to understand the end result of the operation of equipment that they
design.

2. What are the basic laws which are applicable to any fluid? Define each
EBRADA, SHARELE D. Assignment No. 1 Aug. 14, 2018
B.S.E.E./ 5th yr. Prof. Espiritu
 Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body
immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid
that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the
displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.
Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
o Practically, Archimedes' principle allows the
buoyancy of an object partially or fully immersed in a
liquid to be calculated. The downward force on the object
is simply its weight. The upward, or buoyant, force on the
object is that stated by Archimedes' principle, above. Thus,
the net force on the object is the difference between the
magnitudes of the buoyant force and its weight. If this net
force is positive, the object rises; if negative, the object
sinks; and if zero, the object is neutrally buoyant - that is, it
remains in place without either rising or sinking. In simple
words, Archimedes' principle states that, when a body is
partially or completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences
A floating ship's weight Fp and its buoyancy an apparent loss in weight that is equal to the weight of the
Fa must be equal in size
fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body.
 Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously
with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
 Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a
principle in fluid mechanics that states that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a
confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change
occurs everywhere. Pascal's principle is defined as a change in pressure at any point in an
enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid.
 Law of Conservation of mass states that in a closed system, the mass of the system
cannot change over time. Look at our example of the candle in the closed room. Though
much of the wax itself is no longer present in its original form, all of the mass of the wax
is still present in the room, albeit in a different form.
 Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing
forces are not balanced. The second law states that the acceleration of an object is
dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the
object. The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the
object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is
increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased,
the acceleration of the object is decreased.
 The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts
on an object, no change of angular momentum will occur.
 The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle
to heat and thermodynamic processes:
EBRADA, SHARELE D. Assignment No. 1 Aug. 14, 2018
B.S.E.E./ 5th yr. Prof. Espiritu
o The first law makes use of the key concepts of internal energy, heat, and system
work. It is used extensively in the discussion of heat engines. The standard unit for
all these quantities would be the joule, although they are sometimes expressed in
calories or BTU.
o It is typical for chemistry texts to write the first law as ΔU=Q+W. It is the same
law, of course - the thermodynamic expression of the conservation of energy
principle. It is just that W is defined as the work done on the system instead of work
done by the system. In the context of physics, the common scenario is one of adding
heat to a volume of gas and using the expansion of that gas to do work, as in the
pushing down of a piston in an internal combustion engine. In the context of
chemical reactions and process, it may be more common to deal with situations
where work is done on the system rather than by it.
 The second law of thermodynamics is a general principle which places constraints upon
the direction of heat transfer and the attainable efficiencies of heat engines. In so doing, it
goes beyond the limitations imposed by the first law of thermodynamics. Its implications
may be visualized in terms of the waterfall analogy.
o Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to extract an amount of heat
QH from a hot reservoir and use it all to do work W . Some amount of heat QC must
be exhausted to a cold reservoir. This precludes a perfect heat engine.This is
sometimes called the "first form" of the second law, and is referred to as the Kelvin-
Planck statement of the second law.

Second Law: Refrigerator

o Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body
to a warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this flow. Energy
will not flow spontaneously from a low temperature object to a higher temperature
object. This precludes a perfect refrigerator. The statements about refrigerators apply
to air conditioners and heat pumps, which embody the same principles.
This is the "second form" or Clausius statement of the second law.
EBRADA, SHARELE D. Assignment No. 1 Aug. 14, 2018
B.S.E.E./ 5th yr. Prof. Espiritu
o Second Law: Entropy
Second Law of Thermodynamics: In any cyclic process the entropy will either increase
or remain the same.
Entropy: a state variable whose change is defined for a reversible process at T where
Q is the heat absorbed.
Entropy: a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work.
Entropy: a measure of the disorder of a system.
Entropy: a measure of the multiplicity of a system.
Since entropy gives information about the evolution of an isolated system with time, it
is said to give us the direction of "time's arrow”. If snapshots of a system at two
different times shows one state which is more disordered, then it could be implied that
this state came later in time. For an isolated system, the natural course of events takes
the system to a more disordered (higher entropy) state.
3. Define each term and give typical SI and English units.
 Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is consumed. The
higher the rate at which work is done, the faster the work is done, and at the same time the
faster the energy is used up. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the
joule per second (J/s).
o SI unit = watt (joule/sec)
o English unit = hp (foot-lb/sec)
 Pressure is defined as force per unit area. It is usually more convenient to use pressure
rather than force to describe the influences upon fluid behavior. When you deal with the
pressure of a liquid at rest, the medium is treated as a continuous distribution of matter.
But when you deal with a gas pressure, it must be approached as an average pressure from
molecular collisions with the walls. Pressure in a fluid can be seen to be a measure of
energy per unit volume by means of the definition of work. This energy is related to other
forms of fluid energy by the Bernoulli equation.
o SI uniT = (N/m2, or kg. m. s−2)
o English unit = lbf/ft2
 The modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus) E is a material property, that describes its
stiffness and is therefore one of the most important properties of solid materials.Mechanical
deformation puts energy into a material. The energy is stored elastically or dissipated,
plastically. The way a material stores this energy is summarized in stress-strain curves.
Stress is defined as force per unit area and strain as elongation or contraction per unit length.
o SI unit = newton/m2
o English unit = psi
 Angular Velocity, In fluid mechanics, the state when no part of the fluid has motion
relative to any other part of the fluid is has motion relative to any other part of the fluid is
called 'solid body rotation'.
o SI unit = rad/s
o English unit = N-m
EBRADA, SHARELE D. Assignment No. 1 Aug. 14, 2018
B.S.E.E./ 5th yr. Prof. Espiritu
 Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform
work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of
energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed.
o SI unit = Joule
o English unit = (ft⋅lbf or ft⋅lb)
 Moment of Force refers to the Moment is the measure of the capacity or ability of the
force to produce twisting or turning effect about an axis. This axis is perpendicular to the
plane containing the line of action of the force. The magnitude of moment is equal to the
product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the
force. The intersection of the plane and the axis is commonly called the moment center,
and the perpendicular distance from the moment center to the line of action of the force is
called moment arm.
o SI unit = N-m
o English unit = lbf⋅ft
 Momentum refers to the quantity of motion that an object has. A sports team that is on the
move has the momentum. If an object is in motion (on the move) then it has momentum.
Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion."
o SI unit = kg⋅m/s
o English unit = lbf⋅s, slug⋅ft/s
 Shear Stress refers to the Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing
stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential
stress.
o SI unit = N/m2 or Pa (Pascal)
o English unit = lbf/ft2
 Strain refers to the unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by
the applied force, to the original length.
 Specific Heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one
degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed
in the form shown below where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a
phase change is encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change
does not change the temperature.
o SI unit = J/g °Celcius
o English unit = Btu/lbm-F