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Response of First-order RL
and RC Circuits
1
Overview
4
Section 7.1, 7.2
The Natural Response of RL
and RC Circuits
5
What is natural response?
6
Circuit model of a discharging RL circuit
IC depends on initial
energy of the inductor:
i (0 ) i (0 ) I 0 I s
d
ODE : L i (t ) Ri (t ) 0, IC : i (0 ) I 0 I s ;
dt
di R
L(di ) Ri (dt ) 0, dt ,
i L
i ( t ) di R t R t
dt , ln i i ( 0 ) t 0 ,
i (t )
i ( 0 ) i L 0 L
i (t ) R
ln i (t ) ln i (0) ln t,
I0 L
t L
i (t ) I 0 e , where …time constant
R
9
Time constant describes the discharging speed
0.37 I 0
10
Solutions of the voltage, power, and energy
w0 1 e 2t τ , w0 LI 02 2 , for t 0 .
initial energy stored in L
11
Example 7.2: Discharge of parallel inductors (1)
96e 2t V
1 t 1 t
i1 (t ) i1 (0) v(t )dt 8 96e 2t dt 1.6 9.6e 2t A.
L1 0 5 0
1 t 1 t
0
2t 2t
i2 (t ) i2 (0) v (t ) d t 4 96 e d t 1 . 6 2 . 4e A.
L2 20 0
14
Example 7.2: Solutions in steady state (4)
Since
i1 (t ) 1.6 9.6e 2t 1.6 A,
i2 (t ) 1.6 2.4e 2t 1.6 A,
the two inductors form a closed current loop!
i4
IC depends on initial
energy of the capacitor:
v (0 ) v (0 ) V0 Vg
d v(t )
ODE : C v(t ) 0, IC : v(0 ) V0 Vg ;
dt R
Reducing R (loss)
and parasitic C is
critical for high-
speed circuits.
19
Solutions of the current, power, and energy
i (t ) …abrupt change at t = 0.
R V0 R e t
, for t 0 .
2
t CV
w p (t )dt w0 1 e 2t τ , w0 0
, for t 0 .
0 2
initial energy stored in C
20
Procedures to get natural response of RL, RC circuits
1. Charging an RC circuit
2. Charging an RL circuit
22
What is step response?
23
ODE and IC of a charging RC circuit
IC depends on
initial energy of
the capacitor:
v (0 ) v (0 ) V0
v V f ,
v (t ) d dv 1
Is C v (t ),
R dt dt
where RC , V f I s R are the time constant
and final (steady-state) parallel voltage. 24
Solving the parallel voltage, branch currents
v V f ,
dv 1 dv 1
dt ,
dt v Vf
v(t ) dv 1 t v (t ) V f t v (t ) V f
V0 v I s R
dt , ln
0 V0 V f
,
V0 V f
e t ,
v (t ) V f V0 V f e t .
The charging and discharging processes have
the same speed (same time constant = RC).
The branch currents through C and R are:
d V0 t v(t )
iC (t ) C v(t ) I s e , iR (t ) , for t 0.
dt R R 25
Example 7.6 (1)
vo (0 ) vo (0 ) +
v0
V0 30 V
I s 1.5 mA
27
Example 7.6 (3)
IC depends on
initial energy of
the inductor:
i (0 ) i (0 ) I 0
Vs Ri (t ) L i (t ), i (t ) I f I 0 I f e t ,
d
dt
L Vs
where , I f .
R R
The charging and discharging processes have
the same speed (same time constant =L/R). 29
Section 7.5
Sequential Switching
30
What is and how to solve sequential switching?
31
Example 7.12: Charging and discharging a capacitor (1)
Q: v (t) = ? for t ≥ 0.
t =0
t =15 ms IC: V0 v (0 ) 0
33
Section 7.6
Unbounded Response
34
Definition and reason of unbounded response
35
Example 7.13: (1)
Q: vo(t) = ? for t ≥ 0.
vT vT vT
iT 7 ,
10 k 20 k 20 k
RTh vT iT -5 k 0.
37
Example 7.13 (3)
V0 vo (0 ) 10 V, RC 25 ms 0,
2i
39
Lesson for circuit designers & device fabrication
engineers
40
Key points
41