RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology with title “Introduction and Using of

Microscope” which made by :
Name : Andriani Nasrullah
Reg Number : 121 444 1 035
Class : Biology education ICP A
Group : VIII ( Eight )
Has been checked by assistant and assistant coor dinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, November 05th 2012

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

M. Nur Qadri S. Asmayani

ID : 101404170

Known,
The Lecture Laboratorium

Drs. H. Hamka L, SM
ID 196212311987021005
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The people as one of God's creature shave a lot of shortcomings and
limitations many ways, one of the limitations seeing microscopic objects. But,
because science and technology always growing from time to time the problems can
be resolved. For example of the advancement of science and technology is the finding
of the microscope. Microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small
that can not be seen by the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects
using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the
eye unless aided by a microscope.
With the microscope magnification is obtained making it possible to observe
the organisms and structures that are invisible with the naked eye or microscope is
optic devices and the main tool for observing and studying the structure of small
objects. There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be
invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample. Other major
types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron
microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning
probe microscope.
The microscope is a tool that very important in laboratory activities, because
almost all biology courses require a microscope for to observed objects in the
laboratory. The most common kind of microscope for observation in laboratoty is an
optical microscope, which uses lenses to form images from visible light. By the
experiment in the laboratory about introduction of microscope we could be know
about the parts and functions of the microscope and how to use a microscope for
observations.
B. Purpose
The students skillifully using biological microscope to quickly and safely to
see a simple preparation.
C. Benefit
1. Can see objects that are to small that can not be seen by naked eye by
using a microscope.
2. Understand how to use the microscope biology and know functions of
microscope parts.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Cell walls were first seen by Robert Hooke in 1665 as he looked through a
microscope at dead cells from the bark of an oak tree. But it took the wonderfully
crafted lenses of Antony van Leeuwenhoek to visualize living cells. Imagine Hooke's
awe when he visited van Leeuwenhoek in 1674 and the world of microorganisms-
what his host called very little anima\ culesn was revealed to him. In spite of these
early observations, the cell's geography remained largely uncharted for some time.
Most sub cellular structures-including organelles, which are membrane-enclosed
compartments-are simply too small to be resolved by the light microscope. Cell
biology advanced rapidly in the 1950s with the introduction of the electron
microscope. Instead of using light, the electron microscope (EM) focuses a beam of
electrons through the specimen or onto its surface (see Appendix D). Resolution is
inversely related to the wavelength of the radiation a microscope uses for imaging,
and electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light ( Campbell,
2009: 95 ).
Optical microscope consists of 2, there are biological microscopes and
biological microscopes used stereo for seeing transparent. Shining given the
observation of a thin object under the natural light or lights. Biological microscope
generally have eyepiece and objective lens with a magnification power as follows :
1. Objektive 4x to 10x eyepiece, 40x magnification
2. 10x objektive with 10x eyepiece, magnification 100x
3. 40x objektive with 10x eyepiece, magnification 400x
4. Objektive 100x with 10x eyepiece, magnification 1000x
Objectively the most powerful optical microscope objective 1000x called
emertion, because of its use for should be emertion oil and how to use it with special
using (Lecture Team: 2012 ).
 Let us now take a look at a cell under the light microscope so that we can
become familiar with its parts. Later we will deal with the finer structure of the cell as
revealed by the electron microscope. The cell we will describe now does not really
exist, for there is no typical cell. Our cell is idealized for purposes of discussion. We
should remember that any cell in a living organism has a particular structure
neccessary for its activities, and it is, therefore, unique, not typical ( McElroy, 1968:
25).
The design of a microscope must ensure that the light rays are precisely
guided through the microscope. Only this will make it possible to obtain a bright
image even with illuminators of a low wattage. A lack of brightness is no problem in
simple bright field microscopy, but if contrasting techniques such as phase contrast or
polarization contrast are used, further optical elements which use up a great portion of
the available light flow are inserted into the beam path. This leaves little light for
observation, and, as a result, the images become dark ( Anonymousa, 1997: 10 ).
Eyepieces work in combination with microscope objectives to further magnify
the intermediate image so that specimen details can be observed. Ocular is an
alternative name for eyepieces that has been widely used in the literature, but to
maintain consistency during this discussion we will refer to all oculars as eyepieces.
Best results in microscopy require that objectives be used in combination with
eyepieces that are appropriate to the correction and type of objective. Inscriptions on
the side of the eyepiece describe its particular characteristics and function
(Davidson:15).
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is especially useful for detailed
study of the surface of a specimen. The electron beam scans the surface of the
sample, which is usually coated with a thin film of gold. The beam excites electrons
on the surface, and these secondary electrons are detected by a device that translates
the pattern of electrons into an electronic signal to a video screen. The result is an
image of the specimen's topography. The SEM has great depth of field, resulting in an
image that appears three-dimensional ( Campbell, 2009: 96 ).
The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal
ultrastructure of cells. The TEM aims an electron beam through a very thin section of
the specimen, similar to the way a light microscope transmits light through a slide.
The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain
cellular structures, thus enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more
than others. The electrons passing through the specimen are scattered more in the
denser regions, so fewer are transmitted. The image displays the pattern of
transmitted electrons. Instead of using glass lenses, the TIM uses electromagnets as
lenses to bend the paths of the electrons, ultimately focusing the image onto a screen
for viewing or onto photographic film. Some microscopes are equipped with a digital
camera to photograph the image on the screen; others have a digital detector in place
of both screen and camera ( Campbell, 2009: 96 ).
We observed the plant-specific organelle, the vacuole, by observing a wet
mount of Rhoeo discolor leaf lower epidermis which has a large vacuole containing a
purple pigment. We hypothesized that, since mitochondria were not seen at all, plant
cells lack mitochondria. To determine the presence of mitochondria in plant cells,
methylene blue was used [since it is known to change to a dark blue color in the
presence of electrons and hydrogen ions ( Coning: 1994 ).
In Cucurbita they were evident in parenchyma cells and also in differentiating
sieve elements. Many studies have indicated that the dictyosomes disappear as the
sieve elements mature. Apparently their breakdown occurs at about the same stage of
differentiation of the sieve elements as the breakdown of the vacuolar membrane and
the nucleus, and their diappearance has been verified in the present study ( Cronshaw,
1968 : 30 ).
The shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum, or the Aggregatum group A. cepa) is
a botanical variety of the species Allium cepa, to which the multiplier onion also
belongs. The shallot was formerly classified as a separate species, A. ascalonicum, a
name now considered a synonym of the currently accepted name. The genus Allium,
which includes onions and garlic as well as shallots, is now classified in the plant
family Amaryllidaceae, but was formerly considered to belong to the separate family
Alliaceae ( Anonymousb: 2012 ).
Presence of various types of glandular and eglandular trichomes is a
characteristic feature of genus Hibiscus. Scientific interest in plant trichomes is based
on their functional and taxonomic importance and on the economic usefulness of
some trichome-generated products. Trichomes may serve a variety of defensive and
physiological functions. Leaf trichomes have been shown to reduce insect herbivory
in a number of plant species (Shaheen, 2009 : 1 ).
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time and place

Day / Date : Wednesday / October 24th 2012
Time : at 09.30 a.m – 10.50 a.m
Place :Biology Laboratory at the 3rd floor, Mathematic and Science
Faculty of Makassar State University.
B. Tools and materials
1. Tools
a. Biological microscope
b. Glass objects
c. Petri dish
d. Tweezers
e. Pipette hand
f. New blade
g. Pencil and eraser
h. New flannel fabric
i. Cotton cloth
2. Materials
a. Spade leaf ( Hibiscus tiliaceus )
b. Pumpkin leaf ( Cucurbita moschata )
c. Shallot ( Allium cepa )
d. Adam hawa leaf ( Rhoeo discolor )
C. Work procedure
1. Preparing microscope
a. Put the microscope on the desk right in front of you.
 b. Clean the microscope body with a flannel cloth. Never rub the lens with
the cloth than flannel cloth.
c. Open the toolbox, remove the cup containing the stained glass objects and
glass cover. Clean the glass body with cotton cloth or filter paper.
d. At the top of your desk there is a microscope, toolbox with contents, guide
books and records, materials for practicum. Removed other than at the
other places that have been provided.
2. Log set its light into tube
a. Consider the state of your practice space, where the direction of the
brighter light ( from the front, left, or right ). Navigate mirror microscope
to the light source. Open the diaphragm or rotary plate being positioned
holes. Microscope with condenser be positioned close to the preparation
table and use a flat mirror. For microscope without condensers use a
concave mirror.
b. Adjust the position objective lens revolver than most shortfacing until a
click counter preparations.
c. Lower tube to distance objective by the end of the preparation table or
tube down 5-10 mm maximum.
d. Observe through the eyepiece with the left eye without squinting ( it take
practice ) will appear white circular field. If the brightness is uneven ;
moving slightly flat mirror until he explained. If glare, narrow aperture or
hole in the plate. If the field of view is still obscure means less incoming
light, open the aperture and use larger holes on the plate.
e. The microscope is used to observe the preparation ready.
3. How to set distance lens with preparations
a. Round the setting of rough hand or fingers macrometer toward masters,
tube down, distance objective with the smaller dosage table, do the
opposite. What happened ? microscope tube other models cannot be tilted
 up or down, then the dosage table moves up and down when macrometer
and micrometer rotated.
b. Replace glass objective containing dosage over the counter preparations
preserved in such a way that the material observed in the middle of the
hole table moves, objects glass sengkeling flops so as not ato shake.
c. Note the distance objective with the object glass not exceeding 10 mm. If
the distance is large, turn macrometer remedy down tube while viewed
from the side objects glass approaching the end objective to a maximum
of 5-10 mm.
d. Observed through the eyepiece with a hand cranked macrometer by raising
Tube slowly. Observe the field of view until the shadows. If Tube been
lifted, half around macrometer shadow appeared yet, meaning missed.
Repeat again starting at iii.3; shadow but if there are still vague, then
continue turning the micrometer telescope up or down until the clear
shadows line sor boundaries.
e. Check the eyepiece (magnification how ?) and objective (magnification
how?), calculate the magnification you can see the shadow.
f. If it observed, the preparations were excluded.
4. Creating Simple Mixture
a. Take the glass objects that have been cleaned, hold serat possible.
b. Used as drops of clear water or water-tenga sulingsatu drops in the middle.
c. With tweezers, remove the crate material and place it in the middle of the
water droplets.
d. Hold your hand next to the cover glass between the master index finger on
the opposite side or edge.
e. Side of the cover glass on glass objects touched near the water droplets
with a slope of 450 and then release so that appropriate cover water
droplets. Excess water seeping absorbed by the glass filter paper.
 f. Install the preparation you made preparations at the table and watch as
step 3.b, 3.c, 3.d and 3.e.
5. Viewing Magnification
a. 4.f if the observations are successful, the shadow that appears will be
raised again. Position preparations or tube not touched.
b. Rotate the objective lens in such a way that the longer (stronger)
perpendicular to the preparation table until you hear a click.
c. Observed turning the micrometer until the shadow of larger ones. Observe
shadow there!
d. If it fails to find a bigger shadow. Raise tube by turning the master finger
macrometeroppsite direction. Turn back the revolver to get objective lens
position is weak (short) to its original position. Without changing the
position of preparations, did re-treatment 3.c, 3.d, 3.e, go to 5.a, 5.b, 5.c,
until it works.
e. If you will observe the other ingredients, then raise tube. Remove the
preparations that have been observed and clear glass objects and glass
cover.
f. Create a new dosage corresponding new step 4.a, up to 4.f.
g. At the end of the activity that use a microscope, note the following:
1) Mixture should not be stored on the counter preparations, must be
removed.
2) Mixture should be cleaned with a wet filter paper or cotton cloth (glass
cover slip + objects). Store in a petri dish and put in the gear box.
3) Clean the microscope body with a flannel cloth. tube down as low as
possible.
4) Keep the box microscope.
5) All the equipment has been cleaned with a cotton cloth used and stored
in a box.
6) Your own equipment, kept themselves to be used for the next activity.
7) The remaining materials are not used again thrown in the trash avaible.
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result
1. The picture of the microscope

Note :
1. Eyepiece
2.Revolving nosepiece
1.
3. Objektive lens
13.
4. Condenser
5. Diaphragm
2. 6. Base
7. Mirror
12. 3.
8. Stage
11.
9. Clips Stage
10. 10. Arm
9. 4. 11. Fine Focus
12. Coarse focus
8. 5.
13. Tube

7.

6
 2. The observation result objects by a microscope

Image : Allium cepa Explanation :

Magnification : 10 x 40 1. Nucleus
2. Epidermis

1
2

Image : Rhoeo discolor Explanation :

Magnification : objective lens 10x 1. Nucleous
ocular lens 10x 2. Cytoplasm
max 100x 3. Cell wall

3
Image : Hibiscus tiliaceus Explanation :
Magnification : objective lens 10x 1. Trichoma
ocular lens 10x
max 100x

Image : Cucurbita moschata Explanation :

Magnification : objective lens 10x 1. Trichoma
ocular lens 10x
max 100x

1
B. Discussion

Microscope was an instrument used to saw object that was too small and can
not be seen by the naked eye. On this observation, microscope have used
magnification 400x. Based magnification, microscope have two main parts these were
optical and mechanical part. So, we must be know the functions of the parts of the
microscope.
1. Eyepiece is the lens at the top that you look through to increase magnification
image.
2. Revolving nosepiece or turret is the part that can be rotated to easily change
power.
3. Objective lenses contains lenses that produce different magnifications.
4. Condenser to collect light
5. Diaphragm to arrange the total of light.
6. Base to used for support a microscope.
7. Mirror to reflect light from the source light.
8. Stage as place to put the preparation/ object.
9. Clips stage to clip the preparation that will observated.
10. Arm to supports the tube and connects it to the base.
11. Fine focus to focusing of the microscope is slow and smaller than coarse
focus.
12. Coarse focus to focussing microscope tube quickly than fine focus.
13. Tube to connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
These was the descriptions about preparations that have observated by a
microscope.
Allium cepa ( onion ) with observation by a microscope with magnification
400x consist of some parts, there were nucleus, cytoplasm and cell wall. Hibiscus
rosasinensis with observation by a microscope with magnification 400x consist of
some parts, there were nucleus, cytoplasm and cell wall. It cell has colour was
purplish. Hibiscus tiliaceus with observation by a microscope with magnification
100x only consist of trichoma like as of star. Then, Cucurbita moschata with
observation by a microscope with magnification 100x consist of trichoma.The image
like as stalk of tree.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclution
1. The student can see objects that are to small that can not be seen by naked eye
by using a microscope.
2. The student can understand how to use the microscope biology and know
functions of microscope parts.
B. Suggestion
1. Suggestion for the assistant.
Assistant should be checked the tools that will be used for practicum,it is still
good to use or not.
2. Suggestion for apprentice.
Apprentice has to understand the teory of this observation before doing the
observation, should be listen to information conveyed by assistant and
remained quiet for the last observation.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymousa. 1997. http//Microscopy_from_the_very_beginning.pdf. Accessed on

October 28th 2012 in Makassar.
Anonymousb. 2012. www.wikipedia.com. Accessed on November 03rd 2012 in
Makassar.
Campbell, Neil A. 2009. Biology eighth edition. San Francisco: S4Cariisle Publishing
Services.
Cronshaw, James. 1968. Protein In The Phloem Of Cucitrbita :From the Department
of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.
Davidson._. http//Microscopy.pdf. Accessed on October 28th 2012 in Makassar.
Koning, Ross E. 1994. Plant Physiology Information.
http://plantphys.info/plant_physiology/labaids/cytoabs.shtml. Accessed on
November 4th 2012 in Makassar.
McElroy, William D. 1968. Modern Cell Biology. United States of America:
Englewood Cliffs.
Shaheen,N. 2009. Diversity of Foliar trichomes and their systematic relevance in the
genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae). Int. J. Agric. Biol., 11: 279–284. Pakistan :
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Quaid-i-Azam.
Team, lecture. 2012. Guide Book of Basic Biology Practicum. Makassar: Faculty of
Mathematic and Science State University of Makassar.
 Question

1. Write the name of the optical parts of the microscope ?

a. Eyepiece.
b. objective lens.
c. Condenser
d. Mirror
2. Write the name of the mechanical parts of the microscope ?
a. Tube
b. Arm
c. Base
d. Stage
e. Clips stage.
f. Diaphragm.
g. Revolver.
h. coarse focus
i. Fine focus.
3. If the image in the field of view is shifted to the left front, toward which the
glass objects / stocks to be shifted ? Why it can be ?
The shadow on the field view of the slide to the right rear, then the object
properties inventory is virtual, inverted, in the larger.
4. Write the negative effect on the microscope when the lens is rubbed with a
cloth or plain paper / rude !
The negative effect if the microscope lens was rubbed with a cloth if the lens
is rubbed with a cloth or plain paper will cause the lens scratched or damaged
so as to make the displayed image is not clear.